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1
Lambert, Eric G., Brad Smith, James Geistman, Terry Cluse-Tolar, and Shanhe Jiang. "Do Men and Women Differ in Their Perceptions of Stalking: An Exploratory Study Among College Students." Violence and Victims 28, no. 2 (2013): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.09-201.
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Stalking is a crime that can terrify its victims and ultimately take a severe emotional toll. Although a growing body of research has examined stalking experiences and reactions of victims, there has been far less research on whether men and women differ in their perceptions of stalking. Toward this end, a survey of college students at a large public 4-year Midwestern university was undertaken. We examined differences in how men and women view stalking and whether gender differences were moderated by prior stalking experience. Specifically, we examined whether there were gender differences in perceptions of the pervasiveness of stalking, the harm stalking does, who tends to be stalked, if stalking mainly involves former relational partners, possible motivations for stalking, the line between courtship and stalking, and notions of victim blaming. We found significant differences in stalking views between men and women on all the measures, except for perceptions of the line between courtship and stalking. Women tended to perceive stalking as more pervasive and harmful. Men were more likely to perceive stalking as involving strangers and to blame the victim for the stalking. Female and male respondents also differed in their perceptions of motivations for stalking. Prior victim stalking experience did not moderate the gender differences. Although being a prior stalking victim had a significant association with 4 of the 7 stalking perception variables, its effect sizes were smaller than that of gender.
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Preble, Kathleen M., and Beverly M. Black. "Influence of Survivors’ Entrapment Factors and Traffickers’ Characteristics on Perceptions of Interpersonal Social Power During Exit." Violence Against Women 26, no. 1 (2019): 110–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219826742.
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Typically examined in terms of understanding vulnerabilities to and the scope of human trafficking, not much is understood about interpersonal dynamics in human trafficking experiences. This article explores human trafficking victims’ ( n = 31, female, international) perceptions of traffickers’ interpersonal social power during the exiting phase of the trafficking experience. Findings from this study revealed that entrapment factors and shared common characteristics between victim and trafficker prior to trafficking influenced perceptions of interpersonal social power. Understanding victims’ perceptions of interpersonal social power is critical to developing trauma-informed targeted services for exiting assistance and aftercare services for this population.
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O’Shea, Brittany, Becky Feicht, Marion Brown, and Matthew Numer. "What’s in a label? Exploring rape myth and rape culture discourses embedded in perceptions of victims and survivors." Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 33, no. 3 (2024): 417–28. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs-2024-0027.
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Feminist scholars have long asserted that the label assigned to someone after an experience of sexual violence (e.g., victim or survivor) can shape personal outcomes due to the internalization of societal perceptions of these labels. While there is a growing body of literature on the effects of self-labelling, the societal perceptions of victims and survivors are less explored, with little understanding as to how dominant discourses such as rape culture and rape myths are embedded into these perceptions. Adopting from critical discourse analysis and feminist poststructuralism, we offer critical feminist poststructuralism (CFPS) as a useful framework for understanding discursively shaped societal perceptions of victims and survivors. Considering the presence of rape culture and rape myths on university campuses, we set out to explore the potentially mediated nature of rape myths and rape culture discourse and perceptions of victims and survivors among undergraduate students. Electronically submitted responses to an online prompt were analyzed using CFPS to explore how victim and survivor discourses were activated through language and institutional and social discourses of rape culture and rape myth. We describe four dominant threads of discourse from our analysis that suggest sexual violence labels function as regulatory mechanisms for rape myth and rape culture discourse. The findings highlight the need for continued applied work on the multiplicity of victim and survivor identities produced through rape culture and rape myth discourse.
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Soldatova, Galina, Svetlana Chigarkova, and Elena Rasskazova. "Collisions and Perceptions of Cyberbullying: Comparison of Intergenerational Experiences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 9 (2024): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091148.
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With regard to negative consequences, cyberbullying is recognized as one of the most traumatic types of cyber aggression. The aim is to study the specific features of adolescents and youth’s cyberbullying experience in the role of an aggressor, victim or bystander, as well as awareness on the part of parents of adolescents. A total of 3395 adolescents, youth and parents filled out specially designed questionnaires. Older adolescents turned out to be at higher risk of cyberbullying. In two-thirds of cases, cyberbullying is related to real-life incidents. Aggressors are motivated by domination and entertainment, primarily employing strategies of social exclusion, harassment and denigration. As victims of cyberbullying, younger adolescents turn to their parents and friends for social support, whereas older adolescents and young adults are more likely turn to their peers. In the role of a bystander, almost half of younger adolescents and about a third of older adolescents and young adults choose the prosocial strategy of protecting a victim. The parents often underestimate the experience of encountering cyberbullying or find it difficult to assess such experience. The identified risk groups and strategies and the lack of parents’ awareness are important to take into account when drawing up cyberbullying prevention programs.
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Scott, Adrian J., and Jeff Gavin. "Revenge pornography: the influence of perpetrator-victim sex, observer sex and observer sexting experience on perceptions of seriousness and responsibility." Journal of Criminal Psychology 8, no. 2 (2018): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-05-2017-0024.
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Purpose Drawing on gender-role stereotypes and defensive attribution theory, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of perpetrator-victim sex, observer sex and observer sexting experience on perceptions of seriousness and responsibility in the context of revenge pornography. Design/methodology/approach In total, 239 university students read one of two versions of a hypothetical scenario, responded to items concerning their perceptions of the situation described, and responded to items concerning their sexting experience. Findings Men were more likely to believe the situation was serious when it involved a male perpetrator and a female victim rather than vice versa. However, perpetrator-victim sex did not influence women’s perceptions. Participants without sexting experience were more likely than participants with sexting experience to believe the situation was serious, and to hold the victim responsible. Originality/value Whilst there is a growing body of literature regarding revenge pornography from a legal perspective, there is little research on perceptions of revenge pornography situations. As the use of intimate images in relationships continues to rise, it is important to understand people’s attitudes and the extra-legal factors that shape them.
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Putri, Angely Lina, and Sekaring Ayumeida Kusnadi. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KORBAN VICTIM BLAMING DALAM ALIRAN REALISME HUKUM PADA KASUS KEKERASAN SEKSUAL." Legal Standing : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 8, no. 2 (2024): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ls.v8i2.8709.
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Victims of sexual violence do not receive justice and legal protection, but instead receive victim blaming behavior from society. Legal protection for victims and finding the role of legal realism in overcoming victim blaming behavior is very necessary. Therefore, this research aims to understand legal protection for victims of sexual violence by victim blaming based on realism. This research uses a normative juridical method. By using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Violence against women is a violation of human rights that must be condemned and acted upon. The Indonesian government has issued various laws and regulations to protect women from violence, discrimination and intimidation. The role of legal realism is to control social perceptions so as not to blame victims for the crimes they experience. This research provides an understanding of sexual violence which causes victim blaming, actions and explains legal protection rules and legal realism to provide direction to the public so that they no longer blame the victim for the crimes that happened to him.
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McGlynn, Clare, and Nicole Westmarland. "Kaleidoscopic Justice: Sexual Violence and Victim-Survivors’ Perceptions of Justice." Social & Legal Studies 28, no. 2 (2018): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663918761200.
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This article proposes a more multifaceted way of thinking about victim-survivors’ perceptions of justice; what we have termed ‘kaleidoscopic justice’. Developed from an empirical investigation with 20 victim-survivors of sexual violence, kaleidoscopic justice understands justice as a constantly shifting pattern; justice constantly refracted through new experiences or understandings; justice as an ever-evolving, nuanced and lived experience. Within this framework, a number of justice themes emerged, namely justice as consequences, recognition, dignity, voice, prevention and connectedness. This approach develops current understandings, in particular by emphasizing the fluidity of justice, as well as the centrality of prevention and connectedness in sexual violence survivors’ understandings of justice. We suggest that it is only by better understanding victim-survivor perspectives on justice, and embedding the concept of kaleidoscopic justice, that we can begin to address the sexual violence ‘justice gap’.
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Forget, Audrey-Anne, Mariève Vandervoort, and Martin L. Lalumière. "University students’ perspectives on physiological sexual arousal in victims of sexual assault: The role of gender and rape myths." Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 33, no. 3 (2024): 340–56. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs-2024-0021.
