Academic literature on the topic 'Viehbock, F. P. (Franz P.)'

Correction for ‘Robert Willis and Franz Reuleaux: pioneers in the theory of machines’ by F. C. Moon (Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 57 , 209–230. (doi: 10.1098/rsnr.2003.0207 )). p. 228. The legend to figure 11 should read as follows: Figure 11. Sketch by Willis of the front claw of a common crab. From R. Willis, Principles of mechanism, 2nd edn (London 1870).

Background. In recent years musicologists revealed an increasing interest in the problem of historical typology of F. Schubert’s composer style. In fact, scholars question possibility to characterize it as romantic, in their turn suggesting another interpretations and characteristics. For instance, M. Brown avoids usage of the term “Romantic” referring to F. Schubert, insisting on him being a part of a Classical tradition. In order to substantiate his viewpoint, the scholar appeals to harmony of the composer, where novelties, according to M. Brown, are not in fact innovations but incredibly skilful incarnation of Classical ideas. More moderate opinion on the discussed problem is stated by Ch. Rosen (2003). While acknowledging “revolutionary” nature of F. Schubert’s harmony, the scholar simultaneously points out a “special status” of the composer in musical art, a status not allowing to apply neither Classical, nor Romantic standards to the works of master. Consequently, as Ch. Rosen says, F. Schubert ended up being “in-between” Classical tradition and Romantic innovations. In his earlier study (1997) abovementioned author uses term “Postclassicism” referring to F. Schubert and other artists of his generation. A collision “F. Schubert – L. van Beethoven” is regarded both by Е.Badura-Skoda (2004) and J. Daverio (2002). The latter one tries to solve it while regarding it through prism of R. Schumann’s observation on this problem. Thus, it is obvious that reception of F. Schubert’s style as typologically ambiguous has a long-lasting history dating back to Romantic era. This intrigue can be found in researches of XX century as well. For example, phenomenon of style of F. Schubert’s chamber works has become a topic of P. Wolfius’ rumination, who defined it as “intermediate” (1974). Mentioned above works of the last third of XX century and beginning of XXI century prove relevance of the problem of historical typology of F. Schubert’s composer style for modern musicology. This calls for its further development through analytical studying of musical material while using historically-typological method of research. In the given aspect, special attention should be drawn to early works by composer, including four Violin sonatas. Objectives. The goal of this paper is to comprehend stylistic phenomenon of these works as a result of mixture of Classical experience gained by F. Schubert and first signs of his oncoming individual view on the essence of music and sound. Methods. In order to achieve this goal, the author of current work uses a periodization of F. Schubert’s chamber legacy, created by H. Gleason and W. Becker (1988) as well as models of “biography scenario”, revealed by N. Savytska (2010). According to the former one, Violin sonatas, written in 1816–1817, don’t belong to the “mature” works; at the same time according to the latter ones, due to F. Schubert’s style evolution being smooth and gradual its starting and finishing points have no radical discrepancies, that would be caused by the change of orientation of composer’s creative method, and as a result, in the early works one can discern some key features of the mature ones. It is relevant, among others, for the sonata genre, where composers first achievements, incidentally, were made in its violin type, preceding highly individual accomplishments of piano sonatas. This situation in the given article is explained as a result of a composer becoming more and more mature as a musician through his life, undoubtedly influenced by special features of this process. Results and discussion. Given that F. Schubert’s Violin sonatas are named differently by performers, publishers and scholars (op. 137 consists of three Sonatas or Sonatinas, op. 162 is also known as “Duo”), it was necessary to conduct a research basing on various sources (Holl, 1973; Vetter, 1953; Deutsch, 1978), in order to ensure righteousness of definition of all the pieces regarded as “sonata”. On the foreground of observation on F. Schubert’s understanding of the cycle it was possible to reveal composer’s loyalty to rules of his time. Sonata ор. 137 № 1 is composed as a classical three-movement model; subsequent ones, including op. 162, embody four-movement model, and that can be a reason to draw parallels between F. Schubert and L. van Beethoven. Individual steps of the journey of author’s self-identification as a composer are traced. Sonata ор. 137 № 1 is marked by frequent employment of variative development in the principal theme of the first movement, that causes its turning into digressive episode; inclusion of contrasting episode in the middle sections of Andante in Sonatas ор. 137 № 2–3 (that is not prescribed by chosen musical form) foreshadows tonal device, favoured by F. Schubert in his mature works – preference to Subdominant sphere over Dominant in four-movement cycle with tonal and dramaturgical highlighting of pair “lyricism – game” in middle movements (slow ones and Minuets); binarity of tonal centres in expositions and even recapitulations of sonata form being substituted by ternarity, that causes a whole section to be a principal unit of structure etc. Sonata op. 162 acquires significance of climax in F. Schubert’s ascent to self-identity in sonata genre. Its expanded structure, including gigantic development of the Finale, Minuet being substituted by Scherzo, parts of performers being completely equal in every respect allow to regard this work as first “Grand Sonata” in F. Schubert’s legacy. Moreover – experience gained by composer while creating it will be applied in cyclic composition for piano in mature period of creativity. Conclusions. In Conclusions analytical observations are summarized and generalized as well as levels of artistic structure of Violin sonatas, incarnating specifics of F. Schubert’s understanding of music as a composer of his historical time, are revealed.

