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Tadros, James. "Vicarious liability in the Australian nightclub context." Thesis, Tadros, James (2015) Vicarious liability in the Australian nightclub context. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41699/.
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The Australian High Court’s 6:1 decision in New South Wales v Lepore has set the law on whether an employee’s unauthorised act will be within his scope of employment to hold the employer vicariously liable. However, its failure to discern a ratio and radical alteration of the scope of employment test has significantly widened the test and created unprecedented ambiguity. This thesis shall examine how the complications engendered within Lepore have impacted the security industry. In every case to date, nightclubs and security guard agencies have faced vicarious liability for the unlawful overzealous assaults of their bouncer’s towards patrons. Employers have no guidance to adequately prevent or defend against this liability. This is unjust because a faultless employer may find itself vicariously liable for an unauthorised act by an employee, and be forced to pay significant sums of damages and other potential indirect consequences of liability. These problems are perhaps a result of the judiciary’s quasi-legislative activity throughout the formulation of the scope of employment test that has given birth to the plaintiff-friendly tests we have today. As the current scope of employment test is unlikely to be reformed by the High Court within the near future, the Author has proposed legislative reform that may cure these problems within the nightclub and entertainment context.
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Roets, Maria Elizabeth. "Comparative perspectives on the doctrine of vicarious liability." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3675.
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The doctrine of vicarious liability provides justification for a deviation from the general rule that fault is an indispensable requirement to attach liability to an individual. The doctrine provides that an aggrieved party may hold an employer liable for the wrongful or delictual conduct of its employees. The South African legal system inherited the doctrine of vicarious liability from common-law and the doctrine is deeply rooted in English-law. The South African legal sphere is subject to constant transformation and as a result hereof, the common-law doctrine of vicarious liability should also be subjected to transformation. Uncertainty reigned in relation to whether the judiciary or the legislature carried the burden to develop the doctrine of vicarious liability in order to accommodate the needs of a modern society. The doctrine of vicarious liability is a universal concept and the transformation that the doctrine has undergone in other common-law countries could prove to be useful guidelines to assist with the development of the doctrine within the South African legal context. The doctrine places a tremendous burden on employers by providing that employers can be held accountable for the unlawful and delictual actions of its employees. One of the stumbling blocks that the South African judiciary had to overcome was to determine in which instances the liability of employers should be restricted in relation to the conduct of their employees. It is common cause that the doctrine, due to its onerous nature, cannot be regarded as absolute. Perhaps one of the most significant restrictions that has been placed on the application of the doctrine has been the fact that employers may only be held accountable for the wrongful conduct of its employees in instances where the employee has acted within the scope of his or her employment. The dividing line between acts committed within the scope of employment and acts committed outside of the scope of employment is a very fine line and the judiciary tend to tread carefully upon pronouncing on such matters. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 reiterates the importance of ensuring that the constitutional values of reasonableness and fairness are adhered to. An aggrieved party would be left with deep scars in the event that the individual is prohibited from instituting an action against an employer for harm or loss suffered as a result of a wrongful action of an employee of that employer. The employer would suffer prejudice in the event that the employer is held accountable for the wrongful conduct of an employee which is unrelated to the business of the employer. The answer to the conundrum lies in striking a balance between the prejudice suffered by the aggrieved party and the prejudice suffered by the employer. The aim of the judiciary should be to ensure that restrictions made to the application and interpretation of the doctrine of vicarious liability would be justifiable and reasonable in terms of the Constitution. The balancing of the interests of the employer and the balancing of the interests of the aggrieved parties are essential to ensure that justice prevails. It is common cause that no general test exist in the South African legal sphere in order to determine the liability of an employer for the wrongful conduct of its employees. Due to the complex nature of the doctrine of vicarious liability it can be averred that a general test would not address the technicalities of the doctrine. An important consideration to determine the liability of an employer is to establish whether a sufficiently close connection existed between the duties of the employee and the wrongful conduct of the employee. This factor can be considered as the “golden thread” that must be present to determine the liability of the employer. The doctrine of vicarious liability is a concept which has proved to be imperative in the South African legal sphere. Employers should be held accountable for the wrongful conduct of its employees, but simultaneously the constitutional values of reasonableness and fairness should be adhered to. Even though vicarious liability is an onerous concept for employers, justice would prevail if the values of the Constitution are applied religiously.
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Spafford, Anne E. "The enterprise risk theory, redefining vicarious liability for intentional torts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ54069.pdf.
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Small, Jonathan Noel. "Re-evaluating the law of vicarious liability in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004771.
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This thesis is an analysis of the law of vicarious liability and its application within the legal framework of delict in South Africa. A brief overview of the historical development of this branch of law is given, with reference to the influences of Roman, Roman-Dutch and English law. That is followed by an exposition of the 'modem' interpretation of vicarious liability as applied in South African courts, highlighting apparent inconsistencies and the need for reform in what has become a persistently controversial area of law. Specific attention is paid to the so-called 'course and scope enquiry' and to the enduring difficulties associated with attributing liability to employers for the deliberate wrongful conduct of their employees. It is argued that the courts have yet to reach consensus on a general principle capable of being applied to the facts of so-called 'deviation cases', and that consequently the legal divergence on these matters gives rise to uncertainty and concern. It is submitted that the way in which the traditional test for vicarious liability is currently applied fails to give true effect to the policy considerations upon which this branch of law is founded. By way of comparison with the South African position, a detailed account of the law of vicarious liability in comparable foreign jurisdictions is given, with emphasis placed on recent developments in England and the British Commonwealth. The study then moves to an analysis of the various policy considerations behind vicarious liability, with particular attention being paid to the role of risk-related liability and the role of risk-assumption in the 'course and scope' enquiry. A comparative analysis follows, highlighting differences between the approaches of the foreign jurisdictions and that taken by the South African courts. The work concludes with a proposal that the South African courts should broaden the scope of vicarious liability and opt for a model similar to that which has recently been adopted in Canada.
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Lawlor, Ryan Mark. "Vicarious and direct liability of an employer for sexual harassment at work." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/825.
