Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vieillissement de la peau – Dissertations universitaires'
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Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan. "Effet des rayonnements ultraviolets A sur les processus d'endocytose et sur le métabolisme des lipides dans les fibroblastes et les kératinocytes humains en culture." Université de Paris-Sud. Faculté de pharmacie (Châtenay-Malabry, Hauts-de-Seine), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA114807.
Full textCrublet, Marie-Laure. "Détermination structurale des saponosides et flavonoi͏̈des isolés de trois Lécythidaceae. Activité dermocosmétique des saponosides." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMP201.
Full textExtracts enrichided with saponins, obtained from stem barks of two Lecythidacaea, Foetidia africana and Bertholletia excelsa, showed an activity on human dermal fibroblasts in culture. The first extract stimulates the fibroblastic synthesis of GAG, and the second stimulates the synthesis of type I collagen. These activities should allow a dermocosmetic utilisation of the two extracts. In this work, we studied the chemical composition of these bioactive extracts. The chemical composition of a third species of Lecythidaceae, Planchonia grandis, was also studied. Structures of three prosapogenins, twenty-four saponins and three flavonoi͏̈ds, all newly described, were elucidated using mono and bidimensionnal NMR experiments and mass spectrometry ESI-(MS)n
Eklouh-Molinier, Christophe. "Caractérisation moléculaire et structurale du vieillissement cutané au moyen de la micro-imagerie d’absorption infrarouge et de la microspectroscopie de diffusion Raman." Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMP205/document.
Full textThe skin protects the body against external aggressions. However, the skin is not immune to the inevitable effects of the chronological aging. Indeed, this process leads to several structural alterations of the different cutaneous layers to the point of affecting their functional characteristics. This thesis work aims to assess the molecular and structural changes of the skin during chronological aging by using non-invasive methods such as optical vibrational spectroscopies. To do this, we highlighted the structural modifications of the collagen network in different-aged skin samples by using an approach based on FT-IR imaging (Fourier Transform Infrared) in polarized mode. Subsequently, we demonstrated the influence of water molecules on the changes of collagen fibers with age by adopting a methodology based on the substitution, thermodynamically favorable, of the collagen-bound water molecules (H2O) by deuterated water molecules (D2O). In in vivo studies, we have established correlations between physical and molecular properties of the stratum corneum (SC) by analyzing the Raman and biometric measurements with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) processing. Based on the complementarity of the biophysical techniques employed, these studies permitted to evaluate the impact of the chronological aging on the skin and could open some interesting prospects in both cosmetology and dermatology
Baeriswyl, Simon. "Etude de l'altération du vieillissement de C. Elegans par sa flore intestinale." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T012.
Full textAging theory holds that populations exposed to higher environmentally imposed mortality evolve faster aging. It has been postulated that the presence of parasites causing high extrinsic mortality may trigger an inducible acceleration of host aging. I tested this hypothesis in a detailed and systematic investigation of how the aging patterns of genetically identical Caenorhabditis elegans can be altered by human opportunistic pathogen or innocuous strains of Escherichia coli. My results suggest that pathogenic bacteria trigger a re-allocation of resources from body maintenance to reproduction and antimicrobial defense, causing faster accumulation of damage and thus faster aging. I also observed that mortality increased at a slower rate in old worms, a phenomenon known as mortality deceleration. I formulated a mathematical model explaining why the deceleration of mortality occurred earlier and at higher levels of mortality when the worms were grown in contact with more virulent bacteria
Simon, Etienne. "Etude des possibilités d'extension tissulaire sous l'effet d'une traction uni-axiale et applications cliniques." Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN11311.
Full textDakouane, Giudicelli Mbarka. "Influence du vieillissement sur la spermatogenèse : évaluation histologique et génétique." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N18S.
Full textThe increase of frequency ofAssisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) for elder men raises the question of the genetic risk for the offspring. Our aim was to evaluate the influence of ageing on the testicular histology, the aneuploidy rate in testis postmeiotic cells and the DNA fragmentation in sperm. Patients and methods. – We performed a histomorphometric study of 36 men aged from 61 to 102 years and 10 young men from 29 to 40 years. The aneuploidy rate was evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridation (FISH X,Y, 18) and DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa was evaluated by TUNEL. Histomorphometry showed various alterations of testicular histology with age including thickening of the basal membrane when spermatogenesis.
Lahoute, Charlotte. "SRF, un facteur de transcription crucial dans la physiologie des muscles squelettiques : Contribution au vieillissement et à l'hypertrophie." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T009.
Full textTo investigate SRF function in adult skeletal muscle physiology, we developed a myofiber-specific and tamoxifen-inducibie SRF Knockout mice model. After induction of SRF loss, mutant muscles exhibits similar alterations to those observed during muscle aging. We also observed an important age-associated decrease in SRF expression in control muscles. Thus SRF loss with age could contribute to the natural muscle aging process. To assess the role of SRF during hypertrophy, I submitted muscles of mutant and control mice to an overload-induced hypertrophy and showed that only controls muscles show a hypertrophic response. The lack of hypertrophy in mutant muscles is due to an impairment of satellite cells proliferation and fusion. In fact, SRF enhance hypertrophy through the control of IL6 and IL4 expression in a paracrine fashion. Our results show that SRF is involved in skeletal muscle maintenance and hypertrophy
André, Agnès. "Approche du métabolisme des plasmalogènes cérébraux : influences du vieillissement et des acides gras alimentaires n-3." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOMU10.
Full textSchumm, Sophie. "Vieillissement du système dopaminergique et du comportement moteur dans un modèle de maladie de Parkinson chez la souris." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T019.
