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1
Chess, Shira, Nathaniel J. Evans, and Joyya JaDawn Baines. "What Does a Gamer Look Like? Video Games, Advertising, and Diversity." Television & New Media 18, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476416643765.
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Recent years have seen changes to the video game industry and the image of video game players. There are more games on the market and a larger variety of ways to play those games. Yet, despite market shifts, authors such as Shaw demonstrate that there are still tensions surrounding gamer identification. Even as next-generation systems (such as the Xbox One, the PlayStation 4, and the Wii U) and casual gaming take hold of the market, tension remains between the perceptions of who is playing versus the reality of actual players. In our study, we perform a content analysis of video game commercials in 2013 to explore questions of diversity—particularly in terms of portrayals of the player’s sex and ethnicity—to consider how the gamer is represented in terms of physical and behavioral attributes.
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Goaid Alotaibi, Abdullah, and Zafer Tuhaitah. "An overview of the localisation of video games into Arabic." Journal of Internationalization and Localization 8, no. 1 (September 13, 2021): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.20008.goa.
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Abstract With the emergence of video game localisation studies in the last decade, scholarly interest in translation studies in this young discipline has increased. Although globalisation has encouraged video game companies to offer their products in as many languages and markets as feasible, this academic discipline is still an under-researched area, especially in the Arab context. This article presents an overview to engender a better understanding of the nature of video games and their localisation in the Arab market. This market is distinct due to its culture, politics and language. In addition to the translational challenges related to the Arabic language, this study deals with the specificities of video game localisation from political, cultural and linguistic perspectives. This research offers a historical overview of the localisation of video games into Arabic since the inception of the practice, including an outline of the main localisation milestones in this field.
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Ilyanov, Dmitrii Sergeevich, Tatiana Constantinovna Chernysheva, and Maksim Andreevich Yurevich. "Sources of economic growth in the XXI century: video game industry." Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, no. 3 (March 2020): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2020.3.31693.
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This article focuses on determination of trends and prospects for the development of video game industry in the Russian Federation. Analysis is conducted on evolution of the video game market and trends that established thereof. The author examines the dynamics in gaming industry revenue allocated by segments, and the share held by video games on the markets of the Eurasian Economic Union member-states. The author carries out a comparative analysis of the revenue of the global gaming industry for all segments (games for smartphones, tablets, PC, etc.) with GDP of some EAEU member-states for the 7-year period, and as well as makes a forecast of the dynamics of revenue of gaming industry by the segments. The overall revenue obtained from the global gaming industry has increased by 115% in the past 7 years and account to $ 151.9 billion. The article explores the current state of video game market in the Russian Federation, which almost doubled in the past 5 years and accounts to $ 1.9 billion. The key risks that can negatively affect the development of video game industry are identified. The conclusion is made that despite the existing risks, a dynamic increase in the segment of mass multiuser online games and its audience should be expected in the nearest future; by 2022, the segment of games for mobile devices could take up to half of the entire gaming market.
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Kirk, Sam, and Andrew Manley. "The Active Video Game Paradox." International Journal of Serious Games 7, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v7i1.341.
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Evidence shows inactivity and obesity are a substantial global burden, economically and physiologically. Sedentary screen time strongly contributes to this burden. Sedentary screen time is often achieved through video game play. Active video games (AVGs) tried to solve the screen time problem. AVGs work, having small to moderate positive effects on activity levels and body composition changes. However, they perform consistently poorly on the commercial market. This represents a paradox: AVGs work pragmatically, yet underperform commercially, limiting their impact practically. The purpose of this study was to explore this paradox with the aim of understanding how AVGs compare to non-active video games (NAVGs), based on gameplay experience. Findings revealed that AVGs have a significant negative comparison to NAVGs. Qualitative exploration highlighted several important considerations; gamer motivation, the lack of quality and variety in AVGs, the stereotype in AVGs, and the practical limitations of the hardware that supports AVGs. Perception of an augmented reality platform, a potential solution to the issues, was found to be positive.
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Tomkinson, Sian. "Video games through the refrain: Innovation and familiarity." Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds 12, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgvw_00020_1.
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The video game market is dominated by numerous franchises and many players lament that games are becoming boring and repetitive. However it is evident that players desire these games, which sell well. This article suggests that Deleuze and Guattari’s refrain can help explain why players desire repetition in games, and what kinds of risks and potentials it can provide. Specifically, in regard to gameplay I consider elements including genre and mechanics, and player’s desire to re-experience games. To explore repetition in players I consider game communities and the gamer identity, which can open up players to difference or encourage restriction. I argue that understood through the refrain, repetition in video games has the potential to generate difference, innovation and connections, but also possibly a closing off. The refrain is a useful tool for games studies and industry workers who are interested in understanding how new experiences can emerge from repetition.
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Danshina, Ksenia. "The Russian approach to regulating video games: a play-through." Interactive Entertainment Law Review 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337//ielr.2020.01.07.
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The Russian video game market is one of the world's biggest markets with a total revenue of USD 2 billion in 2019, making it potentially attractive for investors to explore. Although launching a product for the Russian market may require a lot of attention to regulatory details, on many issues the Russian legal environment seems to be favourable to game companies. This is an analysis of a number of typical issues that a game company may face in the Russian market. In particular, the following issues will be considered: the likelihood of success in disputes arising between game companies and gamers or the Russian state; the legal implications of qualifying an in-game asset; and whether the use of loot boxes in a game can lead to the game being qualified as gambling.
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Burdenko, E. V., and V. V. Shchepetov. "IMPACT OF THE COVID - 19 PANDEMIC ON THE GLOBAL VIDEO GAMES MARKET." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-1-36-5.