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Sexual harassment is an ever increasing drain on the resources of the modern employer, as well as serving to take up much time in terms of legal battles and court cases. The concept of sexual harassment has undergone much revision over the past decades, and South Africa is now firmly committed to the eradication of this problem. The Constitution protects and enshrines important rights like dignity, equality and the right to fair labour practices. These are further defined and protected through the application of various statutes, including the LRA, EEA, PEPUDA and the revised Code of Good Practice. In terms of statutory liability, the employer will be liable for the harassment of its employees, unless it takes a proactive stance and implements comprehensive sexual harassment policies. In this way it will escape liability. The common law vicarious liability of the employer cannot be escaped as easily. The entire concept of the law of delict is to remedy harm suffered. In terms of the common law, employers will be held vicariously liable for the harassment of their employees if it can be shown that the harassment occurred within a valid working relationship, if the harassment actually occurred through a delict, and if the act occurred within the course and scope of employment. The best way for employers to minimize their liability for sexual harassment is the implementation of training and educational policies that serve to make employees aware of what is permissible in the workplace. This will aid the employer in showing that it has done everything possible to reduce the risk of harassment, which will in turn serve to reduce the employer’s liability. To protect against the risk of expensive litigation, many employers are now investigating the matter of liability insurance – they would rather pay increased premiums than suffer alone when their employees take legal action against them. Sexual harassment is a problem that can only be solved through a concerted effort on the part of the legislature, judiciary, employers and employees. Together, these parties must ensure that all of those involved in the world of work are aware of the problem of harassment, as well as taking steps to educate and train employees so as to prevent it. Only in this way will we be able to take action to reduce this terrible problem in our country.
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Murray, Shaun. "The extent of an employer's vicarious liability when an employee act within the scope of employment / by Shaun Murray." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9800.
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Specoli, Marco. "Parental accountability for children in Florida examining the oxymoron of parental liability." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/516.
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This thesis examines the concept of parental liability and the effect it has in deterring juvenile delinquency, with an emphasis on Florida Law. It will also consider the concept's ability to properly compensate victims of juvenile offenses. The thesis focuses on the circumstances in which a parent or guardian may be liable for the actions of a child and how liability insurance law plays a key role in compensating innocent victims. It discusses Florida's public policy of seeking justice by holding parents responsible and the problems that it faces by doing so. The thesis further examines what issues arise when parents are found vicariously liable for their negligence or contribution to a child's offense, but are not covered by liability insurance coverage or the insurers deny coverage.B.A. and B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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Watson, Kimberly Beth. "Measuring the implications of Vicarious Liability under the Protection of Personal Information Act in Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30092.
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Protecting personal information has become of utmost importance in the digital age. The South African Protection of Personal Information Act has in some ways given the customer more control over how companies can contact them or sell their information to third parties. While this Act is in the best interests of both consumers and businesses in South Africa, there has been concern about how it is to be implemented, and many businesses have not yet introduced procedures to ensure compliance. Particular aspects of the Act make it unlike other legislation that inspired it. The vicarious liability clause specifies the employer as the party responsible should any breach be made by an employee within the company. Many researchers and those who work with the law find this clause particularly divisive, leaving little room for employers to prove they have made adequate changes and educate colleagues on new processes. Those who lack resources, specifically small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs), are particularly at risk. This study surveys a sample of attitudes towards vicarious liability, and investigates processes that have been changed as a result of the Act within an SMME workplace in the Western Cape region. The results of the study demonstrate that while some employees claimed their colleagues were educated thoroughly, many were not aware of the consequences of vicarious liability, nor did they understand how it worked. There were clear apprehensions regarding general awareness of the Act on the part of both businesses and the general public. Many SMMEs are in the process of developing new standard operating procedures in the wake of this legislation, but there is still notable concern that there will not be enough time or resources to effect these changes. Further research needs to be done to recognise the challenges that smaller companies face as privacy policies continue to develop in South Africa. The country faces a unique set of challenges that cannot be compared to the socio-economic situation of the developing world.
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Bigenwald, Wilfried. "La responsabilité des ordres professionnels du fait de leurs membres : fondement et régime." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1039.
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Cette thèse traite de l'importance des Ordres professionnels qui constituent des institutions corporatives légales présentes dans certaines professions libérales. L'ensemble des membres d'une profession libérale encadrée par un Ordre a ainsi l'obligation d'adhérer à son Ordre. Les Ordres professionnels ont pour fin la déontologie de la profession qui constitue un droit disciplinaire. Le Conseil d'Etat reconnait que les Ordres professionnels accomplissent une mission de service public et sont dotés à cette fin de prérogatives de puissance publique. La déontologie vérifie que l'exercice professionnel est conforme à sa fin. Son respect est donc nécessaire, non seulement pour les professionnels mais également pour leurs clients ou patients et pour les tiers. L'existence des Ordres professionnels est dérogatoire au droit commun qui prohibe les corporations et les groupements obligatoires sauf lorsqu'il s'agit de personnes morales de droit public. En tant qu'ils sont des corporations, les Ordres professionnels voient leur légitimité contestée. Les Ordres professionnels ne sont pas directement contrôlés par l'Etat ni par les tiers qui sont pourtant concernés par leur activité. Rendre les Ordres professionnels responsables du fait de leurs membres (par présomption simple de faute) permettrait un contrôle juridictionnel renforcé de leur action. Il s'agit de vérifier que cette action poursuit bien la fin qui lui est dévolue : la déontologie professionnelle, dans l'intérêt des tiers et du bien communThis thesis stresses the importance of professional orders, which are legal guild institutions present in certain professions. All members of a profession regulated by a professional Order have the obligation to join the Order. Professional Orders aim at setting the ethics of the profession, which constitute a true disciplinary law. The "Conseil d'Etat" acknowledges that they perform a public service task and are granted powers of a public authority for the purpose thereof. Ethics ensure that the professional practice meets its end. As a consequence, compliance not only is necessary for professionals but also for their clients or patients as well as for third parties. The existence of the professional Orders are derogatory from general law that prohibits mandatory guilds and groups except when it comes to legal persons of public law. As they are guilds, their legitimacy is disputed. Professional Orders are not directly controlled by the State or by third parties who are nevertheless affected by their activities. To make them liable their members' actions (by rebuttable presumption of fault) would allow strengthened judicial review of their action. The purpose is to verify that this action actually pursues the end that is assigned to it: professional ethics, in the interests of third parties and of the common good
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Juška, Mindaugas. "Ar vaiko tėvas, su vaiko mama gyvenantis skyriumi ir neauginanatis vaiko, privalo atsakyti už nepilnamečio vaiko padarytą žalą?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110623_154612-79315.
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Autorius pastebi, kad viena mažiausiai reglamentuotų deliktinės atsakomybės problemų, skyrium gyvenančio tėvo atsakomybės už nepilnamečio vaiko padarytą žalą problema. Būtent šis atvejis teisės aktuose reglamentuojamas mažai, jo taikymas problemiškas, kadangi bet koks sprendimas neišvengiamai gali būti pamatinių teisinės atsakomybės normų pažeidimu. Darbo tyrimui autorius iškelia šį tikslą ir uždavinius:
Darbo objektas – skyrium gyvenančio ir neauginančio vaiko tėvo teisinės atsakomybės ribos.
Hipotezė: Skyrium gyvenantis ir neauginantis vaiko tėvas neprivalo atsakyti už vaiko padarytą žalą..
Darbo tikslas- išanalizuoti skyrium gyvenančio ir vaiko neauginančio tėvo atsakomybės ribas.