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Are university students aware that physiological sexual arousal (i.e., erection, lubrication, orgasm) may occur in victims during a sexual assault? In this study, we examined this question and the role of the gender of the participant, the gender of the victim, and the gender of the perpetrator on perceptions of physiological sexual arousal in sexual assault victims. They also examined the link between endorsement of rape myths and these perceptions. A sample of 477 female and 230 male students was recruited and invited to complete an online questionnaire. The questionnaire included an adapted version of the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance–Short Form (IRMA-SF) scale, along with questions about perceptions of sexual arousal in various scenarios of sexual assault. In general, students agreed that physiological sexual arousal could occur in some victims. Particularly, students overall judged sexual arousal to be most likely when both the perpetrator and the victim are men. For erection in male victims specifically, male students believed it to be more plausible when the perpetrator is a woman. Female students thought that lubrication is more likely to occur than male students did, regardless of the gender of the perpetrator. Endorsement of rape myths was negatively associated with the belief that it is possible for a victim to experience sexual arousal during a sexual assault. Almost all participants asserted that there is not enough awareness of this phenomenon, which highlights the potential implications of this study for educational initiatives.
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Shrestha, Aishworya, and Tika Bahadur Thakuri. "Gender-Based Violence Through the Victim’s Lens." Shahid Kirti Multidisciplinary Journal 2, no. 2 (2024): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/skmj.v2i2.62499.
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One in three women worldwide experience gender-based violence (GBV), predominantly by someone familiar (WHO). This study explores how Nepali victims understand personal incidents of GBV and its impacts, addressing gaps in victim-centered perspectives. Despite extensive literature on GBV, victims’ narratives are rarely spotlighted; “justice” is often academically-defined. Using purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews with 37 women, we examined research questions on victims’ perceptions of GBV events and effects afterwards. Thematic analysis revealed high GBV prevalence, especially for girls, yet chronically underreported due to factors like shame, stigma, mental health tolls, doubts over evidentiary support, masculinity constructs, and judicial distrust. Child abuse by acquaintances was salient, reflecting trust exploitation. Ultimately findings expose alarming yet overlooked violence against Nepali women and girls amidst normalization and victim-blaming attitudes. Centering survivors’ voices spotlights vital individual and systemic transformations required to address this epidemic. Insights provide a victim-based understanding of GBV to inform rights-centric responses.
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Halfon, Carolyne Georgiana, Destiny McCray, and Danica Kulibert. "Do People Judge Sexual Harassment Differently Based on the Type of Job a Victim Has?" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 6 (2025): 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060757.
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Victims of sexual harassment report facing barriers and retaliation for reporting their sexual harassment. The current study assessed one potential reason for these issues: perceptions of sexual harassment events. Participants (N = 427) read about different sexual harassment events and were told that the woman in the event worked with a masculine (e.g., EMT, school police officer, plumber) or feminine job (e.g., nurse, teacher, cleaning staff). Across three different sexual harassment claims (e.g., unwanted romantic attention, physical groping, being shown sexually explicit images), participants reported that women in masculine jobs were less prototypical women than women in feminine jobs. Furthermore, these perceptions of prototypicality impacted how participants viewed the victim’s sexual harassment event. The less a person views a victim as a typical woman, the less likely they are to label the victim’s experience as sexual harassment. The results suggest that perceptions of sexual harassment are directly impacted by how people view a victim. Implications around prototypes of women and sexual harassment claims are discussed.
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Chakma, Kisinger, and Kenichi Matsui. "Local Officials’ Perceptions of Climate Victim Management Challenges on Bangladesh’s Southeast Coast." Climate 10, no. 7 (2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10070105.
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In Bangladesh, extreme weather events displace about one million people each year. The national government resettles these climate victims by allocating houses in so-called cluster villages. This paper examines how local disaster management officials manage the resettlement of climate victims in Bangladesh’s coastal areas. For this paper, we conducted a preliminary field work, questionnaire survey, and informal phone interviews. The questionnaire survey was conducted from March to July 2020 among 70 central government civil servants who worked as disaster management officials and played a pivotal role in local decision making for climate victim resettlement. This paper first examines how national disaster response policies were implemented in local areas before, during, and after disasters. Our questionnaire survey results show five management challenges local officials faced in managing displaced people: (1) local officials’ limited onsite experience, (2) varied impacts of natural disasters on islands and the mainland, (3) arbitrary engagement in disaster response actions, (4) lack of evacuation drills, and (5) weak coordination skills among relevant stakeholders. In particular, these challenges were acute among island officials. Our multiple regression analyses show that the respondents’ age and onsite work experience (p < 0.05) significantly affected their perceptions. Overall, these findings suggest a need to drastically improve local disaster governance capacity. This study offers insights into how countries with similar challenges may respond to climate-induced displacement in the future.
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Davies, Rhiannon, and Lorana Bartels. "Challenges of Effective Communication in the Criminal Justice Process: Findings from Interviews with Victims of Sexual Offences in Australia." Laws 9, no. 4 (2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws9040031.
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This article focuses on gendered experiences of the criminal justice system, specifically the experiences of adult female victims of sexual offending and the communication difficulties they experience during the criminal justice process. Drawing on the findings from qualitative interviews about sentencing with six victims and 15 justice professionals in Australia, we compare the lived experiences of the victims with the perceptions of the justice professionals who work with them, revealing a significant gap between the information justice professionals believe they are providing and the information victims recall receiving. We then analyse the international literature to distil effective communication strategies, with the goal of improving victims’ experiences of the criminal justice system as a whole. Specifically, we recommend verbal communication skills training for justice professionals who work with victims of crime and the development of visual flowcharts to help victims better understand the criminal justice process. We also recommend that Australian victims’ rights regimes be reformed to place the responsibility for providing information about the criminal process on the relevant justice agencies, rather than requiring the victim to seek this information, and suggest piloting automated notification systems to help agencies fulfil their obligations to provide victims with such information.
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Md., Omar Faruk, Al Faruque Abdullah, and Mustafizur Rahman Mohammad. "Underlying the Causes and Impact of Crime Victimization: A Study of Urban Area in Bangladesh." International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology 9, no. 5 (2023): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8372026.
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In Bangladesh, like all other countries of the world Crime victimization has become a frightening, threatening and unsettling experience for many people. This study tries to trace the causes of different kinds of crime victimization and also tries to find out its impact on victims in relation to urban environment. Based on literature relate to victimization and collecting primary data from urban area’s victim, this study will enable researchers to explore the prevalence of crime in urban area and to identify the causes and impact of crime victimization on victims by analysing the demographic status of victim-offender, measuring the causal variables and several cost likely financial, physical etc. The subject of this study was composed of 3957 respondent’s selected from 12th city corporations including Dhaka city followed by probability sampling method for collecting information from the general peoples who have victimized. The study revealed that two-third of the offenders was unknown to the victim. The most common cause of victimization includes self-blaming (lack of awareness or carelessness) remained at the top reason, which constitutes 31 percent of the victim. This victimization has affected victims psychologically, physically and financially including several losses. The perceptions gathered through this study will helps to take important measures and strategies to ensure safe livelihood as well as increase the performance of the law enforcement agencies.
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Logan, TK, and Robert Walker. "Toward a Deeper Understanding of the Harms Caused by Partner Stalking." Violence and Victims 25, no. 4 (2010): 440–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.440.
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This study examined stalking prevalence, patterns, and harm among 210 women with civil protective orders (PO) against violent male partners or ex-partners. Results suggest that stalking is associated with PO violations and almost every other type of partner violence. Also, women who have been stalked by violent partners report significantly more distress and harm than even women who experience PO violations but not stalking. Results of key informant perceptions suggest many victim service (n = 116) and criminal justice professionals (n = 72) do not seem to understand the extent or gravity of the harms caused by partner stalking especially when contrasted with victim reports of harm. Furthermore, key informant reports of their advice to women being stalked by an ex-partner were not consistent with recommendations for stalking victims in general.
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Balogun, Obasanjo S., Tomisin A. Akangbe, Olumide D. Fagbamila, and Felix O. Aigbovbioisa. "INTERNET USERS’ PERCEPTION OF THE PREVALENCE OF ONLINE INVESTMENT FRAUD AND VICTIMISATION IN NIGERIA." Gusau Journal of Sociology 4, no. 2 (2024): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.57233/gujos.v4i2.13.
