Relevant bibliographies by topics / Victims and actors of armed conflicts

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Victims and actors of armed conflicts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 31 August 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Victims and actors of armed conflicts"

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Pfanner, Toni. "Various mechanisms and approaches for implementing international humanitarian law and protecting and assisting war victims." International Review of the Red Cross 91, no. 874 (2009): 279–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383109990300.

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AbstractThis article presents an overview of the various mechanisms to improve the situation of people affected by armed conflict. Some are anchored in international humanitarian law, but numerous actors are increasingly contributing to its implementation outside the original framework established for that purpose. Human rights monitoring bodies, the diverse organs and agencies of the United Nations and regional organizations, and governmental and non-governmental organizations are seeking to address situations of armed conflict. However, humanitarian action unattached to any political agenda
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Yoga, Rosmanto, and Noval Putra Santosa Rivaldo. "Armed Conflict in Somalia Reviewed From Armed Conflict and Peace Mission Perspective." International Journal of Arts and Social Science 4, no. 4 (2023): 48–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7743155.

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Somalia is a failed state that is unable to perform its security and defense functions. Military coups and uprisings could not be suppressed, instead causing international conflicts that penetrated the civilian realm. This conflict which led to violence did not discourage the warring parties to immediately stop their actions. Most of the victims who fell were civilians who did not even know what the real purpose of war was. The research methods and approaches used are qualitative and literature studies. After analyzing, the results of this study found that when viewed from the historical timel
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GARCÍA-GODOS, JEMIMA, and KNUT ANDREAS O. LID. "Transitional Justice and Victims' Rights before the End of a Conflict: The Unusual Case of Colombia." Journal of Latin American Studies 42, no. 3 (2010): 487–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x10000891.

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AbstractIn a context of continuing armed conflict, a comprehensive scheme of transitional justice has been developed in Colombia since 2005 through the Law of Justice and Peace, with the aim of achieving peace with one of the armed actors in the conflict, the paramilitary groups. The clear link between the demobilisation of illegal armed groups and the rights of the victims is the main feature of the Colombian process. This article provides a systematic review of the implementation of the law, focusing on the institutions, mechanisms and procedures put in place to fulfil its goals. Emphasis is
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Fisentzou, Iphigenia. "Blurred Lines: Social Media in Armed Conflict." Legal Information Management 19, no. 01 (2019): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147266961900015x.

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Technological advancements have revolutionised the social interactions of global society and in turn influenced the means and methods of warfare; increasing the involvement of civilians in hostilities, not only as victims but also as participants. Together with the involvement of multiple state and non-state actors, civilian participation makes these modern conflicts all the more unpredictable, challenging inter alia the traditional notion of direct participation in hostilities established under international law.
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Kipchirchir, Kevin. "Towards comprehensive civilian protection under Common Article 3 by addressing protection gaps in spill-over conflicts." Kabarak Law Review 2 (December 16, 2023): 37–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.58216/klr.v2i.346.

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There is a proliferation of non-international armed conflicts across the globe. Increasingly, these conflicts involve groups across two or more borders or that involve cross-border clashes. This is termed as spill-over conflict. The Middle East and Central Africa serve as salient examples to this effect. A literal reading of Common Article 3 locks out the victims of such conflicts from protected status. Common Article 3 restricts its application to non-international armed conflicts occurring in the territory of one high contracting party. The gap in protection occurs where the groups do not me
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Jeenger, Kailash. "Non-International Armed Conflicts: Critical Reflections on the Adoption of Limited Rules and Multiple Descriptions." Sri Lanka Journal of International Law 30, no. 1 (2024): 17–32. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljil.v30i1.3.

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Armed conflicts not of an international character is a unique category, unlike international armed conflicts, in the sense that states consider it an internal matter and prefer to treat it as a law-enforcement situation. Under the laws of armed conflict, states are reluctant to confer the status of combatant and prisoner-of-war to non-state actors. This posture of states has gone to the extent of adopting different rules of conduct on international level in respect of international and non-international armed conflicts. On the other hand, states have recognized two categories of non-internatio
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Đukić, Anđelija. "Human trafficing in armed conflicts." Vojno delo 72, no. 1 (2020): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2001041d.