Full textC75B1/6 mice, control and intoxicated at 2. 5 months by l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin (MPTP) (4x15 mg/kg ip) have been folio wed-up to 21 months. In controls, hyperactivity occurred from 12 months probably linked to change in DA transmission but without DA cell loss. After MPTP, hyperactivity was immediate and became greater than in control from 14 months and more dependent on DA transmission but the initial post MPTP decrease in DA cells was no more significant at 21 months. In both groups, irrespective of age, neither motor symptoms nor DA changes showed a fast worsening as that observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, there was no abnormal proteins accumulation in the substantia nigra and in the striatum despite an aged-related decrease in proteasomal activities. There was no progressive increment of activated microglial cells. These results do not support the notion that a PD-like syndrome occurs in C57B1/6 mice even after MPTP intoxication
Jourdan, Marion. "La séquestration splanchnique des acides aminés au cours du vieillissement." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N08S.
Full textBackground : Splanchnic sequestration of amino acids (SSAA) is a process observed during aging that leads to decreased peripheral amino acid (AA) availability. The mechanisms underlying SSAA remain unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether a high-protein diet can increase nitrogen retention in aged rats by saturating SSAA, and whether SSAA can be explained by dysregulation of hepatic nitrogen metabolism per se. Materiel and methods: Adult and aged male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in individual metabolic cages and fed a normal-protein (17% protein) or a high-protein diet (27%) for two weeks. Nitrogen balance (NB) was calculated daily. On day 14, livers were isolated and perfused (IPL) for 90 min to study AA and urea fluxes. Results: NB was lower in aged rats fed. . . .
Kpemissi, Amana Eyana. "Les anacardiaceae du Togo : études botaniques, écologiques et propriétés antifongiques." Reims, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REIMP210.
Full textMan remains dependent on plants for their various needs, notably in traditional treatment of various ailments. Faced with deadful emergent diseases such as AIDS, cancer and secondary infections caused by opportunistic fungies, traditional therapists place their hopes on plants as well. Furthermore, plants are still a source of new molecules with useful potential biological activity. Ethnobotanic research has proved that Anacardiaceae of Togo are among the most picked plants and mostly used in popular medicine. The current study shows that this family is well present in the vegetation of Togo. Antifungal tests based on hydroalcoholic extracts from leaves, stem bark and roots of nine plant species of this family have revealed a sensible activity on three dermatophytes (T. Mentagrophytes, T. Rubrum, M. Gypseum) , two yeasts (C. Albicans, C. Neoformans) and two infectious ailments (Penicillium sp, C. Cladosporioides). This study validates the folk use of some of these plants in the treatments of dermatitis and candidiasis HIV-AIDS patients develop. It is worth protecting and developing these plants
Dupuis, Laurent. "Emulsions multiples en cosmétique : caractérisation de l'influence de l'encapsulation sur les cinétique d'action validation sur un modéle cutané ex vivo." Reims, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996REIMP203.
Full textPlenchette, Stéphanie. "Acteurs moléculaires de l'apoptose dans le vieillissement et la différenciation des cellules hématopoi͏̈étiques." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOMU17.
Full textSpagnul, Aurélie. "Développement d’une forme pharmaceutique véhiculant un calixarène destinée au traitement d’une peau saine ou lésée contaminée par de l’uranium." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA114817.
Full textSimões, alves Sabrina. "Roles of the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRTs) in the biogenesis of Lysosome Related Organelles." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T007.
Full textMelanosomes are Lysosome Related Organelles of pigment cells in which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosome biogenesis proceeds through a sequential process in which an unpigmented precursor matures into a melanin containing melanosome that remains distinct from lysosomes. This process requires morphogenetic and structural modifications of endosomal intermediates accompanied by inter-organellar transport of melanocyte-specific components required for melanosome structure and pigment synthesis. The aim of my PhD project was to better understand how ubiquitous mechanisms of endosomal sorting and intracellular transport operate in the modulation of the endosomal system to generate melanosomes. In this context, I have investigated the function of different endosomal sorting machineries, such as the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRTs) and Tetraspanins. Using a combination of biochemical and morphological methods, I have shown that the sorting of the premelanosomal protein Pmel17 into endosomes was not only independent of ESCRT-0/I but also of functional ESCRT-II/III complexes. Moreover, I have contributed to the studies revealing the Tetraspanin CD63 as a key component of an ESCRT-independent mechanism operating in the sorting of Pmel17 in melanocytes. My data also revealed that the melanogenic enzyme Tyrp1 is delivered to melanosomes via endosomal intermediates, process that requires the function of ESCRT-I/III complexes. My PhD work contributed to a better understanding of the process of melanosome biogenesis and highlight how ubiquitous mechanisms of trafficking are exploited to generate a highly specialized organelle, the melanosome
Berlin, Irina. "Role of BRN2 transcription factor in proliferation and migration of the melanocyte lineage and implication of β-catenin and Dicer in the response of melanocytes to UV irradiation." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T046.
