Academic literature on the topic 'Victorian era'
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Journal articles on the topic "Victorian era"
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Nnyagu, Uche, and Umeh Deborah. "Towards the Exploration of the Victorian Literature: The Historical Overview." South Asian Research Journal of Arts, Language and Literature 5, no. 05 (October 6, 2023): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjall.2023.v05i05.002.
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The Victorian Period is a remarkable period in the history of literature as a lot of transformations took place in this era. The Victorian Period spaned from 1837 to 1901 and it is a remarkable era that left an indelible mark on the fabric of society, art, and literature. This paper delves into the rich precepts of the Victorian era, exploring its distinctive characteristics, social dynamics, and artistic expressions. This study commences with an overview of the historical and socio-political context of the Victorian Period, highlighting the reign of Queen Victoria and the significant events that shaped the era. It also examines how these influences set the stage for the unique values, beliefs, and attitudes that permeated the Victorian society. A central focus of this study is the exploration of the Victorian social hierarchy, with its rigid class structure and strict moral codes. This era was also marked by a flourishing artistic and literary scene that produced a wealth of literary masterpieces. In exploring the works of prominent Victorian authors such as Charles Dickens, Jane Austen, and the Brontë sisters, it equally explores the thematic underpinnings of their novels, such as social inequality, love, morality, and the changing dynamics of the Victorian society. Additionally, we will discuss the rise of serialized fiction and the influence of Victorian literature on contemporary storytelling. Lastly, this paper sheds light on the legacy of the Victorian Period, exploring its enduring impact on subsequent generations. It also discusses how Victorian ideals and sensibilities continue to shape modern society, art, and literature, as well as their resonance in contemporary discussions on gender, class, and societal norms.
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Taylor, Miles. "The Bicentenary of Queen Victoria." Journal of British Studies 59, no. 1 (January 2020): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.245.
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AbstractThe past year, 2019, was the bicentenary of the birth of Queen Victoria. Since 2001, the centenary of her death, much has changed in the scholarship about the British queen. Her own journals and correspondence are more available for researchers. European monarchies are now being taken seriously as historical topics. There is also less agreement about the Victorian era as a distinct period of study, leaving Victoria's own relationship with the era she eponymizes less certain. With these changing perspectives in mind, this article looks at six recent books about Victoria (four biographies, one study of royal matchmaking, and one edited volume) in order to reassess her reign. The article is focused on three themes: Queen Victoria as a female monarch, her role in building a dynastic empire, and her prerogative—how she influenced the politics of church and state. The article concludes by warning that biography is not the medium best suited for taking advantage of all the new historical contexts for understanding Queen Victoria's life.
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Haque, Farhana. "Depiction of Victorian Era in the Novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens." International Linguistics Research 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): p17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v1n2p17.
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Charles Dickens’ Great Expectation actually did reflect the Victorian society and therefore the morality of that era’s people inside of the novel. Since we know that Victorian era basically present some features such as virtue, strength, thrift, manners, cleanliness, honesty and chastity. These are the morals that Victorian people used to hold with high esteem. In this novel Great Expectations, Dickens has created some Victorian characters whom we have seen both in good working way or not at all. But the protagonist named Pip was dynamic and he went through some several changes and dealt with different and significant moral issues. Somehow Pip left behind all the values he was raised with. Because Miss Havisham and Estella have corrupted Pip with rich life. Greed, beauty and arrogance were his ingredient of immoral life. The other characters like Joe and Biddy were static characters throughout the entire novel and became noticeable to be the manifestation of what we call as ideal Victorians. The main heroin of this novel was Estella with whom Pip thought he had some love connection. Hence, Estella has been presented as a good in the sense of potentiality and turned morally bad. Miss Havisham, who was basically a corrupt woman and she engraved the center of the novel. Great Expectations did disclose how was the situation of Victorian society through some important features such as higher class, corrupted judicial system between rural and urban England. Here in this novel, Dickens was concern about the education system in Victorian era where the lower class people get less opportunities of getting proper education. From the beginning to the end of this novel, Dickens explored some significant issues regarding higher and lower class system of Victorian society which did fluctuate from the greatest woeful criminal named Magwitch to the needy people of the swamp country, where Joe and Biddy were the symbol of that regime. After that we can proceed to the middle class family where Pumblechook was the person to represent that regime. Last but not the least Miss Havisham symbolized and bear flag of very rich and sophisticated Victorian woman who has represented the higher class society in the novel Great Expectations. Hence we can say Great Expectations has talked and displayed the class system of Victorian England and the characters of this novel therefore also did uphold the true reflection of Victorian era.
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Lambert, Andrew. "British Cruisers of the Victorian Era." Mariner's Mirror 100, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2014.874154.
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Moore, Kevin Z. "Viewing the Victorians: Recent Research on Victorian Visuality." Victorian Literature and Culture 25, no. 2 (1997): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015030000485x.
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Since carol christ's pioneering research in 1975 on the “finer optic” of Victorian poetry, the optic has become even finer in all senses of the word: refined, particular, precise, scientific, and, most importantly, thoroughly historical and material. The optical is no longer a metaphor, but a reality: a device, apparatus, or gadget whose lens-crafted appearance on the scene of vision enhances and alters “visuality,” a recently coined term for “how we moderns see seeing.” Terms which once stood solely upon metaphorical ground, as in W. D. Shaw's “The Optical Metaphor: Victorian Poetics and the Theory of Knowledge” (Victorian Studies, 1980), now refer to concrete practices, scientific optically monitored experiments, and lens and mirror evidentiary and entertainment venues that shaped internal and external life as “modern” during Queen Victoria's reign. In fact, her reign from 1837 until 1901 exactly corresponds with the era that saw the invention and gradual institutionalization of photo- and cinematographic techniques of imaging.