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This study investigated the prevalence of online investment fraud and victimisation among internet users in Nigeria, focusing on sociodemographic characteristics, investment behaviours, victimisation. experiences, and perceptions of fraud risk factors. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design, utilizing Google Forms for data collection and convenience sampling to recruit 164 participants from Ilorin, Kwara State. The study adopted the Routine Activities Theory (RAT) as theoretical framework. Findings reveal that a majority of respondents are young individuals with tertiary education, indicating their susceptibility to online investment fraud due to limited financial experience and a desire for quick financial gains. Notably, over half of the participants actively engage in online investments. In addition, family and friends' recommendations and the pursuit of financial freedom influencing investment decisions significantly. However, a substantial proportion of investors report falling victim to online investment fraud, predominantly through Ponzi/pyramid schemes, crypto currency scams, and forex trading scams. Financial losses vary among victims, with factors such as lack of regulation, poverty, unemployment, and insufficient training on fraud prevention contributing to vulnerability. Statistical analysis indicates a significant relationship between investment experience and the perception of high returns as a risk factor for fraud victimisation. These findings underscore the urgent need for regulatory measures, public awareness campaigns, and educational initiatives to mitigate the risks associated with online investment fraud in Nigeria.
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Finney, Robyn E., Scott Czinski, Kelly Fjerstad, et al. "Evaluation of a second victim peer support program on perceptions of second victim experiences and supportive resources in pediatric clinical specialties using the second victim experience and support tool (SVEST)." Journal of Pediatric Nursing 61 (November 2021): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.08.023.
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Barnett, Mark A., Christina S. Sinisi, and Steven W. Quackenbush. "Perceptions of a Known Rape Victim: Role of Subject's Gender and Personal Experience with Rape." Journal of Social Psychology 131, no. 1 (1991): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1991.9713834.
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Bryngeirsdottir, Hulda S., and Sigridur Halldorsdottir. "“I’m a Winner, Not a Victim”: The Facilitating Factors of Post-Traumatic Growth among Women Who Have Suffered Intimate Partner Violence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (2022): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031342.
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Post-traumatic growth (PTG) is a positive psychological change following trauma. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one such trauma. The aim of this phenomenological study was to explore PTG from the perspective of women who have survived IPV as well as their perceptions of PTG. Twenty-two female IPV survivors aged 23–56 who reached PTG, according to the working definition used, were interviewed. The overriding theme of the study was “I’m a winner, not a victim”, which describes the essence of the women’s experience of PTG. They described their experience as a shift from being suffering victims of IPV to becoming winners who enjoyed PTG. They felt that their positive attitude and personal strengths had helped them to reach PTG as well as to face the fact that they had been in an abusive relationship, thus forgiving and believing in themselves and taking responsibility for their own health and well-being. They sought knowledge about violence, how to process it, and how to respond to triggers. They set boundaries for their perpetrators and were in as little contact with them as possible. They chose the company of positive, supportive, and constructive people and situations where they were not being controlled. It was concluded that, even though suffering IPV is a terrible experience that no one should endure, the participants’ experiences had resulted in PTG that they treasured.
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Lee, Jae Young. "Citizens' perception of the police's human rights protection policy." Korean Association of Criminal Psychology 19, no. 4 (2023): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25277/kcpr.2023.19.4.143.
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Police organizations have been attempting to change to human rights-friendly police by reorganizing the human rights-related legal system. However, questions still remain as to how much citizens are experiencing such changes and whether they are highly receptive to the police's human rights policy. Therefore, this study attempted to analyze citizens' perceptions of the police's human rights protection policy and what variables affect their perceptions. Specifically, the effect of the experience of human rights violations through the media, police trust, and human rights policy awareness on citizens' perceptions of the police's human rights protection policy was empirically analyzed. To this end, an online survey was conducted on a sample of 800 people proportionally allocated by gender, age, and region. As a result of the analysis, the average of the questions on the relationship between police activities and human rights was all over 3.4. In addition, citizens recognized that the life safety function was most related to human rights protection activities. Citizens highly recognized the necessity of the criminal management system and the victim assessment report. As a result of regression analysis, it was confirmed that the experience of human rights violations through the media, trust in the police, and awareness of the human rights policy had a statistically significant effect on the Citizens' perception of the police's human rights protection policies.
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Endriyani, Lia, and Nindita Kumalawati Santoso. "Reviewing Identification and Intervention of School Bullying on Perception of Middle School Counselling Teacher on Dealing Bullying." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia 8, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/jnki.2020.8(1).1-8.
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<em>Bullying behavior is serious problem that can affect mental and psychosocial development in both the bully and the victim. School bullying happens in school aged children and occurs during or after school hours. As bullying happened in schools, counseling teacher is one of main resource in efforts to prevent and to intervene bullying situations. Counseling teacher has competencies and authorities regarding this matter. This study aimed to know perception of counseling teacher on dealing with bullying by reviewing information about identification and intervention of school bullying. This study was quasy experiment with one group pre-test and post-test design. Purposive sampling was used to obtain 16 middle school counseling teachers in Kasihan and Pajangan sub district as participants to join this study. The data were collected through modification of Perceptions of Bullying Questionnaire and The Handling Bullying Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Paired t-test. Majority of respondents were more than 46 years with the highest level of education was bachelor degree. Counseling teacher had experience as counselling teacher for more than 10 years. Teacher’s perceived ability to identify the bully and the victim was in “enough” category. Perceived method to deal with the bully was involving students and their parents while method to deal with the victim was involving students, parents and school personnel. There are significant differences of teacher’s perception on handling bullying before and after intervention (p- value=0.032). Giving information can give a positive effect against the perception the guidance counselor in dealing with bullying.</em>
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Nally, Thomas, Jane L. Ireland, Leah Greenwood, Carol A. Ireland, and Philip Birch. "Victim empathy-based content in aggression treatment: exploring impact within a secure forensic hospital." Journal of Forensic Practice 23, no. 2 (2021): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-01-2021-0001.
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Purpose This study aims to explore the impact of inclusion of victim empathy-based content in offender treatment. Design/methodology/approach This study first presents a systematic review of 20 papers before proceeding to consider qualitative interviews with therapists (n = 7) and forensic patients (n = 5), who had completed a long-term violence therapy (Life Minus Violence – Enhanced, LMV-E©). The research explored perceptions of forensic patients and treatment facilitators when completing victim empathy work and explored any negative effects this may have. Findings Findings from the systematic review indicated five themes: interventions incorporating victim empathy can be effective; there are positive risk-understanding consequences from completing victim empathy work; offenders perceive victim empathy positively; the emotional impact of victim empathy work on offenders’ is poorly explored; and completing victim empathy in treatment groups receives mixed evaluations from offenders. The systematic review was used to inform the interview themes for the resulting qualitative study with facilitators and forensic patients. This study indicated six themes: victim empathy content facilitates change; victim empathy content can be difficult for patients; victim empathy content can lead to an emotional response; victim empathy content can be beneficial, with the process important; victim empathy content can help understand risk, and patients’ experience of treatment begins before attending sessions. Practical implications The potential impact of victim empathy content needs to be evaluated before sessions are completed, accounting for client expectations and treatment readiness. This should include ensuring that appropriate support is in place. Any support provided to patients should be regularly reviewed. Originality/value The study represents the first to apply detailed analysis to this topic area and with a complex group.
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Maluleke, Witness, and Sekwaila Naum Mamabolo. "Exploring perceptions of community members on effects of rape in the selected areas of Mankweng, South Africa." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, no. 2 (2022): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i2.1688.
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Rape seems to be a traumatic event, with multiple effects on potential victims’ psychological, social, as well as physical levels, which can occur simultaneously at times. The noted effects of rape incidences may differ from one victim to the other. The qualitative research approach was deployed in this study to clearly understand human behavior from an insider’s point of view. This was aided by the Q-methodology research design to explore perspectives of the selected participants who represent different stances on this subject. This also allowed explorations of community members’ perceptions on the effects of rape in selected Mankweng areas, as an objective guiding this study. The data was collected in Mankweng through the applications of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). About Thirty (30) participants were purposively sampled. The inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) was used for analysis. This study presented that some victims of rape do experience symptoms such as; feelings of worthlessness, social isolation, resorting to substance abuse and persistent sadness and crying. To serve as an intervention to victims. For recommendations, training and refresher courses should be provided in the field of Criminology and Criminal Justice and professionals from the medical field on how to deal with rape victims. Relevant stakeholders should urgently readdress understanding the associated effects of rape on society and potential victims and programmes should be hosted within these communities to alert residents about the effects of rape in the Mankweng policing area.