Full textMelanocytes protect the organism against the deleterious effects of UV rays by synthesizing melanin. The malignant transformation of these cells leads to melanoma, a particularly aggressive cancer refractory to treatment. Several proteins, such as BRN2, β-catenin and Dicer, involved in various cellular processes, were shown to be misregulated in melanoma. This PhD thesis is focused on the importance of BRN2 phosphorylation status on the proliferation and migration of the melanocyte lineage and on the implication of BRN2, β-catenin and Dicer in the response of melanocytes to UV-exposure. First, we showed that the non-phosphorylable (BRN2AA) and phosphorylable (BRN2TS) form of BRN2 leads to differential control of proliferation and migration of melanocyte lineage. Furthermore, we investigated the binding and transactivation of BRN2AA and BRN2TS on MITF and PAX3, two targets of BRN2 involved in the establishment and transformation of the melanocyte lineage. Both BRN2 forms similarly repress MITF transcription, whereas PAX3 transcription is induced by BRN2TS but repressed by BRN2AA. Altogether, melanocyte migration and proliferation are controlled by the BRN2 phosphorylation status through PAX3 and by the total BRN2 level through MITF. Second, we evaluated the possibility of BRN2 regulation following UV-stimulation of melanocytes. We brought evidence that BRN2 expression is regulated at transcriptional and transcript level following UVB irradiation. Furthermore, we showed that BRN2 controls Dicer transcription and that BRN2 and Dicer create a feedback loop that regulates both the expression of the BRN2 and Dicer genes. Third, we considered the importance of β-catenin on the regulation of Dicer expression in the response of melanocytes to UV exposure. We showed that the exposure of melanocytes to UV light leads to (i) the inhibition of Dicer expression associated with (ii) β-catenin stabilization and accumulation into the nucleus, and (iii) induction of pigmentation as aresult of Dicer repression. Altogether these events may represent important melanogenesis processes after UV light induction
Miech, Gilles. "Prolidase, prolinase : études biochimiques sur le foie de rat et sur les fibroblastes de peau humaine en culture." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA114802.
Full textTerrien, Jérémy. "Age-related impairment in the thermoregulatory capacities in a non-human primate species, the gray mouse lemu (Microcebus murinus)." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T056.
Full textAge-related deteriorations in the effector mechanisms of thermoregulation may threaten the maintenance of homeostasis. This hypothesis was tested in a primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), during thermal challenges. The season has emerged as a dominant parameter. During summer, aging did not impair normothermia and energy balance maintenance. However, age-related impairments were demonstrated in winter in response to low or high Ta. Indeed, daily Tc rhythms were widely depth during cold exposure and associated with negative energy balance. When exposed to heat, aged individuals exhibited reduced capacities to dissipate body. Age-related impairments in IGF-1 signalling have also been demonstrated. To conclude, aging was strongly associated in mouse lemurs with impaired control of Tc levels, with different levels according to season
Cherif, Chabane. "Substitution de l'ADN mitochondrial entre la lignée de souris CBA/H et NZB : effets sur des traits comportementaux sensori-moteurs et mnésiques à l'âge de 6 et 12 mois." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05A001.
Full textFroger-Gaillard, Béatrice. "Les facteurs environnementaux du chondrocyte articulaire en culture : implications au cours du vieillissement "in vitro"." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA114834.
Full textBouzid, Mohamed Amine. "Exercice physique, marqueurs antioxydants et peroxydation lipidique : effets de l'âge et du niveau d'aptitude physique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S030/document.
Full textDuring aging, oxidative stress occurs characterized by an imbalance between the production reactive oxygen species and antioxidant capacity. It’s well recognized that acute exercise induces oxidative stress which response may be affected by aging. Only few studies have focused on the response of oxidative stress parameters to an acute exercise in relation with aging and they were not made in humans. The first aim of this work was to investigate the response of oxidative stress parameters to acute exercise in young and older subjects. Our results showed that aging has no effects on oxidative stress parameters at rest. However, in response to an acute physical exercise, our results showed that aging is characterized by an antioxidant defenses deficiency and an increase in free radical damage markers. On the other hand, regular physical activity is considered as an effective way to reduce free radical attacks and enhance the antioxidant defense. These adaptations to regular physical activity are often related to the level of physical activity and this has been shown in young subjects. The second aim of this work was to study oxidative stress parameters in elderly subjects with different physical activity levels. Our results showed a positive correlation between physical activity level and antioxidant potential. However, physical activity at high level increases free radical damage in older adults. In view of changes in oxidative stress parameters with aging, adaptations of those to regular physical activity could also be affected by aging phenomena. The aim of the third study of this work was to investigate the effects of aging and physical activity level on oxidative stress parameters responses to an acute exercise. To do so, we compared these parameters in two young subjects groups (active and sedentary) and two older adults groups (active and sedentary) before and after an acute exercise. Our results showed that, benefits of regular physical activity on the oxidative parameters stress were more pronounced in younger age groups compared to older groups. On the other hand, the effects of aging on oxidative stress parameters in the active groups were lower than those noted in the sedentary groups
Chantereau, Pierre. "Caractérisation biomécanique et modélisation histologique des mécanismes de vieillissement et d’endommagement du système pelvien." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S017/document.
