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1

Parakh, SC. "Vicarious liability." Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 54, no. 6 (2010): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.72667.

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2

Berlin, L. "Vicarious liability." American Journal of Roentgenology 169, no. 3 (September 1997): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.169.3.9275865.

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ACO, CAO. "Vicarious Liability." Canadian Journal of Optometry 73, no. 4 (March 20, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjo.73.581.

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4

TAN, S. Y. "Vicarious Liability." Internal Medicine News 41, no. 24 (December 2008): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(08)71369-6.

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5

Lewis, Kevin. "Vicarious liability." BDJ In Practice 32, no. 4 (April 2019): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41404-019-0013-8.

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Hannah, Harold W. "Vicarious liability." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218, no. 3 (February 2001): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.218.350.

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7

AICHER, R., and A. GENERALCOUNSELTOASAPS. "Vicarious Liability." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 19, no. 4 (July 1999): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/aq.1999.v19.100439001.

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8

Brodie, D. "Enterprise Liability: Justifying Vicarious Liability." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 27, no. 3 (February 14, 2007): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqm011.

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9

Kravtsova, Tetiana, and Ganna Kalinichenko. "The vicarious liability of parent company liability for its subsidiary." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 1 (2016): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i1c4art15.

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The paper is of a theoretical nature and provides with more complete understanding of the vicarious liability, different concepts of the vicarious liability and peculiarities of the vicarious liability of parent company for its subsidiary. The paper does not provide an empirical investigation. First of all, the main finding of the paper is that the vicarious liability is complex and is by nature of combination of fault and strict liability and involves three actors and two-level relationship. Secondly, a parent company may be held liable in parallel with its subsidiary on the basis on its own negligent conduct and on the basis of the vicarious liability. Thirdly, it is important to distinguish between the direct liability of the parent company as a result of breach of a duty of care and vicarious liability as a result of piercing of the corporate veil.
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10

Morgan, Phillip. "RECASTING VICARIOUS LIABILITY." Cambridge Law Journal 71, no. 3 (November 2012): 615–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197312000840.

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Freedland, M. R., H. G. Collins, and BRENDA BARRETT. "EMPLOYERS' VICARIOUS LIABILITY." Industrial Law Journal 18, no. 3 (1989): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilj/18.3.159.

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12

Freedland, M. R., H. G. Collins, and EWAN MCKENDRICK. "EMPLOYERS' VICARIOUS LIABILITY." Industrial Law Journal 18, no. 3 (1989): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilj/18.3.161.

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13

Jerrold, Laurance. "Thwarting vicarious liability." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 117, no. 3 (March 2000): 370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(00)70063-1.

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14

Croser, David. "Limiting vicarious liability." BDJ In Practice 33, no. 2 (February 2020): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41404-020-0297-8.

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15

Morgan, Phillip. "Distorting Vicarious Liability." Modern Law Review 74, no. 6 (October 17, 2011): 932–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2011.00878.x.

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16

Afiftania, Lana Aulia, and Dian Purnama Anugerah. "Penerapan Prinsip Vicarious Liability dalam Pertanggungjawaban Perseroan Terbatas." Notaire 5, no. 3 (October 31, 2022): 415–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ntr.v5i3.40084.