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Sung, Hyun Jun, Ji Hae Lee, Dong Gyu Hong, and Myoung Ho Park. "Analysis on the Re-victimization Factors of Crime Victims Using the Crime Victimization Assessment." Forum of Public Safety and Culture 35 (October 31, 2024): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52902/kjsc.2024.35.105.
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This study aimed to identify the factors of re-victimization of crime victims based on the crime victimization assessment reports to derive supportive measures to prevent re-victimization and help the daily recovery of the victims. For this purpose, 215 crime victimization assessment reports conducted during the last two years (2023-2024) were collected. From the collected crime victimization assessment reports, demographic information and 47 sub-questions among the four major factors (economic, physical, social, and secondary damage) which were rated on a two-point scale were coded. The analysis methods included frequency analysis of demographic characteristics of crime victims, independent samples t-test comparing those who experienced re-victimization and those who did not, and logistic regression analysis to predict re-victimization. Results showed that those who experienced re-victimization were significantly more likely to experience family disruption, such as divorce or separation; job loss or study interuption; negative perceptions of the victim at work or in neighborhoods; moving or changing jobs due to damaged social network; general difficulties in social life; contact with the perpetrator; groundless accusations and rumors from the perpetrator; and unwanted visits from the perpetrator. Variables with significant explanatory power on re-victimization were found to be moving or changing jobs due to damaged social network, and groundless accusations and rumors from the perpetrator. Based on the findings, the need for interventions to prevent re-victimization and policies to protect and support victims were discussed.
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Alishaq, Moza, Asmaa kamal Hassan, Ahmed H. Assar, et al. "The impact of second-victim syndrome on staff well-being and practice." Medicine 104, no. 6 (2025): e41345. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000041345.
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This study aimed to examine factors influencing psychological well-being and support among healthcare professionals involved in adverse event investigations, complaints, medical errors, and patient injuries from January 2020 to March 2022. The second-victim experience and support tool (SVEST) was used to assess second-victim experiences and support resources. Non-probability purposive sampling was employed, and data were collected through a Monkey Survey sent via email to around 150 clinicians (physicians, nurses, and pharmacists). A total of 100 responses were received. The inclusion criteria required participants to have been involved in adverse event investigations, complaints, medical errors, or patient-related injuries. The SVEST, with 29 items measured on a 5-point Likert scale, evaluated their perceptions of second-victim experiences and support resources. Institutional support was positively perceived by 55.0% of participants, with 52.0% feeling a range of coping resources was available. However, 31.0% felt their well-being was not adequately prioritized. Nonwork-related support was crucial, with 57.0% relying on friends and family. Professional self-efficacy was impacted, with 46.0% feeling inadequate and 39.0% experiencing self-doubt. Turnover intentions were notable, as 39.0% expressed a desire to leave patient care, and 34.0% considered quitting due to stress. This study highlights the need for targeted support systems to address second-victim experiences among healthcare professionals involved in adverse events. Enhancing institutional support, professional self-efficacy, and access to coping resources is crucial. Policymakers and healthcare leaders can help mitigate stress, decrease turnover intentions, and promote psychological resilience by fostering a supportive work environment and providing comprehensive resources, healthcare organizations can improve clinician well-being, reduce stress, and enhance patient care quality.
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Anderson, Chris G., Edward P. Rawana, Keith Brownlee, and Jessica Whitley. "An Investigation of the Relationship Between Psychological Strengths and the Perception of Bullying in Early Adolescents in Schools." Alberta Journal of Educational Research 56, no. 4 (2011): 470–81. https://doi.org/10.55016/ojs/ajer.v56i4.55430.
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This study explored the association between psychological strengths and perceptions of being a victim of a bullying relationship in the school environment. Using self-report questionnaires with grades 7 and 8 students, the role of psychological strengths as potential protective factors against various forms of bullying were examined including the patterns of strengths associated with the bullying experience. The results showed no significant association between global indices of strengths and perceptions of victimization. However, significant relationships did emerge between specific strengths and victimization. Strengths in school functioning among boys but not girls and strengths in personality functioning for both sexes were associated with lower perceived victimization. In contrast, strengths in spiritual and cultural identification were associated with perceptions of increased victimization. The implications of these results for anti-bullying strategies are discussed.
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Doiron, Mackenzie J., Nyla Branscombe, and Kimberly Matheson. "Non-Indigenous Canadians’ and Americans’ moral expectations of Indigenous peoples in light of the negative impacts of the Indian Residential Schools." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0252038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252038.
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The historical trauma associated with the Indian Residential School (IRS) system was recently brought to the awareness of the Canadian public. Two studies investigated how the salience of this collective victimization impacted non-Indigenous Canadians’ expectations that Indigenous peoples ought to derive psychological benefits (e.g., learned to appreciate life) and be morally obligated to help others. Study 1 found that modern racism was related to perceptions that Indigenous peoples psychologically benefitted from the IRS experience, which in turn, predicted greater expectations of moral obligation. Study 2 replicated the relations among racism, benefit finding, and moral obligation among non-Indigenous Canadians (historical perpetrators of the harm done) and Americans (third-party observers). Americans were uniquely responsive to a portrayal of Indigenous peoples in Canada as strong versus vulnerable. Factors that distance observers from the victim (such as racism or third-party status) appear to influence perceptions of finding benefit in victimization experiences and expectations of moral obligation.
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Bushuven, Stefan, Markus Dettenkofer, Andreas Dietz, et al. "Interprofessional perceptions of emotional, social, and ethical effects of multidrug-resistant organisms: A qualitative study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0246820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246820.
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Introduction Multi-drug-resistant organisms (MDRO) are usually managed by separating the infected patients to protect others from colonization and infection. Isolation precautions are associated with negative experiences by patients and their relatives, while hospital staff experience a heavier workload and their own emotional reactions. Methods In 2018, 35 participants (nurses, physicians, pharmacists) in an antimicrobial-stewardship program participated in facilitated discussion groups working on the emotional impact of MDRO. Deductive codings were done by four coders focusing on the five basic emotions described by Paul Ekmans. Results All five emotions revealed four to 11 codes forming several subthemes: Anger is expressed because of incompetence, workflow-impairment and lack of knowledge. Anxiety is provoked by inadequate knowledge, guilt, isolation, bad prognoses, and media-related effects. Enjoyment is seldom. Sadness is experienced in terms of helplessness and second-victim effects. Disgust is attributed to shame and bad associations, but on the other hand MDROs seem to be part of everyday life. Deductive coding yielded additional codes for bioethics and the Calgary Family Assessment Method. Conclusion MDRO are perceived to have severe impact on emotions and may affect bioethical and family psychological issues. Thus, further work should concentrate on these findings to generate a holistic view of MDRO on human life and social systems.
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Jankowiak, Barbara, Sylwia Jaskulska, Belén Sanz-Barbero, et al. "Will I Like Myself If You Hurt Me? Experiences of Violence and Adolescents’ Self-Esteem." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (2021): 11620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111620.
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Self-esteem seems to be a crucial factor in adolescents’ psychological well-being. Our study aimed to identify the likelihood of high/medium/low adolescents’ self-esteem in personal experiences of abuse and/or violence (abuse by an adult in childhood, bullying and cyberbullying, and dating violence victimization), different socioeconomic characteristics, perceived social support, and ability to resolve social problems. The study participants were 1451 students from secondary schools (age 13–16) in Spain, Italy, Romania, Portugal, Poland and the UK. We calculated relative risk ratios using multinomial regression models to understand how socioeconomic characteristics, personal experiences of abuse and/or violence, perceived social support, ability to resolve social problems were associated with a self-esteem level. Having no experience of being a victim of physical and sexual abuse in childhood and not being a victim of bullying and cyberbullying is connected with the likelihood of high self-esteem regarding having low self-esteem. Taking as reference those who have never been in a dating relationship, the probability of medium and high self-esteem, decreases when teens are in a romantic or dating relationship and they are victims of intimate partner violence, but the negative effect is explained when other violent variables are included in the model. Being a boy, begin a younger teenager, mother’s paid work, high problem-solving skills and perceptions of social support is in relation with the prospect for higher self-esteem. Promoting adolescent self-esteem means preventing all forms of violence perpetrated by significant others, as well as increasing the ability of youth to seek social support and develop problem-solving skills.
