Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vienna circle'

This study examines the relativistic aspects of Arnold Schoenberg's harmonic and aesthetic theories in the light of a framework of ideas presented in the early writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein, the logician, philosopher of language, and Schoenberg's contemporary and Austrian compatriot. The author has identified correspondences between the writings of Schoenberg, the early Wittgenstein (the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, in particular), and the Vienna Circle of philosophers, on a wide range of topics and themes. Issues discussed include the nature and limits of language, musical universals, theoretical conventionalism, word-to-world correspondence in language, the need for a fact- and comparison-based approach to art criticism, and the nature of music-theoretical formalism and mathematical modeling. Schoenberg and Wittgenstein are shown to have shared a vision that is remarkable for its uniformity and balance, one that points toward the reconciliation of the positivist-relativist dualism that has dominated recent discourse in music theory. Contrary to earlier accounts of Schoenberg's harmonic and aesthetic relativism, this study identifies a solid epistemological core underlying his thought, a view that was very much in step with Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, and thereby with the most vigorous and forward-looking stream in early twentieth century intellectual history.

Em The Logical Syntax of Language (1937) R. Carnap elabora o seu Princípio de Tolerância Lógica. Trata-se de um princípio lógico-filosófico de grande alcance, que condensa as posições mais consistentes do autor acerca do significado filosófico da pesquisa em lógica formal. A despeito do fracasso do projeto geral de uma filosofia sintática, esse princípio permaneceu como base de todo o pensamento posterior de Carnap. Mais do que isso, influenciou boa parte do melhor trabalho realizado em lógica até hoje, tendo deixado marcas duradouras sobre a filosofia analítica. Neste trabalho, buscamos examinar a origem do Princípio de Tolerância no pensamento de Carnap, como melhor caminho para estabelecer seu significado e implicações.
In The Logical Syntax of Language (1937) R. Carnap develops his Principle of Tolerance in Logic. This is a far-reaching principle for the whole philosophy of logic, and which sums up Carnaps most consistent tenets concerning the philosophical meaning of research in formal logic. Despite the failure of the general project of a syntactical philosophy, the Principle of Tolerance remained the basis for the whole of Carnaps subsequent thought. Moreover, it proved influential in a good deal of the most important work done in logic to this day; it also left permanent traces in analytic philosophy. In this work, we aim at examining the origins of the Tolerance Principle in Carnaps thought, as the best way to establish its significance and implications.