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Armed conflicts disrupt political, legal and social peace and create an environment conducive to human trafficking, as another dimension of violence and brutality. The direct connection between these two phenomena arises from the hostility of the parties in the conflict and encompasses the areas affected by the conflict, and the indirect connection is manifested in the area outside the conflict, in refugee camps or on migration routes. The most significant influencing factors on human trafficking, in addition to those operating in peace (push and pull factors), are the weakening of state insti
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Winter, Yves. "The asymmetric war discourse and its moral economies: a critique." International Theory 3, no. 3 (2011): 488–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971911000145.

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Contemporary military conflicts are frequently referred to as ‘new’, ‘irregular’, or ‘asymmetric’, labels that are meant to distinguish contemporary conflict formations from previous ones. Yet the language of asymmetry is not just a conveniently vague gloss for a variety of conflicts; it also introduces a normative schema that moralizes and depoliticizes the difference between states and non-state actors. The description of contemporary conflicts as asymmetric allows states to be portrayed as victims of non-state actors, as vulnerable to strategic constellations they ostensibly cannot win. ‘As
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Quiza-Montealegre, Jhon Jair. "Functional Connectivity Analysis of Prejudice Among Colombian Armed Conflict Former Actors." International Journal of Psychological Research 17, no. 2 (2024): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.7333.

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Despite institutional efforts, reconciliation among former actors of the Colombian armed conflict has yet to be achieved, with prejudice being one direct driver of this drawback. We present an EEG-based functional connectivity study applied to four groups of former actors who completed an Implicit Association Test designed to measure prejudice toward victims or combatants. We analyzed seven measures of functional connectivity calculated in six different frequency bands and two experimental conditions. In the behavioral task, we found more prejudice toward victims from the same victims and more
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Berg, Lana. "Maritime Zones in the Law of Armed Conflicts at Sea." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 19, no. 6 (2023): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.61205/jzsp.2023.084.

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The modern world has entered a new era in the existence of international law, when the seemingly stable system of its norms is in a state of crisis. This crisis is associated with a whole range of contradictions caused by objective trends in the existence of international actors and a reassessment of the values of the emerging unipolar world. The article is devoted to a comprehensive knowledge of the essential aspects and problematic issues of the legal status of maritime zones, which can be established by states in the context of an armed conflict at sea. It is pointed out that the law of arm
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Victims and actors of armed conflicts"

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Pizzetta, Scarlett. "Entreprises et droit international humanitaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ0004.

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La mondialisation de l'économie de marché ouvre de nouveaux horizons aux entreprises commerciales en étant source de croissance, d'emplois et de prospérité, même si elle engendre aussi des risques, en particulier lorsque les entreprises développent des activités dans des zones en proie à des conflits armés, internationaux ou internes, ou dans des territoires occupés.Les entreprises sont incitées par la société civile et les organisations internationales à tenir de plus en plus compte du droit relatif aux droits de l'homme, qui s'applique tant en période de conflit armé que de paix.Le droit int
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Longoni, Gian Marco. "How civil conflicts end: Fragmented and competitive armed oppositions and the outcomes of civil conflicts (1989-2017)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/315015.

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In the last three decades, civil conflicts have become more complex and intractable than in the past. One reason for this development is the proliferation of rebel groups within the armed oppositions involved in these conflicts. Today, armed oppositions are more likely to be movements composed of loosely connected or competing rebel groups rather than unitary blocs. Yet, despite their centrality to the dynamics of conflict, different structural characteristics of and competitive and power relations within armed oppositions have not been taken in adequate account as possible predictors of civil
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Longoni, Gian Marco. "How civil conflicts end: Fragmented and competitive armed oppositions and the outcomes of civil conflicts (1989-2017)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/315015.