Uždaviniai:
a)Išanalizuoti teisines doktrinas, reglamentuojančias tėvų atsakomybės ypatumus bendrosios teisės ir civilinės teisės sistemų valstybėse.
b)Aptarti tėvo pareigą atlyginti vaiko padarytą žalą esant tėvo ir vaiko atskyrimo, tėvų valdžios apribojimo ir separacijos atvejams .
c) Išanalizuoti teisės aktų nuostatas ,įtakojančias skyrium gyvenančio tėvo atsakomybę už nepilnamečio veiksmus.
Aptardamas šią problemą, autorius analizuoja situaciją kitose šalyse .Bandoma nustatyti bendruosius dėsningumus bendrosios bei kontinentinės teisės sistemų valstybėse. Pastebima, kad bendrosios teisės sistemos valstybėse vienareikšmiškai galioja asmeninės atsakomybės principas. Tai yra tėvas kaltas tiek kiek jie tiesiogiai nusižengė ar prisidėjo prie to, kad žala būtų padaryta. Kontinentinės teisės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Parental liability is one of the most problematical aspects of tort liability cases. In most lows in the world is written that both parents are liable for the damages made by their child. There is no information about individual liability of child’s father or mother. Especially this problem becomes important then parents live separately. Then we have a question is child’s father who does not live together with his child liable for the torts and minors made by his child. This problem becomes complicated when father did all he could to help his child to act legally. But on the other hand, if we presume that according these circumstances father is not liable, we can breach victims’ rights. Main rule of civil liability is damages compensation for the victim. This dilemma is important in our days because there is big number of juvenile crimes. Civil liability for juvenile crimes is taken by parents or institution which supervises the juvenile at the time when tort is made. Under these circumstances we need stronger regulation of subjects liability limits. The object of the work is liability limits of father who lives separately and does not take care about this child for the torts made by his child. Hypothesis: Father who lives separately and does not take care about this child is liable for the torts made by his child. Purpose of the work is to analyze the limits of liability of the father who lives separately and does not take care about his child. The following tasks are... [to full text]
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Du, Toit Pieter Gerhardus. "Die strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid van en straftoemeting aan regspersone / deur Pieter Gerhardus du Toit." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4821.
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Modern juristic persons often are powerful entities and they play an influential role in society. Their activities are often accompanied by serious transgressions that have a severely detrimental impact on human beings and their environment. The effective prosecution of juristic persons is therefore necessary. The juridical foundations of the liability of juristic persons are, however, one of the most controversial issues in criminal law theory.
Individualistic theories postulate that juristic persons are merely collections of individuals. The conduct and fault of individuals constituting a juristic person must therefore form the basis of the criminal liability of the juristic person. In the United States, for instance, the foundation for the criminal liability of corporations on federal level is vicarious liability. Another individualistic model (mostly associated with English common law jurisdictions) is the so–called doctrine of identification. Only the conduct of individuals who are regarded as the 'directing minds' of the organisation may be attributed to the organisation. These approaches deny the complex structures and decision making processes that exist especially in big corporate entities.
According to realistic theories juristic persons are entities which are not dependant on their composite members. Each juristic person has its own unique personality. The culture and ethos of a juristic person influence the conduct of individuals attached to it as well as the degree in which the juristic person abides by the law. The identity of a corporation can be established by investigating the internal structure thereof. The existence of monitoring mechanisms and educational programmes within the organization, as well as the degree to which the organisation condones or disapproves of unlawful conduct, are some of the factors which may be indicative of the corporate culture. This approach is a development of the late twentieth century and has recently been adopted in the legislation of some foreign legal systems, most notably Australia.
Section 332(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 provides the basis for the criminal liability of juristic persons in South Africa. In essence the conduct and fault of functionaries (and sometimes even outsiders) are attributed to the juristic person. In terms of the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act juristic persons may only be fined upon conviction. This approach reflects the individualistic view of corporate criminal liability. In this study recommendations are made for the purpose of improving the South African law in this regard so as to reflect a more realistic approach. The recommendations are based on an examination of realistic models proposed by legal and social theorists and legislation adopted by foreign countries which are based on these theories. It is also recommended that more sentencing options must be made available to bring about the restructuring of corporations which have committed crimes.Thesis (LL.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Joubert, Pierre André. "Sexual harassment of academic staff at higher education institutions in South Africa / Pierre André Joubert." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4765.
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The efforts to create an equal non-discriminatory South African society should also manifest in the workplace and, more specifically, in the academic arena. Academics are regarded as the leaders of society and the shapers of the future of a country. Their conduct should be of the highest ethical and moral standards, and no form of discrimination should be allowed by or against them. In terms of the Employment Equity Act, sexual harassment is a form of unfair discrimination and carries a substantial penalty should an employer be found guilty of vicarious liability. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceived incidence of sexual harassment of academic staff at higher education institutions in South Africa, as well as their awareness of the policies dealing with sexual harassment. The sufficiency of the grievance procedures designed to deal with complaints of sexual harassment was also evaluated. A cross-sectional survey design was used to reach the research objectives. The Sexual Harassment Questionnaire (SHQ) was randomly distributed amongst a sample of 710 academic staff members from 10 higher education institutions in South Africa. A response rate of 22,8 percent (n = 162) was achieved. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 15.0 program (SPSS 2007), a program that is used to conduct statistical analysis regarding reliability and validity of the measuring instruments, descriptive statistics, /-tests, analysis of variance, correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis. Article 1 focuses on the perceived incidence of sexual harassment. In this article, five categories of sexual harassment were used as indicators of the incidence thereof, namely verbal, non-verbal, physical, gender and quid pro quo harassment. A statistically significant correlation coefficient with a large effect was found between verbal and non-verbal harassment. A practically significant correlation of a medium effect was also found between physical, verbal, non-verbal and quid pro quo harassment and sexism, as well as between the control item of sexual harassment and physical, verbal, non-verbal and quid pro quo harassment. Analyses of variance were performed on the different demographic groups using various variables and the findings indicate no practically significant effect of gender, age, population group or years of service on sexual harassment. In Article 2, the awareness of sexual harassment policies and procedures were determined. Various aspects of policies were investigated, such as content, development, types and implementation. The results show that despite indications that sexual harassment policies do exist and that they are regarded as effective tools in addressing sexual harassment, the implementation of such policies is not effective. In addition, few academic staff members receive training/guidance on the utilisation of these policies. Significant correlation coefficients were found between the elements of an effective policy and between population groups and some of the elements. Article 3 reports on findings regarding the sufficiency of grievance procedures in dealing with complaints of sexual harassment. The results show a positive correlation between confidence in the grievance procedure, the amount of attention that supervisors pay to grievances, regular feedback to employees regarding the progress of grievances, willingness of supervisors to take decisions, the amount of confidence in supervisors and the effectiveness of the procedure. The reluctance of management to deal with grievances unless they are reported via the grievance procedure was related to the perceived effectiveness of the procedure.Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Sociology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.