Empiricism and Semantics: From Rudolf Carnap to Contemporary Epistemology In recent years analytic philosophy has developed a deeper interest in the historiographical reconstruction of its roots. This interest is testified by many publications, which have appeared since the 90’s, about the life and thought of classical authors of analytic tradition, like Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, Carnap and Tarski. In my doctoral thesis I take up this line, focusing on two famous works of Rudolf Carnap: Der logische Aufbau der Welt, published in 1928, and Logische Syntax der Sprache, published in 1934. The main reference points of my historical and philosophical research are Jorge Alberto Coffa and Michael Friedman: I try to imitate their style of combining the analysis of technical aspects of logic and philosophy of language with broader considerations about conceptual trends and theoretical contexts. In the first chapter I present Carnap’s attempt in 1928 to build a symbolic system that formalizes scientific concepts. With this technique of formalization Carnap aims for the reduction of science to subjective experiences. The Aufbau can be seen as a programmatic manifesto of a verificationist theory of meaning, belonging to the empiricist tradition – as Quine indicated in his famous critic. Nevertheless, in the book there are strong influences of the Neokantian school, which link Carnap’s thought to 19th century transcendental philosophy. In the chapter, I highlight the points of the Aufbau in which a “transcendental scheme” can be identified; particularly, the concept of structure, that plays an important role in Carnap’s arguments, shows a kinship with the Kantian tradition. In addition, I emphasize the problematic status of solipsism in the carnapian system. The second chapter begins with a summary of the Protocol Sentence Debate among the members of the Vienna Circle in the early 30’s. Discussing the function of protocol sentences in the epistemology of logical empiricism, one has to deal with the task of explaining the syntactical relation that the authors had in mind, when they were disputing the foundation of theoretical sentences through the protocols. With regard to this subject, I start to analyze Logische Syntax der Sprache, whose main goal is to define the concept of consequence, a syntactical/semantic relation broader than that determined by the usual rules of derivation in axiomatic systems. Coping with this problem, Carnap develops some technical devices that are pretty close to Tarski’s definition of truth. The chapter finishes with a brief survey of the significance of tarskian semantics for contemporary philosophy of science. The third chapter consists of the synthetic exposition of an original approach to the problems of formalization and semantics, developed in the 60’s and 70’s by Paul Lorenzen and his scholars. The Erlangen School of epistemological constructivism is here considered because it doesn’t assume the standard opposition between syntax and semantics, the conceptual cornerstone of Carnap’s and Tarski’s analysis of scientific theories. Lorenzen’s approach emphasizes the instrumental and operational elements of the scientific practice; at the same time, he advocates a conception of language in which pragmatics plays a prominent role, encompassing the syntactical and the semantic dimension
Empirismo e semantica: da Rudolf Carnap all’episteologia contemporanea La ricerca condotta intende ricostruire un percorso storico-filosofico e concettuale che, a partire dall’empirismo neopositivista del Circolo di Vienna, giunge fino ad alcune posizioni largamente condivise dalla filosofia della scienza contemporanea in merito alla formalizzazione, alla struttura logica delle teorie scientifiche e al problema del significato. La parte preponderante del lavoro si è concentrata sull’analisi di due testi di Rudolf Carnap, Der logische Aufbau der Welt (1928) e Logische Syntax der Sprache (1934), in cui vengono esposte e applicate in modo rigoroso due strategie teoriche che costituiscono forse gli assi portanti dell’epistemologia novecentesca di ambito analitico: la determinazione del rapporto tra concetti scientifici e dato empirico e l’analisi delle relazioni inferenziali tra gli enunciati di una teoria. Il primo capitolo, analizzando l’opera carnapiana del 1928, ne identifica da un lato l’aspetto più innovativo nell’impiego dell’apparato logico dei Principia Mathematica di Russell e Whitehead per la costruzione di un linguaggio artificiale in cui tradurre gli enunciati delle singole scienze; dall’altro lato, ricostruisce la filiazione della nozione di esperienza utilizzata da Carnap rispetto alla psicologia sperimentale, alla tradizione empirista inglese e austriaca e alla fenomenologia husserliana. Il verificazionismo dell’Aufbau viene ricollegato all’orizzonte concettuale dell’Erkenntnistheorie neokantiana, soprattutto a proposito dell’enfasi posta sul problema del passaggio dalla dimensione solipsistica e privata del vissuto esperienziale all’intersoggettività propria della scienza. Il secondo capitolo tratta gli sviluppi del pensiero di Carnap negli anni Trenta: il legame con la gnoseologia ottocentesca si indebolisce a vantaggio di un approfondimento di questioni tecniche di logica matematica. Dalle precedenti riflessioni filosofiche sul concetto di esperienza si passa al dibattito sulla forma logica degli enunciati protocollari, oggetto di disputa tra Carnap, Schlick, Neurath e Popper, di cui si cerca di dare un quadro complessivo. Il capitolo procede quindi ad analizzare le definizioni di conseguenza logica e di analiticità proposte in Logische Syntax der Sprache, argomento che consente di instaurare un confronto con il contemporaneo emergere della semantica tarskiana, cui Carnap aderirà negli anni successivi. Infine, vengono presentati alcuni recenti esempi di utilizzo della semantica nel campo della filosofia della scienza. Nel terzo capitolo viene invece esposto l’approccio ai problemi dell’epistemologia e della formalizzazione sviluppato negli anni Sessanta e Settanta da Paul Lorenzen. La proposta di questo autore viene considerata rilevante in quanto ristruttura la consueta opposizione tra sintassi e semantica che Tarski e Carnap hanno contribuito ad affermare. L’impostazione di Lorenzen, mettendo l’accento sugli aspetti tecnico-operativi della pratica scientifica, elabora una concezione del linguaggio in cui la dimensione pragmatica svolge il ruolo dominante. In tal modo, questioni epistemologiche come quelle dell’analiticità o della base empirica, affrontate da Carnap attraverso concetti sintattici o semantici, vengono risolte in modo originale