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In the last three decades, civil conflicts have become more complex and intractable than in the past. One reason for this development is the proliferation of rebel groups within the armed oppositions involved in these conflicts. Today, armed oppositions are more likely to be movements composed of loosely connected or competing rebel groups rather than unitary blocs. Yet, despite their centrality to the dynamics of conflict, different structural characteristics of and competitive and power relations within armed oppositions have not been taken in adequate account as possible predictors of civil
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Wager, James B. "Towards the attenuation of hardship : is there room for combatant immunity in internal armed conflicts? /." (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader), 2000. http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/tr4%5Ffields.html.

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Vergel, Tovar Carolina. "Usages militants et institutionnels du droit à propos de la cause des femmes victimes du conflit armé en Colombie." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100093.

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A partir de la reconstruction et de l’analyse du processus d’apparition de la question des femmes victimes du conflit armé en Colombie comme une cause de mobilisation féministe, cette recherche rend compte du rôle structurel du droit dans sa gestation et sa consolidation. Grâce à une approche qui articule les perspectives de la sociologie du droit, de la sociologie des mouvements sociaux, ainsi que de la critique féministe du droit, l’analyse met en exergue les conditions d’émergence des dénonciations publiques et juridiques des femmes affectées par les violences armées, qu’elles se mobilisent
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Kimbembe-Lemba, Aymar. "Le statut des salariés des sociétés militaires privés participant aux conflits armés." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT3012.

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Il existe une distinction entre les civils et les membres des forces armées. Cette distinction est implicitement la question de fond de cette étude sur la détermination du statut juridique des salariés des sociétés militaires privées (SMP) participant aux conflits armés. Par ailleurs, la défense et la sécurité de l'État sont assurées par divers acteurs de statuts différents qui ont des rôles bien définis par un cadre juridique : les civils et les membres des forces armées. La distinction sus-évoquée ne se limite pas là, mais elle concerne aussi les seuls membres des forces armées car il existe
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Books on the topic "Victims and actors of armed conflicts"

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N, Moser Caroline O., and Clark Fiona C. 1975-, eds. Victims, perpetrators or actors?: Gender, armed conflict and political violence. Zed Books, 2001.

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Germany. Bundesministerium der Verteidigung. Abteilung Verwaltung und Recht., ed. Humanitarian law in armed conflicts. Federal Ministry of Defence of the Federal Republic of Germany, VR II 3, 1992.

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Sandvik-Nylund, Monika. Caught in conflicts: Civilian victims, humanitarian assistance and international law. 2nd ed. Åbo Akademi University, Institute for Human Rights, 2003.

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Sandvik-Nylund, Monika. Caught in conflicts: Civilian victims, humanitarian assistance, and international law. Institute for Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University, 1998.

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Helland, Anita. Women and armed conflicts: A study for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Norwegian Institute of International Affair, 2000.

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Leon, Gérard. Situation of the disabled children and women victims of armed conflicts in Angola and Mozambique. Rehabilitation International, 1989.

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Mongella, Lillian Mihayo. The right to compensation for victims of internal armed conflicts in East Africa: A case study of genocide victims in Rwanda. Dar es Salaam University Press, 2014.

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Paenson, Isaac. English-French-Spanish-Russian manual of the terminology of the law of armed conflicts and of international humanitarian organizations. Bruylant, 1989.

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United States. President (1981-1989 : Reagan) and United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations., eds. Protocol II additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, and relating to the protection of victims of noninternational armed conflicts: Message from the President of the United States transmitting the Protocol II additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of noninternational armed conflicts, concluded at Geneva on June 10, 1977. U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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Affairs, Canada Dept of External. Geneva conventions: Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol 1, with Annexes) and of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol 2) (with Canadian Reservations and Statements of Understanding). s.n, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Victims and actors of armed conflicts"

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Boggero, Giovanni, and Karin Oellers-Frahm. "Between Cynicism and Idealism: Is the Italian Constitutional Court Passing the Buck to the Italian Judiciary?" In Remedies against Immunity? Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_15.