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Kusumaningrum, Ayu Fitri. "Symbolic Annihilation Terhadap Tiga Tipe Perempuan Era Victoria dalam Hetty Feather Karya Jacqueline Wilson." ATAVISME 23, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v23i2.641.189-205.
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Narasi perempuan dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai macam media sejak berabad-abad lamanya. Mulai dari yang dinarasikan oleh laki-laki sampai yang dituliskan oleh perempuan sendiri, media menampilkan bermacam-macam narasi perempuan. Novel anak, sebagai salah satu bentuk media, sebenarnya juga tak luput memotret narasi perempuan dan isu-isu yang berkaitan dengan gender lainnya, meski penelitian terhadap sastra anak masih terpinggirkan dalam kalangan komunitas sastra. Penelitian ini kemudian melihat adanya narasi perempuan yang dimusnahkan dalam novel anak Hetty Feather karya Jacqueline Wilson. Menggunakan teori symbolic annihilation yang digagas Gaye Tuchman dan beberapa konsep pendukung mengenai tipe-tipe perempuan era Victoria, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk-bentuk symbolic annihilation terhadap tiga tipe perempuan era Victoria. Penelitian ini kemudian menemukan adanya trivialization, omission, dan condemnation terhadap sosok angel in the house, fallen woman, dan new woman dalam Hetty Feather.Kata kunci:Era Victoria;narasiperempuan;media;sastraanak[The Symbolic Annihilation of Three Types of Victorian Women in Jacqueline Wilson’s Hetty Feather] Women’s narratives can be found in various types of media for centuries. Starting from one narrated by men to one written by women themselves, the media presents a variety of women’s narratives. Children’s novels, as one form of media, actually also capture women’s narratives and other gender-related issues, although research on children’s literature is still marginalized within the literary community. This research, then, examines the existence of the annihilation of women’s narratives in a children’s book Hetty Feather by Jacqueline Wilson. Using the theory of the symbolic annihilation proposed by Gaye Tuchman and some supporting concepts about types of Victorian women, this study aims to identify the forms of the symbolic annihilation of three types of Victorian women. This study, then, finds that there are trivialization, omission, and condemnation acts toward angel in the house, fallen woman, and new woman in Hetty Feather.
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Picker, John M. "CURRENT THINKING: ON TRANSATLANTIC VICTORIANISM." Victorian Literature and Culture 39, no. 2 (May 18, 2011): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150311000179.
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A few years ago, out of scholarly as well as pedagogical interest, I happened to be looking through two recent anthologies on the nebulous-sounding subject of “transatlantic literature.” I was teaching a new course on transatlanticism and was particularly curious to discover how these texts represented the period that is the focus of this journal and the one to which at least a few of its readers are attached. In both cases, I was struck by the degree to which “the Victorian” – the era, people, frame of mind, even the word itself – was either subsumed within Romanticism or absent. In Transatlantic Romanticism: An Anthology of British, American, and Canadian Literature, 1767–1867, edited by Lance Newman, Joel Pace, and Chris Koenig-Woodyard, the subtitle alone incorporated half of the Victorian era, even while the contents omitted virtually all of the Victorians we would expect to represent that half. That anthology as well as the other, Susan Manning and Andrew Taylor's Transatlantic Literary Studies: A Reader, included glossaries of salient terms for transatlantic inquiry, and while “Enlightenment,” “Peterloo,” “Romantics,” and “sublime” appeared there, “Victorian,” not to mention “Great Exhibition,” “natural selection,” and “utilitarianism,” did not.
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McWilliam, David. "London's Dispossessed: Questioning the Neo-Victorian Politics of Neoliberal Austerity in Richard Warlow's Ripper Street." Victoriographies 6, no. 1 (March 2016): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2016.0210.
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The moral justification for the rollback of benefits and services under the austerity programme unleashed by George Osborne since 2010, when he was first appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by British Prime Minister David Cameron, is predicated on a neoliberal ideology that views unemployment and poverty as stemming from personal failings rather than the ways in which the free market has shaped British society since the election of Margaret Thatcher in 1979. By using Charles Murray's neo-Victorian argument that the welfare state has created a work-shy, antisocial ‘underclass’, neoliberal politicians and journalists have mythologised the Victorian era as one of discipline and stability, providing a model for the sort of society we should aspire once more to be. This article argues that Richard Warlow's television series, Ripper Street (2012 –), in showing the socio-economic causes of crime in late-Victorian London and the need for collective action and state intervention to alleviate them, challenges the construction of the era used to justify neoliberal austerity. It does so through what Ann Heilmann and Mark Llewellyn characterise as one of the defining features of neo-Victorian fiction: its ability to demonstrate the ‘quasi-fictiveness of the Victorians to our own period’, implicitly drawing parallels between the progressive zeal of nineteenth-century social reformers and the anti-austerity movement today.
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Purbasari, Dina Maulida, and Syahfitri Purnama. "REGISTER LANGUAGE IN THE VICTORIAN ERA AS REFLECTED IN THE CHARLES DICKENS "OLIVER TWIST"." INFERENCE: Journal of English Language Teaching 5, no. 3 (June 17, 2023): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/inference.v5i3.9083.