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GAMBERINI, Gabriele. "La tutela dei lavoratori nelle esternalizzazioni." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/30667.
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Schelp, Ira. "Die Haftungsbelastung des Arbeitnehmers bei Schädigung Dritter." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15152.
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Die vorgelegte Arbeit behandelt die Haftungsbelastung des Arbeitnehmers, wenn dieser im Rahmen seiner Arbeitstätigkeit einen Dritten schädigt. Es handelt sich um eine rechtsvergleichende Betrachtung, die sich die Erstellung eines europäischen Regelungsentwurfes zum Ziel gemacht hat. Rechtsvergleichend konnte festgestellt werden, dass im europäischen Rechtsraum teils gravierende Unterschiede bei der Haftungsinanspruchnahme des Arbeitnehmers zu verzeichnen sind. Diese Unterschiede beruhen auf divergierenden Wertungen der Frage ob eine Haftungsaufteilung zwischen Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer geboten ist. Von den untersuchten Argumenten für und wider einer Haftungsentlastung des Arbeitnehmers haben sich die Fürsorgepflicht des Arbeitgebers und das Betriebsrisiko als tragende Argumente für eine Haftungsverlagerung erwiesen. Es wird daher die Haftung des Arbeitnehmers nur für vorsätzliches Verhalten vorgeschlagen. Im übrigen wird das Haftungsrisiko dem Arbeitgeber zugewiesen. Für den europäischen Rechtsraum wird eine Versicherungspflicht empfohlen. Die Pflichtversicherung tritt hierbei für den entstehenden Schaden ein. Nur im Falle der Vorsatzhandlung durch den Arbeitnehmer kann diesem gegenüber Regress genommen werden. Die Versicherung wird nach diesem Modell durch den Arbeitgeber abgeschlossen. Eine Mindestversicherungssumme soll festgelegt werden. Im Einzelfall wird bei hinreichend nachgewiesener Liquidität eine Befreiung von der Versicherungspflicht ermöglicht. Die Beitragsgestaltung richtet sich nach der Gefahrgeneigtheit der im Betrieb durchgeführten Arbeiten sowie nach der Häufigkeit von Haftungsfällen, so dass das individuelle Schadensrisiko des Unternehmens berücksichtigt wird. Eine zuverlässige Kontrolle des Versicherungsabschlusses soll von staatlicher Seite aus gewährleistet werden. Eine Vereinheitlichung dieser Haftungsfrage im europäischen Rechtsraum sollte nur im Rahmen eines europäischen Zivilrechtsbuches erfolgen. Es wurden die bestehenden Harmonisierungsmöglichkeiten untersucht. Eine Privatrechtsvereinheitlichung kann nach Autorenauffassung am besten über den Weg eines Modellgesetzes umgesetzt werden.The present dissertation deals with the liability an employee bears in case he injures a third person in course of employment. It’s a comparative study which aims to draft an outline for a unified European rule. There were apparent differences between the compared European laws regarding the topic of vicarious liability. The variations in how liability is shared between employee and employer are created by dissimilar morals and values. Of the studied arguments for or against the principle of vicarious liability have two persuaded in favour of a shared liability between the parties of employment. The first is the employers obligation to care for the welfare of his employees and the second the inherent risk of the business itself which puts an obligation on the employer to share the liability for damage done to third parties in course of employment. In detail this study suggests to keep the employee liable for intended acts only. Apart the liability is to be carried by the employer. The concept proposes further a compulsory insurance which is to be paid for by the employer. The insurance however is obliged to step in for all the damage done in course of the employment by the employee. Only in case of intention there is the right of the insurance to take regress at the employee. Part of the concept is a minimum sum to be insured. State enterprises and comparable solvent companies shall have the opportunity to apply for an exception of the requirement to insure. Insurance rate should connect to the individual risk of the business, considering the risk-level in course of the operation of the particular business and the quantity of actual damages done. A reliable control by officials is necessary to ensure that the employer cared for the insurance. A unification of the matter should only take place in a European context of a unified civil law. A study of the existing possibilities to harmonise private law in Europe led to the conclusion that the subject of vicarious liability within a new European civil code should be drawn in the shape of a model law.
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Cooper, Sonja Maria. "A legal analysis of historic child abuse claims in New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia since 1990." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/97887/1/Sonja%20Maria_Cooper_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis undertakes a legal analysis of historic child abuse claims, with reference to four critical issues, in New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia from 1990 to 2014. The thesis acknowledges some important developments, legislatively and case-wise, after 2014. After summarising social science research about the effects of child abuse, the thesis analyses and synthesises relevant statutes and case law in the above jurisdictions, focussing on: limitation of time, duty of care, vicarious liability and non-delegable duty. After comparing and contrasting the jurisdictions, some conclusions are drawn, particularly that there is still considerable work to be done in achieving justice for survivors.
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Hu, Jian. "Haftung für Erfüllungsgehilfen nach deutschem und chinesischem Recht." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20003.