Background:Gender differences in prevalence and disease course are known in various rheumatic diseases; however, investigations of gender difference concerning therapeutical response have yielded variable results.Objectives:The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate, whether a gender difference in response rate to biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and apremilast in bDMARD-naïve patients could be observed across the three most prevalent inflammatory arthritis diseases: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondylarthritis (SpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Additionally, a response to individual TNF blockers was investigated in this respect.Methods:Data from bDMARD-naïve RA-, SpA- and PsA-patients from Bioreg, the Austrian registry for biological DMARDs in rheumatic diseases, were used. Patients with a baseline (Visit 1=V1) and follow-up visits at 6 months (Visit 2=V2) and 12 months (Visit 3=V3) were included and response to therapy with TNF-inhibitors (TNFi), furthermore to therapy with rituximab, tocilizumab and apremilast was analyzed according to gender. The remaining bDMARDs were not analyzed due to small numbers. Key response-parameter for RA was disease activity score (DAS28), whereas for PsoA the Stockerau Activity Score for Psoriatic Arthritis (SASPA) and for SpA the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) were employed; in addition, the Health assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) was used. Data were analyzed in R Statistic stratified by gender using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests.Results:354 women and 123 men with RA (n=477), 81 women and 69 men with PsA (n=150), 121 women and 191 men with SpA (n=312) were included. No significant differences in biometrics was seen between female and male patients at baseline in all diseases.In RA patients overall DAS28 decreased from baseline (V1) to V2 and V3 (DAS28: V1: male: 4.38 [3.66, 5.11], female: 4.30 [3.68, 5.03], p(m/f) = 0.905; V2: male: 2.66 [1.73, 3.63], female: 3.10 [2.17, 3.98], p(m/f) = 0.015; V3: male: 2.25 [1.39, 3.36], female: 3.01 [1.87, 3.87], p(m/f) = 0.002). For TNF inhibitors (n=311), there was a significant difference between genders at V2 (Fig.1a). Patients receiving Rituximab (n=41) displayed a significantly higher DAS28 at baseline in females, which diminished in the follow up: V1: (p(m/f) p=0.002; V2: p=0.019; V3: p=0.13); response to tocilizumab (n=63) did not show any gender differences.In PsA patients overall SASPA decreased from baseline (V1) to V2 and V3 (SASPA: V1: male: 4.00 [2.80, 5.20], female: 4.40 [2.80, 5.80], p(m/f) = 0.399; V2: male: 2.20 [1.20, 3.50], female: 3.40 [2.00, 5.00], p(m/f) = 0.071; V3: male: 1.80 [0.80, 2.70], female: 3.01 [2.35, 4.80], p(m/f) = 0.001). For TNF inhibitors (n=79), there was a significant difference between genders at V3 (Fig 1a). For Apremilast (n=39), there was a significant difference between genders at V2 (Fig.1c).In SpA patients overall BASDAI decreased from baseline (V1) to V2 and V3 (BASDAI: V1: male: 4.70 [2.88, 6.18], female: 4.80 [3.30, 6.20], p(m/f) = 0.463; V2: male: 3.05 [2.00, 4.60], female: 3.64 [2.62, 5.41], p(m/f) = 0.039; V3: male: 3.02 [1.67, 4.20], female: 3.65 [2.18, 5.47], p(m/f) = 0.016). In V3 a differential BASDAI in response to TNFi (n=299) was observed (Fig.1a).Possible differences of response to individual TNFi (etanercept, infliximab, other TNFi) measured by HAQ were investigated in all diseases together. The difference between male and females was significant at baseline for all 3 TNFi; whereas with the use of ETA the significant difference was carried through to V2 and V3, it was lost with the use of IFX and was variable with the other TNFi (Fig.1b)Figure 1.Conclusion:Female patients showed a statistically lower response to TNFi in all three disease entities (RA, SpA and PsoA) to a variable degree in our homogenous central european population. Interestingly, the difference was not uniform across individual TNFi when measured by HAQ. Gender differences were also seen in response to Apremilast.Disclosure of Interests:Elisabeth Loibner: None declared, Valentin Ritschl: None declared, Burkhard Leeb Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Actiopharm, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Kwizda, Celgene, Sandoz, Grünenthal, Eli-Lilly, Grant/research support from: TRB, Roche, Consultancies: AbbVie, Amgen, Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Celgene, Grünenthal, Kwizda, Eli-Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz;, Peter Spellitz: None declared, Gabriela Eichbauer-Sturm: None declared, Jochen Zwerina: None declared, Manfred Herold: None declared, Miriam Stetter: None declared, Rudolf Puchner Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Janssen, Kwizda, MSD, Pfizer, Celgene, Grünenthal, Eli-Lilly, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Pfizer, Celgene, Grünenthal, Eli-Lilly, Franz Singer: None declared, Ruth Fritsch-Stork: None declared

Michael Lappert was one of the giants of twentieth-century organometallic chemistry. His research, carried out over six decades and leading to about 800 publications, had a profound and influential effect on the field, and his contributions covered almost every block of the Periodic Table. His early reputation was established by his extensive studies in boron chemistry exemplified by the reports of BCl 4 − , BN cyclobutadiene analogues, triborylamines, BCl 3 -catalysed ortho -Claisen rearrangements and evidence for restricted rotation about the B–N bond in aminoboranes. He had a lifelong interest in amides, including those of carbon, and especially electron-rich olefins, which remarkably were the ready source of numerous transition-metal carbene complexes. The last could also be obtained directly from the Vilsmeier reagent. He was the first to show that a carbene complex may act as an initiator of olefin metathesis. Later interests concerned the syntheses of new types of compound from all blocks of the Periodic Table driven by his imaginative use of new types of ligand (either sterically crowded or having no β-hydrogen atoms, often including SiMe 3 or Bu t substituents to confer lipophilicity). The use of CH n SiMe (3− n ) ( n = 0, 1 or 2) to stabilize transition-metal alkyl compounds was a major advance, because at the time stable homoleptic (a term he introduced) transition-metal alkyl compounds were unknown. He showed that the −CH(SiMe 3 ) 2 ligand could stabilize both low-coordinate transition metal and lanthanide compounds. Similarly, carbene analogues of the Main Group 14 elements germanium, tin and lead were obtained. Surprisingly in the solid state, these species were weakly dimerized (for example R 2 Sn=SnR 2 ), and unexpectedly exhibited a pyramidalized geometry at the heavy element. The latter had very significant bonding implications, because it differed fundamentally from the well-known planar structure of the corresponding alkenes. The first persistent or stable paramagnetic heavier Main Group element species MR 2 (M = P or As) and MR 3 (M = Ge or Sn) were also obtained while parallel work using −N(SiMe 3 ) 2 resulted in the corresponding Main Group amido derivatives. Other lipophilic ligands, such as β-diketiminates, were also widely used, as were bulky aryloxo and thiolato ligands, to obtain stable low-coordinate Main Group species. The first examples of d- and f-block species containing bridging alkyl groups were described. Those who worked with him cited his vast knowledge and supportive low-key advisory style, which ensured a contented and productive laboratory atmosphere. In addition to his scientific work, he was deeply interested in opera, literature and the theatre, about which he could talk knowledgeably.