Full textThe pelvic floor is a complex anatomical system involved in urination, defecation and reproduction. It is composed of several organs, muscles and ligaments, all interconnected. Unfortunately the pelvic floor can suffer from several pathologies like prolapses. Prolapses are defined as an abnormal displacement of one or more pelvic organs. Prolapses are widespread in the woman population. One woman out of three would be affected, one out of ten undergoing a surgical treatment in her life. This pathology has tremendous consequences on the patient quality of life. Its treatment is mainly surgical, but big improvements are needed. Indeed, the recurrence rate could reach up to 60% in the literature.The improvement of surgical technics will only be possible with a better global mechanical understanding of the pelvic floor. A deep understanding of the healthy pelvic floor mobility compared to the pathological would allow for the development of technics to better treat patients.Even though several studies have been done, a lack of mechanical understanding is to be noted. Indeed very few data coming from healthy young patients are available. Moreover most tests are uniaxial testing, which are by essence quite limited. A lack of relationship between phenomenological and clinical models is also to be noted.Within our study we have then realized uniaxial testing of different tissues from young cadavers (<40 years old). That allowed us to prove the hyper-elasticity and the great deformability of young pelvic tissues. It also helped us to better understand the ageing and damaging processes of those tissues by comparing them to data available in the literature. We could should that the ligaments and the vagina undergo a different ageing process than the rectum and the bladder. That ageing that we defined as “traumatic” induces much stronger non-reversible stretching and stiffening of the tissues than a “natural” ageing.Our mechanical study broadened up by looking at bindings between organs (vesico-vaginal and recto-vaginal). Those bindings have been, for the first time to our knowledge, under shear conditions. We could then show that those binding have a linear mechanical behavior for small displacements and that their stiffness even though limited should be taken into account in numerical models.Following that purely mechanical study we tried to accommodate our models to a public of medical professionals, by linking our phenomenological models to clinical ones, histological in that case. We then realized a histologically based model of the mechanical behavior of pelvic tissues, linking the rate of collagen and elastin of a tissue to its mechanical behavior. Thanks to that model, inspired by the physics of polymers we could correlate the collagen and elastin rates of a tissue to its rigidity and therefore make a complex model more accessible.We then gathered our knowledge on the understanding of prolapses and observed how our study could deepen it. We focused on the ageing and damaging processes and their consequences from a mechanical and histological point of view. To help the understanding we looked at precise examples like ageing, vaginal delivery or cystocele
Clément, Pierre. "Implication du monoxyde d'azote dans les altérations du cycle veille-sommeil apparaissant au cours du vieillissement chez le rat." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T096.
Full textHentzien, Maxime. "Impact pronostique des comorbidités chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH âgées de 60 ans et plus." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMM205/document.
Full textThe epidemiology of HIV is changing. A new population, aging with HIV, is emerging and is expected to take a significant place in future years. Age-related comorbidities (ARC) are numerous in this population and few studies evaluate their impact simultaneously. The validation of prognostic indexes in this population is a research priority. The objectives of this thesis were therefore to study, in people living with HIV (PLHIV) aged 60 or over, the prevalence of the main CLAs, to identify those predictive of overall mortality or HIV-related excess mortality over 5 years, and to construct and carry out the internal validation of a 5-year mortality prediction score associating CLA and HIV-related factors. For this purpose, we selected, from the French national Dat'AIDS cohort, 1415 PLHIV aged 60 or older followed between 2008 and 2013. We showed that CLA are numerous in older PHAs, and that they impact overall mortality as well as HIV-related mortality. Cardiovascular disease and chronic renal disease deserve special attention because of their prevalence and impact. The development of a simple and discriminating 5-year mortality comorbidity-based prediction score for a population that will be considerable in future years may, once externally validated, be useful to the clinician for the evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio, and to the researcher to stratify a population by mortality-risk groups or to assess the impact of an intervention in a particular group
Ortillon, Jérémy. "ARAVU (AGE-RAGE et Vasculopathie Urémique) - Rôle de l’interaction AGE-RAGE dans un modèle de vieillissement vasculaire : la vasculopathie urémique." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMM207/document.
Full textCardiovascular events are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients. These complications are due to structural and functional changes in the vascular wall named uraemic vasculopathy. Alongside these vascular changes, uremia is accompanied by the retention of various solutes that are normally excreted by the kidneys called uremic toxins, such as the products of advanced glycation (AGEs) or the ligands of RAGE. These toxins may interact with their receptor, RAGE, which is pro-inflammatory and involved in arterial remodeling. The aim of this thesis was to study, in mice, the role of the accumulation of RAGE ligands and their interaction with it in the development of atherosclerosis, vascular calcification and arterial thrombosis in chronic renal failure (CKD). Initially, we showed that CKD leads to an accumulation of serum and tissue AGEs and RAGE ligands, as well as an increase in RAGE expression in the vascular wall involved in atheroma plaque formation. Secondly, we have demonstrated that RAGE is involved in vascular calcification promoting the expression of inorganic phosphate cotransporter (Pit-1), inducing the differentiation of smooth muscle cells "osteoblast-like". Finally, we showed that RAGE participated in the formation of arterial thrombus due to platelet hyperactivity. In conclusion this thesis consolidates that RAGE-RAGE ligands axis is an important actor in uremic vasculopathy
Nassour, Joe. "Rôle du stress oxydant et des cassures de l’ADN dans l’émergence néoplasique post-sénescence." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S022/document.