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Diese rechtsvergleichende Arbeit behandelt die Haftung für Erfüllungsgehilfen. Dass § 278 BGB im chinesischen Recht keine wörtliche Erwähnung findet, veranlasst zum Nachdenken, wie und auf welcher gesetzlichen Grundlage chinesische Gerichte den Fällen begegnen, die im deutschen Recht mit dem Stichwort „Erfüllungsgehilfe“ verbunden sind. Hinsichtlich des deutschen Rechts sind vor allem die Grundgedanken sowie der historische Ursprung des § 278 BGB zu berücksichtigen, da eine genaue wissenschaftliche Untersuchung dieser Aspekte bei der praktischen Rechtsanwendung zu einem wertvollen Erkenntnisgewinn führen kann. Trotz der Vielschichtigkeit der Einzelfragen stellt vor allem die ausführliche Behandlung von tatbestandlichen Voraussetzungen der Erfüllungsgehilfenhaftung einen besonders elementaren Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit dar. Die Bedeutung einer derartig detaillierten Auseinandersetzung ergibt sich aus Sicht eines rechtsvergleichenden Betrachters insbesondere daraus, dass ebendiese für die Untersuchung von chinesischen Parallelvorschriften unerlässliche, instruktive Vergleichsmaßstäbe liefert. Mit Art. 121 CVG, der hinsichtlich der Zurechnung fremden Verhaltens zumindest äußerlich einige Gemeinsamkeiten zum § 278 BGB aufweist, können chinesische Gerichte in einigen Fallkonstellationen zu vergleichbaren Lösungen gelangen. Eine zu wortgetreue Anwendung bzw. die Vernachlässigung der dem Art. 121 CVG zugrundeliegenden Wertung birgt aber die Gefahr einer uferlosen Haftung seitens des Schuldners. Darüber hinaus spielt in diesem Zusammenhang die chinesische kollektivistische Volkstümlichkeit in Bezug auf die Verschuldenszurechnung eine nicht unwesentliche Rolle. Das Zurückgreifen auf derartig abstrakte und oft schwer fassbare Vorstellungen ist doch bedenklich. Außerdem ist das Zusammenwirken mit Art. 65 CVG und Art. 43 CAGZ erforderlich, um die Regelungslücke des missglückten Art. 121 CVG auszufüllen und eine Flexibilisierung der Rechtsanwendung zu sichern.This comparative work focuses on the liability of the debtor for persons whom he uses to perform his obligation (as “vicarious agents”). The fact that Art. 278 of the German Civil Code (GCC) does not have a corresponding term in the Chinese law leads to wonder how and with which term Chinese courts deal with the cases that regularly connected with the keyword "vicarious agent" in German law. On the part of German law, the basic ideas and the historical origin of Art. 278 GCC that leads to fruitful knowledge gain both in academic research and in the practical application must be taken into account. Despite the complexity of individual questions, a detailed discussion of the prerequisites for the responsibility of the obligor for third parties also constitutes a particularly interesting subject of this work. For a comparative legal scholar from China, the significance of such a detailed examination is especially evident in providing instructive benchmarks for the research of Chinese parallel regulations. With Article 121 of Chinese Contract Law (CCL), which at least has some similarities with regard to the responsibility for the wrongdoing of those others, the Chinese courts can reach comparable solutions in some case constellations. However, a rigid understanding of Article 121 CCL or the neglecting of his basic concepts entails the risk of unlimited liability of the debtor. In addition, Chinese collectivistic values play a significant role in terms of fault attribution. Relying on such an abstract and often elusive concept is however debatable. To rectify the existing legal omission due to Article 121 CCL and ensure the flexibilization of the application of law is applying Article 65 CCL and Article 43 of General Principles of the Chinese Civil Law necessary.
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Björk, Caroline. "Principalansvaret med inriktning på att en handling skall vara utförd i tjänsten - en komparativ studie och en kritisk analys av det svenska rättsläget." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7189.
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Svensk rätt tillämpar ett så kallat principalansvar. Principalansvar innebär ett ansvar för annans culpa och är med andra ord ett arbetsgivaransvar. Arbetsgivaren skall dock endast ersätta skada som arbetstagaren vållar i tjänsten. Gränsdragningen av vad som skall anses vara ”utfört i tjänsten” är dock inte tydlig i alla situationer. I NJA 2000 s 380 ansågs ett bedrägeri, vilket var utfört av en jurist, inte ha varit utfört i tjänsten. Frågan är dock om tolkningen av ”utfört i tjänsten” i rättsfallet var den mest ändamålsenliga med hänsyn till framtida rättsfall av samma art.
I uppsatsen redogörs för vad som enligt svensk gällande rätt är att anse som utfört i tjänsten, det vill säga omfånget av rekvisitet. Uppsatsen innehåller även en komparativ del, vari engelsk och tysk rätt behandlas avseende användandet av rekvisitet ”utfört i tjänsten”. Uppsatsen utmynnar i ett ställningstagande huruvida uttrycket enligt författarens mening tolkats rätt eller om det bör tolkas annorlunda mot vad som är fallet idag.
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Ménard, Benjamin. "L'anormalité en droit de la responsabilité civile." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3060.
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Parce qu’elle est une clé de compréhension du déclenchement de la responsabilité civile, l’anormalité est une notion centrale de l’institution. Elle s’identifie d’abord à travers le dommage, qui est une anomalie, une déviation par rapport au cours normal des choses. L’anormalité est ici intrinsèque au dommage et se définit comme le déséquilibre patrimonial et extrapatrimonial subi par la victime. La notion se découvre ensuite à l’extérieur du dommage, elle caractérise ce qu’il faut en plus du dommage pour engager une responsabilité. Cette anormalité, dite extrinsèque au dommage, tient son origine dans la faute civile : est en faute l’individu ayant adopté un comportement anormal.Classiquement cantonnée à l’élément objectif de la faute, avant qu’elle n’en épuise entièrement la définition, l’évolution montre que l’anormalité s’est diversifiée pour devenir un critère aux multiples visages. La notion se rencontre ainsi, par exemple, dans la responsabilité du fait des choses (anormalité de la chose), dans la responsabilité du fait d’autrui (anormalité du fait d’autrui) ou encore en matière de trouble du voisinage. De manière plus latente, l’anormalité peut également être mobilisée pour expliquer le risque sélectionné par le législateur pour faire l’objet d’un régime spécial (ex : accidents de la circulation, fait des produits défectueux). En définitive, l’anormalité est un critère juridique de discrimination qui peut, pour faire naître une obligation de réparation, être associé au fait générateur, au dommage ou au risque. Cette vision est forte de potentialités ; elle permet une présentation renouvelée de la matière autour des trois fondements que sont l’anormalité du fait générateur, l’anormalité du dommage et l’anormalité du risque. En délimitant le périmètre de la responsabilité civile, cette tripartition permet finalement une relecture de la matière à la lumière des trois fondements proposésBecause it is key in understanding how it is triggered, the concept of abnormality is a notion of great importance in relation to civil liability. This concept is first of all found in relation to the notion of injury, which is an anomaly, a deviation from the normal course of things. The abnormality is an intrinsic part of an injury and is defined as a patrimonial and non-patrimonial disturbance suffered by a victim. The concept is then applied outside of the notion of injury, as it then characterises the elements additional to the injury that are needed in order for liability to arise. This aspect of the abnormality, the extrinsic side, originates from the tort principle: that one is liable for one’s own abnormal behaviour.Although classically confined to the objective element of fault, the notion of abnormality has outgrown its original definition and developed into a criterion with many applications. The concept is used, for instance, in relation to product liability (abnormality of an object/product), vicarious liability, or even in relation to nuisance neighbours. There is perhaps also a latent possibility for the concept of abnormality to be used by the legislator for derivative special liability regimes (e.g. defective products, traffic accidents). Ultimately, the concept of abnormality is a form of legal criterion that, in order to give rise to compensation, can be associated to a triggering event, an injury, or a risk. This vision opens up many possibilities: it enables a new way of presenting this subject matter around the three principles that are the abnormality of the triggering event, the abnormality of the injury and the abnormality of the risk. By defining the perimeter of civil liability, this tripartition actually enables a new understanding of the subject matter through these three proposed principles
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Chauke, Hasani Wilson. "The development of common law under the constitution : making sense of vicariuos liability for acts and ommissions of police officers." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/580.