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<p class="Default">The aim of this research is to know about Language Register that being used in the Victorian Era. 1) How Industrial Revolution effects on the language choices in a Victorian Era, 2) What the expressions of Register Language are used in the Victorian Era, and 3) How Language Register cannot be separated from the use of language styles. The design of this research is a qualitative descriptive study with content analysis to find out about the context, purposes, and content messages of utterances in the communication. Analyzing and making inferences about the utterances producers as the addressors and the audience as the addressee of the text. It has found problems in society during Victorian era, especially to harsh conditions of orphans and children during the Industrial revolution which is the main focus. 1) Realism projected in realistic characters and setting, comprehensive detail about everyday occurrences, plausible plot, dialects of community, character development, and the importance in depicting social class. These elements are the background for choosing words, choosing language in all utterances between speakers, each character. Representing the use of language in the Victorian Era. 2). Many register languages are used, there are types of Register variation expressions used, the choice of lexical in a conversation sentence that refers to the context of the situation, the context of addressee and addressors, also the typical language variation used in the Victorian era. In the context of the situation, the register also influenced of choosing the right sequence of sentences intended by the interlocutor, in a particular situation. 3). There are variety of language in utterances where style is widely used. Utterances in daily context of living in the Victorian Era occurring in every conversation between speakers. This research is expected to be useful in obtaining information about Register Language and the advantages for English second Language learner and Learning English for special purposes. Broaden vocabulary and sentences of a Register Language can affect the ability of communication skill especially speaking skill.</p>
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Zhao, Qian. "Ideal Women for Who? A Comparative Study on Women in Traditional China and in Victorian Era." Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (September 25, 2023): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajmss.v4i2.11863.
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Although Gu Hongming is regarded as a master of western culture, he strongly supports traditional culture. And his ideas about Chinese women are surprisingly reminiscent of women in Victorian era. The author attempts to compare traditional Chinese women with those in Victorian period in terms of family life and marriage customs through close reading and literature review. Traditional Chinese women are similar to Victorian women as they preside over the home and assume domestic duties, which reflects that woman alike lived in a patriarchal society. Nevertheless, Chinese women and Victorian women differ in their roles in marriage customs. By making a comparison between traditional Chinese women and those in Victorian era, the readers can understand that women’s difficulties are deep-rooted and women today still need to fight hard towards equal rights.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Victorian era"
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Peplow, Stephen. "Agricultural rent in the early Victorian era." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43507.
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This thesis concerns the economic and political relationship between the English tenant farmer, his landowner, and his Member of Parliament during the period between 1830 and 1865. Profound social and economic changes took place in agriculture during this time, notably the enfranchisement of the tenant farmer (1832), the Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846), and the development of the railways from 1832 onwards. The tenant farmer was an important actor in all three changes, but his role has been overlooked. This thesis brings him into focus in three chapters, each dealing with the tenant-farmer within the rural economy. Chapter 1 introduces the research project, makes a clear statement of the goals of the research, and reviews some of the recent literature. Chapter 2 deals with the ways in which agricultural rents were set in the 1830s and estimates agricultural rents from two centuries ago, using observations for nearly six hundred parishes in the southwest of England. The finding is that rents were set closely with Ricardian Rent Theory. Chapter 3 measures the impact on agricultural rents of railway development. The railways were laid from 1832 onwards, and farmers used the railways to take their stock to market. This saved large amounts of money, primarily from reduced loss of condition compared to droving to market. The social savings were approximately 1.1 per cent of GDP, a considerable sum. The chapter shows that about one fifth of the wealth transfer resulted from cheaper transportation, while the other four-fifths resulted from productivity gains as farmers rearranged their output to take advantage of the railways. Chapter 4 measures the impact of the agricultural interest on the voting decisions of Member of Parliament during the Corn Laws crisis in 1846. This chapter shows that tenant farmers had a small but measureable influence on voting decisions.
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Gooday, G. J. N. "Precision measurement and the genesis of physics teaching laboratories in Victorian Britain." Thesis, University of Kent, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234952.
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Pusapati, Teja Varma. "Model presswomen : 'high-minded' female journalism in the mid-Victorian era." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8af9c31b-bf92-4fb3-95f9-e5d6f8f46b83.
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This study contributes to current critical discussions about the figure of the Victorian woman journalist. Most previous scholarship on nineteenth-century female journalism has focused either on women's anonymous writings or on their contributions to conventionally feminine genres like serial fiction and prose articles on domesticity and fashion. Although women's campaigning journalism has attracted some attention, especially from historians of feminism, its role in the professionalization of women writers has gone largely unexamined. Consequently, it has been assumed that female journalists did not write on social and political issues, unless they wrote anonymously or as reformers with little interest in developing careers as presswomen. This thesis radically revises this view by showing the mid-century rise of female journalists who wrote on serious social and political topics and earned national and international repute. They broke the codes of anonymity in a number of ways, including signing articles in their own names and developing distinctly female personae. They presented themselves as model middle-class professional authors: knowledgeable, financially independent and vocationally committed. They proved, by example, women's fitness for conventionally masculine lines of journalism. By examining their careers in the periodical press, my thesis offers the first in-depth analysis of 'high-minded' female journalism in Victorian England. Beginning with the 1850s, the thesis is organised around certain key developments in the periodical press, such as the debates about professional authorship, discussions of the plight of single women and the nature of female work, and the advent of signed publication. It examines the rise of prestigious presswork by women through the study of three distinct, yet overlapping models of the female professional journalist: the feminist journalist, the mainstream reform journalist, and the foreign correspondent. It then discusses the representation of women's high-minded journalism in the domain of fiction. The study ends in the 1880s, noting how these mid-Victorian models of women's presswork influenced the discussion and practice of female professional journalism in the 1890s.
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Fowler, Michael Anthony. "Rosa Bonheur the Amazon? Victorian-era Fashion, Female Masculinity, and the Horse Fair (1855)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2022. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8903.
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Davidson, Kathleen Margaret. "Exchanging views : empire, photography and the visualisation of natural history in the Victorian era." Phd thesis, Dept. of Art History and Theory, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13157.
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Taber, Emily Celene. "Using Archival and Archaeofaunal Records to Examine Victorian-era Fish Use in the Pacific Northwest." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4393.
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Studies of historic fish archaeofaunas can contribute to our understanding of Victorian-era consumer choice and agency. However, most zooarchaeological work focuses on interpreting large mammal remains such as cow (Bos taurus). That fish are overlooked is particularly striking in the Pacific Northwest, where fishing was a major facet of both the bourgeoning industrial economy and local household practices. My thesis addresses this gap through study of archival records (mainly newspapers) and zooarchaeological fish records from a neighborhood in Vancouver, Washington focusing on the period between 1880 and 1910. My particular goals were to examine how fishes were acquired and their economic role in a market economy.