Full textSenescence is a permanent cell-cycle arrest activated in response to DNA damage. If a cell escapes from this state, it should inherit mutations and could potentially initiate a tumor. NHDFs (Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts) display a classical irreversible and stable senescence plateau. In contrast, senescent NHEKs (Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes) experience two different outcomes. Most of them undergo autophagic cell death and about one on 10000 spontaneously resumes mitosis and generates clones of transformed, mutated and tumorigenic cells.I contributed in a first time to studying the role of macroautophagy in the cell death / post-senescence neoplastic emergence balance of senescent NHEKs. We have shown that macroautophagy plays antagonistic roles during senescence, inducing cell death or promoting neoplastic transformation, depending on its level of activation. Indeed, the progenitors of post-senescent emergent cells display oxidative stress and autophagic activity levels slightly lower than the average, what allows them to avoid autophagic cell death and to ensure the quality control indispensable for mitosis re-entry.Since oxidative stress is the motor of the post-senescence neoplastic emergence in NHEKs, I wondered next whether oxidative stress could operate through the generation of some mutagenic DNA damage. I took advantage of the comparison of senescent NHEKs to NHDFs. I have shown that unlike NHDFs, NHEKs do not suffer from significantly shortened telomeres, nor accumulate DSBs, do not activate a DDR (DNA Damage Response) pathway and in consequence do not significantly activate the p53/p21 pathway. Instead, they suffer from a decrease in PARP1 expression, which compromises the repair of SSBs generated by oxidative stress. In consequence, SSBR foci, precisely XRCC1 foci, become persistent. These persistent foci initiate a signalization, through p38MAPK, which leads to up-regulation of p16INK4A and to cell cycle arrest. Notably, the accumulation of unrepaired SSBs is sufficient for the post-senescence neoplastic emergence phenomenon, in addition, paradoxically to its involvement in the onset of senescence.In conclusion, senescence results from the persistence of a DNA damage signalization, but the exact nature of the damages could vary in different cell types depending on their repair capacities and could dictate completely different outcomes. Namely, persistent DSBs, including telomeric ones, dictate a permanent tumor-suppressor cell cycle arrest, whereas persistent SSBs are permissive to mutation and senescence evasion
Guivarc'h, Emmanuel. "Etude de la protection œstrogénique dans l’hypertension artérielle et le vieillissement chez la souris femelle." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0064.
Full textContext : estrogenic hormones have numerous beneficial effects in the cardiovascular and renal systems but the underlying mechanisms are extensively complex. Estrogen receptor ERα is described as the main effector of the positive actions of estrogens. This receptor acts in the cell using two different pathways. In the nucleus, ERα acts as a transcription factor with genomic effects, through its activating functions AF. At the membrane, it exerts non-genomic effects, called MISS. First Study : in a first study, we have explored the protective mechanism of ERα in hypertension, a main risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. Using genetically modified mice, we have been able to highlight the involvement of AF-2 genomic actions against angiotensin II-induced hypertension. On the other hand, ERα-dependant MISS was not involved in ERα protection. Confirming our hypothesis, we found that AF-2 stimulation with estetrol was sufficient to completely prevent hypertension, thus providing a possible therapeutic perspective. Second Study : in a second project, we have investigated the protective actions of ERα against aging-related cardiovascular and renal alterations. This work is still ongoing but we found that 16 months-old female mice presented no obvious vascular or renal dysfunctions. Those results are surprising considering past published data on the subject. Aging mice lacking ERα-/-did not exhibit any particular alterations either. However, we were able to find that estrogens and ERs were involved in the mitochondria biogenesis in a surprising manner. These results will be further investigated in the future. Conclusion : to conclude, this work has allowed a better understanding of the estrogens receptors actions in the cardiovascular and renal systems
Nguyen, Phuc Minh Chau. "Fusion Mitochondriale et Effets Vasculaires : rôle de OPA 1 dans l'hypertension artérielle et le vieillissement." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0073.
Full textDefects in mitochondrial dynamics have been associated with various disorders, including cardiovascular diseases. OPA1 is essential for mitochondrial inner membrane fusion. Mutation in Opa1 is associated with the autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA). Since then, OPA1 has been reported to be associated with cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, mitochondrial ATP synthesis, calcium homeostasis and ROS production. These data suggest that OPA1 has a potential role in vascular cells and subsequently affects vascular function. On the other hand,OPA1 is also associated with age-related changes of mitochondria and simultaneously contribute to the development of many dysfunctions in different organs. In this study, we investigated impacts of OPA1 mutation on vascular function in physiological and pathological condition like hypertension and vascular aging. By using an Opa1+/- heterozygote mouse model, we show that the OPA1 protein plays a protective role in the vascular system. Indeed, Opa1+/- mice developed a hypertension more severe than WT mice which was associated with more important endothelial dysfunction and altered vascular remodeling. In addition, although initial vascular function was normal, at 12 months, Opa1+/- mice displayed vascular dysfunction which might predict onset of vascular diseases at a later time. These results suggest for the first time that mitochondrial dynamics might play an important role in vascular function and adaptation in pathological conditions and in vascular aging. More studies are needed to clarify the role of the protein OPA1 in hypertension. These data may help to identify novel therapeutic targets to prevent complications of hypertension and vascular age-related diseases
Van, Zoggel Johanna. "Dermaseptine B2 : un peptide antimicrobien issue des sécrétions de peau de Phyllomedusa bicolore avec des activités antitumorales et angiostatiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST0051.
Full textThe skin secretions of neotropical and South American frogs contains large amounts of a widerange of biological active molecules. Commonly studied are peptides with antimicrobialactivities. In this study we have postulated that the skin secretions from the South Americanfrog Phyllomedusa bicolor contain molecules with antitumor and angiostatic activities. Twowell known cationic alpha helical antimicrobial peptides of the dermaseptin (Drs) family wereidentified to have these activities: Drs B2 and Drs B3. Both peptides inhibited proliferationand colony formation of various tumor cell lines, and the proliferation and capillary formationof endothelial cell in vitro. Furthermore, Drs B2 inhibited tumor growth in a PC3 xenograftmodel in vivo.Research on the mechanism of action of Drs B2 on tumor cells PC3 demonstrated a rapidincreasing amount of cytosolic LDH, no activation of caspase-3, -9 or -8, and no changes inmitochondrial membrane potential. These data together indicate that Drs B2 does not act byapoptosis but possibly could fix to the tumor cell surface, disrupt the cellular plasmamembrane leading to its death by necrosis.In conclusion, Drs B2 could be an new interesting and promising pharmacological leadermolecule for the treatment of cancer. Its antitumor and angiostatic activities, especially itsselective targeting of tumoral cells with micro molar concentrations propose Drs B2 as anpotential candidate for the development of a new efficient targeting therapy against cancer
Bourdon, Florence. "Développement de formes transdermiques à usage hospitalier, à partir de véhicules prêts à l’emploi, pour le traitement des nausées et vomissements chimio-induits." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S052/document.