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Jiang, Ying. "Étude comparée de la responsabilité délictuelle du fait d’autrui en France et en Chine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST2005/document.
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Cette étude traite de la comparaison du régime de la responsabilité délictuelle du fait d’autrui en droit français et en droit chinois.Dans une première partie, plutôt micro-vision, la thèse se consacre à une étude au cas par cas des responsabilités du fait d’autrui dans les deux systèmes juridiques. Il s’agit précisément de la responsabilité du fait des mineurs (la responsabilité des parents en droit français et des tuteurs en droit chinois ainsi que la responsabilité des instituteurs en droit français et des établissements scolaires en droit chinois), de la responsabilité des employeurs du fait des personnes qu’ils emploient dans les deux droits et de la responsabilité générale du fait d’autrui qui est admise particulièrement en droit français, à la différence du droit chinois.La deuxième partie apporte une vision d’ensemble et propose au sein des deux systèmes de droit une étude des rapports internes du régime entre les différentes hypothèses de cette responsabilité ainsi qu’un examen des rapports externes de ce régime avec les responsabilités personnelles de droit commun et les mécanismes d’indemnisation collective.Pourtant, de ce mécanisme appliqué aux deux systèmes, l’analyse révèle un inconvénient commun : une harmonisation du régime fait défaut. A cet égard, sous la condition préalable de ne pas nuire à la particularité de chaque cas de figure, l’étude tente de restaurer une cohérence tant dans les rapports « internes » du régime de responsabilité du fait d’autrui, que dans ses rapports « externes » avec d’autres régimesThis study is about a comparison of vicarious liability in French juridical system and in Chinese juridical system.In first part of this article, a more micro-vision, it is analyzed case by case of specific vicarious liability in two judicial systems. It is precisely about the acts of minors (the liability of parents in French law and liability of guardians in Chinese law, also the liability of teachers in French law and liability of school in Chinese law), the liability of employers and masters in two juridical systems and the general vicarious liability that is accepted particularly in French law, while the latter is different in Chinese law.The second part of this article concerns a whole vision and proposes a study of internal relations of two systems between different hypotheses of vicarious liability, and also an investigation of external relations of this system with the personal responsibility of “common law” and the mechanisms of collective compensation.However, of this mechanism applied at two systems, analysis reveals a common disadvantage: a lack of harmonization. In this aspect, considering the precondition of avoiding doing harm to particularity of each case of figure, the study tries to restore coherence both “internal” relations in systems of vicarious liability and “external” relations with other systems
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Casadellà, Sánchez Mònica. "La responsabilidad civil del principal por hecho de sus auxiliares. En especial, la relación de dependencia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145927.
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If the person who actually caused the damage is not a sufficiently solvent debtor, if he is impossible to identify or does not have sufficient liability insurance coverage, liability of the actual wrongdoer will not help the claimant. Hence, the latter will look for other possibly liable persons, particularly those who had to supervise the actual wrongdoer. Indeed, the concept of liability for damage caused by others shows that the person who causes damage with its unlawful conduct will not necessarily be the person who will finish repairing the damage is sustained. The legal system considers that certain people, because of their hierarchical relationship or supervisory control over other individuals, must be liable for the damages they cause. Such is the case of the employer when their employees cause damage to third. Often these rules are vicarious and sometimes they provide liability for rebuttable negligenceSi la persona que realmente causó el daño no es un deudor suficientemente solvente, si es imposible de identificar o no tiene cobertura de un seguro de responsabilidad civil, la responsabilidad del infractor real no ayudará a la víctima. Por lo que este último buscará otras personas posiblemente responsables, especialmente a los que tenían que supervisar al culpable real. Precisamente, el concepto de responsabilidad civil por hecho ajeno pone de relieve que quien ocasiona un daño con su conducta ilícita no necesariamente será la persona que acabará reparando el hecho dañoso. Los ordenamientos jurídicos consideran que determinadas personas, por su relación de jerarquía o de supervisión sobre otros individuos, deben responder civilmente por los daños que éstos causen. Tal es el caso del empresario cuando sus empleados causan un daño a tercero. A menudo, estas reglas son de responsabilidad vicaria y a veces son de responsabilidad por culpa iuris tantum
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Lagoutte, Julien. "Les conditions de la responsabilité en droit privé : éléments pour une théorie générale de la responsabilité juridique." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40032.
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Alors que l’on enseigne classiquement la distinction radicale du droit pénal et de la responsabilité civile, une étude approfondie du droit positif révèle une tendance générale et profonde à la confusion des deux disciplines. Face à ce paradoxe, le juriste s’interroge : comment articuler le droit civil et le droit pénal de la responsabilité ? Pour y répondre, cette thèse suggère d’abandonner l’approche traditionnelle de la matière, consistant à la tenir pour une simple catégorie de classement des différentes branches, civile et pénale, du droit de la responsabilité. La responsabilité juridique est présentée comme une institution autonome et générale organisant la réaction du système à la perturbation anormale de l’équilibre social. Quant au droit de la responsabilité civile et au droit criminel, ils ne sont plus conçus que comme les applications techniques de cette institution en droit positif.Sur le fondement de cette approche renouvelée et par le prisme de l’étude des conditions de la responsabilité en droit privé, la thèse propose un ordonnancement technique et rationnel du droit pénal et de la responsabilité civile susceptible de fournir les principes directeurs d’une véritable théorie générale de la responsabilité juridique. En tant qu’institution générale, celle-ci engendre à la fois un concept de responsabilité, composé des exigences de dégradation d’un intérêt juridiquement protégé, d’anormalité et de causalité juridique et qui fonde la convergence du droit pénal et du droit civil, et un système de responsabilité, qui en commande les divergences et pousse le premier vers la protection de l’intérêt général et le second vers celle des victimesWhile the radical distinction between criminal law and civil liability is classically taught, a thorough survey of positive law reveals a general and profound trend towards a confusion of these two disciplines. Faced with this paradox, the jurist wonders : how to articulate the civil and criminal laws of responsibility ? To answer this question, the thesis suggests abandoning the traditional approach of the subject, which consists in treating it as a mere category of classification of the different branches, civil and criminal, of responsibility/liability. Legal responsibility is presented as an autonomous and general institution organizing the response from the system to abnormal disturbance of social equilibrium. Civil liability law and criminal law are, as far as they are concerned, henceforth conceived as the mere technical applications of this institution in positive law.On the basis of this new approach and through the prism of the study of liability conditions in private law, the thesis proposes a technical and rational organization of criminal law and civil liability that may provide the guiding principles of a real general theory of legal responsibility. As a general institution, it gives not only a concept of responsibility, requiring degradation of a legally protected interest, abnormality and legal causation, and establishing the convergence of criminal law and civil law, but also a system of responsibility, determining the divergences of them and steering the first towards the protection of general interest and the second towards the protection of victims
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Van, der Linde Carien. "Vicarious liability of banks for fraudulent conduct of their employees." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13973.