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The article focuses on the analysis of the global video game industry. The structure of the gaming industry, which includes manufacturers from around the world, is considered. The study showed the controversial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global video game industry. The units of the global video games industry affected by the introduction of quarantine measures and self-isolation have been highlighted: cancelation or postponement of the events to 2021. Among the positive changes are the following: increased sales of video games, an increase in the number of users and the number of hours of online games. During the research, general scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, classification, historical method. The quantitative method was used to analyze the dynamics of economic indicators of the global video game market. The graphical presentation made it possible to visualize the obtained data. The source of information during the research was monographs and articles of foreign and domestic scientists; data from analytical agencies in the field of video games in the world; Internet resources specializing in market analysis and consumer behavior; analytical data of the World Economic Forum, etc. The scientific novelty of the study consists in a comprehensive analysis of the gaming industry, which has not been conducted before, in the unprecedented conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Krok, Ewa. "The video game market and its participants." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Studia Informatica 40 (2016): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/si.2016.40-05.
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WIKHAMN, BJÖRN REMNELAND, ALEXANDER STYHRE, JAN LJUNGBERG, and ANNA MARIA SZCZEPANSKA. "EXPLORATION VS. EXPLOITATION AND HOW VIDEO GAME DEVELOPERS ARE ABLE TO COMBINE THE TWO." International Journal of Innovation Management 20, no. 06 (July 13, 2016): 1650045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919616500456.
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This paper reports an in-depth qualitative study about innovation work in the Swedish video game industry. More specifically, it focuses on how video game developers are building ambidextrous capabilities to simultaneously addressing explorative and exploitative activities. The Swedish video game industry is a particularly suitable case to analyze ambidexterity, due to it’s extreme market success and continuous ability to adapt to shifts in technologies and demands. Based on the empirical data, three ambidextrous capabilities are pointed out as particularly valuable for video game developers; (1) the ability to separate between a creative work climate and the effectiveness in project organizing; (2) the balancing of inward and outward ideation influences, and (3) the diversity in operational means and knowledge paired with shared goals and motivations, derived from the love of video games and video game development.
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Fernández-Costales, Alberto. "On the sociolinguistics of video games localisation." Journal of Internationalization and Localization 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 120–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.00001.fer.
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Abstract This paper addresses the localization of video games into minority languages by presenting a qualitative study which reports on interviews with professional game localizers and translation scholars from bilingual territories in Spain: the Balearic Islands, the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, and the Valencian Community. The article argues that sociolinguistics has been largely ignored within the emerging field of video game translation, and the implications of and the need to adapt video games into minority languages deserves further investigation. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were held with 5 experts aiming to recall their perceptions and views of the current situation of game localisation in Spain. The analysis of the interviews suggests there is a mismatch between the current reality of video game localisation, which is clearly market-driven, and the scenario for language diversity developed in the European Union and in Spain in the last few decades.
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Ortiz, Luz, Héctor Tillerias, Christian Chimbo, and Veronica Toaza. "Impact on the video game industry during the COVID-19 pandemic." Athenea 1, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/athenea.v1i1.1.
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This work presents trends and comparisons that show a change in the consumption and production of video games in times of confinement due to the health emergency. The video game industry has modified its philosophy and adapted its products to the new requirements and trends of consumers who see in this activity a way to appease the psychological and social impact due to quarantine and isolation. There is evidence of a 65% increase in the use of online video games, which has broken a world record. Products that have new aspects and considerations never before proposed by this great industry have been developed and offered, such as thematic games related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: Video game, pandemic, online games, confinement.
References
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Nguyen, Phuong, and Luong Nguyen. "A study on game consumer behavior." Management Science Letters 11, no. 9 (2021): 2323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2021.6.002.
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In the world, the video game industry has really exploded until about 2000, and since then has achieved great strides, becoming one of the leading forms of the entertainment industry, at least in terms of revenue. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the consumer behavior in the case of video games with three objectives: identify the factors affecting customer satisfaction for video games; analyze these factors to understand how they affect consumer behavior and propose some recommendations to improve the customer satisfaction for video games. Data was collected from 205 Vietnamese gamers addressing the variables of individual, psychological, cultural, and social factors. Regression analysis found that all four factors positively affect consumer behavior, in terms of customer satisfaction, especially cultural factors. The findings of this research analyzed the theoretical foundations of the theory of behavior, based on which investigated the study of consumer behavior of video game services of players in Vietnam by market research, analyze data, thereby helping businesses understand the psychological response, consumer behavior of customers, and can devise appropriate strategies.
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Jimenez, Nadia, Sonia San-Martin, Carmen Camarero, and Rebeca San Jose Cabezudo. "What kind of video gamer are you?" Journal of Consumer Marketing 36, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-06-2017-2249.
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PurposeThis paper aims to attempt to understand the extent to which the effect of motivations on purchase intention varies for diverse segments of video gamers (depending on their personality).Design/methodology/approachInformation was collected from 511 Spanish video game consumers. Structural equation modeling, clustering and multi-group analysis were then conducted to compare results between segments of gamers.FindingsResults show that hedonic, social and mainly addiction motivations lead to purchase intention of game-related products. Moreover, the authors identify a typology of gamer that gives rise to differences in motivations-purchase intention links: Analysts include individuals who are essentially conscientious, prefer inventive or cognitive and simulation games and whose behavior is more influenced by hedonic and social motivations to play; socializers comprise individuals who are mainly extrovert and emotionally stable gamers and who prefer sports and strategy games. The motivations to play that affect their purchase intentions are mainly social; and sentinels include individuals that are unmindful and introvert, prefer inventive, cognitive, sports and simulation games, and whose social motivations drive their purchase intentions.Originality/valueThere are 2,200 million video gamers around the world, although it is assumed that this vast market is not homogeneous, which has implications for consumer motivations and purchase intention. However, the currently available classifications that address this challenge are rather limited. In this sense, the present paper provides valuable insights into understanding how personality offers a useful variable to segment consumers in the video game industry and how it moderates the effect of motivations on purchase behavior.