A list of Curculionoidea (Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae, Brentidae, Apionidae, Nanophyidae, Brachyceridae, Curculionidae, Erirhinidae, Raymondionymidae, Dryoph-thoridae, Scolytidae, Platypodidae) thus far known from Italy is drawn up, updating that by Abbazzi et al. published in 1995. Distributional data of each species are given for broad regions such as northern, central, southern Italy, Sicily and Sardinia. New synonymies are: Acentrotypus laevigatus (Kirby, 1808) (= A. brunnipes (Boheman, 1839), syn.nov.), Ceutorhynchus talickyi Korotyaev, 1980 (= C. strejceki Dieckmann, 1981, syn. nov.), Ceutorhynchus pallipes Crotch,1866 (= Curculio minutus Reich, 1797 not Drury, [1773], syn. nov.; = Curculio contractus Marsham, 1802 not Fourcroy, 1785, syn. nov.), Dodecastichus consentaneus (Boheman, 1843) (= D. c. latialis (Solari & Solari, 1915), syn. nov.; = D. c. dimorphus (Solari & Solari, 1915), syn. nov.; = D. c. pentricus Di Marco & Osella, 2001, syn. nov.), Dodecastichus dalmatinus (Gyllenhal, 1843) (= D. d. lauri (Stierlin, 1861), syn. nov.), Dodecastichus mastix (Olivier, 1807) (= D. m. perlongus (Solari & Solari, 1915), syn. nov.; = D. m. scabrior (Reitter, 1913), syn. nov.), Dorytomus Germar, 1817 (= D. subgen. Chaetodorytomus Iablokov-Khnzorian, 1970, syn. nov.; = D. subgen. Euolamus Reitter, 1916, syn. nov.; = D. subgen. Olamus Reitter, 1916, syn. nov.), Exapion Bedel, 1887 (= Ulapion Ehret, 1997, syn. nov.), Larinus ursus (Fabricius, 1792) (= L. carinirostris Gyllenhal, 1837, syn. nov.; = L. genei Boheman, 1843, syn. nov.), Lixini Schönherr, 1823 (= Rhinocyllini Lacordaire, 1863, syn. nov.), Metacinops rhinomacer Kraatz, 1862 (= M. calabrus Stierlin, 1892, syn. nov.), Microplontus nigrovittatus (Schultze,1901) (= Ceutorhynchus subfasciatus Chevrolat, 1860 not Schönherr, 1826, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus amicalis cenomanus Colonnelli & Magnano, nom. nov. (= O. a. lessinicus (Osella, 1983) not O. lessinicus Franz, 1938, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus anophthalmoides omeros nom. nov. (= O. a. istriensis (F. Solari, 1955) not Germar, 1824, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus anthracinus (Scopoli, 1763) (= O. calabrus Stierlin, 1880, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus armadillo (Rossi, 1792) (= O. halbherri Stierlin, 1890, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus clibbianus Colonnelli & Magnano, nom. nov. (= O. judicariensis (Osella, 1983) not Reitter, 1913, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus cornicinus Stierlin, 1861 (= Curculio laevigatus Fabricius, 1792 not Paykull, 1792, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus fortis Rosenhauer, 1847 (= O. fortis valarsae Reitter, 1913, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus nodosus (O. F. Müller, 1764) (= O. nodosus comosellus Boheman, 1843, syn. nov.; = O. nodosus gobanzi Gredler, 1868, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus pupillatus Gyllenhal, 1834 (= O. p. angustipennis Stierlin, 1883, syn. nov.; = O. venetus F. Solari, 1947, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus serradae Colonnelli & Magnano, nom. nov. (= O. carinatus (Osella 1983) not (Paykull, 1792), syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus strigirostris Boheman, 1843 (= O. aterrimus : Di Marco & Osella, 2002 not Boheman, 1843, syn. nov.; = O. calvus Fiori, 1899, syn. nov.), O. sulcatus (Fabricius, 1775) (= O. linearis Stierlin, 1861, syn. nov.), Otiorhynchus tenebricosus (Herbst, 1784) (= O. olivieri Abbazzi & Osella, 1992, syn. nov.), Phrydiuchus augusti Colonnelli, nom. nov. (= Ceuthorrhynchus speiseri Schultze, 1897 not C. speiseri Frivaldszkyi, 1894, syn. nov.), Phyllobius maculicornis Germar, 1824 (= P. m. lucanus Solari & Solari, 1903, syn. nov.), Phyllobius pyri (Linné, 1758) (= P. vespertinus (Fabricius, 1792), syn. nov.), Polydrusus subgen. Chaerodrys Jacquelin du Val, [1854] (= P. subgen. Metadrosus Schilsky, 1910, syn. nov.), Polydrusus subgen. Eudipnus C. G. Thomson, 1859 (= P. subgen. Chrysoyphis Gozis, 1882, syn. nov.; P. subgen. Thomsoneonymus Desbrochers, 1902, syn. nov.), Polydrusus subgen. Eurodrusus Korotyaev & Meleshko, 1997 (= P. subgen. Neoeustolus Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999, syn. nov.), Polydrusus armipes Brullé, 1832 (= P. a. faillae Desbrochers, 1859, syn. nov.), Pseudomyllocerus invreae invreae (F. Solari, 1948) (= Curculio cinerascens Fabricius, 1792 not [Gmelin], 1790], syn. nov. ), Zacladus Reitter, 1916 (= Z. subgen. Amurocladus Korotyaev, 1997, syn. nov.; = Z. subgen. Angarocladus Korotyaev, 1997, syn. nov.; = Z. subgen. Gobicladus Korotyaev, 1997, syn. nov.; = Z. subgen. Scythocladus Korotyaev, 1997, syn. nov.). New placements are: Amalini Wagner, 1936 as a tribe from synonymy under Ceutorhynchini; Acentrotypus Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990, Aizobius Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990, Aspidapion Schilsky, 1901, Catapion Schilsky, 1906, Ceratapion Schilsky, 1901, Cistapion Wagner, 1924,Cyanapion Bokor, 1923, Diplapion Reitter, 1916, Eutrichapion Reitter, 1916, Exapion Bedel, 1887, Helianthemapion Wagner, 1930, Hemitrichapion Voss, 1959, Holotrichapion Györffy, 1956, Ischnopterapion Bokor, 1923, Ixapion Roudier & Tempère,1973, Kalcapion Schilsky, 1906, Lepidapion Schilsky, 1906, Melanapion Wagner, 1930, Mesotrichapion Györffy, 1956, Metapion Schilsky, 1906, Omphalapion Schilsky, 1901, Onychapion Schilsky, 1901, Oryxolaemus AlonsoZarazaga, 1990, Osellaeus Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990, Perapion Wagner, 1907, Phrissotrichum Schilsky, 1901, Pirapion Reitter, 1916, Protapion Schilsky, 1908, Pseudapion Schilsky, Pseudoperapion Wagner, 1930, Pseudoprotapion Ehret, 1990, Pseudostenapion Wagner, 1930, Rhodapion AlonsoZarazaga, 1990, Squamapion Bokor, 1923, Stenopterapion Bokor, 1923, Synapion Schilsky, 1902, Taeniapion Schilsky, 1906, Trichopterapion Wagner, 1930, all as genera from subgenera of Apion Herbst, 1797; Aspidapion subgen. Koestlinia Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990 and Phryssotrichum subgen. Schilskyapion Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990 from synonymy with Apion Herbst, 1797; Phyllobius italicus Solari & Solari, 1903 and Phyllobius reicheidius Desbrochers, 1873, both from subspecies of P. pyri (Linné, 1758); Mogulones aubei (Boheman, 1845) as a valid species from