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AbstractA limited liability company is a legal subject capable of being responsible for the risks in carrying out its business. The principle of vicarious liability is the basis of a person’s responsibility for acts against the law of others. One of these principles is applied in the employer’s responsibility to his subordinates. This research is a legal research that uses a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. This study aims to analyze the legal relationship between a limited liability company and an employee related to the principle of vicarious liability and the liability of a limited liability company in the consideration of the panel of judges. The results of this study indicate that a limited liability company is able to act as an employer and hiring employees. According to the principle of vicarious liability, the company will be responsible if an employee causes a loss during the performance of their duties. The panel of judges recognizes the principle of vicarious liability as the basis for corporate liability. There is a lot of diversity in the implementation of these principles. However, the important elements of the principle of vicarious liability are still reflected in the considerations of the panel of judges.Keywords: Liability; Limited Company; Vicarious Liability Principle. AbstrakPerseroan terbatas merupakan subjek hukum yang mampu bertanggung jawab atas risiko dalam pelaksanaan usahanya. Prinsip vicarious liability merupakan dasar pertanggungjawaban seseorang atas perbuatan melawan hukum orang lain. Salah satu prinsip tersebut diterapkan dalam pertanggungjawaban majikan terhadap bawahannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach), pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach), dan pendekatan kasus (case approach). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan hukum perseroan terbatas dan karyawan terkait prinsip vicarious liability serta pertanggungjawaban perseroan terbatas dalam pertimbangan majelis hakim. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa perseroan terbatas mampu berkedudukan sebagai majikan dan mempekerjakan karyawan. Menurut prinsip vicarious liability, perseroan akan bertanggung jawab bilamana karyawan menimbulkan kerugian selama pelaksanaan tugasnya. Majelis hakim mengakui prinsip vicarious liability sebagai dasar pertanggungjawaban perseroan. Timbul banyak keberagaman dalam implementasi prinsip tersebut. Akan tetapi, unsur-unsur penting prinsip vicarious liability tetap tercermin dalam pertimbangan-pertimbangan majelis hakim.Kata Kunci: Pertanggungjawaban; Perseroan Terbatas; Prinsip Vicarious Liability.
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17

Neild, David. "Vicarious Liability and the Employment Rationale." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 44, no. 3/4 (November 1, 2013): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v44i3/4.4973.

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This article argues that the employment relationship should remain the underpinning rationale for vicarious liability. The article draws a distinction between cases where liability is imposed because the defendant is an employer, and those where liability is based on agency. Other non-employment vicarious liability cases are distinguished using liability for breach of non-delegable duties. The article also considers English cases where vicarious liability has been extended to relationships with similar characteristics to employment, and argues that this approach should be preferred to the New Zealand Court of Appeal's approach in S v Attorney-General. At the end of the article there is a discussion of the relationship between exemplary damages and vicarious liability. It is argued that, although exemplary damages may be inappropriate in vicarious liability cases, they should be available for breach of a non-delegable duty. Such an approach may better explain some of the decided vicarious liability cases.
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18

Morgan, Phillip. "Vicarious liability and the beautiful game – liability for professional and amateur footballers?" Legal Studies 38, no. 2 (June 2018): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2017.23.

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AbstractVicarious liability has a greater reach within both professional and amateur football than previously thought. The newly-expanded doctrine has opened up vicarious liability for amateur players, and within grassroots teams. A greater range of torts may also now trigger vicarious liability, such as acts of on and off-pitch violence. The Football Association will need to review the scope of the National Game Insurance Scheme, which significantly lags behind this expanded exposure to vicarious liability.Examining vicarious liability in the context of football also reveals significant problems with the current approach to vicarious liability within unincorporated associations. This category developed in the context of institutional abuse within highly-organised religious institutions; it does not mean that this category of vicarious liability should be applied to grassroots sporting organisations in the same way. For instance there is scope to apply a different test at stage two. It is argued that the courts will need to tighten up this category so as not to unnecessarily expose members of grass roots organisations to vicarious liability which is able to be executed against their personal assets. Both amateur and professional clubs may also wish to carefully consider their selection of players.
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19

Ntsanyu Nana, Constantine. "Sexual Harassment in the Workplace in South Africa: The Unlimited Vicarious Liability of Employers?" Journal of African Law 52, no. 2 (September 18, 2008): 245–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855308000119.

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AbstractThe South African Supreme Court of Appeal and Constitutional Court have ruled that the employer is vicariously liable for sexual violence perpetrated by his employee on a co-employee or on a third party in the workplace or in what can be considered as an extension of the workplace. This is similar to the current position in the United Kingdom. This article questions the rationale of holding employers vicariously liable for intentional acts of employees such as sexual harassment. In a bid to justify their position, these courts have adopted a sort of vicarious liability with no outer limit that is both needless and tortuous. This article submits that the law imposes a duty on employers to protect their employees and that this unwarranted development of vicarious liability could be avoided if due regard is given to the prescribed direct (and strict) liability of the employer.
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20

Jefferson, Michael, Katy Ferris, and James Marson. "Timis v. Osipov: Personal Liability? Decision Makers and Advances in Whistleblowing." Business Law Review 41, Issue 1 (February 1, 2020): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2020005.