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Perfilov, Yu A. "COMPOSITIONAL FEATURES OF VIDEO GAME TEXTS DURING THE PERIOD OF 1970-1982." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 30, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2020-30-5-853-858.
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The article discusses the compositional features of the texts of games of various genres, presented on the Western market in the period of 1970-1982. The appeal to the topic of computer games is due to the fact that in domestic linguistics the texts of video games have been little studied at the moment, but in other branches of the humanities there is an active study of games in various aspects of science. Various points of view on the relative understanding of the game and the term “game” are presented in the context of philosophy, linguistics; methods for studying the texts of computer games, directions such as narratology and ludology and their differences are characterized. The topic of the direct dependence of the text of a video game on technological progress is touched upon: the placement of text inside the game or on other sources of information. On the material of such types of texts of video games as an interface, code, instructions, brochure, subtitle, etc., their compositional features are described.
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Abyshko, Alexander, Maria Mironova, Alfia Mutygullina, Ivan Ponomarev, German Sabirov, and Anastasiya Chuvaeva. "Restrictions on freedom of expression in the video games industry in Russia." Interactive Entertainment Law Review 2, no. 1 (June 2019): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ielr.2019.01.02.
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The video games industry is expanding globally, and such markets as Russia have a potential for further growth attracting more and more publishers, and pushing compliance with Russian law into the business frontlines. The aim of this article is to give to the video games developers a survival kit on the Russian market highlighting the most problematic areas for foreign publishers, such as censorship, age ratings and restricted content. The most recent trends in judicial and administrative practice show that Russian jurisdiction is extended by official bodies to foreign businesses targeting the Russian market. The LinkedIn case discussed in this article is a representative example of such an approach. More recently, the district court of Kirov decided to block access on AppStore and Google Play to video games promoting criminal subculture. On the one hand, there are some positive trends for the game industry, like the activity of the Russian government in the field of regulating video games, namely, the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation has recently recognized eSports as an official sport. On the other hand, the Russian market conceals many pitfalls, for example, with regard to restricted content. The situation with respect to freedom of expression, ideas and information continues to deteriorate in all spheres of public life with video games being no exception.
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Seo, Sangho. "The Evolution of Video Game Industry: Applying the Industrial Organization Model to the U.S. Video Game Market." Journal of Korea Game Society 12, no. 6 (December 20, 2012): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7583/jkgs.2012.12.6.47.
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Zhao, Eric Yanfei, Masakazu Ishihara, and P. Devereaux Jennings. "Competing Imitation Strategies In The U.S. Video Game Market." Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, no. 1 (July 2012): 11962. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2012.133.
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Rhee, Hae Kyung, Doo Heon Song, and Jeong Hoon Kim. "Comparative analysis of first person shooter games on game modes and weapons – military-themed, overwatch, and player unknowns’ battleground." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i1.pp116-122.
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First-person shooter is a video game genre centered on gun and other weapon-based combat in a first-person perspective. It is the second most favored genre among young Korean male gamers. Recently, the resurrected old-school-shooter <em>Overwatch</em> and Battle Royale style <em>Player Unknowns’ Battleground</em> enjoy a big success in Korean game market and worldwide meanwhile the military-themed games in the genre have shrunken especially in Korean market. In this paper, we take a comparative analysis on the game structures and game modes and particularly the weapon system used in the game to facilitate the player balancing in the team based combat. Two recent successful games in the genre showed different strengths over traditional military-themed first-person-shooter in this comparative study.
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Dusi, Nicola, Maria Federico, and Marco Furini. "MovieRemix: Having Fun Playing with Videos." International Journal of Computer Games Technology 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/857371.
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The process of producing new creative videos by editing, combining, and organizing pre-existing material (e.g., video shots) is a popular phenomenon in the current web scenario. Known asremixor video remix, the produced video may have new and different meanings with respect to the source material. Unfortunately, when managing audiovisual objects, the technological aspect can be a burden for many creative users. Motivated by the large success of the gaming market, we propose a novel game and an architecture to make the remix process a pleasant and stimulating gaming experience. MovieRemix allows people to act like a movie director, but instead of dealing with cast and cameras, the player has to create a remixed video starting from a given screenplay and from video shots retrieved from the provided catalog. MovieRemix is not a simple video editing tool nor is a simple game: it is a challenging environment that stimulates creativity. To temp to play the game, players can access different levels of screenplay (original, outline, derived) and can also challenge other players. Computational and storage issues are kept at the server side, whereas the client device just needs to have the capability of playing streaming videos.
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Babb, Jeffry, Neil Terry, and Kareem Dana. "The Impact Of Platform On Global Video Game Sales." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2013): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i10.8136.
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This paper examines video game sales by platform in the global market from a period spanning 2006 through 2011. As the home video game industry has rapidly matured and become established as a forefront facet of interactive entertainment in the home, we seek to determine what aspects of the video game market have the greatest impact on sales. This question is particularly poignant, as the maturation of the video game industry has witnessed efforts at both vertical integration and horizontal expansion on the part of the top game publishers and developers in hopes of solidly grounding the industry. This study employs a Kruskal-Wallis test to compare eight different gaming platforms. The results indicate Nintendos Wii was the top selling global platform; Nintendo DS was the second tier; Xbox 360, Sony PlayStation 3, and the personal computer (PC) are in the third tier; the fourth tier consists of Sony PlayStation 2 and Sony PSP; and the retired sixth generation Nintendo GameCube is the lowest sales tier.
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Rietveld, Joost, Joost van Dreunen, and Charles Baden-Fuller. "Game Changers: Business Model Innovation in the UK Market for Digital Video Games." Academy of Management Proceedings 2015, no. 1 (January 2015): 12890. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.12890abstract.
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DIXON, GORDON, and PETER KARBOULONIS. "DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING OF INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE." Journal of Enterprising Culture 08, no. 04 (December 2000): 411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495800000218.