A pesquisa que ora se apresenta consiste em uma investigação sobre o recente trabalho de reavaliação das obras de membros do chamado Círculo de Viena, que foi o primeiro e principal grupo representativo da perspectiva filosófica conhecida como positivismo lógico. Nossa pesquisa compreende três partes: a primeira parte voltada para a reconstrução histórico-conceitual do período entre o alvorecer das idéias neopositivistas e os primeiros momentos posteriores à recepção norte-americana da imigração intelectual vienense; na segunda parte do trabalho, por sua vez, lançaremos luz propriamente à natureza de tal perspectiva contemporânea, a partir de uma descrição sobre o método e o escopo temático de tal projeto revisionista; à terceira parte, por fim, além de tecer uma avaliação geral sobre o que foi feito nas duas partes que a antecedem, coube conjecturar as possibilidades de se encontrar em tal trabalho uma agenda filosófica e política própria.
The present work consists on an inquiry concerning the recent re-evaluation in the works of members of the so-called Vienna Circle, which became the first and main representative of the philosophical movement known as Logical Positivism. Our research comprises three parts: the first one is devoted to a historical-conceptual reconstruction of the period between the uprising of the first Neopositivist ideas and the years immediately following the North-American reception of the intellectual immigration from Vienna; the second part of the work concerns the nature of such contemporary reappraisal researches on the positivists legacy, through a description of the method and scope of such re-evaluation project; finally, the third part comprises a general review of the previous parts, and was worked out in order to conceive conjectures about the possibility of finding out in this re-evaluation project a philosophical and political agenda of its own.

In broadest terms, this thesis is concerned to answer the question of whether the view that arithmetic is analytic can be maintained consistently. Lest there be much suspense, I will conclude that it can. Those who disagree claim that accounts which defend the analyticity of arithmetic are either unable to give a satisfactory account of the foundations of mathematics due to the incompleteness theorems, or, if steps are taken to mitigate incompleteness, then the view loses the ability to account for the applicability of mathematics in the sciences. I will show that this criticism is not successful against every view whereby arithmetic is analytic by showing that the brand of "conventionalism" about mathematics that Rudolf Carnap advocated in the 1930s, especially in Logical Syntax of Language, does not suffer from these difficulties. There, Carnap develops an account of logic and mathematics that ensures the analyticity of both. It is based on his famous "Principle of Tolerance", and so the major focus of this thesis will to defend this principle from certain criticisms that have arisen in the 80 years since the book was published. I claim that these criticisms all share certain misunderstandings of the principle, and, because my diagnosis of the critiques is that they misunderstand Carnap, the defense I will give is of a primarily historical and exegetical nature. Again speaking broadly, the defense will be split into two parts: one primarily historical and the other argumentative. The historical section concerns the development of Carnap's views on logic and mathematics, from their beginnings in Frege's lectures up through the publication of Logical Syntax. Though this material is well-trod ground, it is necessary background for the second part. In part two we shift gears, and leave aside the historical development of Carnap's views to examine a certain family of critiques of it. We focus on the version due to Kurt Gödel, but also explore four others found in the literature. In the final chapter, I develop a reading of Carnap's Principle - the `wide' reading. It is one whereby there are no antecedent constraints on the construction of linguistic frameworks. I argue that this reading of the principle resolves the purported problems. Though this thesis is not a vindication of Carnap's view of logic and mathematics tout court, it does show that the view has more plausibility than is commonly thought.