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Much has been written recently about employment status including bogus self-employment, atypical workers, zero hours contracts and about vicarious liability in the law of torts and employment law. The case under discussion does not deal with these issues but with related interesting issues involving categorization of working people into employees and workers so as to determine the remedy for whistleblowing under statute and with whether liability in that area of law can be both direct and vicarious. To understand the case one needs to appreciate that the law of unfair dismissal as set out in the Employment Rights Act 1996 applies only to ‘employees’ and therefore both those classified as ‘workers’ and as independent contractors do not; however, workers, though not independent contractors dismissed solely or principally for one of the reasons which would be potentially unfair (prima facie invalid) may have a different remedy when the claim is one of whistleblowing. In relation to vicarious liability under the relevant statute, the Employment Rights Act 1996, there was on the facts of the case to be discussed no doubt that the employers were vicariously liable, but could they also be directly liable? The authority below demonstrates that because of the scheme of the Act both that a worker dismissed for whistleblowing has a remedy not for unfair dismissal because he is not an employee but for ‘detriment’, the detriment being put through a disciplinary process. This preserves the law since 1 January 1972 that remedies for unfair dismissal are granted only to those classed as employees. In respect of vicarious liability, as this commentary shows, both direct and vicarious liability are available against employers in a whistleblowing case. The consequences of these decisions are noted at the end. Personal liability, whistleblowing, unfair dismissal, compensation, termination.
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21

Fatimah, Fines. "PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PENGGANTI (VICARIOUS LIABILITY) DALAM KEBIJAKAN FORMULASI HUKUM PIDANA DI INDONESIA." LAW REFORM 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/lr.v7i2.12408.

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Regulasi vicarious liability dalam Konsep Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana merupakan pengecualian dari asas “tiada pidana tanpa kesalahan” sekaligus merupakan wujud dari ide keseimbangan sekaligus pelengkap (complement) dari asas Geen Straft Zonder Schuld, hal ini ditegaskan dalam Penjelasan Pasal 38 ayat (2) Konsep KUHP/RKUHP 2008. Penjelasan Pasal 38 ayat (2), menyatakan bahwa vicarious liability harus dibatasi untuk kejadian-kejadian tertentu yang ditentukan secara tegas oleh undang-undang agar tidak digunakan secara sewenang-wenang. Dari sinilah penulis merasa perlu untuk membuat sebuah penelitian tentang vicarious liability dalam kebijakan hukum pidana, karena pada kenyataannya pengaturan vicarious liability dalam Konsep KUHP belum menegaskan dalam hal-hal apa saja subjek hukum dapat dipertanggunjawabkan secara vicarious.Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam tesis ini adalah bertujuan mencari jawaban atas permasalahan-permasalahan mengenai: pertanggungjawaban pengganti (vicarious liability) dalam kebijakan formulasi hukum pidana saat ini, dan pertanggungjawaban pengganti (vicarious liability) dalam kebijakan formulasi hukum pidana yang akan datang.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif, yakni yang memusatkan penelitian pada sumber data sekunder. Adapun pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan komparatif dan pendekatan konseptual.1 Mahasiswa Program Studi Magister Ilmu Hukum Undip2 Dosen Program Studi Magister Ilmu Hukum Undip1Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis, Kebijakan formulasi vicarious liability/ pertanggungjawaban pengganti di Indonesia saat ini lebih tertuju pada kejahatan korporasi. Kebijakan formulasi vicarious liability/ pertanggungjawaban pengganti di Indonesia yang akan datang sebaiknya dirumuskan tidak hanya untuk tindak pidana korporasi, atau tidak hanya pada hubungan kerja, tapi juga dapat diterapkan pada hubungan orang tua dengan anaknya, dan suami dengan isterinya. Vicarious liability seharusnya diterapkan pada tindak pidana yang dirumuskan oleh undang-undang sebagai tindak pidana strict liability (dilakukan oleh orang dalam “hubungan” yang telah disebutkan), dan tindak pidana tersebut diancam dengan pidana denda.Kata kunci: Pertanggungjawaban pengganti, kebijakan
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22

Chun, Se-Hak, and Jeong-Yoo Kim. "Vicarious Liability Under a Strict Liability Rule." Asian Journal of Law and Economics 12, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ajle-2021-0045.