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This paper examines the entertainment software industry within a market perspective. It addresses marketing issues such as acquisitions, mergers, franchising, direct investment, and collaborative arrangements, in an industry where there is significant change in business activity. New entrants in this highly competitive and high value market are identified as being more likely to be developers rather than publishers. Consumer spending in Europe alone for games and interactive entertainment is expected to rise to US $6.1 billion within three years, and by 2002 on-line game players are expected to number five million. Trends point to the income from computer games software and video games surpassing major box office receipts of the motion picture industry. Markets are also emerging to satisfy new classes of consumers both in Europe and in Asia.
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Mangiron, Carme. "Found in Translation: Evolving Approaches for the Localization of Japanese Video Games." Arts 10, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts10010009.
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Japanese video games have entertained players around the world and played an important role in the video game industry since its origins. In order to export Japanese games overseas, they need to be localized, i.e., they need to be technically, linguistically, and culturally adapted for the territories where they will be sold. This article hopes to shed light onto the current localization practices for Japanese games, their reception in North America, and how users’ feedback can contribute to fine-tuning localization strategies. After briefly defining what game localization entails, an overview of the localization practices followed by Japanese developers and publishers is provided. Next, the paper presents three brief case studies of the strategies applied to the localization into English of three renowned Japanese video game sagas set in Japan: Persona (1996–present), Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney (2005–present), and Yakuza (2005–present). The objective of the paper is to analyze how localization practices for these series have evolved over time by looking at industry perspectives on localization, as well as the target market expectations, in order to examine how the dialogue between industry and consumers occurs. Special attention is given to how players’ feedback impacted on localization practices. A descriptive, participant-oriented, and documentary approach was used to collect information from specialized websites, blogs, and forums regarding localization strategies and the reception of the localized English versions. The analysis indicates that localization strategies for Japanese games have evolved over time from a higher to a lower degree of cultural adaptation in order to meet target markets’ expectations. However, it was also noted that despite the increasing tendency to preserve the sociocultural content of the original, the language used in the translations needs to be vivid and idiomatic in order to reach a wider audience and provide an enjoyable gameplay experience.
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Velasquez, Nicole F., Hannah Newman, and Scott Miller. "The Impact Of A Secondary Market On Video Game Purchase Intentions." Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS) 16, no. 3 (July 10, 2012): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v16i3.7129.
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Aygoren, Oguzhan, and Stefan Koch. "Community Support or Funding Amount: Actual Contribution of Reward-Based Crowdfunding to Market Success of Video Game Projects on Kickstarter." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 9195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169195.
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The research provides empirical evidence differentiating between market success and funding success in reward-based crowdfunding campaigns of video games and hypothesizes that the actual contribution of crowdfunding is more stemming from community support and feedback rather than funding amount. The paper uses publicly available data by combining three different sources. Project data from Kickstarter, a large crowdfunding website, in the video game category are extracted and matched with market success variables of ratings and revenues from two other public sources namely Metacritic and Steamspy. Regression results indicate that once the project is successfully funded, the funding amount does not have a significant effect on market success variables. On the other hand, the number of backers as a community support variable is a significant determinant of market success in terms of higher revenues and ratings for a project. Whether the project was successfully funded or not moderates some of the relationships. Prior literature is predominantly focused on crowdfunding success in terms of financing. Yet, this study empirically demonstrates that funding does not necessarily indicate that projects will be successful in the market and further shows the actual contribution of crowdfunding to the market success of video game projects is the community engagement, not the funding amount. This study contributes to the rapidly emerging crowdfunding literature by extending its boundaries from the crowdfunding platforms themselves to the differentiated effects of crowdfunding on market success, which has not been studied thoroughly. This paper provides a new avenue of research by suggesting not solely focusing on funding outcomes but understanding, defining and explaining the dynamics of the community aspect in crowdfunding platforms with their repercussions on market success. Future work can also highlight potential differences in these effects between product groups, as well as more holistically assess market success and capture interactions within the community on crowdfunding platforms.
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Bulut, Ergin. "One-Dimensional Creativity: A Marcusean Critique of Work and Play in the Video Game Industry." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 16, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 757–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v16i2.930.
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Creativity is at the heart of the video game industry. Industry professionals, especially those producing blockbuster games for the triple-A market, speak fondly of their creative labour practices, flexible work schedules, and playful workplaces. However, a cursory glance at major triple-A franchises reveals the persistence of sequel game production and a homogeneity in genres and narratives. Herbert Marcuse’s critique of one-dimensionality may help to account for this discrepancy between the workers’ creative aspirations and the dominant homogeneity in game aesthetics. What I call ‘one-dimensional creativity’ defines the essence of triple-A game production. In the name of extolling the pleasure principle at work, one-dimensional creativity eliminates the reality principle, but only superficially. One-dimensional creativity gives game developers the opportunity to express themselves, but it is still framed by a particular technological rationality that prioritises profits over experimental art. One-dimensional creativity negates potential forms of creativity that might emerge outside the industry’s hit-driven logics. Conceptually, ‘one-dimensional creativity’ renders visible the instrumentalisation of play and the conservative design principles of triple-A game production – a production that is heavily structured with technological performance, better graphics, interactivity, and speed. Multi-dimensional video game production and aesthetics, the opposite of one-dimensional creativity, is emerging from the DIY game production scene, which is more invested in game narratives and aesthetics outside the dominant logics of one-dimensionality in triple-A game production.
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Zhang, Jiahao. "Analysis on the Share Price and Forecasting Calculation Data of Activision Blizzard, Inc. Based on SWOT-Model." E3S Web of Conferences 214 (2020): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021402015.