synonymy with M. talbum (Gyllenhal, 1837); Styphlidius italicus Osella, 1981 as species from subspecies of S. corcyreus (Reitter, 1884). Otiorhynchus subgen. Presolanus Pesarini, 2001 is here selected over O. subgen. Pesolanus Pesarini, 2001, alternative original spelling, here rejected. The incorrect original spelling Otiorhynchus nocturnus peetzi Franz, 1938 is emended in O. n. peezi. New combination are: Eremiarhinus (Depresseremiarhinus) dilatatus (Fabricius, 1801), comb. nov.; Eremiarinus (Pseudorhinus) impressicollis (Boheman, 1834) jarrigei (Roudier, 1959); E. (Pseudorhinus) impressicollis luciae (Ragusa, 1883), comb. nov.; E. (Pseudorhinus) impressicollis peninsularis (F. Solari, 1940), comb. nov.; E. (Pseudorhinus) laesirostris (Fairmaire, 1859), comb. nov., all resulting from the new placement of Depresseremiarhinus Pic, 1914 and of Pseudorhinus Melichar, 1923 as subgenera of Eremiarhinus Fairmaire, 1876. The subfamilial name Phytonominae Gistel, 1848 is used as valid over Hyperinae Marseul, 1863. Nomenclatural changes published from 1992 to date, and affecting Italian weevils are also listed.

Background:Coll2-1 is a peptide of 9 amino acid located in the triple helix of type II collagen molecule reflecting cartilage degradation (1). Coll2-1NO2 is the nitrated form of Coll2-1 and considered as a biomarker of the inflammatory-related cartilage degradation (2). This peptide is involved in osteoarthritis physiopathology since it was demonstrated that Coll2-1 induced synovitis in rat.Objectives:To identify if biochemical markers s-Coll2-1 and s-Coll2-1NO2 are associated to knee osteoarthritis (OA), focusing on pain, function as well as structural features assessed by MRI in various knee compartments and to assess their ability at predicting knee OA worsening.Methods:116 subjects with knee OA were followed during one year with pain, function and MRI evaluation (PRODIGE study,NCT02070224). Type II collagen-specific biomarker Coll2-1 and its nitrated form Coll2-1NO2 were directly measured in serum using immunoassays at baseline and after three, six and twelve months follow-up.Results:sColl2-1 and sColl2-1NO2 were associated to several baseline knee features quantified with Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS). S-Coll2-1 was significantly correlated with bursitis (r=0.29, P<0.01), bone attrition (r=0.25, P=0.01), cysts (r=0.24, P=0.02) and cartilage (r=0.23, P=0.03) WORMS sub-scores for the whole joint as well as with the medial femorotibial joint sum score (r=0.26, P=0.01) and medial femorotibial joint cartilage (r=0.23, P=0.02). s-Coll2-1NO2 was correlated with WORMS total score (r=0.23, P=0.02), WORMS scores in the patellofemoral (r=0.23, P=0.02) and medial femorotibial compartments (r=0.21, P=0.03) and with osteophytes scores (r=0.27, P<0.01). Baseline s-Coll2-1NO2 was higher in subjects with a pain worsening (426.4 pg/mL [278.04-566.95]) as compared to non-progressors (306.84 [200.37-427.84]) over one year (AUC=0.655, P=0.015).Conclusion:Cartilage biomarkers s-Coll2-1 and s-Coll2-1NO2 are associated to several knee OA features quantified with WORMS scoring system on MRI. Serum values of Coll2-1NO2 are also associated to a worsening of target knee pain over one year. Coll2-1 and Coll2-1NO2, in association with other structural features, pain and function, could help at identifying OA phenotypes and patients at risk of OA worsening.References:[1]Mobasheri A, Lambert C, Henrotin Y. Coll2-1 and Coll2-1NO2 as exemplars of collagen extracellular matrix turnover - biomarkers to facilitate the treatment of osteoarthritis? Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2019 Sep;19(9):803-812. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1646641. Epub 2019 Sep 4.[2]Lambert C, Borderie D, Dubuc JE, Rannou F, Henrotin Y. Type II collagen peptide Coll2-1 is an actor of synovitis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019 Nov;27(11):1680-1691. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.07.009. Epub 2019 Jul 17.Acknowledgments:PRODIGE study (NCT02070224) was performed in the framework of a convention between the Walloon region and ARTIALIS SA. (convention n°6905).Disclosure of Interests:Yves Henrotin Grant/research support from: HEEL, TILMAN, Berenice Costes Employee of: Artialis SA, Michel Malaise: None declared, Damien Loeuille: None declared, Thierry Conrozier Consultant of: LABRHA, SANOFI, MEDAC, Yves Maugars: None declared, Franz Pelousse Shareholder of: Sodiray, Jean-Marc Lemaire Shareholder of: Sodiray, Thibault Helleputte Shareholder of: DNAlytics, Cedric Tits Employee of: DNAlytics, Elisabeth Cobraiville Employee of: Artialis SA, Sebastien Pirson Employee of: Artialis, Laetitia Garcia Employee of: Artialis, Alain Labasse Employee of: Artialis SA, Anne-Christine Hick Employee of: Artialis SA

The random first order transition theory (RFOT) describing the transition from a supercooled liquid to an ideal glass has been actively developed over the last twenty years. This theory is formulated in a way that allows a description of the transition from the initial equilibrium state to the final metastable state without considering any kinetic processes. The RFOT and its applications for real molecular systems (multicomponent liquids with various intermolecular potentials, gel systems, etc.) are widely represented in English-language sources. However, these studies are practically not described in any Russian sources. This paper presents an overview of the studies carried out in this field. REFERENCES 1. Sanditov D. S., Ojovan M. I. Relaxation aspectsof the liquid—glass transition. Uspekhi FizicheskihNauk. 2019;189(2): 113–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.2018.04.0383192. Tsydypov Sh. B., Parfenov A. N., Sanditov D. S.,Agrafonov Yu. V., Nesterov A. S. Application of themolecular dynamics method and the excited statemodel to the investigation of the glass transition inargon. Available at: http://www.isc.nw.ru/Rus/GPCJ/Content/2006/tsydypov_32_1.pdf (In Russ.). GlassPhysics and Chemistry. 2006;32(1): 83–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S10876596060101113. Berthier L., Witten T. A. Glass transition of densefluids of hard and compressible spheres. PhysicalReview E. 2009;80(2): 021502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.80.0215024. Sarkisov G. N. Molecular distribution functionsof stable, metastable and amorphous classical models.Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk. 2002;172(6): 647–669. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0172.200206b.06475. Hoover W. G., Ross M., Johnson K. W., HendersonD., Barker J. A., Brown, B. C. Soft-sphere equationof state. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1970;52(10):4931–4941. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.16727286. Cape J. N., Woodcock L. V. Glass transition in asoft-sphere model. The Journal of Chemical Physics,1980;72(2): 976–985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4392177. Franz S., Mezard M., Parisi G., Peliti L. Theresponse of glassy systems to random perturbations:A bridge between equilibrium and off-equilibrium.Journal of Statistical Physics. 1999;97(3–4): 459–488.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:10046029063328. Marc Mezard and Giorgio Parisi. Thermodynamicsof glasses: a first principles computation. J. of Phys.:Condens. Matter. 1999;11: A157–A165.9. Berthier L., Jacquin H., Zamponi F. Microscopictheory of the jamming transition of harmonic spheres.Physical Review E, 2011;84(5): 051103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.05110310. Berthier L., Biroli, G., Charbonneau P.,Corwin E. I., Franz S., Zamponi F. Gardner physics inamorphous solids and beyond. The Journal of ChemicalPhysics. 2019;151(1): 010901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5097175 11. Berthier L., Ozawa M., Scalliet C. Configurationalentropy of glass-forming liquids. The Journal ofChemical Physics. 2019;150(16): 160902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.509196112. Bomont J. M., Pastore G. An alternative schemeto find glass state solutions using integral equationtheory for the pair structure. Molecular Physics.2015;113(17–18): 2770–2775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2015.103832513. Bomont J. M., Hansen J. P., Pastore G.Hypernetted-chain investigation of the random firstordertransition of a Lennard-Jones liquid to an idealglass. Physical Review E. 2015;92(4): 042316. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.04231614. Bomont J. M., Pastore G., Hansen J. P.Coexistence of low and high overlap phases in asupercooled liquid: An integral equation investigation.The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2017;146(11): 114504.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.497849915. Bomont J. M., Hansen J. P., Pastore G. Revisitingthe replica theory of the liquid to ideal glass transition.The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2019;150(15): 154504.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.508881116. Cammarota C., Seoane B. First-principlescomputation of random-pinning glass transition, glasscooperative length scales, and numerical comparisons.Physical Review B. 2016;94(18): 180201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.18020117. Charbonneau P., Ikeda A., Parisi G., Zamponi F.Glass transition and random close packing above threedimensions. Physical Review Letters. 2011;107(18):185702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.18570218. Ikeda A., Miyazaki K. Mode-coupling theory asa mean-field description of the glass transition.Physical Review Letters. 2010;104(25): 255704. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.25570419. McCowan D. Numerical study of long-timedynamics and ergodic-nonergodic transitions in densesimple fluids. Physical Review E. 2015;92(2): 022107.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.02210720. Ohtsu H., Bennett T. D., Kojima T., Keen D. A.,Niwa Y., Kawano M. Amorphous–amorphous transitionin a porous coordination polymer. ChemicalCommunications. 2017;53(52): 7060–7063. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC03333H21. Schmid B., Schilling R. Glass transition of hardspheres in high dimensions. Physical Review E.2010;81(4): 041502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.81.04150222. Parisi G., Slanina, F. Toy model for the meanfieldtheory of hard-sphere liquids. Physical Review E.2000;62(5): 6554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/Phys-RevE.62.655423. Parisi G., Zamponi F. The ideal glass transitionof hard spheres. The Journal of Chemical Physics.2005;123(14): 144501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.204150724. Parisi G., Zamponi F. Amorphous packings ofhard spheres for large space dimension. Journal ofStatistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment. 2006;03:P03017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2006/03/P0301725. Parisi G., Procaccia I., Shor C., Zylberg J. Effectiveforces in thermal amorphous solids with genericinteractions. Physical Review E. 2019;99(1): 011001. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.99.01100126. Stevenson J. D., Wolynes P. G. Thermodynamic −kinetic correlations in supercooled liquids: a criticalsurvey of experimental data and predictions of therandom first-order transition theory of glasses. TheJournal of Physical Chemistry B. 2005;109(31): 15093–15097. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp052279h27. Xia X., Wolynes P. G. Fragilities of liquidspredicted from the random first order transition theoryof glasses. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences. 2000;97(7): 2990–2994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.7.299028. Kobryn A. E., Gusarov S., Kovalenko A. A closurerelation to molecular theory of solvation formacromolecules. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter.2016; 28 (40): 404003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/40400329. Coluzzi B. , Parisi G. , Verrocchio P.Thermodynamical liquid-glass transition in a Lennard-Jones binary mixture. Physical Review Letters.2000;84(2): 306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.30630. Sciortino F., Tartaglia P. Extension of thefluctuation-dissipation theorem to the physical agingof a model glass-forming liquid. Physical Review Letters.2001;86(1): 107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/Phys-RevLett.86.10731. Sciortino, F. One liquid, two glasses. NatureMaterials. 2002;1(3): 145–146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat75232. Farr R. S., Groot R. D. Close packing density ofpolydisperse hard spheres. The Journal of ChemicalPhysics. 2009;131(24): 244104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.327679933. Barrat J. L., Biben T., Bocquet, L. From Paris toLyon, and from simple to complex liquids: a view onJean-Pierre Hansen’s contribution. Molecular Physics.2015;113(17-18): 2378–2382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2015.103184334. Gaspard J. P. Structure of Melt and Liquid Alloys.In Handbook of Crystal Growth. Elsevier; 2015. 