Full textDespite the high number of formulations available for a drug on the pharmaceutical market, it can arise that a patient needs a treatment for which none pharmaceutical form or dosage is available. In this case, pharmacy department of the hospital may have to prepare this form, in accordance with health agency.The goal of this work was to develop a semi-solid transdermic formulation from ready for use vehicle and containing three antiemetic drugs for the treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting. Hence, ondansetron, dexamethasone and aprepitant have been formulated in five commercial vehicles of liposomal (PLO®, Lipovan®, Pentravan® and Pentravan Plus®) or phytosomal (Phytobase®) composition. After development of a formulation protocol, quality control was carried out on every finished preparation It focused on the evaluation of the content of active ingredients in formulations and their homogeneity. For this purpose a separation method using HPLC-UV and a method based on PLS-UV have been developed and validated according to the recommendations of the French Society of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology to assay the three antiemetics simultaneously.Two in vitro studies were then implemented on a Franz cell. The first, using cellulose acetate membranes, has shown that the PLO® and the Pentravan Plus® are the most efficient vehicles for releasing the three drugs formulated separately. The second one was performed to assess the permeation of the same drug through pig ears skin epidermis. It highlighted the performances of Pentravan Plus® as a vehicle for the simultaneous transdermal administration of ondansetron and dexamethasone. Nevertheless, as permeation of aprepitant is too poor to consider its transdermal administration, it has not been included in the final formulation. Different chemical enhancers were evaluated to improve the transcutaneous passage: tween 20 appeared to be as powerful as ethanol conventionally used for the incorporation of drugs in these vehicles
Verger, Antoine. "Quantification du métabolisme glycolytique cérébral en imagerie TEP au 18F-FDG : caractérisation de l’impact du vieillissement et de sa composante accélérée d’origine vasculaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0274/document.
Full text18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) is a brain-imaging technique allowing brain glycolytic metabolism to be quantified. The aim of this doctoral thesis work was to try to better characterize the aging-related changes in brain metabolism, including the part with a possible vascular origin, thanks to a three-dimensional voxel-based quantitative analysis of 18F-FDG PET images. Our work shows firstly that there is a clear advantage to use a particular spatial normalization software (BM: Block Matching) for the brain quantitative analysis, at least for the providing of templates adapted to each study population. This advantage was shown, initially, for the localization of temporal epileptic foci and thereafter, for quantifying the age-related changes in brain metabolism (enhanced determination of the involved brain areas). With this method, a decrease in brain metabolism could be documented throughout the life especially within certain frontal areas. In addition, we tried to determine the component of cerebral aging, which might be of a vascular origin and thus, susceptible to be treated or prevented by vascular treatments. In this research field, we have shown that microvascular abnormalities, setting within white-matter and called leukoaraiosis, were associated with a decrease in the grey-matter metabolism, in particular within certain frontal areas. This effect was independent of the inherent effect of age and of cortical atrophy. Finally, in a population of older patients with a high prevalence of hypertension, we showed that the blood pressure level was correlated to a brain metabolic remodeling, especially when this pressure was measured at central level and when considering the pulse pressure and a threshold value of 50 mmHg. The global cerebral aging and its acceleration in relation to vascular factors may be assessed by 18F-FDG PET when using an adapted voxel-based quantitative method. This assessment could potentially be useful for the monitoring of vascular treatments and for differentiating the aging- and vascular-related metabolic changes to those corresponding to brain diseases of other origins
Pierre, Alexandre. "VIPEBCO - Rôle du vieillissement et des peptides d’élastine sur la réponse immune adaptative au cours de la BPCO." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMM206/document.
Full textChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and irreversible inflammatory state of the lung. COPD includes chronic bronchitis, with obstruction of small airways, and emphysema, characterized by the destruction of lung parenchyma. Although cigarette smoke exposure is the best known risk factor for COPD development, several clinical observations support the hypothesis that aging also play a key role in the pathogenesis of COPD. Degradation of lung elastin fibers, generating soluble elastin peptides (EP), is a feature of COPD development, and normal physiological aging of the lung is associated with increased elastolysis. We previously demonstrated in mice that endotracheal instillation of EP resulted in an acute emphysema establishment. The positive association between lung elastin breakdown and aging is consistent with the hypothesis that aging is a major risk factor of COPD through EP production. The work done during this thesis focused on the comparative study of histological, inflammatory and immune parameters related to PE-induced emphysema in young and elderly mice. The results we obtained show that emphysema development is earlier in the elderly mice and that this earliness is associated with an increase of EP-specific CD28- senescent memory T cell clones
Pinçon, Anthony. "Implication du récepteur LSR (lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor) dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie du cholestérol cérébral et les capacités cognitives au cours du vieillissement." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0141/document.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting millions of people. The origin of AD is multifactorial. Studies suggest that disturbance of cholesterol metabolism contributes to AD development. However, data in the literature is conflicting. It is therefore crucial to better characterize the metabolism and involvement of cholesterol in AD. This work focused on the Lipolysis Stimulated Lipoprotein Receptor (LSR), a hepatic lipoprotein receptor involved in the clearance of lipoproteins during the postprandial phase. The objectives of this thesis were to characterize LSR receptor expression profile in the mouse brain, and to determine its role in both brain cholesterol homeostasis and in the pathophysiology of AD. We identified and characterized LSR expression in brain structures that are involved in cognitive abilities and the regulation of energy metabolism. Next, using a mouse model heterozygous for the LSR receptor, we were able to demonstrate that the deletion of one allele LSR causes impaired brain cholesterol metabolism in aging, which was correlated with increased susceptibility to amyloid stress. These results suggest a role of LSR receptor in brain cholesterol homeostasis and show that alterations of the brain cholesterol metabolism can impact AD pathophysiology. Finally, we observed that the deficiency of an LSR allele in mice on a high fat diets affected peripheral lipid metabolism and the anxiety in these mice
Gouju, Julien. "Importance de la voie Cdk4-EZH2 dans l'échappement à la sénescence induite par la chimiothérapie." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0056/document.