Malgré sa condamnation post-positiviste et sa réception négative par la gauche, l’empirisme logique regagne en intérêt. Cette thèse est une contribution à la littérature émergente du «Cercle de Vienne de gauche» (CVG). Autour de Neurath et quelques autres personnalités de l’aile gauche du Cercle (Carnap, Frank, Hahn, Zilsel), nous proposons de repenser la relation de l’empirisme logique avec le marxisme. Ces deux courants se rejoignent dans leur défense d’une «conception scientifique du monde» et leur sécularisme radical. Les critiques communistes et néo-marxistes (l’École de Francfort, l’épistémologie féministe) adressées à l’empirisme logique sont recensées et leur pertinence questionnée à travers les données de l’historiographie du CVG. La politique de l’empirisme logique est examinée à travers les textes économiques de Neurath et son œuvre d’infographiste. Son engagement pour l’économie socialiste planifiée et ses efforts en graphisme pour la popularisation des méthodes quantitatives (la méthode Isotype pour la visualisation des statistiques sociales) sont présentés en vue d’une évaluation politique du CVG, ainsi que les connexions de l’empirisme logique avec le mouvement pour une langue auxiliaire internationale
Despite logical empiricism’s dismissal by ambient postpositivism in academia as well as by the Far Left, a growing interest in its previously unknown socialist origins has resulted in a new topic in the history of philosophy of science : «Left Vienna Circle» (LVC). This thesis dedicated to LVC studies aims to clarify the politics of European logical empiricism. A presentation of its major critics from the Left (from communist parties to neo-Marxist trends like Frankfurt School and feminist epistemology) is followed by more recent arguments about its socialist politics. The «scientific world conceptions» of logical empiricism and Marxism will be compared through the work of Neurath and some other representatives of LVC (Carnap, Frank, Zilsel, Hahn). Alongside the connections of logical empiricism to the movement for an international auxiliary language, Neurath’s economical writings and his efforts to popularize quantitative methods in social sciences (the Isotype method of visual statistics) will be presented in an attempt to evaluate the politics of logical empiricism

Une théorie empiriste de la connaissance affirme que le langage est doté de la capacité à « représenter » quelque chose d'autre que le langage lui-même. A la fin du XVIIe siècle, en effet, Locke et ses successeurs ont analysé empiriquement ce à quoi nos idées ressemblent et que les mots représentent mentalement. Autour des années trente, Schlick et ses camarades du Cercle de Vienne se servent des acquis linguistico-logiques de Frege, Russell et Wittgenstein pour analyser logiquement les propositions scientifiques, leur correspondance avec les états de choses qu'elles représentent. Avec eux, la philosophie analytique devra dorénavant ramener les problèmes de la connaissance au niveau de l'expérience langagière. C'est là que réside le caractère radical et réductionniste d'une démarche empiriste : les empiristes classiques ont fixé dans la perception la genèse chronologique de nos idées et nos pensées ; à leur tour, les Viennois déterminent le sens d'une proposition en la traduisant en propositions élémentaires, dites « Protokollsätze », qui renvoient directement au donné empirique. A la même période, Carnap se démarque des autres empiristes logiques en posant les problèmes du langage de la science en termes de reconstruction rationnelle des concepts et, cela, en introduisant de nouveaux concepts à partir de ceux déjà connus comme concepts de base phénoméniste (dans l'Aufbau en 1928) ou physicaliste (au cours des années trente). Tel est son réductionnisme logique qu'il renforce par la syntaxe logique. L'analyse logique ne porte pas sur le donné mais sur la proposition, et en particulier sur les propriétés formelles et des relations purement logiques qu'entretiennent les propositions dans un système. Carnap tente de libéraliser la démarche empiriste en assouplissant le critère de scientificité et, conformément à son « Principe de Tolérance », en adjoignant à l'ancrage empirique des questions de conventions pour la structure des propositions scientifiques. Il modère la critique viennoise de la métaphysique en attribuant à la philosophie, devenue « la logique de la science », la tâche de méthodes et formes adéquates pour la construction du langage de la science
An empiricist theory of knowledge argues that language has the capacity to represent something other than itself. Beginning from the end of the 17th century, Locke and his successors analysed empirically what our ideas are reflections of and what words represent in the mind. At the beginning of the 1930s, Schlick and his Vienna Circle colleagues exploited the logico-linguistic advances of Frege, Russell and Wittgenstein in the logical analysis of scientific propositions, i.e. their correspondence with the states of affairs they represent. Following their example, analytic philosophy would henceforth reduce problems of knowledge to the level of linguistic experience. This is where the radical and reductionist character of the empiricist perspective is to be found: the classical empiricists identified the chronological genesis of our ideas and thoughts in perception; the Vienna Circle philosophers in their turn determine the meaning of a proposition by translating it into elementary propositions or Protokollsätze, which reflect directly an empirical “given”. During the same period, Carnap distances himself from his fellow empiricists by formulating the formulating the problems of scientific language in terms of the rational reconstruction of concepts by introducing new concepts based on those already identified as fundamental from a phenomenalist (the Aufbau, 1928) or physicalist (during the 1930s) perspective. This is the logical reductionism that Carnap reinforces through logical syntax. For him, logical analysis is less concerned with the given than with the proposition, and in particular with the formal properties and purely logical relations between propositions within a system. Carnap attempts in this way to “liberalize” empiricism, both by rendering more flexible and open its claim to be scientific and, in conformity to his “Tolerance Principle”, in adding questions of conventions to the empirical grounding of scientific propositions. In attributing to philosophy, understood as “the logic of science”, the task of elaborating forms and methods adequate to the construction of the language of science, he thus moderates the Viennese critique of metaphysics