I conducted archival research through systematic and qualitative reviews of The Oregonian and other newspapers in Oregon and Washington. I recorded 105 different named fishes, which I linked to 46 Linnaean taxa; 76 fishes were listed with price information in advertisements. I connected these fishes to market acquisition, and the remaining fishes to personal catch. I ranked the sixteen most prominent fishes by their price. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was the most expensive, and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) was the least expensive. Five ranked fishes were introduced; all of these were in the top 50% of the ranking. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was advertised the most frequently, but was in the lower 50% of the ranking. Some fishes (e.g., common carp [Cyprinus carpio]) were heavily promoted by federal entities and private entrepreneurs, but viewed negatively by consumers.
The zooarchaeological portion of my study focused on privies from the Esther Short neighborhood (Vancouver, WA), which, between 1880 and 1910, was a predominantly middle- and working-class community, occupied by people of European ancestry. The fish fauna (total NISP: 1,282) had previously been documented by Krey Easton. I reanalyzed ~30% of the fish remains to verify identifications; our results were highly correlated. Ten fish families representing 16 taxa were recorded in the assemblage. Both introduced fishes (n = 6 taxa) and native fishes (n = 10 taxa) were present. Catfish (Ictaluridae) dominated the assemblage (76%). Salmonids represented 15%. I recorded five new taxa from specimens previously noted as "unidentified". I documented body part representation and butchering marks to establish the fish portions Esther Short residents acquired. Finally, I compared archaeofaunal fish representation against the fish rank obtained from archival research.
Residents acquired fishes both as market purchases and through personal catch. Eight fish taxa in the assemblage represented market purchases. Four were nonmarket fishes. An additional four could represent either market or nonmarket fishes. Nine taxa recovered from the neighborhood were also fishes included in the ranking. Neighborhood residents were predominantly eating low-cost purchased catfish heads, which were likely incorporated into soups, stews, or chowders. I found some evidence for higher-cost purchases and fish steaks, which I loosely connected to conspicuous consumerism. Evidence of personal catch (sport and subsistence angling) illustrates agency and potential resistance to the systemic Victorian model, in which the middle class generally did not participate in such activities.
My thesis shows that interpreting fish use provides valuable insights into historical-era consumer choice and agency. On a systemic level, fish use was driven by sources of authority and monied interests. Expression of identity was visible in structural responses to systemic forces, both through consumer choice within the markets, and rejection of the market economy. Fish use in the Esther Short neighborhood showed some household patterns of "purchasing within one's means", as well as several expressions of agency that conformed to or rejected Victorian-era ideals.
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Joseph, Marrisa Dominique. "Literary businesses : the British publishing industry and its business practices 1843-1900." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2016. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/13080.
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The Victorian publishing industry has been frequently analysed, debated and discussed within the fields of book history, publishing history, media studies and literary studies, yet there is a gap within academic business research on the publishing industry from the approach of organisational studies, in particular from the perspective of new institutionalism. This research examines how the business practices of organisations in the British publishing industry - which I refer to as literary businesses - developed in the Victorian era, by exploring the formation of these practices in relation to wider societal influences. My research analyses how authors, publishers and literary agents instigated and reproduced business practices in the industry, examining why these practices became accepted and legitimised. This historically oriented research is constructed around primary and archival sources, in particular trade periodicals, personal letters and business documents.
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Garwood, Christine. "The British state and the natural environment : with special reference to the Alkali Inspectorate, circa 1860-1906." Thesis, University of Northampton, 1998. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2793/.
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The central intention of this thesis is to analyse a body of Victorian legislation, which was enacted to control atmospheric pollution by the chemical industry. Its concern is predominately with enforcement, and the principal aim is to assess the role and effectiveness of the British State and its agencies in this respect. The major focus is a somewhat neglected body of legislation - the Alkali Acts of 1863-1906. These initiated the State regulation of noxious emissions from the early heavy chemical (alkali) industry, and set up a central government body, the Alkali Inspectorate, to this end. The major focus is the ability of Victorian institutions to formulate and implement environmental reforms, especially those which necessitated the increased control of industrial behaviour. It will explore the enforcement and decision making processes, assessing how priorities were set and whose interests were served. Furthermore, it examines the influence of economic, legislative, social, ideological and political factors upon inspection and prosecution. This study also assess whether the control of industrial atmospheric pollution was the consequence of a Victorian regulationist fervour or an example of utilitarian concern with environmental degradation. The main body of the thesis is constituted by chapters on biography, the fiscal context and enforcement. These themes are drawn together by an assessment of the extent and effect of various constraints upon the Alkali Inspectorate. Throughout, some vital comparisons and contrasts with the inspectorates of factories and mines are made, in order to gauge State support for the Alkali Inspectorate. This assessment of the effectiveness of the Alkali Inspectorate and the legislation which created it, facilitates broader insights into the relationship between the State and industry and the extent of State intervention in nineteenth-century Britain
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Batista, Rachel UchÃa. "A modalidade deÃntica como expressÃo de valores vitorianos na peÃa Lady Windermere's fan." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14744.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoThis research has tried to investigate the relashionship between linguistic expressions of deontic modality and the construction of speeches which reveal values of the Victorian age. The study was developed under the functionalist linguistic theory once it allows us to go through both linguistic expressions and meaning in a specific context in order to analyze the effects in meaning expressed by means of deontic modality. In this sense, the investigation was based on Palmer (1986), Dik (1997), Verstraete (2004), Neves (2006), among other authors who helped us understand the linguistic modality, specially the deontic type, and the features related to its occurrence. We have analyzed 299 deontically modalized pieces of enunciation from both male and female characters from the play Lady Windermereâs fan, by Oscar Wilde, concerning all the acts of the play. Deontic modality is related to the possibility or necessity of acts executed by morally responsible agents and was analyzed under the manifestation of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects as a whole. The data we analyzed have shown us that the âAuxiliary verbsâ category corespond to the linguistic means of expression of modality more frequently used and was registred in 51% of the cases. Within this category we have considered both modal auxiliaries and the âhave to + infinitiveâ expression. The âAuxiliary verbsâ category was followed by âVerbal Modesâ (26,4) and âMain verbsâ (16%) categories. As for deontic values, obligation corresponded to 58% of the cases, that is, 174 occurrences. Among these, 139 were internal obligation, not corresponding to our expectations. One can also observe the high frequency of the type of deontic source âEnunciatorâ (234 cases). We believed the frequency of the source âInstitutionâ would be the highest. About the inclusion of the deontic source in the deontic target, we have registred the non-inclusion in 68% of the cases. This last aspect caused an effect of distance between deontic source and target in the play and helped establishing boundaries between boss and employee, or reinforcing the social class division, which is a characteristic of the Victorian period. Contrary to what we believed, female characters were responsible for 65,6% pieces of enunciation (196 cases), which means they produced more deontic values than male characters. Among these cases, 120 occurrences corresponded to an obligation, 31 occurrences corresponded to a permission, and 21 cases were a prohibition. In this sense, we have concluded that the deontic modals in the pieces of enunciation from the characters from the play Lady Windermereâs fan do not serve to express exclusively victorian values.