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AbstractIn this chapter we focus on the consequences of Sentenza 238/2014 for the Italian judiciary. The judgment of the Corte Costituzionale obliges the Italian tribunals to admit claims for the reparation of victims or the heirs of victims and to decide on the merits. In this context, a series of difficult legal questions arise that require consistent answers. The practice shows, however, that consistent answers cannot be taken for granted as long as the decision is in the hands of lower-level tribunals. The questions to be solved concern, firstly, who can bring a claim: the victims only or—
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Grover, Sonja C. "The International Legal Responsibility to Child Victims of Systematic Torture During Armed Conflict." In The Torture of Children During Armed Conflicts. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40689-8_8.

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Maydanyk, Roman. "The Tort of Armed Aggression Principles Applied by the Russian Federation Against Ukraine and Its Post War Recovery." In Contributions to Security and Defence Studies. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66434-2_8.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the intricate legal landscape surrounding the tort of armed aggression, focusing on the principles applied by the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the subsequent post-war recovery efforts. It underscores the urgent need for effective legal mechanisms to compel the aggressor state to provide compensation for the extensive damage inflicted. Reparations, spanning infrastructure reconstruction and individual restitution for human rights violations, are deemed essential components of transitional justice. However, existing international and national legal framewo
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Sehring, Jenniver, Rozemarijn ter Horst, and Alexandra Said. "Reporting on water diplomacy: does gender matter?" In Water conflicts and cooperation: a media handbook. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247954.0003a.

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Abstract In media, donor reports and research articles that address gender and water management, the focus is usually on water supply and sanitation at household level or local management in the agricultural sector. Transboundary water governance, water diplomacy and conflict prevention at an interstate level is seen as a man's world. Indeed, numbers show that women are under-represented in decision-making positions in transboundary river basin organizations. Often, this is not further reflected, as political processes and decisions are assumed to be neutral. What does the gendered nature of w
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Brett, Roddy. "Conclusions." In Victim-Centred Peacemaking. Policy Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529238808.003.0009.

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Since the 19th century, Colombia has experienced a series of complex, intersecting conflicts at the local, subnational and national levels. The most recent manifestation of such violence has been Colombia’s internal armed conflict. The violence perpetrated within this context has left over nine million victims. Under such circumstances, victims and survivors of political violence have sculpted pioneering initiatives to withstand and bring closure to this violence. Since the early 2000s, victims of political violence have become significantly important political actors in Colombia, taking part
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Dieter, Fleck. "19 The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict." In The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198847960.003.0019.

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This chapter provides an overview of the law of non-international armed conflicts and its progressive development. The law of armed conflict, as it has developed in the last part of the nineteenth and the first part of the twentieth century, deals predominantly with wars between states. Its basic principles and rules are, however, likewise relevant for non-international armed conflicts: in all armed conflicts, elementary considerations of humanity must be respected under all circumstances, in order to protect victims, to reduce human sufferings, and to minimize damages to objects vital for sur
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Eve, Massingham, and Thynne Kelisiana. "14 Humanitarian Relief Operations." In The Oxford Guide to International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198855309.003.0014.

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This chapter examines humanitarian relief operations in armed conflict. The main tenet of international humanitarian law (IHL) is that human suffering should be limited, even in an environment where causing death and injury is, to a certain extent, legitimate. In amongst the violence and death that characterizes armed conflict in all its forms, humanitarian relief operations seek to assuage the suffering by providing protection and assistance to persons who are affected by the armed conflict. Humanitarian relief actors not only promote IHL to the parties to a conflict, but they also provide pr
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Moffett, Luke. "Non-State Armed Groups and Reparations." In Reparations and War. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865588.003.0008.

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Abstract Non-State armed groups have often been ignored as being responsible actors in making reparations or derided as not having sufficient capacity to make such redress to their victims. This chapter explores how armed groups do engage in reparations during war and peacetime for a range of motivations and how this can inform international legal practice. This chapter begins by discussing the international legal position of non-State armed groups and the extent to which we can speak of their obligation to make reparations to their victims. The second section analyses the motivations of armed
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Kanfash, Mohammad, and Ali Aljasem. "Starvation as Strategy in the Syrian Armed Conflict." In Accountability for Mass Starvation. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864734.003.0008.