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Abstract In this article, we extend the model of Newman, H., and D. Wright. 1990. “Strict Liability in a Principal-Agent Model.” International Review of Law and Economics 10: 219–231 and strengthens their result that the strict liability can attain social optimum in a principal-agent relation to the situation in which the court appreciates any contractual terms regarding apportionment of damages between an employer and an employee under vicarious liability rule. Our model also generalizes and extends vicarious liability to the negligence-based liability rule.
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23

Witting, Christian. "Modelling organisational vicarious liability." Legal Studies 39, no. 4 (September 4, 2019): 694–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2019.10.

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AbstractThis paper identifies two paradigms of vicarious liability. One is an established paradigm of ‘liberal agency’ found in cases where owner-managers ‘act through’ workers, with whom they have personal relations, in undertaking work tasks. The second paradigm is found in cases concerning bureaucratic organisations, which are characterised by chains of command and variegated decision-making procedures. Courts have grounded organisational responsibility in features such as structure, hierarchy, and control, which this paper uses to construct a model of the ‘deterrable organisation’. The deterrable organisation has important capacities to effect change in behaviour that courts rely on in order to prevent worker wrongdoing. The paper tests the viability of the model against the empirical literature and argues that courts could improve outcomes by a more targeted use of powers to award remedies.
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Nolan, Donal. "Reining in Vicarious Liability." Industrial Law Journal 49, no. 4 (October 10, 2020): 609–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwaa021.

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Stern, R. H. "Vicarious liability for infringement." IEEE Micro 24, no. 5 (September 2004): 6–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mm.2004.59.

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26

Madhuku, Lovemore. "Vicarious Liability of an Employer for the Delictual Acts of his Servant under Zimbabwean Law." Journal of African Law 38, no. 2 (1994): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300005519.

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The doctrine of vicarious liability is easy to define but difficult to apply. In the recent Zimbabwean case of Fawcett Security Operations (Pot) Lid. v. Omar Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd., the Supreme Court held that a security company (the employer) who provided a security guard (the servant) to detect and prevent theft from the respondent's supermarket was not vicariously liable for the servant's subsequent theft of the very goods he was meant to guard. It is difficult to support this decision and its indirect effect is to call for a re-examination of this part of the law. Accordingly this article seeks to revisit the doctrine of vicarious liability under the Zimbabwean law of delict and to argue that (i) the decision in Fawcett Security was based on a wrong reading of the authorities; (ii) that the decision is inconsistent with the classical Roman-Dutch Law (as distinct from South African authorities); and (iii) that the decision fails to give effect to the real basis of vicarious liability under Zimbabwean law.
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27

Suharti, Titik. "STRICT LIABILITY, VICARIOUS LIABILITY, DAN KEJAHATAN EKONOMI." Perspektif 4, no. 3 (July 28, 1999): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/perspektif.v4i3.212.

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28

Medill, Colleen. "The Federal Common Law of Vicarious Fiduciary Liability under ERISA." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 44.2 (2011): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.44.2.federal.

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The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), the federal law that regulates employer-sponsored benefit plans, has a rich history of judiciallycreated federal common law. This Article explores the theoretical, policy, statutory, and stare decisis grounds for the development of another area offederal common law under ERISA-the incorporation of respondeat superior liability principles to impose ERISA fiduciary liability ("vicarious fiduciary liability") upon a corporation for the fiduciary activities of its employees or agents. The Article proposes that the federal courts should adopt a federal common law rule of vicarious fiduciary liability under ERISA based on the traditional scope of employment approach. Under such a rule, a corporate principal whose own internal employees or agents perform fiduciary functions during the course and within the scope of their employment or agency relationship would be strictly liable under ERISA for any breach of fiduciary duty by the employee or agent. Vicarious fiduciary liability should be limited, however, so that a nonfiduciary corporate principal would not be subject to damages claims under ERISA for the rogue fiduciary activities of its employees or agents, but would be subject to restitution as necessary to prevent unjust enrichment of the principal. A federal common law rule of vicarious fiduciary liability under ERISA is necessary for two reasons. First, a rule of vicarious fiduciary liability is essential to maintaining and enforcing ERISA's comprehensive system of fiduciary regulation. Second, vicarious fiduciary liability is needed to prevent employer overreaching under the judicially-created settlor function defense to breach of fiduciary duty claims. Absent a federal common law rule of vicarious fiduciary liability, a corporate employer in its nonfiduciary capacity as the settlor of its ERISA plan, may design the documents that govern the employer's plan as a shield against fiduciary responsibility for the actions of the employer's own internal fiduciary employees. This misuse of nonfiduciary settlor powers, which is contrary to both the letter and the spirit of ERISA, would be prevented by a federal common law rule of vicarious fiduciary liability.
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29