580 p.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-56369-9.00009-535. Heyes D. M., Sigurgeirsson H. The Newtonianviscosity of concentrated stabilized dispersions:comparisons with the hard sphere fluid. Journal ofRheology. 2004;48(1): 223–248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1122/1.163498636. Ninarello A., Berthier L., Coslovich D. Structureand dynamics of coupled viscous liquids. MolecularPhysics. 2015;113(17-18): 2707–2715. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2015.103908937. Russel W. B., Wagner N. J., Mewis J. Divergencein the low shear viscosity for Brownian hard-spheredispersions: at random close packing or the glasstransition? Journal of Rheology. 2013;57(6): 1555–1567.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1122/1.482051538. Schaefer T. Fluid dynamics and viscosity instrongly correlated fluids. Annual Review of Nuclearand Particle Science. 2014;64: 125–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102313-02543939. Matsuoka H. A macroscopic model thatconnects the molar excess entropy of a supercooledliquid near its glass transition temperature to itsviscosity. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2012;137(20):204506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.476734840. de Melo Marques F. A., Angelini R., Zaccarelli E.,Farago B., Ruta B., Ruocco, G., Ruzicka B. Structuraland microscopic relaxations in a colloidal glass. SoftMatter. 2015;11(3): 466–471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4SM02010C41. Deutschländer S., Dillmann P., Maret G., KeimP. Kibble–Zurek mechanism in colloidal monolayers.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2015;112(22): 6925–6930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.150076311242. Chang J., Lenhoff A. M., Sandler S. I.Determination of fluid–solid transitions in modelprotein solutions using the histogram reweightingmethod and expanded ensemble simulations. TheJournal of Chemical Physics. 2004;120(6): 3003–3014.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.163837743. Gurikov P., Smirnova I. Amorphization of drugsby adsorptive precipitation from supercriticalsolutions: a review. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids.2018;132: 105–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.00544. Baghel S., Cathcart H., O’Reilly N. J. Polymericamorphoussolid dispersions: areviewofamorphization, crystallization, stabilization, solidstatecharacterization, and aqueous solubilization ofbiopharmaceutical classification system class II drugs.Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016;105(9):2527–2544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.00845. Kalyuzhnyi Y. V., Hlushak S. P. Phase coexistencein polydisperse multi-Yukawa hard-sphere fluid: hightemperature approximation. The Journal of ChemicalPhysics. 2006;125(3): 034501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.221241946. Mondal C., Sengupta S. Polymorphism,thermodynamic anomalies, and network formation inan atomistic model with two internal states. PhysicalReview E. 2011;84(5): 051503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.05150347. Bonn D., Denn M. M., Berthier L., Divoux T.,Manneville S. Yield stress materials in soft condensedmatter. Reviews of Modern Physics. 2017;89(3): 035005.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.89.03500548. Tanaka H. Two-order-parameter model of theliquid–glass transition. I. Relation between glasstransition and crystallization. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2005;351(43-45): 3371–3384. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2005.09.00849. Balesku R. Ravnovesnaya i neravnovesnayastatisticheskaya mekhanika [Equilibrium and nonequilibriumstatistical mechanics]. Moscow: Mir Publ.;1978. vol. 1. 404 c. (In Russ.)50. Chari S., Inguva R., Murthy K. P. N. A newtruncation scheme for BBGKY hierarchy: conservationof energy and time reversibility. arXiv preprintarXiv: 1608. 02338. DOI: https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.0233851. Gallagher I., Saint-Raymond L., Texier B. FromNewton to Boltzmann: hard spheres and short-rangepotentials. European Mathematical Society.arXiv:1208.5753. DOI: https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.575352. Rudzinski J. F., Noid W. G. A generalized-Yvon-Born-Green method for coarse-grained modeling. TheEuropean Physical Journal Special Topics. 224(12),2193–2216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2015-02408-953. Franz B., Taylor-King J. P., Yates C., Erban R.Hard-sphere interactions in velocity-jump models.Physical Review E. 2016;94(1): 012129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.94.01212954. Gerasimenko V., Gapyak I. Low-Densityasymptotic behavior of observables of hard spherefluids. Advances in Mathematical Physics. 2018:6252919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/625291955. Lue L. Collision statistics, thermodynamics,and transport coefficients of hard hyperspheres inthree, four, and five dimensions. The Journal ofChemical Physics. 2005;122(4): 044513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.183449856. Cigala G., Costa D., Bomont J. M., Caccamo C.Aggregate formation in a model fluid with microscopicpiecewise-continuous competing interactions.Molecular Physics. 2015;113(17–18): 2583–2592.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2015.107800657. Jadrich R., Schweizer K. S. Equilibrium theoryof the hard sphere fluid and glasses in the metastableregime up to jamming. I. Thermodynamics. The Journalof Chemical Physics. 2013;139(5): 054501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.481627558. Mondal A., Premkumar L., Das S. P. Dependenceof the configurational entropy on amorphousstructures of a hard-sphere fluid. Physical Review E.2017;96(1): 012124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.01212459. Sasai M. Energy landscape picture ofsupercooled liquids: application of a generalizedrandom energy model. The Journal of Chemical Physics.2003;118(23): 10651–10662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.157478160. Sastry S. Liquid limits: Glass transition andliquid-gas spinodal boundaries of metastable liquids.Physical Review Letters. 