The Nationalökonomische Gesellschaft (Austrian Economic Association, NOeG) provides a prominent example of the Viennese economic circles that more than academic economics dominated scientific discourse in the interwar years. For the first time this paper gives a thorough account of its history, from its foundation 1918 until the demise of its long-time president, Hans Mayer, 1955, based on official documents and archival material. The topics treated include its predecessor and rival, the Gesellschaft österreichischer Volkswirte, the foundation 1918 soon to be followed by years of inactivity, the relaunch by Mayer and Mises, the survival under the NS-regime and the expulsion of its Jewish members, and the slow restoration after 1945. In particular, an attempt is made to provide a list of the papers presented to the NOeG, as complete as possible, for the period 1918-1938. (author's abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1989.
Title as it appears in the M.I.T. Graduate List, June 1989: The Vienna circle's debate about protocol sentence debate revisited--towards the reconstruction of Otto Neurath's epistemology.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 452-479).
by Thomas Ernst Uebel.
Ph.D.

The Nationalökonomische Gesellschaft (NOeG) was founded in June 1918 by a group of young scholars, mostly based in Vienna, as a forum for theoretical debate. Despite the prominent economists involved (e.g. Schumpeter, Mises, Mayer, Spann, Amonn) its activities soon petered out. The relaunch of the NOeG in 1927 originated from the necessity of the two strands of the Austrian school, led by Mayer and Mises, to find some tolerable arrangement; Spann and economists outside the University of Vienna were excluded. Around 1930 the NOeG and Vienna in general proved an attraction for many well-known economists from abroad, and many of the papers presented were printed and cited in first-rate journals. Yet with the emigration of many Austrian economists during the 1930s the NOeG mirrored the general decline of academic economics in Austria and the number and quality of the papers presented decreased. After the Anschluss 1938 the NOeG and its president Mayer were quick in dismissing its Jewish members and in the following adhered to a strategy of inconspicuous adaptation; its formal existence did not lead to any substantial activities. The post-war period was characterized by the restoration of the situation before 1938, with Mayer's continued presence at the university as well as at the NOeG a case in point. In the end, it led Austrian academic economics into a state of international isolation and "provincialization" much lamented by the émigré economists of the Austrian school.

The aim of this Bachelor thesis and Minor Field Study is, from the perspective of the Vietnamese children at The General Science Library in Ho Chi Minh City, to obtain a deeper understanding of the ways in which the reading environment of The Children's Room supports children's interest in reading and their reading experience. It is assumed that reading is a dynamic and social activity made possible by internal and external conditions. In this context limited freedom of expression is one of the external conditions that is taken into consideration. In order to obtain understanding of Vietnamese children's experiences of reading, I used Aidan Chambers' model of The Reading Circle as a theoretical framework. The methods used in this study were semi-structured interviews with Vietnamese young people at the library, four girls and five boys, aged between 10 and 15 years. The children in this study describe two types of reading experiences: 1) reading that gives feelings of excitement and joy, and makes them want to reread a book, talk about it with others, think of it, remember and analyse it. And 2) reading they describe as developing, either spiritually or intellectually, a form of reading for improvement. Four reading environments are identified that both enable and obstruct reading experiences, their homes, school, library and the bookstore. Primarily, The Children's Room enables reading.