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Brooks, Carolyn, Stephanie Martin, Lisa Broda, and Jennifer Poudrier. "“How Many Silences Are There?” Men’s Experience of Victimization in Intimate Partner Relationships." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (2017): 5390–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517719905.
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There is a substantive body of research focusing on women’s experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV), but a lack of qualitative studies focusing on men’s experiences as victims of IPV. This article addresses this gap in the literature by paying particular attention to hegemonic masculinities and men’s perceptions of IPV. Men ( N = 9) participated in in-depth interviews. Interview data were rigorously subjected to thematic analysis, which revealed five key themes in the men’s narratives: fear of IPV, maintaining power and control, victimization as a forbidden narrative, critical understanding of IPV, and breaking the silence. Although the men share similar stories of victimization as women, the way this is influenced by their gendered histories is different. While some men reveal a willingness to disclose their victimization and share similar fear to women victims, others reframe their victim status in a way that sustains their own power and control. The men also draw attention to the contextual realities that frame abuse, including histories of violence against the women who used violence and the realities of communities suffering intergenerational affects of colonized histories. The findings reinforce the importance of in-depth qualitative work toward revealing the context of violence, understanding the impact of fear, victimization, and power/control on men’s mental health as well as the outcome of legal and support services and lack thereof. A critical discussion regarding the gendered context of violence, power within relationships, and addressing men’s need for support without redefining victimization or taking away from policies and support for women’s ongoing victimization concludes the work.
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Abdullah, Al Faruque, Omar Faruk Md., Ahmad Bulbul, and Abdullah Fawzia. "Socio-Demographic Factors Associate with Fear of Crime in Bangladesh: A Study in Urban Area." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH 8, no. 9 (2023): 966–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8372225.
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Fear of crime is a concerning issue which led to a whole series of behavioral reactions which negatively affect the quality of life in the society. This study examines the public perceptions of the risks and fear of crime in Bangladesh in relation to urban environment. Drawing upon fear of crime literature and collecting primary data this study will enable researchers to explore the nature of the urban fear of crime in Bangladesh and will find association between socio demographic factor and fear of crime by identifying the possible vulnerable time and place of crime victimization; level of safety at the neighborhood and home and identifying factors affecting victim’s level of fear of crime. The subject of this study was composed of 3957 respondent’s selected from 12th city corporations followed by probability sampling method for collecting information from the general peoples who have victimized and have a fear of crime. The study found that fear of crime is found to be higher with the stranger; people seem to be feared while in the dark time after 6 pm. Many factors affect the fear of crime such as lengthy procedure of criminal justice system, news of crime at their locality, news of crossfire and poor neighborhood physical condition have impact on fear of crime. The perceptions gathered through this study will helps to take important measures and strategies to ensure safe livelihood as well as increase the performance of the law enforcement agencies.
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Richards, Tara N., Angela R. Gover, Elizabeth A. Tomsich, Jesse Hansen, and Cheryl R. Davis. "The Implementation of State-Mandated Standards for Batterer Intervention Programs: The Colorado Experience." Violence and Victims 32, no. 2 (2017): 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00091.
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The current research examines Colorado’s experience implementing evidence-based mandated treatment Standards, which use a uniform risk assessment, differentiated treatment levels, offender competencies, and a multidisciplinary treatment team (MTT) composed of a victim advocate, probation officer, and treatment provider to manage offender treatment. Using data from MTT member surveys (n = 107) and follow-up interviews (n = 14), the study investigates perceptions of implementation and treatment fidelity, MTT decision making and communication, and the process of successful treatment completion. Results demonstrate that full implementation of Colorado’s standards for domestic violence treatment has not yet been achieved and that many MTT members report challenges to communication and decision making regarding offender treatment plans and successful achievement of competencies. Recommendations for further improvements in Colorado’s domestic violence treatment model are made and directions for future research are discussed.
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Scherer, Z. A. P., and E. A. Scherer. "Female prisoners: Experiences and perceptions on violence in the world behind bars." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73388-0.
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IntroductionPrison can be considered an oppressive and limiting institution and, hence, a propitious site for the development of conflicting and hostile relations among prisoners.ObjectiveDescribe female prisoners’ experiences and perceptions regarding violence in the prison environment.AimsGet to know the circumstances of relationships established at a female prison.MethodExploratory and descriptive research, carried out at the Female Penitentiary in Ribeirão Preto (SP) - Brazil. A semistructured interview was applied to 15 female prisoners. The results were submitted to thematic content analysis.ResultsTwo categories were idenitfied. “Perception of violence in prison”: they denounced the power hierarchy form, in which some prisoners and employees used physical force as an instrument for authority and dominion; they also revealed being victim of sexual abuse and psychological mistreatment in interpersonal relations (rejection, depreciation, discrimination, disrespect, intimidation, oppression and charge). “Losses deriving from imprisonment”: they complained of the precarious hygiene conditions, overcrowded cells and difficult access to health services; distancing from the family, loss of comfort and civil rights, particularly the right to do what they want (choosing food, practicing sports and leisure).ConclusionPrison can be considered the representation of a place of exclusion, closed, enclosing multiple violent acts. This directly influences the perspective of life and future interpersonal relations of people going through this experience. Thus, interventions are needed that prioritize high-quality social reintegration for these people.
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Logan, TK, and Jennifer Cole. "The Impact of Partner Stalking on Mental Health and Protective Order Outcomes Over Time." Violence and Victims 22, no. 5 (2007): 546–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088667007782312168.
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The goals of this article are to examine stalking victimization over time among a large sample (n = 662) of women who received a protective order against a violent partner and to examine the impact of stalking on mental health and protective order outcomes. Findings suggest that stalking is a significant risk factor for other forms of partner violence (e.g., psychological, physical, and sexual violence) and that the experience of being stalked by a violent partner contributes uniquely to women’s perceptions of psychological distress, personal safety, and perceptions of protective order effectiveness. Both the criminal justice system and victim service representatives need to be vigilant in educating women about the increased risk of stalking to their safety and mental health. Further, study findings suggest that stalking must be addressed to prevent future physical and psychological harm in partner violence cases.
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Lee, Jae-young, and Seung-hyun Lee. "An exploratory study on the perception of procedural justice by police officers." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 31, no. 3 (2022): 261–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2022.31.3.261.
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In previous studies, research on police officers was limited because procedural justice was too dependent on citizens' perceptions and judgments. In addition, there is still a fundamental question about what factors influence police activities based on procedural justice.
 Therefore, this study conducted an exploratory study to identify factors affecting procedural justice. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of violence victim experience and job satisfaction on the procedural justice of police officers. A survey was conducted by convenience sampling police officers from police stations across the country, and the collected data was empirically analyzed. The results of the analysis showed that only working period among the control variables had a positive effect on the quality of interpersonal treatment and decision making. In the case of minor physical victim among independent variables, it was found to have a positive effect on procedural justice, contrary to the research hypothesis. In addition, job satisfaction was found to be a variable that had a positive effect on the quality of interpersonal treatment and decision making.
 Based on the analysis results, implications related to police activities based on procedural justice were presented.
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Al Firman Mangunsong, Chairun Nisa, Muthiah Lathifah, Ruth Yessika Siahaan, Salwa Andini, and Abdinur Batubara. "Analisis Perilaku Bullyng terhadap Gangguan Mental Siswa di SMP Negeri 35 Medan." ALADALAH: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora 2, no. 3 (2024): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.59246/aladalah.v2i3.871.
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Humans are called social creatures because in life there is always a process of interaction between fellow humans. Each individual has different conflicts, starting from conflicts in the interaction process, violent conflicts, both verbal and non-verbal violence. At SMP 35 Medan, there have been increasing reports of cases of bullying among students. This behavior includes various forms of physical, verbal, social violence and even cyberbullying. The method used in this research is qualitative, a research model that uses descriptive data in the form of written or spoken language from people and actors who can be observed. This qualitative research is conducted to explain and analyze individual or group phenomena, events, social dynamics, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions. The research results refer to. The impact of bullying on mental health is a serious problem that can affect victims in various aspects of their lives. Studies show that the experience of being a victim of bullying can have a significant negative impact on an individual's mental health, especially in children and adolescents.