2000;85(3): 590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.59061. Uche O. U., Stillinger F. H., Torquato S. On therealizability of pair correlation functions. Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 2006;360(1):21–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2005.03.05862. Bi D., Henkes S., Daniels K. E., Chakraborty B.The statistical physics of athermal materials. Annu.Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 2015;6(1): 63–83. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031214-01433663. Bishop M., Masters A., Vlasov A. Y. Higher virialcoefficients of four and five dimensional hardhyperspheres. The Journal of Chemical Physics.2004;121(14): 6884–6886. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.177757464. Sliusarenko O. Y., Chechkin A. V., SlyusarenkoY. V. The Bogolyubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy and Fokker-Planck equation for manybodydissipative randomly driven systems. Journal ofMathematical Physics. 2015;56(4): 043302. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.491861265. Tang Y. A new grand canonical ensemblemethod to calculate first-order phase transitions. TheJournal of chemical physics. 2011;134(22): 224508. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.359904866. Tsednee T., Luchko T. Closure for the Ornstein-Zernike equation with pressure and free energyconsistency. Physical Review E. 2019;99(3): 032130.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.99.03213067. Maimbourg T., Kurchan J., Zamponi, F. Solutionof the dynamics of liquids in the large-dimensionallimit. Physical review letters. 2016;116(1): 015902. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.01590268. Mari, R., & Kurchan, J. Dynamical transition ofglasses: from exact to approximate. The Journal ofChemical Physics. 2011;135(12): 124504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.362680269. Frisch H. L., Percus J. K. High dimensionalityas an organizing device for classical fluids. PhysicalReview E. 1999;60(3): 2942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.60.294270. Finken R., Schmidt M., Löwen H. Freezingtransition of hard hyperspheres. Physical Review E.2001;65(1): 016108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.65.01610871. Torquato S., Uche O. U., Stillinger F. H. Randomsequential addition of hard spheres in high Euclideandimensions. Physical Review E. 2006;74(6): 061308.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.74.06130872. Martynov G. A. Fundamental theory of liquids;method of distribution functions. Bristol: Adam Hilger;1992, 470 p.73. Vompe A. G., Martynov G. A. The self-consistentstatistical theory of condensation. The Journal ofChemical Physics. 1997;106(14): 6095–6101. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.47327274. Krokston K. Fizika zhidkogo sostoyaniya.Statisticheskoe vvedenie [Physics of the liquid state.Statistical introduction]. Moscow: Mir Publ.; 1978.400 p. (In Russ.)75. Rogers F. J., Young D. A. New, thermodynamicallyconsistent, integral equation for simple fluids. PhysicalReview A. 1984;30(2): 999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.30.99976. Wertheim M. S. Exact solution of the Percus–Yevick integral equation for hard spheres Phys. Rev.Letters. 1963;10(8): 321–323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.32177. Tikhonov D. A., Kiselyov O. E., Martynov G. A.,Sarkisov G. N. Singlet integral equation in thestatistical theory of surface phenomena in liquids. J.of Mol. Liquids. 1999;82(1–2): 3– 17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7322(99)00037-978. Agrafonov Yu., Petrushin I. Two-particledistribution function of a non-ideal molecular systemnear a hard surface. Physics Procedia. 2015;71. 364–368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.35379. Agrafonov Yu., Petrushin I. Close order in themolecular system near hard surface. Journal of Physics:Conference Series. 2016;747: 012024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/747/1/01202480. He Y., Rice S. A., Xu X. Analytic solution of theOrnstein-Zernike relation for inhomogeneous liquids.The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2016;145(23): 234508.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.497202081. Agrafonov Y. V., Petrushin I. S. Usingmolecular distribution functions to calculate thestructural properties of amorphous solids. Bulletinof the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. 2020;84:783–787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S106287382007003582. Bertheir L., Ediger M. D. How to “measure” astructural relaxation time that is too long to bemeasured? arXiv:2005.06520v1. DOI: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.0652083. Karmakar S., Dasgupta C., Sastry S. Lengthscales in glass-forming liquids and related systems: areview. Reports on Progress in Physics. 2015;79(1):016601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/79/1/01660184. De Michele C., Sciortino F., Coniglio A. Scalingin soft spheres: fragility invariance on the repulsivepotential softness. Journal of Physics: CondensedMatter. 2004;16(45): L489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/16/45/L0185. Niblett S. P., de Souza V. K., Jack R. L., Wales D. J.Effects of random pinning on the potential energylandscape of a supercooled liquid. The Journal ofChemical Physics. 2018;149(11): 114503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.504214086. Wolynes P. G., Lubchenko V. Structural glassesand supercooled liquids: Theory, experiment, andapplications. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2012. 404p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/978111820247087. Jack R. L., Garrahan J. P. Phase transition forquenched coupled replicas in a plaquette spin modelof glasses. Physical Review Letters. 2016;116(5): 055702.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.05570288. Habasaki J., Ueda A. Molecular dynamics studyof one-component soft-core system: thermodynamicproperties in the supercooled liquid and glassy states.The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2013;138(14): 144503.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.479988089. Bomont J. M., Hansen J. P., Pastore G. Aninvestigation of the liquid to glass transition usingintegral equations for the pair structure of coupledreplicae. J. Chem. Phys. 2014;141(17): 174505. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.490077490. Parisi G., Urbani P., Zamponi F. Theory of SimpleGlasses: Exact Solutions in Infinite Dimensions.