Full textChemotherapy-induced senescence enables to trigger a durable division arrest of tumor cells. However, this tumor suppressor mechanism is neutralized in some treated cells leading mostly to cancer relapse in patients. Recently, we have described a MCL1-dependent mechanism of escape in SN-38-induced senescence from colorectal cell lines. In this study, we showed that senescent cells (PLS cells) promoted the non senescent cells (PLD cells) proliferation through mitogenic signals stimulating Cdk4 kinase activity and subsequently the cell cycle. We demonstrated that Cdk4 phosphorylated Rb on the serine 780 to inhibit its activity, allowing E2F- family transcriptional functions activation on cell cycle targets. Loss of Cdk4 expression or activity induced by RNA interference or Palbociclib reduced the emergence of proliferating clones. TheEZH2-methyltransferase, a E2F transcriptional target, is only expressed by PLD cells and this expression depends on Cdk4 activity. Moreover, loss of EZH2 expression or activity, by RNA interference or by DZNepA and GSK343 inhibitors, reduced the emergence of proliferating cells. Finally, EZH2 inhibition promotes both cell division arrest and senescence in response to Palbociclibin the SN-38-escaped cells. To conclude, this study enabled to highlight a major role of EZH2 as effector of Cdk4 in the escape mechanism induced by SN-38 a signaling pathway offering newtargeted cancer therapies
Moreau, Marie. "Les cellules sénecentes comme niche de survie : rôle de la voie TSP1-CD47." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0078.
Full textActivated by chemotherapy, senescence is a suppressive mechanism that prevents tumor progression. However some cancer cells can emerge and induce clinical relapse. We have recently described that emergent cells resist toanoikis and depend on Mcl-1. This survival pathway is activated by Akt kinase that inhibits Noxa and apoptosis. One of the caracteristics of senescence is the appearance of the secretory phenotype called SASP that can induce deleterious effects to neighboring cells. In this study, we observed that the secretome of persistant cells induces anoïkis resistance, migration and invasion of parental cells. Proteomics analysis performed at laboratory showed that TSP-1 is over expressed in advanced stages of colon and breast tumors. During persistance, TSP-1 and its receptor CD47 are more expressed by senescent cells. Blockade of TSP-1 or its binding on CD47 increases persistence and induces spheroïds generation showing an increase in the proportion of stem cells. Self-renewal factors Nanog and Klf4 are early expressed following treatment. Following CD47 inactivation or stimulation withTSP-1, the expression of Nanog is blocked. The inhibition of Nanog or Klf4 reduces emergence. So, in senescent cells, CD47 could activate self-renewal and could promote emergence. By linking to its receptor, TSP-1 could block these processes et coud act as a tumor suppressor
Fonte, Coralie. "Effets de différents modèles de stress sur le développement lymphocytaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0185/document.
Full textSpaceflight is a source of various stresses leading to the weakening of the immune system. The efficiency of this system relies, notably, on the diversity of antigen receptor repertoires present on B (BCR) and T (TCR) cells, allowing the recognition of a vast array of antigens. During this thesis, I studied the diversity of antigen receptors in three different animal models: the amphibian Pleurodeles waltl, the murine anti‐orthostatic suspension model (simulated microgravity) and the CUMS (for "Chronic Unpredictable Mild Socio‐environmental stressors") murine model involving exposure to chronic social and environmental stressors similar to those encountered during spaceflights. Analyses of P. waltl IgM and IgY heavy chain repertoires have shown that they are highly diverse, making this species a nice animal model for studying the effects of spaceflight on the humoral immune system. We have also shown that 21 days of anti‐orthostatic suspension decrease murine B lymphopoiesis and moderately affect IgM heavy chain repertoire diversity. These results were compared with those obtained with old mice to determine if anti‐orthostatic suspension induces an accelerated aging of the immune system. Although we noted interesting similarities between these two groups of mice, we found that the effect of aging on IgM repertoire is stronger than that of the anti‐orthostatic suspension, suggesting that anti‐orthostatic duration should be extended to increase the effects of this model on antibody repertoire. Finally, regarding the CUMS model, we have shown that, when applied during gestation it does not affect T lymphopoiesis in newborn mice but affects 25% of their TCRβ heavy chain repertoire. These results suggest that low‐intensity chronic socio‐environmental stressors may alter antigen recognition capabilities of the host
Bouaziz, Walid. "Évaluation des effets physiologiques d'un nouveau programme de reconditionnement physique en endurance sur ergocycle chez des sujets de plus de 70 ans avec recherche d'une action spécifique sur le vieillissement cardio-vasculaire et cognitif." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ112/document.