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Rickard, Laura N., Jonathon P. Schuldt, Gina M. Eosco, Clifford W. Scherer, and Ricardo A. Daziano. "The Proof is in the Picture: The Influence of Imagery and Experience in Perceptions of Hurricane Messaging." Weather, Climate, and Society 9, no. 3 (2017): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0048.1.
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Abstract Although evidence suggests that photographs can enhance persuasive messaging by offering “proof,” less research considers their utility relative to other visual forms that ostensibly convey more information but more abstractly. Drawing on communication and information processing theory, this study examines the influence of visual features and personal experience variables in a domain with urgent need to better understand their role: hurricane messaging. In a between subjects experiment, residents of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut (N = 1052) were exposed to a hypothetical hurricane forecast accompanied by a photograph of storm surge inundating a house (indexical image), a map of projected storm surge (iconic image), or no image (control), depending on condition. Results revealed that participants in the indexical condition perceived the greatest risk overall and were more likely to mention evacuation as a behavioral intention than did those in the iconic and control conditions, controlling for individual differences (gender, state of residence, etc.). Moreover, risk perception was greatest among residents in the indexical condition reporting fewer personal impacts of hurricanes, suggesting a moderating effect of hurricane experience on risk judgment but not on behavioral intention. Consistent with a dual-process model perspective, when exposed to an image of an identifiable “victim,” participants with less direct experience may have employed an affect heuristic, resulting in heightened risk perceptions. Practically speaking, using evocative photographs as proof may be preferable to a map or text-only approach when warning public audiences of a given hazard, but ethical issues and empirical questions remain.
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Balfour, Robert. "Victim–Survivor–Warrior–Healer: An autoethnographic account of a male childhood sexual violence survivor’s activist journey." Social Work and Social Sciences Review 23, no. 2 (2022): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v23i2.2086.
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It has been argued that stories inform our perceptions of reality and social change is driven by stories (Sarbin, 1986; Bochner, 2012; Frank, 2011/2013). Sexual violence is a complex cultural challenge for societies (Rape Crisis, 2020). Individual survivor identity is formed in that complexity and personal posttraumatic growth (PTG) can be forged in such challenges (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004). Activism is one way the survivor can help forge social change both for themselves and the ‘community of interest’ they belong to (Raskovic, 2020; Herman, 1992). This article uses autoethnography to explore one male survivor’s story of childhood sexual violence and his 22-year journey of activism. It adopts a novel approach weaving metaphors taken from episodes of the long-running British television series Doctor Who. It attempts to link social action to PTG in its reflections on meaning and redemption beyond shame via activism and lived experience witnessing (Bruner, 2002). The power of lived experience can powerfully bring the ‘unspeakable’ to society’s conscious awareness (Herman, 1992; Balfour, 2013). By sharing the raw reality of victim blaming when challenging the status quo. The reality of political and professional agents’ resistance to change is evidenced. It uses psychological and other theories, aiming to weave them through the story and illuminate one activist’s journey. Its limitation is its just one story, However, within that lies an authentic strength. It does not claim to be objective. Instead, it knits both the subjective and objective together to allow you to experience something as old as humans, a real story told in a new form (Gottschall, 2012).
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Eargle, Lisa A., Jessica L. Burke, and Jessica M. Doucet. "Provoking Punches: Factors Influencing Perceived Violent Reactions to Negative Situations." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 12 (October 7, 2023): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2023.12.13.
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Purpose: Violence among college students is an important area of research as this group is at an increased risk of both engaging in and being a victim of violence. As such, the current research aimed to examine factors that may influence violent tendencies among a sample of college students.
 Method: Data from 101 completed surveys were analyzed. Principal components factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha resulted in the creation of six independent variables (gun experience, weapons support, anger contagion, witness violence, violent community, and aggressive beliefs) and four dependent variables (competition for resources, social attacks, physical attacks, and unfair situations). OLS regression was used to estimate the impact of each variable on perceptions of reacting with violence to four negative situations.
 Results: Gun experience and violent community significantly predicted responding violently to both social and physical attacks, while gun support was only predictive of violence in competition for resources. Additionally, aggressive beliefs predicted perceptions of violent responses to physical attacks and in unfair situations. Finally, anger contagion was associated with students reporting an increased likelihood of responding violently to social attacks.
 Conclusions: While research shows the importance of understanding violence exposure and aggressive norms in creating and improving violence prevention programs and anti-violence strategies, the role that perceptions play is largely absent. Furthermore, this research supports the importance of implementing these programs and strategies among college students/young adults to potentially reduce violence and aggression within this age group.
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Karathanasopoulou, Evi, and Helen Williams. "Podcasting as a feminist space for the disclosure of trauma and intimate embodied experience: The Heart as a case study of quiet activism." Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media 21, no. 1 (2023): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/rjao_00071_1.
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The ‘#MeToo’ movement established the disclosure of sexual violence via social media as mainstream and offered participants space to share experiences, receive support and create a sense of community. As a response, we explore the use of podcasting as a conduit to describe embodied experiences and how non-visual media can provide a safe environment to reveal deeply personal experiences. We use the podcast The Heart (mini-series No) as a case study to highlight patriarchal power and sexual violence myths. The result is profoundly discomforting but also emancipatory – talking about sexual violence can constitute a revolutionary act given the stigma and victim blaming prevalent in western society. The Heart makes private, intimate experiences public and centres female perspectives, highlighting disparate, gendered perceptions. As ‘#MeToo’ underscored the universality of women’s experiences of male harassment, we argue that The Heart is an example of ‘quiet activism’ and public scholarship that challenges patriarchal assumptions.
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Anna Matczak. "Victim-offender Mediation in Poland – The Lay Perspective." Archives of Criminology, no. XL (September 16, 2018): 495–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2018l.
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Restorative justice is a complex and multi-faceted concept, the introduction of whichdoes not happen in a socio-political and economic vacuum. Every society engageswith restorative justice in its own distinctive way as it is the society – lay people – thatis always on the receiving end of restorative solutions. In this article, I draw on mydoctoral research that explores qualitatively how a small number of Polish peopleunderstand punishment and justice, and how their narratives inform the viabilityof restorative approaches to justice in Poland. In other words, I propose to considera macro-sociological perspective, and how lay people’s understanding of punishmentand justice should be seen as an avenue by which to explore certain preconditions forthe viability of restorative justice.Poland’s socialist past, change of the political regime, post-communist “accession”to the international community in the West and a high level of religiosity (among manyother factors) make Poland a fascinating object of study that can, at the same time,offer insights about restorative justice in other societies. Restorative justice, introducedin the form of victim-offender mediation, was part of the post-1989 political ambitionsto change the Polish penal landscape and join the international community in the West.There were a number of forces behind the establishment of restorative justice in Poland.Given that the concept was introduced at a time when the Polish society was dealingwith the socialist legacy and creating a new democratic reality, it was also hoped thatmediation could serve as a fast-track remedy and act as an ancillary mechanism toreduce the sudden spike in court workloads after the fall of communism. In the caseof Poland, it seems that the exceptionally limited interest in mediation and the paucityof anticipated outcomes of victim-offender mediation is the problem. In order toexplore the viability of restorative justice in the Polish context, one must thereforelook beyond the legal basis and formal logistics which have been already in place formany years.My research opens up new debates on the viability of restorative justice, and thisarticle in particular fleshes out the nature of the participants’ perceptions of victimoffendermediation. In this article, I first briefly introduce the Polish model of victimoffendermediation. I then discuss the nature of the initial responses to mediationbased on the participants’ knowledge of, support for, and any experience of, victimoffendermediation. This is followed by the discussion on how the participants’ viewson mediation were articulated in the shadow of the Polish criminal justice system.Next, I explore why the participants viewed mediation as a business-like encounterand, finally, I explore the participants’ perceptions of apology – something that cameup as one of the most interesting findings of the study.The aim of this paper is to argue that the viability of restorative justice should beapproached as a process that is influenced by broader socio-economic, political andeven linguistic factors. Although the Polish model of victim-offender mediation wasinspired by the restorative justice concept, the narratives of my lay participants suggesta number of socio-cultural obstacles to the further development of restorative justicein Poland. Despite a limited knowledge of victim-offender mediation among the studyparticipants, it is clear that support for mediation is negotiated and conditional.Although victim-offender mediation was mainly perceived not as a punishment, therole and purpose of this practice was discussed against the background of the Polishcriminal justice system. Although the relationship might be defined as “uneasy” (seeShapland et al. 2006), restorative justice, since its conception, has been interwoven withthe two. One of restorative justice’s central hopes was to establish an alternative systemof crime resolution that would eliminate the infliction of pain. However, the trajectoryof restorative justice solutions in many countries demonstrates that the functioningof a majority of them is dependent on criminal justice agencies. Given the close andinseparable relationship between the two, I argue in my research that the ways in whichlay people perceive the criminal justice institutions affect their perceptions of alternativeconflict resolutions. Then, as it emerged in my fieldwork, the study participants’ perceptionof harm suggests that mediation might be seen as an avenue to focus onthe financial side of the reparation, and as result might achieve something other thanrestorative goals. The narratives of my study participants also explore the difficultyof acknowledging apology as a genuine element of the restorative encounter. Thiscould be due to looking at apology through the lens of court apology, sociolinguistic or cultural reasons. John Braithwaite in his book Restorative Justice and ResponsiveRegulation (2002) rightly indicated that “we are still learning how to do restorativejustice well” (p. 565). Nevertheless, the question whether a perfect restorative justiceprogramme is ever possible remains open.