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In recent years, increasingly advanced technology infrastructure leads to an extraordinary growth of Internet users. By virtue of the explosive growth of the entire Internet industry, the online game industry has shown a rapid development trend, and the overall user scale of online games continues to expand. Meanwhile, the online game industry becomes a good investment market for investors to operate in. This article uses Blizzard as an example to analyze its investment value. Besides, the future trend of the video game industry is analyzed by using the SWOT-model and forecasting calculation data. The result shows that based on the current development of the game industry environment and the same companies in the game industry, Activision Blizzard will have a steady increase in profits in the future. Therefore, it is worth being invested.
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Mangiron, Carmen. "The Localisation of Japanese Video Games." Journal of Internationalization and Localization 2 (January 1, 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.2.01man.
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Over the course of the last three decades the entertainment software industry has become a multibillion dollar industry and a worldwide phenomenon. The United States and Japan have traditionally been the main players in this industry, which owes part of its global success to internationalisation and the associated localisation processes. Due to the cultural distance between Japan and Western countries, Japanese games often undergo extensive cultural adaptation in order to market them successfully in those territories. This paper analyses the localisation of Japanese console games. After presenting a brief overview of the history of the localisation of Japanese games it describes the main internationalisation strategies adopted by Japanese developers and publishers. It also explores the main localisation strategies applied to Japanese games, i.e. domesticating or exoticising, exploring the cultural adaptation processes to which some Japanese games have been subject, and examines how critics and players reacted to the localised versions. Finally, it concludes with a reflection on the extent to which Japanese games should be culturally adapted for their international release in order to strike the right balance between domesticating and exoticising strategies taking into account different factors, such as the genre of the game, the gaming preferences of the target players, and the intended audience.
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Passalacqua, Mario, Raphaël Morin, Sylvain Sénécal, Lennart E. Nacke, and Pierre-Majorique Léger. "Demystifying the First-Time Experience of Mobile Games: The Presence of a Tutorial Has a Positive Impact on Non-Expert Players’ Flow and Continuous-Use Intentions." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4, no. 3 (July 11, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti4030041.
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The purpose of video game tutorials is to help players easily understand new game mechanics and thereby facilitate chances of early engagement with the main contents of one’s game. The mobile game market (i.e., phones and tablets) faces important retention issues caused by a high number of players who abandon games permanently within 24 h of downloading them. A laboratory experiment with 40 players tested how tutorial presence and player expertise impact on users’ psychophysiological states and continuous-use intentions (CUIs). The results suggest that in a simple game context, tutorials have a positive impact on non-expert players’ perceived state of flow and have no effect on expert players’ perceived flow. The results also suggest that flow has a positive impact on CUIs for both experts and non-experts. The theoretical contributions and managerial implications of these results are discussed.
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Brown, Donald E., Anne Moenning, Stephanie Guerlain, Benton Turnbull, Daniel Abel, and Christine Meyer. "Design and evaluation of an avatar-based cultural training system." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 16, no. 2 (October 26, 2018): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512918807593.
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The need for cultural training for members of the military, and supporting government and industrial organizations, has become more important because of the increasing expectations of effective collaborations between people of different cultures in order to achieve common security objectives. Additionally, the number and mix of countries, and cultural groups within those countries, make traditional classroom training less feasible. While good simulations have been built for cultural understanding, they have not been developed widely or used for pre-deployment training. This paper describes and evaluates an avatar-based game for pre-deployment training. The game is built around two scenarios from the Afghan culture: a market scenario, and a local leadership council scenario. The game also allows participants to reverse roles and play the part of an Afghan interacting with an American solider. To evaluate this avatar-based game, we developed an experimental design to test the effectiveness of the game versus commonly used video instruction, and to test the effectiveness of role reversals in training with games. Results show that participants trained with the avatar-based game had significantly improved understanding of Afghan culture ([Formula: see text]). However, role reversal did not improve performance. Additionally, responses to a questionnaire showed that participants in the avatar-based game had a much greater appreciation for their understanding of the Afghan culture than the more video-trained control group.
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Liu, Hongju. "Dynamics of Pricing in the Video Game Console Market: Skimming or Penetration?" Journal of Marketing Research 47, no. 3 (June 2010): 428–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.47.3.428.
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Rydzewski, Rafał. "Assessment of the Financial Condition of Knowledge Based Economy Entities – an Example of Polish Video Game Sector." Studia Humana 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2021-0015.
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Abstract The video game producers are currently in spotlight of market information services. Successes and huge budgets of such companies attract many readers. However, scientific studies related to this sector do not share the same popularity. A reflection on the source of value in this sector shows that what generates revenues is not disclosed in the report. Great examples are customers’ relationships or the value of employees creating the game code and story of the game. Video games producers sector presents a good combination of business and culture that allows reflection on financial characteristics of knowledge based companies. Prior studies show that market’s valuation takes into account unrecognised assets but capital-intensive character of a production and intangibility of a product and its assets causes problems with exact valuation. In this paper the author asks about the impact of the characteristics on the assessment of a financial condition. The research question in this paper is whether it is possible to use and interpret correctly popular discriminant analysis model for knowledge based entities on the example of video game companies. Results are applicable by analysts and managers of this sector and help to determine the usefulness of this method, but it still depends on assumptions and accounting policies. The reflection presented also broadens the discussion on financialisation because analysed companies can oppose this trend in a specific way.
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Raven, Peter, C. Patrick Fleenor, and Kristie Kucur. "Video Streaming in Southeast Asia: Blockbuster at the Edge." Asian Case Research Journal 07, no. 02 (December 2003): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927503000380.
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Blockbuster was a world leader in video rentals and sales, DVDs and video game retail outlets. Their international expansion strategy called for developing the video streaming market. Determining the ideal location for their first initiative is the subject of this case. A decision must be made between Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. The choice was not obvious, as all three had both positive and some less attractive features. Broadband was a requirement for video streaming and is already in use in the region, at least to some extent. However, several marketing issues arose. Realizing that success in the initial market would have a strong influence on the likelihood of success in South-East Asia and perhaps in the larger Asia-Pacific region, the decision as to which country to select and how to approach the market with video streaming was critical.