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Abstract This chapter addresses the use of starvation as a weapon of war during the war in Syria including the possible goals and methods of the perpetrators, the outcomes for the victims, as well as the question of accountability. To provide a scope of the use of starvation during the war, as a tactic deployed by a variety of actors and across different geographies, this chapter includes four case studies: eastern Ghouta (in the Damascus suburbs), Aleppo, Deir Alzor, and starvation in detention. It draws on the authors’ interviews, previous research, and professional experience as humanitaria
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Payne, Leigh A., Gabriel Pereira, and Laura Bernal-Bermúdez. "The Business of Transnational Justice." In The Oxford Handbook of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198704355.013.44.

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Abstract Scholars and practitioners have referred to corporate accountability as the missing piece of the transitional justice puzzle. This chapter suggests that is not entirely the case. Truth commissions and human rights judicial processes have held economic actors accountable for complicity in violations during authoritarian rule and armed conflicts around the world. What is missing, however, is the visibility of these processes, an understanding of how they have occurred from below in the global south, and against the strong veto power by business. This chapter fills in that missing puzzle
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Conference papers on the topic "Victims and actors of armed conflicts"

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Berisa, Hatidza, and Goran Korsev. "MODERN ARMED CONFLICTS AND RESERVE MILITARY FORCES." In SECURITY AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT - THEORY AND PRACTICE. RASEC, 2023. https://doi.org/10.70995/puxq8927.

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Today, the world is faced with crises and conflicts which, due to the possibility of uncertain development, represent a real threat to global, regional and national security. New-old geopolitical rivalries and Cold War divisions have revived, even within the European Union itself. The development of the scientific-technological and informational factor enabled the networking of various state and non-state actors regardless of time and space distance. Modern conflicts require a more flexible approach with smaller, specialized units that can be quickly deployed to respond to changing situations,
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Pavlović, Zoran. "Primirje u očima javnosti – između rata i ratnog stanja." In Relation between International and National Criminal Law. University of Belgrade, International Criminal Law Assotiation, 2024. https://doi.org/10.51204/zbornik_umkp_24161a.

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During the war and the state of war, the need for the application of international humanitarian law is particularly emphasized. Along with providing protection to direct participants in hostilities, international humanitarian law pays special attention to collateral victims of armed conflict, civilians. Civilians as direct and indirect victims of armed conflicts are a particularly sensitive category due to their vulnerability, lack of protection on the battlefield and lack of real control in the application of international standards in the protection of their rights. International humanitaria
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Adwani. "The Existence of Distinction Principle in Preventing Victims of Armed Conflicts Based on the International Humanitarian Law." In International Conference on Law, Governance and Islamic Society (ICOLGIS 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200306.172.

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Ranđelović, Višnja. "VICTIMS AND WITNESSES ASSISTANCE SERVICES BEFORE THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 2. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko2.441r.

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The commission of a large number of international crimes during armed conflicts entails mass victimization, and therefore a large number of victims and witnesses who participate in proceedings before international criminal courts. The great traumatic experience of these victims and witnesses, the fact that they have to testify in front of a court that is relocated in relation to the country of residence, as well as the fear of appearing before the court and possibly meeting the defendant, requires that the victims and witnesses who participate in the proceedings before the international crimin
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Gabrielli, Giulia. "INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF NON-STATE ACTORS OPERATING IN CYBERSPACE FOR WAR CRIMES UNDER THE ICC STATUTE." In International Scientific Conference on International, EU and Comparative Law Issues “Law in the Age of Modern Technologies”. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/28268.