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Johnson, Veronica E., Kevin L. Nadal, D. R. Gina Sissoko, and Rukiya King. "“It’s Not in Your Head”: Gaslighting, ‘Splaining, Victim Blaming, and Other Harmful Reactions to Microaggressions." Perspectives on Psychological Science 16, no. 5 (2021): 1024–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17456916211011963.
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Secondary microaggressions refer to the ways in which people of historically dominant groups negate the realities of people of marginalized groups. Gaslighting describes the act of manipulating others to doubt themselves or question their own sanity; people confronted for committing microaggressions deny the existence of their biases, often convincing the targets of microaggressions to question their own perceptions. ‘Splaining (derived from mansplaining/Whitesplaining) is an act in which a person of a dominant group speaks for or provides rationale to people of marginalized groups about topics related to oppression or inequity. Victim blaming refers to assigning fault to people who experience violence or wrongdoing and is used as a tool to discredit people of marginalized groups who speak out against microaggressions or any injustices. Finally, abandonment and neglect refer to a bystander’s failure to address or acknowledge microaggressions. Although these terms are commonly known among marginalized communities (and frequently used in popular media), there is a dearth in academic literature that substantiates these phenomena and relates them to microaggressions. The purpose of this article is to review these concepts in the psychological literature and to demonstrate the psychological harm caused by these behaviors on interpersonal and systemic levels.
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Hand, Michelle D., Mo Yee Lee, Michelle L. Kaiser, Cecilia Mengo, and Holly Dabelko-Schoeny. "Sexual Violence against Adults Aged 50 Years and Older and Implications for Prevention: A Thematic Analysis of Service Providers’ Perceptions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 9 (2024): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091220.
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At-risk older adults and older survivors of sexual violence (SV) remain largely absent from SV prevention and intervention, owing to ageism and sexism, as well as other intersectional forms of prejudice, including among service providers (e.g., social workers, healthcare professionals, practitioners in SV organizations, and practitioners who serve older adults). This study explored perceptions, knowledge and experiences with SV against adults 50 years and older. Service providers who work with older adults and/or survivors were recruited, owing to where SV in later life is reported (e.g., healthcare, long-term care, and social service organizations, and to police in addition to SV service organizations), to contribute to the limited research in this area and to advance prevention and intervention. A survey was conducted on SV in later life, exploring knowledge, perceptions and experiences with SV in later life along with potential solutions for prevention and intervention among 126 service providers who worked with survivors and/or older adults. Their responses were thematically analyzed. Five themes were identified: (a) misconceptions of SV in later life and unique barriers to preventing it; (b) needs for knowledge, awareness, research and education; (c) policy and resource development; (d) victim blame and internalized stigma, and (e) ageism, intersectional prejudice and rape culture. The findings offer an in-depth understanding of barriers to prevention, and intervention, and multi-level recommendations for addressing them, which are provided by a diverse group of service providers who have worked with older adults and/or with survivors, reflecting multidisciplinary practice wisdom and experience.
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Lee, Min Hye, Sun Ae Nam, and Jiyoung Choi. "Development of a Cyberbullying Prevention Program Using a Noncontact Way for Middle School Students." Korean Journal of Teacher Education 38, no. 4 (2022): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14333/kjte.2022.38.4.04.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a prevention program for cyberbullying using a noncontact way for middle school students and verify its effects.
 Methods: For the study a four-step process of the program development was performed including goal setting, theoretical review, pilot study, and program execution and amendments .In the first step of the goal setting, the program was planned and a demand analysis was performed in the subjects with three teachers and three school counselors so as to amend and reestablish the goal. In the second step of program organization, multiple activities were designed in the program from theoretical reviews.
 In the third step, the program was amended and supplemented upon the experts’ reviews and collection of the study subjects’ opinions to verify the pilot study, resulting in the program possessing a total of eight cycles. The fourth step, the step of program execution and amendments, resulted in the final program being completed with amendments. The study’s subjects were 11 middle school students and the program was executed to verify the effects. The data of the study subjects’ changes regarding the acceptability of cyberbullying were processed by matching sample t-test, and a qualitative analysis was performed with the experience reports and review reports of the participants in each cycle.
 Results: As a result, the level of cyberbullying acceptability after the test significantly decreased compared to that in the pilot study. In the comparisons of perception of cyberbullying between the 1st and 7th classes, the concept that anyone could be a victim or attacker was developed. Through the qualitative analysis with each class outcomes and review reports,19 concepts of psychological experiences, six topics, and three changing processes were developed. The changing processes after the program participation showed the following” first, students’ perceptions were changed with ‘violence behavior without acknowledgment’ and ‘newly understood fear of cyberbullying,’ clearly understanding cyberbullying as violent behavior causing psychological agony; second, they recognized after the program participation that even with ‘changes in the cyberspace’ and ‘shield of victim’ that they were still responsible even though they were not attackers, and their attitudes were changed to not being bystanders or sympathizers; third, students’ reactions were changed in a variety of educational areas including ‘I change first’ and ‘developing reaction plans’ should be performed to protect the victims from attackers and eliminate cyberbullying.
 Conclusion: The study results suggest educational implications to develop an education program for cyberbullying. The results will also help pre-service teachers, teachers, and parents to prevent and cope with students' cyberbullying.
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Ngonidzashe, Mutanana, and Gasva Douglas. "Community Perceptions on Marriage and Family Counselling: A Survey on Married Couples in Hintonville Community of Chegutu in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe." Greener Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 5 (2014): 154–63. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJSS.2014.5.012914074.
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The study investigated the perceptions of the Chegutu Town community on marriage counselling, using different modes of counselling, namely, traditional counselling, pastoral counselling, counselling by police officers from the Victim Friendly Unit and professional counselling. The researchers targeted the population of married couples in Hintonville Low Density Suburbs, a location that is situated in Chegutu Town in Zimbabwe. A sample of 30 married respondents comprising 17 married men and 13 married women of various ages ranging from 21 years upwards who had plus/minus eleven years of experience in marriage, were conveniently selected. The descriptive survey and structured questionnaires with closed and open ended questions were used to collect data. A pilot study was carried out to ensure validity and reliability of the research instrument. The study findings revealed that married couples generally have a positive perception on all the four modes of counselling. However, of the above mentioned modes of counselling, the community in question prefers pastoral counselling most because of the spiritual guidance associated with it. The community also supports traditional counselling though some married couples are of the view that elders are too harsh, unlike pastoral counselling and professional counselling. The results also suggest that the community is not fully conversant with professional counselling as evidenced by the low rate of respondents who prefer professional counselling as compared to pastoral counselling and traditional counselling.
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Libing, Viny, M. Dinah Charlota Lerik, and Indra Yohanes Kiling. "The Experience as a Victim of Bullying and Body Image Perception in Adolescents." Journal of Health and Behavioral Science 3, no. 1 (2021): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jhbs.v3i1.3132.