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LL.M. (Banking Law)When a bank employee commits fraudulent acts within the course and scope of his employment, he renders the bank vicariously liable for his fraud. The logical conundrum is that since a bank never employs someone to commit fraud, and since fraud is thus never in this sense within the course and scope of his employment, should the bank never be liable for this fraudulent conduct? If this were the law, the public could potentially be defrauded with impunity, because those defrauded would be left only with a claim against a fraudster who likely has no assets. This dissertation examines the common-law doctrine of vicarious liability and illustrates the sometimes-haphazard manner in which courts have applied the underlying principle to the varying facts that arise. It will be shown that the application of the doctrine to cases involving fraud by bank employees is particularly inconsistent and unsatisfactory. It will be proposed that the solution lies in the development of the common law so as to promote the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights, and particularly section 25 of the Constitution. 2 This paragraph conceptualises the vicarious liability doctrine. Paragraph 2 considers the application of the doctrine by the courts, and points to inconsistencies in approach. The third paragraph deals briefly with the position in two common-law jurisdictions, Canada and Britain. The final paragraph proposes a solution to the observed inconsistencies: an employee acts in the course and scope of his employment for purposes of imposing vicarious liability when the employer’s right not to be arbitrarily deprived of his property in terms of section 25 of the Constitution is acknowledged, and his vicarious liability is limited to cases where there is a rational relationship between the employee’s fraudulent conduct and the scope of his employment, and not an arbitrary deprivation. In considering the South African cases, it readily becomes apparent that the courts have already instinctively adopted the approach of examining the nature and extent of the deviation by the employee from the scope of his employment, but have not done so in the context of the property clause ...
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Huang, Jiun-wen, and 黃俊雯. "Between Organizations and Contracts —Commentary on the Vicarious Liability of Employer." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65836098426935397257.
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Van, Eeden Albert Jacob. "The constitutionality of vicarious liability in the context of the South African labour law : a comparative study." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13596.
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If the expectancy that someone was to act according to what we deem to be his or her “duty” was that straightforward, there would be no need to address the issues of liability of the employee for the wrongful acts of the employer. The recent - and some say alarming - trend in South Africa to hold employers (particularly the government) liable for wrongful, culpable acts committed by their employees, gives rise to difficulties and any inquiry into the possible vicarious liability of the employer should necessarily always start by asking whether there was in fact a wrongful, culpable act committed by the employee. If not, there can neither be direct liability of the employee nor vicarious liability by the employer. Where the employee did indeed commit a delict, the relationship between the wrongdoer and his or her employer at the time of the wrongdoing becomes important. It is then often, in determining whether the employee was acting in the scope of his or her employment that normative issues come to the fore. Over the years South African courts have devised tests to determine whether an employee was in fact acting in the scope of his employment.Jurisprudence
LLM
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Pereira, Ana Sofia Rodrigues. "A finalidade da pena da pessoa coletiva no Código Penal português." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85890.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoThe following thesis intends to analyse the purpose of punishing a corporation in the Portuguese Criminal Law. To achieve this purpose, it is necessary to understand, previously, and in the first place, which reasons led the Portuguese legislator to include the corporation on the range of individuals capable of being criminally liable, and, in second place, how was this inclusion carried out. To this end, we analyse the adopted responsibility model and the primary criminal penalties that are foreseen for corporations. In the next moment, we ascertain which theories justify the criminal penalty and unravel the position held in the Portuguese Criminal Law in regard to the purpose of the criminal punishment. These theories, conceived for the natural person, must be adapted to the corporation's specific reality, as a new criminal law individual, wherefore we will dedicate a part of the dissertation to that adaptative effort. This adaptation will allow us to confront the advocated position of the Portuguese legislator with the different purposes of punishing a corporation and to understand the meaning and the relevance of the criminal penalties for corporations in the Portuguese Criminal Code. This analysis will be carried out in the light of the Portuguese corporate criminal liability model, given the intimate relation that is established between the criminal penalty and how the fact is imputed to the corporation. In the last moment, we examine the primary penalties predicted for corporations, since that discussing the purpose of punishing is discussing the appropriate penalty. At this point in our dissertation, we intend to determine if the sanctioning system, concerning the primary criminal penalties, is coherent with the previous considerations regarding the purpose of punishing the corporation. Summarily, the main purpose of this dissertation is to understand why and what for are corporations punished in the Portuguese Criminal Law.
A presente dissertação pretende analisar o problema das finalidades da pena da pessoa coletiva no ordenamento jurídico-penal português. Para alcançar o referido desiderato, é necessário perceber, num momento prévio, e em primeiro lugar, que motivos levaram o legislador português a incluir a pessoa coletiva no leque de sujeitos passíveis de serem penalmente responsabilizados e, em segundo lugar, de que modo é que efetivou a dita inclusão. Para isso, analisamos tanto o modelo de responsabilidade adotado, como as penas principais previstas para as pessoas coletivas. No momento seguinte, averiguamos quais as teorias que visam legitimar o instituto da pena para, depois, deslindar qual a posição defendida no ordenamento jurídico-penal português em matéria de finalidades da pena. Estas teorias, desenhadas para a pessoa singular, carecem de adaptação à realidade específica que constitui a pessoa coletiva, enquanto novo sujeito jurídico-penal, pelo que iremos dedicar, também, uma parte da presente dissertação a esse esforço adaptativo. Esta adaptação irá permitir-nos confrontar a posição perfilhada pelo legislador português com as teorias da pena agora adaptadas à pessoa coletiva, e compreender qual o sentido e pertinência da pena da pessoa coletiva no Código Penal português. Esta apreciação será realizada à luz do modelo de responsabilidade penal da pessoa coletiva vertido no Código Penal, dada a relação visceral que se estabelece entre a pena e modo de imputação do facto à pessoa coletiva. Num último momento, examinamos as penas principais previstas para as pessoas coletivas, visto que, mais do que uma discussão puramente teórica, a discussão da finalidade da pena tem importantes repercussões práticas, mormente nas penas aplicáveis e no seu modo de determinação. Aqui, pretendemos apurar se o sistema sancionatório, no que tange às penas principais, é congruente com as considerações tecidas quanto à finalidade da pena da pessoa coletiva. Sumariamente, esta dissertação tem como primordial objetivo compreender porquê e para quê punir as pessoas coletivas no ordenamento jurídico-penal português.
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TANG, JU-CHUN, and 唐如君. "The Vicarious Liability of Platform Players' in the Mode of Sharing Economy Platform: A Study in Uber and Related Vehicle Transportation Field." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j7j35d.