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Rydzewski, Rafał. "Market-to-Book Ratio and Creative Industries– Example of Polish Video Games Developers." Economics and Culture 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2019-0015.
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Abstract Research purpose. There are many reasons for which a growing interest in research and analysis of video game developers is observed. First, it results from attractive high rates of return on investment in this sector. Second, video games developers, in the author’s opinion, constitute a good combination of business and culture which is a ground for development of creative industry. A capital-intensive process of production and the intangibility of video games cause a problem in valuation of developers. Market participants who value future cash flows are in conflict with a historical cost approach used in accounting. This leads to a question of whether the confrontation of these two extreme ways of valuation could be a valuable measure of unrecognised assets for the analysis of video games sector and, as a consequence, of creative industry. The aim of the study is to explore a possible role and use of market-to-book ratio for analysis of this sector. Design/Methodology/Approach. The study starts with a literature review on market-to-book ratio applied to knowledge-based industries. The second part of the research is a comparison of results obtained for 19 biggest listed representatives of the video games sector in Poland to other sectors of Warsaw Stock Exchange. Further analysis juxtaposes the selected Polish representatives with world’s biggest ones in this sector. This will allow to draw conclusions about the usefulness of the examined ratio. Findings. The research shows that the video games sector represents noticeably higher level of market-to book ratio than other industries in Poland and is comparable to the world’s representatives. It can be stated that the market’s valuation takes into account unrecognised assets (intellectual capital), which are greatly related to possible future cash flows. What is interesting is that, for some of the selected Polish companies, market-to-book ratio keeps decreasing compared to the levels at IPO. This refers to market efficiency in relation to possible speculative bubbles which companies of this sector are often accused of. Originality/Value/Practical implications. The obtained results are applicable to the investors, analysts and managers of this sector. The research conducted enables a better understanding of the market-to-book ratio as an indicator of economic standing of creative industry companies and its earnings’ prediction.
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Ibrahim, Amer, Hamzah Alkhazaleh, Nahel Abdallah, M. A. Habli, and Tawfik Zeki. "Using Playability Heuristics to Evaluate Player Experience in Educational Video Games." GIS Business 14, no. 6 (December 12, 2019): 667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i6.15027.
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Educational video games (EVG) provide a rich platform to improve the Player Experience (PX), and constitute some of the main edutainment applications currently in the market. However, the evaluation of video games as educational tools is very difficult due to their dual nature (fun and education). In some cases, PX (as an usability measure) is a very important aspect of the EVGs and is a good measure of the level of fun and education presented to players. Educational Playability (playability in EVG) attributes are a suitable and effective tool to analyze and measure the experience obtained by a player during a game. To this end, it is necessary to evaluate the playability to determine the degree of improvement in PX. Playability evaluation through different methods is one of the major topics of PX in video games. In this paper, we present a new approach to evaluate the PX by using the educational playability.
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Vvedenskaya, Anna. "Common features of video games and social networks: importance for international taxation." Interactive Entertainment Law Review 3, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ielr.2020.02.03.
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In the last decade, significant review and change have been done regarding the taxation of profits from multinational companies. The OECD BEPS Action 1 is focused on granting additional taxing rights to jurisdictions where the customers of the service are located. This is because consumers add to the value creation process (prosumers), together with the company itself. Many enterprises do not have a physical presence at market jurisdictions because of the worldwide digitalization of the business process. With distant sales, they avoid sufficient taxation at the source countries. Multiple jurisdictions, businesses, and individuals provided various taxing rights allocation proposals. OECD considered some of them as possible ways to address the issue of under-taxation at market jurisdiction. This article evaluates the applicability of the OECD analysis of the value creation to the video games industry under the angle of differences and similarities between single-player and multi-player video games with social networks. This work is focused on the differences related to user participation and network effects for the value creation process. It explores the importance of the user participation and network effects for the value creation process of single-player and multi-player video games, to find if that respective taxing rights allocation should be different for these types of video game. It also analyses main proposals on taxing rights allocation, their applicability to the industry, and if these proposals acknowledge the differences in value creation based on the network effects of the video game. It was found that the existing proposals are not always consistent with the preparatory work on value creation analysis performed by the OECD and do not consider the named differences. The results of this work support the position that the proposals, including the most recent one, meet the existing urge for the taxing rights reallocation, but are mainly politically-driven and not always in line with the existing principles of international tax law.
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Vvedenskaya, Anna. "Common features of video games and social networks: importance for international taxation." Interactive Entertainment Law Review 3, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ielr.2020.02.03.
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In the last decade, significant review and change have been done regarding the taxation of profits from multinational companies. The OECD BEPS Action 1 is focused on granting additional taxing rights to jurisdictions where the customers of the service are located. This is because consumers add to the value creation process (prosumers), together with the company itself. Many enterprises do not have a physical presence at market jurisdictions because of the worldwide digitalization of the business process. With distant sales, they avoid sufficient taxation at the source countries. Multiple jurisdictions, businesses, and individuals provided various taxing rights allocation proposals. OECD considered some of them as possible ways to address the issue of under-taxation at market jurisdiction. This article evaluates the applicability of the OECD analysis of the value creation to the video games industry under the angle of differences and similarities between single-player and multi-player video games with social networks. This work is focused on the differences related to user participation and network effects for the value creation process. It explores the importance of the user participation and network effects for the value creation process of single-player and multi-player video games, to find if that respective taxing rights allocation should be different for these types of video game. It also analyses main proposals on taxing rights allocation, their applicability to the industry, and if these proposals acknowledge the differences in value creation based on the network effects of the video game. It was found that the existing proposals are not always consistent with the preparatory work on value creation analysis performed by the OECD and do not consider the named differences. The results of this work support the position that the proposals, including the most recent one, meet the existing urge for the taxing rights reallocation, but are mainly politically-driven and not always in line with the existing principles of international tax law.