O presente trabalho buscou investigar a relaÃÃo entre as expressÃes linguÃsticas da modalidade deÃntica e a construÃÃo de discursos que revelam valores da era vitoriana. Nossa pesquisa foi desenvolvida sob a Ãtica funcionalista, visto que, para analisarmos os efeitos de sentidos expressos por meio daquela modalidade, faz-se necessÃrio transitar entre forma linguÃstica e sentido em um determinado contexto especÃfico. Assim, a investigaÃÃo foi desenvolvida com base em Palmer (1986), Dik (1997), Verstraete (2004), Neves (2006), dentre outros autores que nos auxiliaram na compreensÃo da modalidade linguÃstica, em especial a deÃntica, e dos aspectos relacionados à sua ocorrÃncia. Analisamos 299 enunciados modalizados deonticamente, de personagens dos gÃneros masculino e feminino, presentes em todos os atos da peÃa Lady Windermereâs fan, de Oscar Wilde. A modalidade deÃntica diz respeito à possibilidade ou necessidade de atos executados por agentes moralmente responsÃveis e foi analisada, em cada um desses enunciados, sob o ponto de vista sintÃtico, semÃntico e pragmÃtico, integradamente. A partir de anÃlise dos dados obtidos, constatamos que os meios linguÃsticos de expressÃo da modalidade de maior produtividade foram aqueles agrupados na categoria âVerbos auxiliaresâ, categoria na qual inserimos os auxiliares modais e a expressÃo âhave to + infitiniveâ (ter que/de + infinitivo), que corresponderam à 51% das ocorrÃncias analisadas, seguidos do modo verbal (26,4% dos casos) e do verbo pleno (16%). Jà o valor deÃntico mais instaurado foi o de obrigaÃÃo, correspondendo a 58% de todas as ocorrÃncias, ou seja, 174 ocorrÃncias, dentre as quais, 139 foram do tipo interna, contrariamente ao que esperÃvamos. O tipo de fonte deÃntica mais recorrente foi âEnunciadorâ, com 234 ocorrÃncias. AcreditÃvamos que a fonte âInstituiÃÃoâ seria a de maior frequÃncia. Quanto à inclusÃo da fonte no alvo deÃntico, observamos que, em 68% dos casos, o valor deÃntico nÃo recaiu sobre a fonte, causando um efeito de distanciamento entre fonte e alvo deÃntico que estabeleceram limites entre patrÃo e empregado, por exemplo, ou reforÃaram a divisÃo social de classes, caracterÃstica do perÃodo vitoriano. Contrariamente ao que acreditÃvamos, as personagens do gÃnero feminino instauraram um maior nÃmero de valores deÃnticos, sendo responsÃveis por 65,6% dos enunciados analisados (196 casos), dentre os quais, em 120 ocorrÃncias, uma obrigaÃÃo foi instaurada; em 31, o valor de permissÃo foi registrado; e, em 21, uma proibiÃÃo foi instaurada. Desse modo, concluÃmos que os os modalizadores deÃnticos presentes nos enunciados dos personagens da peÃa Lady Windermereâs fan nÃo se prestam, exclusivamente, à expressÃo de valores vitorianos.
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Pektas, Nilifer. "The importance of blood during the Victorian era. : Blood as a sexual signifier in Bram Stoker's Dracula." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Language and Culture, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-500.
Full textBooks on the topic "Victorian era"
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The Victorian era. Detroit: Lucent Books ; a part of Gale, Cengage Learning, Gale Cengage Learning, 2013.
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Carpenter, David. Ilkley: The Victorian Era. Otley (Otley Mills,Ilkley Rd.,Otley, W.Yorks, LS21 3JP): Smith Settle c1986., 1986.
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Society, Old Athlone, ed. Athlone in the Victorian era. Athlone, Ireland: The Old Athlone Society, 2007.
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Myers, Christine D. University Coeducation in the Victorian Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230109933.
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Dunning, Jane. St. Philip's in the Victorian era. Birmingham: Provest & Chapter of Birmingham Cathedral, 1985.
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F, Solverson John, ed. Student lamps of the Victorian era. Marietta, Ohio: Antique Publications, 1992.