Weekes, Robert. "VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR VIOLENT EMPLOYEES." Cambridge Law Journal 63, no. 1 (March 27, 2004): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197304006506.

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A series of recent cases have extended the liability of employers for intentional wrongdoing by their employees. The article explores the implications of these decisions, arguing that they evidence the revival of the “master’s tort” theory of vicarious liability, and have the potential for a further, undesirable, widening of liability rules.
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Bewel, Daniel Bioyel, and Ernest Owusu-Dapaa. "Why the supreme court of Ghana erred on the proper application of the doctrine of vicarious liability in its recent decision in Kwadwo Appiah v. Kwabena Anane." UCC Law Journal 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/ucclj.v1i2.416.

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The Common law has evolved in leaps and bounds since the Normans Conquest of 1066. Certain areas of private law including the tort of negligence have developed into settled doctrines well known and generally followed in many common law jurisdictions. Vicarious liability is one of such well-developed doctrines with clear prerequisites for its deployment. The Supreme Court of Ghana is also required to follow the doctrine of vicarious liability unless there is a clear reason for a departure. The apex Court is mandated to justify any departure from its previous decisions with sound judicial analysis of the precedents vis-à-vis the case under consideration. In the case under review, the Supreme Court obviously ignored the established rules for the application of the doctrine of vicarious liability. The Court equally failed to justify the need for such a monumental departure from the tenets of the doctrine. The Supreme Court of Ghana invoked the doctrine of vicarious liability when the most basic of requirements for its applicability- such as the existence of an employment relationship or its analogous relationship between the tortfeasor and the Defendant-had not been established on the facts before the Court. The burden of this paper is to demonstrate that the Court erred when it failed to follow well-established principles for holding the defendant vicariously liable for a tort or breach of statutory duty by the tortfeasor. The paper expresses grave concern that unless the Supreme Court’s decision is departed from by the Court there is going to be a monumental confusion in Ghana’s Legal System as all other courts are bound to follow decisions of the Supreme Court.
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Spindler, James Cameron. "Vicarious Liability for Managerial Myopia." Journal of Legal Studies 46, no. 1 (January 2017): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/691052.

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Bell, John. "VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR CHILD ABUSE." Cambridge Law Journal 69, no. 3 (November 2010): 440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197310000668.

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Bell, John. "THE BASIS OF VICARIOUS LIABILITY." Cambridge Law Journal 72, no. 1 (March 2013): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197313000238.

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Silink, Allison, and Desmond Ryan. "VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS." Cambridge Law Journal 77, no. 3 (November 2018): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197318000843.

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SFIKAS, PETER M. "Sexual harassment and vicarious liability." Journal of the American Dental Association 136, no. 6 (June 2005): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2005.0267.

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Brack, Graham. "Nurse prescribing and vicarious liability." Nurse Prescribing 12, no. 3 (March 2014): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2014.12.3.147.

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Richardson, Barbara. "Investigating issues surrounding vicarious liability." Nursing and Residential Care 4, no. 7 (July 2002): 348–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2002.4.7.10707.

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38

West, John C. "Case law update: Vicarious liability." Journal of Healthcare Risk Management 31, no. 1 (2011): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrm.20079.