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Koscelníková, Mária. "The localization of video games into less widely spoken languages that share a common history." Journal of Internationalization and Localization 8, no. 1 (September 13, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.20013.kos.
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Abstract Even though video games are highly popular, localization into Slovak is rather rare and the language struggles to maintain a presence in the video game industry. This is partly because Slovak is a less widely spoken language, and also because it is mutually intelligible with the more dominant Czech language, having a common history. Our paper examines the Slovak-Czech parallels in the respective language-, audiovisual- and multimedia- related legislation as well as market practices. A similar comparative analysis is conducted with other less widely spoken European languages, namely Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian. Our results show that among the examined languages, Czech is by far in the strongest position as a supported language in video games on various platforms whereas Slovak, Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian are hardly present. We hope that the results of our research will stimulate the discussion on this issue.
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Martín Muñoz, Diego, and Luis Miguel Pedrero Esteban. "Deporte y espectáculo en la narrativa de los 'e-sports': el caso de 'League of Legends'." INDEX COMUNICACION 11, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33732/ixc/11/02deport.
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e-sports have stablished themselves in the leisure and entertainment digital market with similar number of followers, turnover and advertising to those of traditional mass sports. In addition to fostering individual fantasy without space-time limitations as it happens with video games, esports are articulated on discursive strategies and techniques that expand the emotional bond between the player, the sport and the audience. This article identifies and describes the evolution of video games throughout their history, the conversion of many of them into e-sports —clarifying the elements that make a discipline such us a videogame becomes a spectacle—, and focuses on the ludic proporsal of e-sports from a case study on League of Legends, the world's most popular title, whose unique narrative strategy has made it a game, sport and spectacle hybrid.
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Sherrick, Brett, and Mike Schmierbach. "The Effects of Evaluative Reviews on Market Success in the Video Game Industry." Computer Games Journal 5, no. 3-4 (October 5, 2016): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40869-016-0027-y.
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Chintagunta, Pradeep K., Harikesh S. Nair, and R. Sukumar. "Measuring marketing-mix effects in the 32/64 bit video-game console market." Journal of Applied Econometrics 24, no. 3 (March 3, 2009): 421–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jae.1056.
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Anisimova, A. T. "Phenomenon of computer game in translation discourse." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2018-2-82-86.
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The article introduces a phenomenon of computer game as an emerging field in translation studies. The development and expanding of the world industry of interactive entertainment demands a proficient video games translation of high quality as the international market of video products is dominated by American and Japanese producers. The author discusses the issues of videogames translation in the concept field of localization as a videogames is not only an audiovisual product but a software product. The concept of translation and translator’s competence is about to leave the traditional equivalency paradigm and needs the application of other dimensions. The article discusses the genre classification of videogames, characteristics and difficulties of RPG translation, various simulators translation. The author analyses the most popular translation strategies used by the modern translators of multimedia products: foreignization – keeping a “foreign flavor” of the text; domestication – texts adaptation to the particular features and standards of the target culture; no translation strategy – leaving the original titles, names, culture references without translation. The dominant translation strategy influences the localization strategy and others.
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Puspitasari, Ira, Elzha Odie Syahputra, Indra Kharisma Raharjana, and Ferry Jie. "The Continuance Intention of User’s Engagement in Multiplayer Video Games based on Uses and Gratifications Theory." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence 4, no. 2 (October 28, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jisebi.4.2.131-138.
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One of the key success factors in video game industry, including multiplayer video game (MVG), is the user’s continuance intention. The MVG industry runs in a highly competitive market. Users can shift to another game as soon as they discover a slightly inconvenient issue. Thus, maintaining the user’s enthusiasm in playing MVG for a long time is challenging for most games. The solution to prolong the users’ engagement can be initiated by identifying all factors that facilitate the continuance use of playing MVG. This study applied uses and gratifications theory to examine seven variables (enjoyment, fantasy, escapism, social interaction, social presence, achievement, and self-presentation) and the moderating effects of age and gender on the MVG continuance intention. The data analysis and the model development were tested based on Partial Least Square method using the responses of 453 MVG users. The results revealed that enjoyment, fantasy, social interaction, achievement, and self-presentation significantly affected the continuance intention of playing MVG, with enjoyment being the strongest variable. The result also demonstrated the moderating effect of age and gender on the relation between independent variables and continuance intention. The results and findings offered additional insights into the system development to enhance the information system application.
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Muguro, Joseph K., Pringgo Widyo Laksono, Yuta Sasatake, Kojiro Matsushita, and Minoru Sasaki. "User Monitoring in Autonomous Driving System Using Gamified Task: A Case for VR/AR In-Car Gaming." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 5, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti5080040.
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Background: As Automated Driving Systems (ADS) technology gets assimilated into the market, the driver’s obligation will be changed to a supervisory role. A key point to consider is the driver’s engagement in the secondary task to maintain the driver/user in the control loop. This paper aims to monitor driver engagement with a game and identify any impacts the task has on hazard recognition. Methods: We designed a driving simulation using Unity3D and incorporated three tasks: No-task, AR-Video, and AR-Game tasks. The driver engaged in an AR object interception game while monitoring the road for threatening road scenarios. Results: There was a significant difference in the tasks (F(2,33) = 4.34, p = 0.0213), identifying the game-task as significant with respect to reaction time and ideal for the present investigation. Game scoring followed three profiles/phases: learning, saturation, and decline profile. From the profiles, it is possible to quantify/infer drivers’ engagement with the game task. Conclusion: The paper proposes alternative monitoring that has utility, i.e., entertaining the user. Further experiments with AR-Games focusing on the real-world car environment will be performed to confirm the performance following the recommendations derived from the current test.