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Contemporary armed conflict has witnessed an increased employment of digital technologies in the conduct of hostilities. While there is broad consensus on the full applicability of the rules and principles of international humanitarian law (IHL) to the “fifth domain” of warfare, many issues remain debated. More specifically, digital technologies allow a wide range of actors other than States – such as individuals, “hacktivists”, criminal groups, non-State armed groups – to play a role in the hostilities and engage in cyber operations that have the potential of harming civilians or damaging civ
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Biolé, Filippo. "Delivering Justice for Victim States – the Italian Experience in Obtaining Justice for Victims of the War through Compensation – Brief Notes By Filippo Biole." In Relation between International and National Criminal Law. University of Belgrade, International Criminal Law Assotiation, 2024. https://doi.org/10.51204/zbornik_umkp_24113a.

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This short paper is aimed to offer a brief food for thought on the Italian recent jurisprudence created in the last 25 years regarding access to justice for compensation claims deriving from crimes against humanity committed in wartime during the Second World War. It offers an excursus from the first case in the Supreme Court up to the proclamation by the Constitutional Court of principles in contrast with the international panorama regarding the customary principle of immunity between states, up to the proposal of supranational legal instruments with a deterrent effect for new armed conflicts
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"Application of International Humanitarian Law to State and Non-State Actors in Armed Conflicts: A Case Study of Turkey-Syrian Kurdish Resistance Movement Conflict." In International Conference on Accounting, Business, Economics and Politics. Tishk International University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23918/icabep2022p34.

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Bielikova, Nadiia, Volodimir Muhin, and Yeva Ihnatenko. "Global institutions in supporting regional development and resilience." In International scientific conference "Development Through Research and Innovation" IDSC-2025. Academy of Economic Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.53486/dri2025.69.

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Problems of post-war recovery and reconstruction of regions and territories affected by war are so complex and profound that they cannot be resolved by the country's efforts alone. Therefore, global institutions will play a key role in supporting development, recovery, and crisis resolution in regions of countries affected by conflicts or disasters. Ukraine serves as a vivid example: following Russia's full-scale invasion in February 2022, the country has suffered significant human losses and economic damage. The purpose of this article is to examine the experience of international institution
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MESESAN SCHMITZ, Luiza Iuliana, Ion NEGRILA, Vlad BATRANU-PINTEA, Claudiu COMAN, and Ovidiu TODERICI. "PREVENTING VIOLENCE IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2023/s08.36.

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Violence is an evil that surrounds today's society because Humana beings are violent by naturally due to their Needle to protection and defend themselves. Violence in the EDUCATION field is understood as the intentional harmful action or omission carried out between members of the EDUCATION community (students, teachers, parents, administrative staff, others EDUCATION actors) and which takes place in the physical premises of the Educational Unit (school infrastructures), or in other spaces directly related to the school (around the Educational Unit or places where extracurricular activities ar
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Kurapka, Vidmantas Egidijus, Henryk Malewsky, Snieguole Matuliene, and Rolandas Kriksciunas. "HATE CRIMES: TRENDS IN LITHUANIA." In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2022/s02.009.

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Human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected and protected. Everyone has the right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity. [1] Hate crimes are crimes motivated by racial, ethnic, or religious hatred or hostility. Media regularly reports violence against certain ethnic groups. Lithuania, like other EU countries, applies EU law directly or transposes it into national law. These changes have also had an impact on the fight against hate crime, as this type of crime has received increasing attention from the international community in recent years. Crimes of this sort not only
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Reports on the topic "Victims and actors of armed conflicts"

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Colpas, Jennifer, and Luis Castellanos. Mapping Rural Communities in Conflict Areas, Colombia. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.19088/slh.2024.005.

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This case study documents an intervention by Tierra Grata to identify, map and improve access to safe sanitation in remote undocumented rural communities, where armed groups formed through internal conflict have been present for over 50 years. Through leveraging a mix of community networks, word-of-mouth, social networks such as Facebook and WhatsApp, and working with stakeholders already active in target areas, Tierra Grata began to identify previously unmapped, unknown communities. The case study also documents efforts to build trust with these communities who had been victims of armed confl
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Ortiz Arciniegas, Catalina, Natalia Villamizar Duarte, Eliana Torres Toro, et al. Policy Brief No. 11. Comprehensive neighbourhood upgrading for peace (CNU-PEACE). A strategy for territorial reparation. Universidad del Valle, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/policy-briefs.pb.11-eng.