Full textBackground: Older adults constitute one of the most rapidly growing population groups. Consequently, avoiding an inactive lifestyle and encouraging regular physical activity remains one of the main measures that should be promoted for older adults. The main objective of our study was to determine the effects of a new lightweight protocol including recovery bouts called: “The Intermittent Aerobic Training Program with Recovery bouts” (IATP-R - PEP’C-R in French) for seniors over 70 on maximal cardiorespiratory and endurance parameters. The secondary objectives were to determine the effects of IATP-R on vascular function and cognitive performances. Results: Our results showed that this new “IATP-R” training protocol permits to achieve a significant improvement in both endurance parameters and maximal cardio-respiratory parameters. In addition, the IATP-R permits to improve the vascular function and cognitive performances. Conclusion: The results of this study could be useful to implement this new IATP-R protocol for healthy older adults over 70. This would also be within the framework of prescribing training programs
Vetillard, Alexandra. "Rôle de la kinase Akt dans la chimiorésistance : Régulation de l’équilibre Apoptose-Sénescence." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0078.
Full textActivated by chemotherapy, senescence is a tumor suppressive mechanism that prevents tumor progression. However, some cancer cells can emerge to induce clinical relapse. The mechanisms set up by cells to escape senescence are not yet clearly known. We have recently described that cells that escape senescence are more transformed than non treated parental cells ; they resist anoikis and depend on Mcl-1. In this study, we further characterize this emergence in response to irinotecan, a first line treatment used in colorectal cancer. Our results indicate that the Akt kinase was activated as a feedback pathway during the early step of senescence and also during emergence. Inhibition of the kinase with GSK690693 prevented cell emergence and improved treatment efficacy, both in vitro and in vivo. This improvement was correlated with senescence inhibition, p21waf1 down regulation and a concomitant activation of apoptosis due to Noxa upregulation and Mcl-1 inactivation. Indeed, Noxa inactivation prevented apoptosis and increased the number of emergent cells. Moreover, using p21waf1-deficient cells, we further confirmed that an intact p53-p21-senescence pathway favored cell emergence and that its down regulation improved treatment efficacy through apoptosis induction. These results highlight that Akt inhibition improves irinotecan treatment and prevent cell emergence by switching the senescence response to apoptosis. Therefore, we propose that use of Akt inhibitors in sequential therapies should be considered in future to improve the treatment of irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancers
El, ali Zeina. "Rôle du facteur de transcription Nrf2 dans le contrôle de l'allergie cutanée en réponse aux molécules allergisantes." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114847/document.
Full textAllergic reactions such as contact hypersensitivity (CHS) are a problem of public health occurring after repeated exposures to contact sensitizers. CHS is a common skin disease involving dendritic cells (DC) playing a key role in this pathology. Contact sensitizers, like dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) or cinnamaldehyde (CinA) are known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The Nrf2/Keap1 pathway is central for detoxification. In the absence of a chemical stress, Keap1 associates with Nrf2 and leading to its degradation. In the presence of an electrophilic compound like contact sensitizers, Keap1’s conformation is modified leading to Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus and transcription of its target genes [heme-oxygénase 1 (ho-1), NADPH quinone oxydoreductase (nqo1), glutathione-s-transferase (gst)]. We showed, for the first time, that Nrf2 controls the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3/7 activity in DC activated by contact sensitizers. In the absence of Nrf2, DNCB and CinA induced DC apoptosis via caspase activation involved in intrinsic pathway of apoptosis also called ‘mitochondrial pathway’. This apoptosis was mainly mediated by the production of ROS in response to DNCB. However, ROS faintly control CinA-induced cell death. We also showed that Nrf2 controls the transcription of the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 in response to DNCB or CinA and also the transcription of immune related and antioxidant genes that could be implicated in DC apoptosis.Otherwise, we also showed that Nrf2 plays a key role in sensitization and elicitation phases of CHS and even in the irritation phase. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that Nrf2 plays a crucial role in DC during CHS.Finally, we showed that Nrf2 regulates skin Treg and participates to skin tolerance
Malak, Abbas. "Role of vascular microparticles in endothelial senescence : study of their pro-coagulant properties and pharmacological modulation in a porcine model of replicative senescence." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ130.
Full textThis scientific work has tackled the issue of the pleitropic role mediated by endothelial microparticles function and homeostasis. A replicative model of senescence using coronary endothelial cells was set showing drastic phenotype changes characterized by ROS production, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and the up-regulation of key regulators of cell cycle arrest including p53, p21 and p16.Replicative senescence shifted the coronary endothelial phenotype toward a procoagulant status as evidenced by (i) procoagulant MP shedding (ii) enhanced tissue factor (TF) expression and (iii) a marked decrease in the endothelial NO-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation. In parallel, a drastic up regulation of the angiotensin system could be evidenced at the surface of senescent cells or derived MP. Results obtained with MPs from patients with acute coronary artery syndrome and from grafted patients,suggested a feedback loop disseminating the deleterious effect of circulating MPs redox signaling and alteration of vascular function owing to exaggerated senescence. In addition to its well-known immunosuppressive properties, cyclosporine A (Cs A) is a potent inhibitor of the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and several reports have indicated that a brief and timely administration of Cs A can limit ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Our data evidenced the possible pharmacological modulation of endothelial MP-mediated senescence by cell preconditioning with low concentrations of Cs A. our data are thus suggestive of a beneficial effect of CsA in cardiovascular disorders where senescence is altering the endothelial vascular functions