La creciente necesidad de que, tanto los científicos como los técnicos medioambientales, conozcan los diversos aspectos de la ecología de los animales para proponer acciones de conservación adecuadas, ha promovido el desarrollo de técnicas y herramientas que permitan desentrañar algunas de las incógnitas que envuelven a un nuevo paradigma emergente; la "ecología del movimiento", enfocada a estudiar todo tipo de movimientos realizados por todo tipo de organismos. Poco a poco, y sobre todo en las últimas décadas, las nuevas tecnologías de seguimiento remoto aplicadas al estudio del movimiento animal han permitido llevar a cabo nuevas y modernas investigaciones con una amplia gama de enfoques científicos especializados para estudiar los diferentes movimientos llevados a cabo por grupos específicos de organismos. En las aves, la aplicación de estas técnicas ha aportado multitud de nueva información sobre el uso del hábitat y del espacio y, sobre todo, ha permitido el seguimiento de las especies a lo largo de sus movimientos migratorios y en las áreas de invernada, aportando gran cantidad de información en estas etapas de su ciclo biológico muy desconocidas hasta la aplicación de estas técnicas. El Cernícalo primilla (Falco naumanni) es una pequeña rapaz migratoria que estuvo muy amenazada debido a un fuerte declive de sus poblaciones ocurrido a finales del siglo pasado, llegando a extinguirse en muchas localidades a lo largo de su rango de distribución; la situación llevo a que la especie estuviera catalogada como en “peligro” y fue objeto de numerosas investigaciones. Sin embargo, varios aspectos sobre su biología básica seguían siendo desconocidos. Por ejemplo, aunque el conocimiento sobre la migración y la invernada había mejorado en los últimos años con la utilización de geolocalizadores, esta técnica puede generar grandes errores (hasta unos pocos cientos de kilómetros) en la estimación de la ubicación de un ave y no es posible mapear las rutas e inquirir su fenología migratoria con precisión. Por otro lado, la especie ha sufrido recientemente de nuevo una fuerte regresión, con registros de reducciones en poblaciones reproductoras de más del 50% de los efectivos poblacionales en solo una generación en algunas áreas de reproducción de la Península Ibérica (especialmente durante las temporadas reproductivas de 2017 y 2018). Los investigadores señalan que la principal causa de las repentinas disminuciones que se han producido en los últimos años puede deberse a los eventos que ocurren en las zonas de invernada que ocupa la especie y de las cuales no existe información detallada; sin embargo existen otros aspectos de su declive, actual y pasado, que siguen siendo controvertidos, p.ej., las posibles afecciones que causa la pérdida de hábitat asociado a la construcción de infraestructuras en hábitat prioritarios para la especie, que hemos investigado recientemente. En este trabajo de investigación, además, aportamos nuevos datos sobre la duración correcta de las migraciones del Cernícalo primilla, de las rutas migratorias exactas, de los posibles efectos de las condiciones climáticas (p.ej., el viento) durante su migración y hemos estudiado el uso del hábitat y las zonas de invernada de la especie en el Sahel. Por último, con nuestras investigaciones con un enfoque multiespecífico (trabajando con el Águila calzada Hieraaetus pennatus y el Aguilucho cenizo Circus pygargus), hemos podido describir mejor el hábitat de las rapaces en sus zonas de invernada y definir los puntos clave hacia los que focalizar los esfuerzos para conservar, no solo al Cernícalo primilla, sino a muchas rapaces migratorias transaharianas.