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Territorial planning is crucial in the implementation of urban territorial peace. Self-built neighbourhoods and their residents have been the most affected by the armed conflict and have suffered collective, community, and territorial damage more intensely. Therefore, it is imperative to generate restorative measures aimed at comprehensive reparations for surviving victims and communities affected by multiple forms of violence. The Comprehensive Neighbourhood Upgrading (CNU) is a multidimensional territorial intervention strategy that involves a long-term, multi-actor and multi-scalar politica
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Lyammouri, Rida. Central Mali: Armed Community Mobilization in Crisis. RESOLVE Network, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/cbags2021.4.

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The proliferation of community-based armed groups (CBAGs) in Mali’s Mopti and Ségou Regions has contributed to transforming Central Mali into a regional epicenter of conflict since 2016. Due to the lack of adequate presence of the state, certain vulnerable, conflict-affected communities resorted to embracing non-state armed groups as security umbrellas in the context of inter-communal violence. These local conflicts are the result of long-standing issues over increasing pressure on natural resources, climate shocks, competing economic lifestyles, nepotistic and exclusionary resource management
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Rokhideh, Maryam. Leveraging the Peacebuilding Potential of Cross-border Trader Networks in Sub-Saharan Africa. RESOLVE Network, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.17.lpbi.

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Cross-border trade plays a prominent role in economic, social, and political life in Sub-Saharan Africa, contributing significantly to development, poverty reduction, and job creation. Across the continent, cross-border trade accounts for 43 percent of the entire population’s income. As actors embedded in licit and illicit networks at local and regional levels, cross-border traders have the potential to fuel conflict or mitigate it. They can act as spoilers, supporting armed groups and war economies, or as peace intermediaries, negotiating peace deals and bridging conflict divides across commu
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Obado-Joel, Jennifer. The Challenge of State-Backed Internal Security in Nigeria: Considerations for Amotekun. RESOLVE Network, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2020.9.ssa.

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Nigeria faces immense internal security challenges, including the Boko-Haram crisis in the northeast and violent farmer-herder conflicts in the southwest and north-central states. Across the Nigerian federation, pockets of violent clashes have sprung and escalated in new locales in the last decade. Community responses to these violent crises have been diverse and included the establishment of armed groups to supplement or act in parallel to the security efforts of the Nigerian state—in some cases with backing from federal or state governments. These local security assemblages, community-based
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Delgado, Caroline, Kristina Tschunkert, and Dan Smith. Food Insecurity in Africa: Drivers and Solutions. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/gisr2785.

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This paper explores how climate change, violent conflict, the Covid-19 pandemic and the cost-of-living crisis combine to drive rapidly increasing levels of food insecurity. These drivers play out differently across and within regions and countries, and this paper focuses on how a combination of the drivers plays out on the African continent. It looks at four subregions—North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, and Central and Southern Africa—and several countries within these regions. Africa is the continent with the highest proportion of people—just over 20 per cent— facing hunger. Africa
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.

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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measu
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Lewis, Dustin. Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/wwxn5790.

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Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several ot
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Moro, Leben, Jennifer Palmer, and Tabitha Hrynick. Key Considerations for Responding to Floods in South Sudan Through the Humanitarian-Peace-Development Nexus. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.005.

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In common with many other African countries, the Republic of South Sudan is increasingly experiencing devastating floods linked to climate change.1,2 The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño regulate the climate of Equatorial Eastern Africa. In 2019, a dipole warming in the western Indian Ocean, worsened by climate change, created higher than average evaporation off the African coastline. This water vapour fell inland as rainfall over Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Sudan and South Sudan, causing massive floods.3 Since then, in the Sudd wetlands of central and north-eastern South Sudan, seasonal ra
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.

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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations S
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