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Andrew, Radford, and Sandy Mark 1970-, eds. Romantic echoes in the Victorian era. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Victorian era"
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Barczewski, Stephanie, John Eglin, Stephen Heathorn, Michael Silvestri, and Michelle Tusan. "The Early Victorian Era." In Britain since 1688, 107–34. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003284758-5.
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Serafini, Anthony. "Biology in the Victorian Era." In The Epic History of Biology, 195–207. New York, NY: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6327-7_17.
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Griffiths, John. "'Cricket and the Victorian Era'." In Empire and Popular Culture, 370–86. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351024747-47.
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Myers, Christine D. "Victorian Views of Coeducation." In University Coeducation in the Victorian Era, 27–44. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230109933_2.
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Burrows, Donald. "Victorian England: an Age of Expansion." In The Late Romantic Era, 266–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11300-2_10.
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Rees, A. M. "The legacy of the Victorian era." In T. H. Marshall's Social Policy, 19–29. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003373995-3.
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Knowles, Katie. "Pathos and Tenderness: The Victorian Era." In Shakespeare's Boys, 148–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137005373_6.
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Macfarlane, Elizabeth. "Pilgrimage and Cathedrals in the Victorian Era." In Pilgrimage and England's Cathedrals, 109–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48032-5_5.
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Golding, Rosemary. "Anon., ‘Women Violinists of the Victorian Era’." In Music in Nineteenth-Century Britain, 324–31. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003003892-36.
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Davies, Helen. "Afterword: Voices Beyond the Victorian Era? Wesley Stace and Ventriloquism." In Gender and Ventriloquism in Victorian and Neo-Victorian Fiction, 167–78. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137271167_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Victorian era"
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Rutsinskaya, Irina, and Galina Smirnova. "VISUALIZATION OF EVERYDAY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PRACTICES: VICTORIAN PAINTING AS A MIRROR OF THE ENGLISH TEA PARTY TRADITION." In NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/37.
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"Throughout the second half of the seventeen and the eighteenth centuries, tea remained an expensive exotic drink for Britain that “preserved” its overseas nature. It was only in the Victorian era (1837-1903) that tea became the English national drink. The process attracts the attention of academics from various humanities. Despite an impressive amount of research in the UK, in Russia for a long time (in the Soviet years) the English tradition of tea drinking was considered a philistine curiosity unworthy of academic analysis. Accordingly, the English tea party in Russia has become a leader in the number of stereotypes. The issue became important for academics only at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Currently, we can observe significant growth of interest in this area in Russia and an expansion of research into tea drinking with regard to the history of society, philosophy and culture. Despite this fact, there are still serious lacunas in the research of English tea parties in the Victorian era. One of them is related to the analysis of visualization of this practice in Victorian painting. It is a proven fact that tea parties are one of the most popular topics in English arts of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. No other art school in the world referred to the topic so frequently: painting formed the visual image of the English tea party, consolidated, propagandized and spread ideas of the national tea tradition. However, this aspect has been reflected neither in British nor Russian studies. Being descriptive and analytical, the present research refers to the principles of historicism, academic reliability and objectivity, helping to determine the principal trends and social and cultural features and models in Britain during the period. The present research is based on the analysis of more than one hundred genre paintings by British artists of the period. The paintings reflect the process of creating a special “truly English” material and visual context of tea drinking, which displaced all “oriental allusions” from this ceremony, to create a specific entourage and etiquette of tea consumption, and set nationally determined patterns of behavior at the tea table. The analysis shows the presence of English traditions of tea drinking visualization. The canvases of British artists, unlike the Russian ones, never reflect social problems: tea parties take place against the background of either well-furnished interiors or beautiful landscapes, being a visual embodiment of Great Britain as a “paradise of the prosperous bourgeoisie”, manifesting the bourgeois virtues. Special attention is paid to the role of the women in this ritual, the theme of the relationship between mothers and children. A unique English painting theme, which has not been manifested in any other art school in the world, is a children’s tea party. Victorian paintings reflect the processes of democratization of society: representatives of the lower classes appear on canvases. Paintings do not only reflect the norms and ideals that existed in the society, but also provide the set patterns for it."
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Bridge, Christopher, Birgit Loch, Dell Horey, Brianna Julien, Belinda Thompson, and Julia Agolli. "Back to what? What STEM and Health teaching academics learnt from COVID-19." In ASCILITE 2021: Back to the Future – ASCILITE ‘21. University of New England, Armidale, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14742/ascilite2021.0140.
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The COVID-19 pandemic brought about an era of innovation in higher education that was extraordinary both in its scale and suddenness. Our study, carried out in STEM and Health disciplines of a multicampus Victorian university, asked the teaching academics in the eye of this storm to reflect on what they had learnt from this experience. In particular, we asked what had worked, what had not worked, what they planned to retain in their teaching post-COVID-19, and what they would be relieved to discard. Above all, we found the experience of COVID-19 learning and teaching to be highly variegated. Academics reported some online activities which were predominantly successful, others which were predominantly unsuccessful, and still others for which the experience was quite different, depending on the context. Our data suggest that future learning and teaching policy should allow for discipline and cohort nuances and cannot be one-size-fits-all.
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Roark, Ryan. "Dystopia, Climate Change and Heritage Conservation in the Late Nineteenth Century." In The 39th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. PLACE NAME: SAHANZ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a5037py0jq.