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碩士靜宜大學
法律學系
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Since sharing economy developed from 2008, there has been a conflict between the sharing economic development and current legal system. Especially issues about which field of the platform company belonging to, and legal relationships between the platform company and two-side users of the platform services, are public concerned topics. In addition, it is a major challenge for countries around the world, when a transaction established through the platform is involved in a tort. The question is what kind of responsibility of the platform company should take for such damages. Should the platform company bear employer responsibility to pay for damages? This is one of the questions this study tries to answer. This study first explores theories about the "responsibility of other people's behavior", or “vicarious liability”, and relevant theories about ‘respondeat superior’ or employer’s liability. In accordance with Article 188 of Taiwan's Civil Code, the employer is presumed liable for its employee’s tort in the course of employment. In U.S., however, the employer’s liability is strict. The employer has to take vicarious liability once its employee commits tort in the course of employment regardless of the employer’s fault or negligence. This study therefore takes Taiwan and U.S. as research targets for a more complete sphere to discuss vicarious liability under the platform mode. This study further explores the essence of the information industry and the vehicle transportation industry, which both relate to Uber, in order to analyze the legal relationship in the field of vehicle transportation in Taiwan and the legal relationship under the platform operation mode. This study also organizes Insights and Disputes from court verdicts, and brings out the principles and procedure for specifying the vicarious liability of the platform company under the platform mode. At last, by referencing an American Uber case in tort, and applying above principles and procedure brought up by the author, this study demonstrates how to clearly attribute liability by virtue of domain essence, as well as how to test employment and in the course of employment step by step. This study also sums up some findings and suggestion subsidiary to this research.
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Azevedo, Pedro Manuel Dias de. "A responsabilidade do franquiador pelos atos do franquiado no tratamento de dados pessoais." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/36743.
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O presente trabalho procura explorar a responsabilidade do franquiador pelos atos do franquiado, no tratamento de dados pessoais. Num primeiro momento, procuramos delimitar o âmbito da análise, seguindo-se um estudo sobre o Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados. O objetivo é perceber em que situações poderá o franquiador ser considerado responsável pelo tratamento de dados, à luz do Regulamento, e, num segundo momento, perceber se existem institutos dentro do ordenamento jurídico português que permitam que aquela responsabilidade exista, mesmo nos casos em que o Regulamento não seja aplicável. Para o efeito, procuramos perceber que tipo de relação é a que se estabelece entre o franquiador e os franquiados e de que forma esta problemática tem sido colocada noutros ordenamentos-jurídicos, com especial enfoque no norte-americano.This paperwork seeks to explore the franchisor's liability for the acts of the franchisee, in the processing of personal data. First, we seek to limit the object of study of the thesis, followed by a study of the General Data Protection Regulation. The aim is to understand in which situations the franchisor may be considered liable for data processing in the context of the Regulation and, in a second moment, to understand if there are institutes within the Portuguese legal system that allows that liability to exist, even in cases where the Regulation is not applicable. To this end, we seek to understand what type of relationship is established between the franchisor and the franchisees and how this issue has been addressed in other legal systems, with a special focus on the North-American one.
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Mafulela, Tulani Musawenkosi. "The possible extension of vicarious liability to cover relations between holding companies and their subsidiaries: Is it plausible and desirable under South African Law?" Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26815.
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Masters of laws specializing in business and commercial law,2018Modern companies in South Africa and elsewhere have embraced the use of corporate group structures. One of the problems arising from such structures is who should bear responsibility towards delictual creditors for unsatisfied judgment debts against insolvent subsidiaries. In such situations, the claims of delictual creditors have often gone uncompensated. Recent events involving large delictual claims worldwide in hazardous industries such as in mining have shown notable barriers to justice, particularly with regards to subsidiary companies’ liability for the harm they cause to third parties. This has been particularly concerning, especially when these large delictual violations have human rights implications. One of the reasons these violations continue to lack adequate recourse is the uneven distribution of risks and liabilities between holding companies and their subsidiaries. This research is primarily concerned with whether a holding company of an insolvent subsidiary should bear some responsibility towards the latter’s uncompensated delict creditors. Traditional considerations of holding company liability of this nature have been mainly located within corporate law. Remedies such as the veil piecing and director’s liability have been the primary mechanisms through which holding company liability has been implemented. This research seeks to explore further possibilities by questioning whether the rules of vicarious liability in South Africa ought to be developed to create liability between a parent company and its subsidiary.
XL2019
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Hanekom, Edward Jurgens. "Kritiese beskouing van die leerstuk van volenti non fit Iniuria in die Suid-Afrikaanse Sportreg (Afrikaans)." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24674.
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Mlungisi, Ernest Tenza. "The liability of trade unions for conduct of their members during industrial action." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23172.
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South Africa has been experiencing a number of violent strikes by trade unions in
recent times. The issue is not only to hold unions liable for damage caused during
strikes, but also to reduce the number of violent strikes. This study investigates if
victims of such violence can hold trade unions liable for the violent acts committed by
their members during industrial action. The Labour Relations Act, 66 of 1995 (LRA)
makes provision for the dismissal of employees who commit misconduct during an
unprotected strike. It also provides the remedy of an interdict and a claim for just and
equitable compensation which can be made against the union, during an unprotected
strike. It is further possible to hold the union together with its members liable for
damages in terms of the Regulation of Gatherings Act, 205 of 1993 (RGA). The study
argues that a strike or conduct in furtherance of a strike that becomes violent could
lose protection and the trade union should consequently be held liable, in terms of the
LRA and/ or the RGA, for damages caused by its members. This study investigates
the position in Canada, Botswana and Australia to determine if there could be any
other basis upon which to hold trade union liable for the conduct of its members. The
study recommends that the common law doctrine of vicarious liability should be
developed by the courts to allow trade unions to be held liable for damages caused by
members during violent industrial action. Policy considerations and changing
economic conditions and the nature of strikes in the Republic favours the expansion
of the doctrine of vicarious liability to trade union member relationship.Mercantile Law
LL. D.
32
Mwale, Emmanuel. "Jesus Christ's substitutionary death." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20310.
Full textAbstract:
At the incarnation, Jesus Christ assumed the fallen human nature that He found. Having lived a life of perfect obedience in the fallen human flesh that He assumed, He voluntarily and willingly bore the sins of the entire human race and died the second death for, and in our place; thereby paying the penalty for sin. Jesus Christ bore our sins (acts or behaviours) vicariously, while sin as nature or a law residing in the fallen human flesh that He assumed was condemned in that flesh and received eternal destruction on the cross. Thus, on the cross, in Christ, God saved the entire humanity. On the cross, the condemnation that the entire humanity had received by being genetically linked to Adam was reversed in Christ. Thus, the entire human race stands legally justified. But this is a gift, which can either be received or rejected. Therefore, salvation is not automatic.Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology
M. Th.(Systematic Theology)