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Inoue, Yuki. "Winner-Takes-All or Co-Evolution among Platform Ecosystems: A Look at the Competitive and Symbiotic Actions of Complementors." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 30, 2019): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030726.
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Technological platforms such as hardware or systems form platform ecosystems, which are communities orchestrated by platform providers, outside complementors such as software providers, and consumers. Previous studies have suggested that a winner-takes-all situation among platform ecosystems could be induced by interactions between complementors and consumers. However, our observation of the Japanese video game market over the last 30 years indicated that complementors (i.e., software providers) usually seek to avoid winner-takes-all situations and, instead, promote symbiotic situations. Using the Lotka–Volterra equations from biology as a reference, we developed a model to understand the competitive behavior of complementors among platform ecosystems. We used a 19-year (1996–2015) dataset on the Japanese video game market and confirmed that complementors took as many actions to create symbiotic situations as they took to create winner-takes-all situations, if not more. Our results show that such actions by complementors are influenced by several factors of platform ecosystems. This study also suggests that certain complementors that contribute to symbiotic co-existence within a platform ecosystem could emerge as keystone firms/companies. These complementors could contribute to the sustainability of platform-based markets and facilitate the co-existence of multiple platform ecosystems.
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Liu, Yuqi, Yao Song, and Ryoichi Tamura. "Hedonic and Utilitarian Motivations of Home Motion-Sensing Game Play Behavior in China: An Empirical Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 8794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238794.
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As an important branch of video games and the integration of emerging motion-sensing technology, home motion-sensing games cannot only bring hedonic entertainment but also promote utilitarian benefits including exercise and social interaction for people to improve their physical and psychological health. As one of the most populous countries in the world, China has the largest number of households in the world but quite a low home game penetration rate due to the 13 year game industry winter for international enterprises. Whether Chinese customers have the intention of using motion-sensing games to improve their health status in the home environment will directly determine the commercial potential of the relevant industry in the Chinese market. In order to understand the motives of users and explore the market possibility and prospects of the game industry, this study adopts empirical research and structural equation modeling to construct a motivation model of Chinese consumers toward motion-sensing gameplay behavior in the household environment. We distributed 515 questionnaires to conduct a survey; 427 valid responses have been received, and 203 data, which meet the inclusion criteria of the required game experience, have been analyzed by SPSS25.0 and AMOS25.0. A structural equation model for the gameplay motivation has been constructed. The result shows that the three functional motivators, exercise (Path efficient = 0.40, p < 0.01), entertainment (Path efficient = 0.27, p < 0.01), and social interaction (Path efficient = 0.36, p < 0.01) of home motion-sensing games have a significantly positive impact on the user’s intention to play. Furthermore, the diversity and the time-and-place flexibility variables exert an important positive influence on the users’ gameplay behavior through their effects on the three main functional motive variables. To sum up, (1) exercise, (2) entertainment, and (3) social interaction are the main functional motivations of the Chinese consumers’ gameplay behaviors; (4) diversity and (5) time-and-place flexibility are the two main attribute motivators. The acceptance of Chinese users for home motion-sensing games remains positive and high. The motion-sensing game industry has broad market prospects in China through its potential in promoting consumer’s wellness and health in the home environment.
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Švelch, Jan. "Mediatization of a card game: Magic: The Gathering, esports, and streaming." Media, Culture & Society 42, no. 6 (October 16, 2019): 838–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719876536.
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Magic: The Gathering is a household name among analog games. Its publisher, Wizards of the Coast, has experimented with digital adaptations since the late 1990s, however, it was only in 2018–2019 when the company announced a more radical push for the video game market, including a strategy for streaming and esports. By analyzing streaming content, paratextual elements, and online discussions leading up to the first major digital tournament, I explore the attempted and heavily promoted transition of Magic: The Gathering from a primarily analog card game toward a transmedia esports property. Beside conflicting reactions from players and fans to particular aspects of this transformation, this change brings along deepened mediatization of the game as a way to improve the spectator experience by following the media logics of streaming and esports. Professional players in the newly formed esports league along with other sponsored content creators were recruited to serve as advocates for this transition.
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Cox, Joe. "Play It Again, Sam? Versioning in the Market for Second-hand Video Game Software." Managerial and Decision Economics 38, no. 4 (April 22, 2016): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.2800.
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King, Skyler, Ismail Karabas, and Anthony Allred. "Nintendo’s next move." CASE Journal 16, no. 3 (April 29, 2020): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-09-2019-0082.
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Case overview/synopsis In the 1980s and 1990s, Nintendo was dominating the video game industry with a market share of 90 per cent. Since that time, market share has dropped substantially with new competitors, new technology and changing consumer preferences. This case examines the history of Nintendo including its loss of market share in a rapidly changing industry. Complexity academic level This case is suitable for undergraduate courses in strategic management where an instructor’s focus is on strategic decision-making.
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Rysman, Marc. "The Economics of Two-Sided Markets." Journal of Economic Perspectives 23, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.3.125.
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Broadly speaking, a two-sided market is one in which 1) two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform, and 2) the decisions of each set of agents affects the outcomes of the other set of agents, typically through an externality. In the case of a video game system, the intermediary is the console producer—Sony in the scenario above—while the two sets of agents are consumers and video game developers. Neither consumers nor game developers will be interested in the PlayStation if the other party is not. Similarly, a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance, where both consumers and merchants value each others' participation. Many more products fit into this paradigm, such as search engines, newspapers, and almost any advertiser-supported media (examples in which consumers typically negatively value, rather than positively value, the participation of the other side), as well as most software or title-based operating systems and consumer electronics. This paper seeks to explain what two-sided markets are and why they interest economists. I discuss the strategies that firms typically consider, and I highlight a number of puzzling outcomes from the perspective of the economics of two-sided markets. Finally, I consider the implications for public policy, particularly antitrust and regulatory policy, where there have been a number of recent issues involving media, computer operating systems, and payment cards.