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The architectural conservation and restoration movements emerged in the Western world in the mid-nineteenth century, in part as a reaction to the acceleration of visible aging of buildings caused by the Industrial Revolution and associated changes in air quality. At the same time, Enlightenment ideals established at the end of the eighteenth century reinforced the relatively new idea that a building could have a single author and a fixed state. A new drive towards ‘restoration’ – the return of a building to a glorified singular past state – led William Morris in 1877 to establish the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB), whose manifesto marked the dawn of the age of conservation and essentially prohibited any interference with old buildings. What emerged was a debate between those who favoured “scraping” (restorationists, e.g. nineteenth-century French architect Viollet-le-Duc) and those who were “anti-scrape” (conservationists, e.g. nineteenth-century English architecture writer John Ruskin and architect William Morris). Recent scholarship in English and eco-critical studies by Jesse Oak Taylor, Philip Steer, Heidi Scott and others has drawn attention to anxieties about climate change that began early as the mid-nineteenth century and became widespread by the turn of the twentieth, as manifest in Victorian-era English-language literature. Little has been written about the influence of such anxieties on architects at the time, although John Ruskin’s lecture “The Storm Cloud of the Nineteenth Century” (1884) is possibly the first public lecture explicitly hypothesizing anthropogenic climate change. This paper examines Ruskin’s later writings, the writings and architectural works of William Morris and the writings of other early members of SPAB including Thomas Hardy, to examine to what extent the “do-not-touch” model of conservation can be interpreted as an early reaction of alarm about climate change.
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Holleran, Samuel. "The Cemetery and the Golf Course: Mid-Century Planning and the Pastoral Imaginary." In The 39th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. PLACE NAME: SAHANZ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a5025pavmv.
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The well-draining ‘sandbelt’ in the southeast of Melbourne boasts many world-famous links established during the ‘golf boom’ of the 1920s. The soil conditions that make for good golf – sandy, loamy dirt – are also optimal for cemeteries. Starting in the 1930s ‘memorial parks,’ built at the urban periphery, began to replace crowded churchyards and Victorian-era cemeteries in the urban core. Sometimes within a stone’s throw of putting grounds, these new sites for burial placed the dead below bronze markers set into undulating green surfaces – very much reminiscent of a golf course. This paper offers a history of the landscape architecture, planning, and cultural shifts that aided in the development of both the suburban ‘memorial park’ and the modern golf course, two typologies that place a huge importance on Sylvan water features and grassy dells. The space allocated to each in rapidly urbanising areas illuminates the tension between the infrastructure of death and memorialisation and the land reserved for the living, and their leisure activities. Taking the history of the cemetery and the golf course together, this paper examines the pastoral imaginary of mid-century spatial planners as both a cultural phenomenon and a technological feat, made possible by advances in irrigation and pest control. In the ensuing years the green imaginary of these heavily sprayed ‘lawnscapes’ has evolved with the emergence of various ‘green infrastructure’ framings, and a new scrutiny of land- and sod-intensive sites. Creating greenspaces for humans may not be enough, and both cemeteries and golf courses have struggled to justify their existence. Managers of these sites have started to channel a more-than-human constituency that includes plant and animal life who also ‘inhabit’ their spaces.
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Diprose, Graham, and Amalia Toyas. "A 21 st Century ‘Victorian’ Family Album." In Proceedings of EVA London 2019. BCS Learning & Development, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/eva2019.16.
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Zuo, Lu. "The Oriental Fantasy of the Empire -- the Oriental image of the Victoria era literature." In 2016 4th International Education, Economics, Social Science, Arts, Sports and Management Engineering Conference (IEESASM 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ieesasm-16.2016.186.
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Earle, Nic, and Shelley Hales. "POMPEII IN THE CRYSTAL PALACE : COMPARING VICTORIAN AND MODERN VIRTUAL, IMMERSIVE ENVIRONMENTS." In Electronic Visualisation and the Arts (EVA 2009). BCS Learning & Development, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/eva2009.7.
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Hoy, R., D. Glass, D. Christina, S. Gwini, F. Hore-Lacy, M. Abramson, K. Walker-Bone, and M. Sim. "A major outbreak of artificial stone silicosis in Australia: Results from the Victorian Silica-associated Disease Registry." In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.4363.
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Rusimova, Galina, and Dimitar Zagorski. "NEURO-MUSCULAR CONTROL OF GYAKO ZUKI FIGHTING TECHNIQUE AS A MEASURE OF SHOTOKAN KARATE ATHLETE’S SKILLS." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/46.
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ABSTRACT Specialization in terms of motor skills is perhaps one of the most decisive factors for solving sport-related methodological tasks and achieving victories in modern sports era. The aim of this study is through a detailed analysis of selected fighting technique (Gyako Zuki) to assess intermuscular coordination, mark specific deficiencies in execution, and thus-avoid training faults and prevent possible injuries occurring with a certain frequency in the upper extremities of Bulgarian Karate fighters. Methods and methodology of the study: For this purpose, a kinematic analysis was performed by video registration and subsequent image processing to measure kinematic parameters with a specialized program. A total of 29 Bulgarian Karate Shotokan athletes have taken part in our initial experiment. The results of our study presented important information for coaches and the practicing Karate Shotokan fighters about the emergence and consistency of muscle synergy contraction patterns while training. This we expect to be useful for a better understanding of available strategies in the execution management of the Karate punch Gyako Zuki and be further developed in the future as even more appropriate training protocols.
Reports on the topic "Victorian era"
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Taber, Emily. Using Archival and Archaeofaunal Records to Examine Victorian-era Fish Use in the Pacific Northwest. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6277.
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Taylor, Peter, and Crystal Tremblay. Decolonising Knowledge for Development in the Covid-19 Era. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.018.
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This Working Paper seeks to explore current and emerging framings of decolonising knowledge for development. It does this with the intent of helping to better understand the importance of diverse voices, knowledges, and perspectives in an emerging agenda for development research. It aims to offer conceptual ideas and practical lessons on how to engage with more diverse voices and perspectives in understanding and addressing the impacts of Covid-19. The authors situate their thoughts and reflections around experiences recently shared by participants in international dialogues that include the Covid Collective; an international network of practitioners working in development contexts; engagement and dialogue with Community-based Research Canada, and their work with the Victoria Forum. Through these stories and reflections, they bring together key themes, tensions, and insights on the decolonisation of knowledge for development in the context of the Covid-19 era as well as offering some potential ways forward for individuals and organisations to transform current knowledge inequities and power asymmetries. These pathways, among other solutions identified, call for the inclusion of those whose challenges are being addressed, reflective spaces for inclusive processes, and connection, sharing and demonstrating the value of decolonised knowledge for liberation and trust.