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39

Flett, Emma, Jenny Wilson, and Rebecca Gover. "Morrisons off the hook as employers welcome clarity on vicarious liability for data breach." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 15, no. 7 (May 21, 2020): 504–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpaa084.

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Abstract The UK Supreme Court has granted the appeal of supermarket chain WW Morrison Supermarkets plc (Morrisons), finding that the Court of Appeal had misunderstood a number of the governing principles of vicarious liability. Considering Morrisons’ liability afresh, the Supreme Court clarified that the motive and authorized acts of the wrongdoing employee are highly material to a finding of vicarious liability, whilst a causal chain of events is not. Whilst Morrisons’ victory is a welcome clarification on the law of vicarious liability, data controllers should take note: had Morrisons not been a sophisticated data controller paying particular attention to its obligations under data protection legislation, the outcome would likely have been more of a cautionary tale.
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Suhariyanto, Budi. "PUTUSAN PEMIDANAAN TERHADAP KORPORASI TANPA DIDAKWAKAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF ”VICARIOUS LIABILITY”." Jurnal Yudisial 10, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29123/jy.v10i1.68.

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ABSTRAKKorporasi telah ditetapkan sebagai subjek tindak pidana, maka terhadapnya dapat dituntutkan pertanggungjawaban pidana. Sebagai subjek hukum, korporasi juga ditentukan mekanisme pemidanaannya mulai dari proses penyidikan, penuntutan, dan pemeriksaan di sidang pengadilan. Mahkamah Agung dalam Putusan Nomor 2239 K/PID.SUS/2012 mengesampingkan prosedur hukum acara dengan menjatuhkan putusan pemidanaan terhadap korporasi tanpa didakwakan. Permasalahannya bagaimanakah eksistensi pemidanaan korporasi menurut hukum acara pidana di Indonesia, dan bagaimanakah pemidanaan korporasi dalam praktik penegakan hukum, serta bagaimana putusan pemidanaan terhadap korporasi tanpa didakwakan dalam perspektif vicarious liability? Metode penelitian normatif digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan ini. Terdapat tiga pendekatan untuk mengkaji permasalahan yaitu pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual. Metode analisis yang diterapkan untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan atas permasalahan yang dibahas adalah melalui analisis yuridis kualitatif. Dari hasil pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam perspektif vicarious liability, korporasi dapat dipertanggungjawabkan atas perilaku seseorang yang secara personifikasi mewakili korporasi sehingga dapat dijatuhkan putusan pemidanaan.Kata kunci: putusan pemidanaan, pemidanaan korporasi, vicarious liability.ABSTRACTA corporation has been set as the subject of criminal offense, and so criminal liability on this subject is enforceable by law. As the subject of law, a corporation has its own mechanism in term of criminal liability, starting from investigation process, prosecution and examination before trial. The Supreme Court Decision Number 2239 K/PID.SUS/2012 overruled the ordinances of the procedural law by imposing a sentencing decision against a corporation without charges. The problems are: how does the corporate criminal liability exist according to the criminal procedural law in Indonesia, and how is the corporate criminal liability implemented in the practices of law enforcement, as well as how is the corporate criminal liability without charges examined through the perspective of vicarious liability? Normative research method is applied in responding to this problem. Three approaches to examine these problems are the statutory regulations, the case-based, and conceptual approaches. The analytical method applied to come to the conclusion of the issues discussed is through the qualitative juridical analysis. The results of discussions deduce that in the perspective of vicarious liability, a corporation is liable for the criminal conduct of a person who is in personification of the corporation and may be subject to corporate criminal liability.</p>Keywords: sentencing decision, corporate criminal liability, vicarious liability.
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41

Aryani, Fajar Dian. "Transisi Paradigmatik Korporasi dan Konstruksi Pertanggung Jawaban Kejahatan Korporasi Era Globalisasi." Kosmik Hukum 21, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/kosmikhukum.v21i3.12048.