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This study aims to determine the relationship between experiences as victims of bullying and the perception of adolescent body image. The hypothesis of this research is that there is a positive relationship between experiences as victims of bullying and the perception of negative body image in adolescents. Participants in this study involved 100 adolescents in Kupang City aged 15-23 years (79 girls and 21 boys) who experienced bullying in the past year. The study used a quantitative approach with a modified Forms of Bullying-Victimization scale and a modified Body Satisfaction scale. Hypothesis testing with the Pearson Product Moment correlation technique shows a correlation coefficient of 0.319* with a significance level of 0.0005 (p <0.01). The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between experiences as victims of bullying and perception of body image. This study concluded that the higher the level of bullying experienced by the victim, the higher the negative body image perception was.
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Julianti, Shinta. "Penguatan Pemahaman Gender sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Kekerasan Seksual Incest Di Kalangan Pelajar SMK Negeri 6 Kota Tangerang Selatan." IKRA-ITH ABDIMAS 8, no. 2 (2024): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.37817/ikra-ithabdimas.v8i2.3152.
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Kasus kekerasan seksual dikalangan remaja masih banyak kerap terjadi. Remaja dalam konteks anak sekolah menurut World Health Organization (WHO) dalam rentang usia 10-19 tahun memerlukan perhatian yang intensif. Terlebih banyak terjadi kekerasan seksual dalam lingkungankeluarga. Padahal keluarga seharusnya menjadi tempat paling aman bagi anak, namun padakenyataanya dalam hal ini anak justru menjadi korban kekerasan seksual. Kekerasan seksual yangterjadi di dalam lingkungan domestik di tengah-tengah keluarga termasuk kedalam kekerasanseksual incest (hubungan sedarah) yang melibatkan orang terdekat. Hal ini menyebabkan korbantidak berani melaporkan pelaku tersebut dikarenakan menjaga nama baik pelaku sebagai orangterdekat, selain itu korban sering kali mendapatkan stigma buruk dan penyalahan (victim blaming). Penulis memandang perlu adanya penguatan pemahaman gender sebagai upaya pencegahan kekerasan seksual incest di kalangan pelajar SMK Negeri 6 Kota Tangerang Selatan. Metode yang diberikan kepada siswa-siswa tersebut meliputi kegiatan ceramah, diskusi dan role play. Kegiatan ceramah diberikan oleh dosen, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan diskusi dan tanya jawab. Kegiatan role play dipandu oleh mahasiswa untuk mengedukasi seolah-olah bermain peran sebagai salah contoh tindakan kekerasan seksual. Sehingga dari kegiatan ini diharapkan siswa-siswi SMK Negeri 6 Kota Tangerang mempunyai penguatan pemahaman gender untuk mencegah dan sebagai bentuk perlindungan diri, bahkan bertindak mencari solusi bila kekerasan seksual tersebut terjadi di lingkungan mereka.
 
 The prevalence of sexual violence among adolescents remains high. According to the WorldHealth Organisation (WHO), adolescents aged 10–19 years, sometimes referred to as teenagers,necessitate significant levels of focused care within the educational setting. There is a higherincidence of sexual violence in familial contexts. The family is commonly regarded as a securehaven for children; nevertheless, regrettably, in this particular instance, children are subjected to the distressing experience of sexual violence. Incestuous sexual violence includes instances of sexual assault that transpire within a familial setting, involving individuals who share intimate kinship ties. This phenomenon results in the reluctance of victims to report the perpetrator due to concerns about maintaining their relationship with the individual in question. Additionally, victims frequently face negative social perceptions and the potential for blackmail. The act of attributing blame to the victim There is a recognized necessity to enhance gender comprehension to mitigate incestuous sexual violence among the student population of SMK State 6 City Tangerang South. The instructional strategies provided to the students encompass lectures, discussions, and role-play activities. The presenter gives the lectures, then there is a period of discussion and inquiry. Roleplay events are facilitated by students to provide educational experiences that simulate scenarios involving sexual violence while emphasizing that assuming such roles is a fictional representation. This exercise aims.
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Jung, Soyeong, Junho Park, and Hyunseok Jang. "The Moderating Effects of Collective Efficacy on the Relationship Between Confidence in the Police and Fear of Crime." Korea CPTED Association 16, no. 1 (2025): 79–108. https://doi.org/10.26470/jcssed.2025.16.1.79.
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This study examines the direct impact of confidence in the police on fear of crime and explores the moderating effect of collective efficacy on this relationship. Utilizing data from the 2022 Korean Crime Victim Survey (KCVS) conducted by the Korea Institute of Criminology and Justice, the study employs hierarchical moderated regression analysis to test these relationships. The findings indicate that confidence in the police has a significant negative effect on fear of crime, and that collective efficacy serves as a crucial moderating variable. Specifically, individuals with higher perceived collective efficacy experience a more pronounced crime-reducing effect of confidence in the police, whereas this effect is not statistically significant among those with lower perceptions of collective efficacy. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the community policing model and the social integration model within the Korean context. Based on the findings, the study offers policy recommendations aimed at reducing fear of crime by enhancing police legitimacy and fostering social cohesion at the community level.
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Miller, JoAnn. "An Arresting Experiment." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18, no. 7 (2003): 695–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260503251130.
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This study looks at the experiences and perceptions that domestic violence victims reported with Mills's power model. The victims' partners were the primary research participants in an arrest experiment. The following were empirically examined: the occurrence of violence following suspect arrest, victim perceptions of personal and legal power, victim satisfaction with the police, and victim perceptions of safety following legal intervention. Race and two victim resource measures (i.e., employment status and income advantage) explained variance in perceptions of independence. A police empowerment scale was used to measure legal power. It was found that arrest affected the probability of reoccurring domestic violence. Suspect arrest and the victim's perceptions of legal power were related to perceptions of safety following police intervention. The study concludes with some implications for domestic violence research, programs, and perspectives.
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Badinjki, Taher. "Tess of the d’Urbervilles: Hardy’s Nonconformist Views and Challenge of the Prevailing Social and Moral Ideology." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 11 (2021): 1354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1111.02.
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In Tess of the d’Urbervilles Hardy’s non-conformist views are evident through the dialectic of negation which opposes institutionalized codes, and rejects the stereotypical Victorian concepts of femininity. He hovers over Tess like a stricken father, and presents her as an innocent victim, yet he has not been able to save her from her pre-destined death. His endeavours to create a Utopian society and change the cultural logos in regards to sex and gender, have been hampered by various forms of repression from editors, reviews, publishers and supporters of “the purity movement”. In his attempt to avoid the trauma of rejection, he made substantial expurgations and revisions of the original text, but the tragic death at the end of the book shows that the prevailing ideology, and excessive prudishness of supporters of the league of virtue have outweighed his perceptions and defeated his liberal concepts.” His frustration, bitter experience, and the unpleasant attacks waged on him and his works, were apparently influential in making him cease writing novels.
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Flora, Henny Saida. "RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN THE RESOLUTION OF SEXUAL CRIMES IN MEDAN CITY." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 12, no. 3 (2024): e2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i3.2459.
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Objective: Objective study This is the application of restorative justice to resolving sexual crimes in the city of Medan. One important aspect of implementing restorative justice is the development of a different mindset in the justice system. This system rejects the conventional view, which only views the perpetrator as the object of punishment and the victim as the party who has the right to obtain justice through sanctions against the perpetrator. In contrast, a restorative approach sees perpetrators as individuals who can take responsibility for their actions and have the potential to improve themselves. Apart from that, victims are also considered an integral part of the recovery process, and the community is given a more active role in supporting this process. Methods: As for the method of study This is a qualitative study, and research qualitative is a research method used to understand social phenomena in depth. The researcher used a case study because it allowed them to gain a deep understanding of the context, process, and complexity of the phenomenon being studied. Type study This possible researcher will dig for perspective, experience, and possible meaning hidden in the data collected related to restorative justice in resolving sexual crimes in the city of Medan. Then the researcher analyzes or draws an interesting conclusion to find an answer from the researchers thorough. Conclusions: Results from the study show that the implementation of restorative justice for sexual harassment cases in Medan faces a number of challenges involving complexity, sensitivity, and perceptions of justice. Findings from observations and interviews with court officials show that the use of restorative justice in this context is still rarely adopted. The main factors causing this low adoption involve the complexity of sexual assault cases, a lack of understanding of restorative justice, and concerns about the safety and protection of victims.