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Swallow, B., J. Sang, M. Nyabenge, D. Bondotich, T. Yatich, A. Duraiappah, and M. Yashiro. Tradeoffs among ecosystem services in the Lake Victoria Basin ICRAF Working Paper no. 69 ECA. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp15658.pdf.
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Akasha, Heba, Omid Ghaffarpasand, and Francis Pope. Climate Change and Air Pollution. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.071.
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This rapid literature review explores the interactions between climate change and air pollution, with a focus on human health impacts. In particular, the report explores potential synergies in tackling climate change and air pollution together. The impacts and implications of the transition from a carbon-intensive economy upon air quality and consequently human health are examined. Discussing climate change without air pollution can lead to risks. For example, strategies that focus on electrification and transition to renewable energy achieve maximum health and air quality benefits compared to strategies that focus mainly on combustible renewable fuels (biofuel and biomass) with some electrification. Addressing climate change necessitates a shift towards a new low carbon era. This involves stringent and innovative changes in behaviour, technology, and policy. There are distinct benefits of considering climate change and air pollution together. Many of the processes that cause climate change also cause air pollution, and hence reductions in these processes will generate cleaner air and less global warming. Politically, the consideration of the two issues in tandem can be beneficial because of the time-inconsistency problems of climate change. Air pollution improvements can offer politicians victories, on a useful timescale, to help in their aims of reversing climate change. By coupling air pollution and air pollution agendas together, it will increase the media and political attention both environmental causes receive. Policies should involve the integration of climate change, air quality, and health benefits to create win-win situations. The success of the strategies requires financial and technical capacity building, commitment, transparency, and multidisciplinary collaboration, including governance stakeholders at multiple levels, in both a top-down and bottom-up manner.
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Kulfas, Matías. El eterno resplandor de una Argentina sin recuerdos. Argentina en un nuevo periodo presidencial y una nueva crisis económica. Fundación Carolina, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt93.
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Durante las últimas cinco décadas, Argentina experimentó un desempeño económico deficiente, marcado por múltiples crisis macroeconómicas y la incapacidad de mantener una estrategia productiva coherente. En el siglo XXI se observaron dos etapas diferentes. La primera se inició tras la severa crisis del régimen de convertibilidad, sobre fines de 2001, y permitió recuperar el crecimiento, la creación de empleo, la producción y mejorar la distribución el ingreso. Esa fase llegó a su fin en el año 2011, tras lo cual Argentina ya no pudo crecer de manera sostenida y experimentó un deterioro en sus indicadores sociales. En años recientes, los desequilibrios macroeconómicos se intensificaron, con la aceleración de la inflación como uno de los síntomas más evidentes. A diferencia de lo ocurrido en la década de 1980, los países de la región muestran, salvo excepciones puntuales, estabilidad y crecimiento, aunque a tasas relativamente bajas. La crisis argentina es específica y sus causas deben ser buscadas en la gestión de las políticas públicas y el funcionamiento del sistema político. En la campaña electoral de 2023, la polarización se ha intensificado y el hartazgo provocado por la crisis ha llevado a que los debates políticos queden encerrados en temas recurrentes. Esto nos lleva a interpretar el desempeño argentino a partir de la metáfora que propone El eterno resplandor de una mente sin recuerdos, la gran película protagonizada por Jim Carrey y Kate Winslet, en el que la angustia por un fracaso amoroso se enfrentaba mediante una extraña técnica que consistía en borrar de la mente los recuerdos de la relación fallida. Sin embargo, esta técnica solo lograba éxitos parciales, lo que llevaba a repetir la misma secuencia de sucesos y los mismos errores. En este trabajo se presenta una caracterización del desempeño económico argentino y finaliza con un análisis de los posibles escenarios tras la victoria de Javier Milei en las elecciones presidenciales celebradas el 19 de noviembre de 2023 y sus primeras medidas de gobierno.
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STATEMENT OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES OF UKRAINE. National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37472/saveukraine.
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We consider it criminal and strongly condemn the violation of the territorial integrity and borders of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. We also consider inadmissible the statements of the leadership of the Russian Federation regarding our state, interference in the internal affairs of Ukraine by denying its civilizational subjectivity and demanding the abandonment of its own path of development. With great gratitude and confidence in the victory, we turn to the defenders of Ukraine: we are together, we are convinced of the strength and steadfastness of those who defend Democracy, Freedom, and Human Values! Resistance is not just military resistance. The opposition of every citizen is not to succumb to provocations and panic, to prevent escalation of tensions, to refute fakes, to maintain clarity of thinking. A patriot is someone who invests in the development of the country and preserves its defense capabilities in a way accessible to him. For representatives of pedagogical and psychological sciences — is to maintain the national identity and unity of the nation at the level of consciousness of every citizen, territorial community, society. This is the strengthening of the subjectivity of every citizen through his awareness of Ukrainian history from the times of Kyivan Rus, Ukrainian mentality of freedom from the Cossack era, the spirit of Ukrainian democracy from the Constitution of Philip Orlyk, invincibility of the Ukrainian army from the victories of Peter Konashevych-Sahaidachnyi and Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, exercise of self-awareness by Hryhorii Skovoroda and Taras Shevchenko. Scientists of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, as always, are ready for a dialogue with anyone who finds himself in difficult life circumstances, in situations of confusion or uncertainty, who needs advice or psychological help. We all have hard work ahead of us every day. But our goal is common and high — to preserve the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. To this end, we have worked for Ukraine′s independence, we have also worked for the development of our state for the last 30 years, for this, we are mobilizing for further struggle! We will win! Glory to Ukraine!