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2020. 324 p.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/978110812049491. Robles M., López de Haro M., Santos A., BravoYuste S. Is there a glass transition for dense hardspheresystems? The Journal of Chemical Physics.1998;108(3): 1290–1291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.47549992. Grigera T. S., Martín-Mayor V., Parisi G.,Verrocchio P. Asymptotic aging in structural glasses.Physical Review B, 2004;70(1): 014202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.70.01420293. Vega C., Abascal J. L., McBride C., Bresme F.The fluid–solid equilibrium for a charged hard spheremodel revisited. The Journal of Chemical Physics.2003; 119 (2): 964–971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.157637494. Kaneyoshi T. Surface amorphization in atransverse Ising nanowire; effects of a transverse field.Physica B: Condensed Matter. 2017;513: 87–94. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2017.03.01595. Paganini I. E., Davidchack R. L., Laird B. B.,Urrutia I. Properties of the hard-sphere fluid at a planarwall using virial series and molecular-dynamicssimulation. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2018;149(1):014704. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.502533296. Properzi L., Santoro M., Minicucci M., Iesari F.,Ciambezi M., Nataf L., Di Cicco A. Structural evolutionmechanisms of amorphous and liquid As2 Se3 at highpressures. Physical Review B. 2016;93(21): 214205. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.21420597. Sesé L. M. Computational study of the meltingfreezingtransition in the quantum hard-sphere systemfor intermediate densities. I. Thermodynamic results.The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2007;126(16): 164508.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.271852398. Shetty R., Escobedo F. A. On the application ofvirtual Gibbs ensembles to the direct simulation offluid–fluid and solid–fluid phase coexistence. TheJournal of Chemical Physics. 2002;116(18): 7957–7966.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1467899

The Barents Sea is a region of the Arctic Ocean named after one of its first known explorers (1594–1597), Willem Barentsz from the Netherlands, although there are accounts of earlier explorations: the Norwegian seafarer Ottar rounded the northern tip of Europe and explored the Barents and White Seas between 870 and 890 ce, a journey followed by a number of Norsemen; Pomors hunted seals and walruses in the region; and Novgorodian merchants engaged in the fur trade. These seafarers were probably the first to accumulate knowledge about the nature of sea ice in the Barents region; however, scientific expeditions and the exploration of the climate of the region had to wait until the invention and employment of scientific instruments such as the thermometer and barometer. Most of the early exploration involved mapping the land and the sea ice and making geographical observations. There were also many unsuccessful attempts to use the Northeast Passage to reach the Bering Strait. The first scientific expeditions involved F. P. Litke (1821±1824), P. K. Pakhtusov (1834±1835), A. K. Tsivol’ka (1837±1839), and Henrik Mohn (1876–1878), who recorded oceanographic, ice, and meteorological conditions.The scientific study of the Barents region and its climate has been spearheaded by a number of campaigns. There were four generations of the International Polar Year (IPY): 1882–1883, 1932–1933, 1957–1958, and 2007–2008. A British polar campaign was launched in July 1945 with Antarctic operations administered by the Colonial Office, renamed as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS); it included a scientific bureau by 1950. It was rebranded as the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1962 (British Antarctic Survey History leaflet). While BAS had its initial emphasis on the Antarctic, it has also been involved in science projects in the Barents region. The most dedicated mission to the Arctic and the Barents region has been the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), which has commissioned a series of reports on the Arctic climate: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) report, the Snow Water Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) report, and the Adaptive Actions in a Changing Arctic (AACA) report.The climate of the Barents Sea is strongly influenced by the warm waters from the Norwegian current bringing heat from the subtropical North Atlantic. The region is 10°C–15°C warmer than the average temperature on the same latitude, and a large part of the Barents Sea is open water even in winter. It is roughly bounded by the Svalbard archipelago, northern Fennoscandia, the Kanin Peninsula, Kolguyev Island, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land, and is a shallow ocean basin which constrains physical processes such as currents and convection. To the west, the Greenland Sea forms a buffer region with some of the strongest temperature gradients on earth between Iceland and Greenland. The combination of a strong temperature gradient and westerlies influences air pressure, wind patterns, and storm tracks. The strong temperature contrast between sea ice and open water in the northern part sets the stage for polar lows, as well as heat and moisture exchange between ocean and atmosphere. Glaciers on the Arctic islands generate icebergs, which may drift in the Barents Sea subject to wind and ocean currents.The land encircling the Barents Sea includes regions with permafrost and tundra. Precipitation comes mainly from synoptic storms and weather fronts; it falls as snow in the winter and rain in the summer. The land area is snow-covered in winter, and rivers in the region drain the rainwater and meltwater into the Barents Sea. Pronounced natural variations in the seasonal weather statistics can be linked to variations in the polar jet stream and Rossby waves, which result in a clustering of storm activity, blocking high-pressure systems. The Barents region is subject to rapid climate change due to a “polar amplification,” and observations from Svalbard suggest that the past warming trend ranks among the strongest recorded on earth. The regional change is reinforced by a number of feedback effects, such as receding sea-ice cover and influx of mild moist air from the south.