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Globalization cannot be separated from corporations. The development of the corporation through its products has been able to "bewitch" various areas of people's lives, and even the development of the corporation has also given birth to new forms of crime, namely corporate crime. To the development of corporate crime, national law has responded by harmonizing the subject of criminal law. As a result, corporations are included as subjects of criminal law whose arrangements are contained in legislation outside the Criminal Code. Construction of corporate criminal responsibility in legislation outside the Criminal Code, namely the maker can be convicted if he has committed a criminal act as formulated in the law, regardless of how his inner attitude (strict liability) and the imposition of responsibility on someone for actions committed by people other, solely based on the relationship between the two people (vicarious liability). The construction of criminal liability in the statutory provisions governing criminal liability, there are provisions that apply only the strict liability doctrinal approach and the vicarious liability doctrinal approach, and/or apply both.Keywords: Corporation, strict liability, vicarious liability
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42

Aryani, Fajar Dian. "Transisi Paradigmatik Korporasi dan Konstruksi Pertanggung Jawaban Kejahatan Korporasi Era Globalisasi." Kosmik Hukum 21, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/kosmikhukum.v21i3.12048.

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Globalization cannot be separated from corporations. The development of the corporation through its products has been able to "bewitch" various areas of people's lives, and even the development of the corporation has also given birth to new forms of crime, namely corporate crime. To the development of corporate crime, national law has responded by harmonizing the subject of criminal law. As a result, corporations are included as subjects of criminal law whose arrangements are contained in legislation outside the Criminal Code. Construction of corporate criminal responsibility in legislation outside the Criminal Code, namely the maker can be convicted if he has committed a criminal act as formulated in the law, regardless of how his inner attitude (strict liability) and the imposition of responsibility on someone for actions committed by people other, solely based on the relationship between the two people (vicarious liability). The construction of criminal liability in the statutory provisions governing criminal liability, there are provisions that apply only the strict liability doctrinal approach and the vicarious liability doctrinal approach, and/or apply both.Keywords: Corporation, strict liability, vicarious liability
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43

Tsoneva, Silvia. "Damage Caused by Another in the Course of his Employment under the English and Bulgarian Tort Law." Yearbook of the Law Department 8, no. 9 (December 30, 2019): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/yldnbu.19.9.13.

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This paper deals with the vicarious liability of one party held liable for the damage caused by another in the course of his employment under the English and Bulgarian tort law. The legal framework and caselaw on vicarious liability in the two legal systems are explored and analyzed in comparison.
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44

Tan, Justin. "Vicarious liability as risk-through-placing." Common Law World Review 51, no. 4 (October 12, 2022): 268–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14737795221116397.

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The common law on vicarious liability is unsatisfactory because the doctrine is couched at such a high level of generality that it cannot yield predictable results when applied to a given fact situation. This paper is an attempt to inject some precision into the doctrine. It examines and rejects three justifications for the doctrine: effective compensation/risk spreading, deterrence and certain theories related to quid pro quo. It then proposes the most suitable justification for the doctrine: vicarious liability is imposed because and when the defendant, by placing the tortfeasor in the position in its organisation that it did with that position's accompanying privileges and demands, had created or significantly enhanced the risk of the claimant’s injury. Three implications follow from this justification: (1) there is no vicarious liability for the wrongful acts of independent contractors; (2) agency reasoning should be rejected; and (3) we should stop using the phrase ‘enterprise-risk approach’.
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Pittman, Andrew T., Hee-Joon Shin, and Joeng-Woong Baik. "Vicarious Liability against University and Coach." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 75, no. 8 (October 2004): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2004.10607282.

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46

Simblet, Stephen. "Abuse of Power and Vicarious Liability." Cambridge Law Journal 53, no. 3 (November 1994): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300080740.

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47

McBride, Nicholas J. "VICARIOUS LIABILITY IN ENGLAND AND AUSTRALIA." Cambridge Law Journal 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197303266307.

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48

Giliker, Paula. "THE ONGOING MARCH OF VICARIOUS LIABILITY." Cambridge Law Journal 65, no. 3 (November 23, 2006): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197306277201.

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Buxton, Richard. "VICARIOUS LIABILITY IN THE TWENTIFIRST CENTURY." Cambridge Law Journal 79, no. 2 (July 2020): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197320000446.

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50

Tutin, Marianne. "Vicarious Liability: An Ever Expanding Concept?" Industrial Law Journal 45, no. 4 (August 18, 2016): 556–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dww030.

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