碩士
美和科技大學
企業管理系經營管理碩士班
106
The ressearch shows that customer satisfaction towards Circle K Convenience store chain in Ho Chi Minh City is quite high, reaching 0.404 in the 5-point Likert scale. The literature review suggests the five factors affection customer satisfaction be Product, Price, Staff, Facilities, and Promotion and added services. Accordingly, the research model is built and a survey is conducted to collect data for the analysis. There are 252 observations in the sample. The results of Cronbach Alpha and Exploratory Analysis (EFA) show that the five factors are really useful in the research, however, the items in some factors are eliminated for their inappropriateness. Therefore, the natures of the factors are more or less change. After that, the regression analysis is done to see the extent of impact of the five factors. Among the five factors, Product has the highest impact on customer satisfaction towards Circle K Convenience store chain in Ho Chi Minh City, followed by Price. The smallest impact is of the Promotion and added services. The research also shows that there is no differenece in customer satisfaction towards Circle K Convenience store chain in Ho Chi Minh City between males and females, among groups of age, and among groups of occupations. From such results, the research conclusions are drawn, and the recommendations are given based on them.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
107
The scope of this thesis is East Asian Confucian cultural circle, which mainly refers to the People''s Republic of China, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam. These five countries used to follow the order of Huayi under the tributary system in modern times, that is, the surrounding countries to China. Tribute, thus maintaining an international order with Huaxia as the main axis. In the middle of the 16th century, the Chinese dominated by the Han people died in Yidi Manqing and were ruled by them. In Japan, there is therefore a so-called "Hua Yi''s Debate", which is believed to have passed on the Chinese orthodoxy relative to China, which was ruled by aliens. The time series entered the early 20th century, and the Western forces moved eastward. Japan believed that it should lead East Asia, construct a new East Asian order, and compete with Western powers. Therefore, it proposed to create a "Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Circle," but failed after the Second World War. Then East Asia entered the US-centered Cold War order. Until now, the Great East Asia region in the 21st century experienced the rise of China and promoted the development of East Asia. Although these historical changes have changed the power structure of East Asia, Confucian culture has not been eliminated. Instead, it has been passed down from generation to generation. Of course, it is inevitable that it will be reorganized by the power structure, and a certain degree of variation will occur, and humanities in all parts of East Asia will be born. Development characteristics. Under the influence of the shared cultural system interaction, how to determine the traditional authoritative value orientation of these East Asian countries is the main research topic of this thesis. Also influenced by the Confucian cultural circle, why are there differences in the face of traditional Asian family concepts? Through the national variables, such as demographic variables, sociological variables, and political variables, can we compare and analyze the value orientation of countries in the face of traditional family authority? Also, what are the reasons for the differences in these values ​​in different countries? After cross-comparing these differences, look forward to finding out why.

O trabalho que se apresenta surge no âmbito do Mestrado em “Arte e Património, no Contemporâneo e Actual”. O assunto tratado é a história do cinema na Madeira, desde o seu aparecimento até ao final da década de vinte do século XX. A principal fonte usada foi a imprensa regional, uma vez que existem poucos estudos sobre o tema. Esta foi estudada entre Março de 1895 e Dezembro de 1930. Dada a extensão temporal estudada e alguns problemas técnicos (envio para microfilmagem, de algumas publicações, em Lisboa), a análise não foi tão exaustiva quanto o pretendido. Os jornais foram seleccionados de forma aleatória e de acordo com a sua disponibilidade no Arquivo Regional da Madeira. No primeiro capítulo faz-se um enquadramento histórico do assunto a estudar, onde se caracteriza a época e se analisa os primórdios do cinema de forma geral na Europa e em Portugal e, de modo mais específico, na Madeira. O segundo capítulo é relativo à exibição de filmes na Ilha, sendo esta análise efectuada para as décadas em estudo. O terceiro capítulo trata a produção cinematográfica na Madeira, onde são referidos os principais nomes de realizadores e/ou produtores locais e se apresenta uma listagem de filmes realizados e/ou produzidos por madeirenses ou filmados na Região.
Universidade da Madeira

Questa tesi analizza le dinamiche qualitative e quantitative del modello di crescita economica Solow-Swan con differenti tassi di risparmio per lavoratori e capitalisti considerando differenti funzioni di produzione, al fine di studiare come le dinamiche di lungo periodo di un’economia sono influenzate dall’elasticità di sostituzione tra i fattori della produzione e da differenti propensioni al risparmio. Nel primo capitolo è discusso il problema di stabilire una relazione tra elasticità di sostituzione ed i livelli di capitale ed output pro capite quando si considera una funzione di produzione con elasticità di sostituzione variabile. Nel capitolo vengono proposte definizioni di elasticità di sostituzione associata a differenti attrattori ed è introdotto un metodo di misura. L’obiettivo è di comparare modelli dinamici di crescita con funzioni di produzione di tipo VES, sigmoidale o CES. A tal fine, il metodo proposto è applicato al modello di Kaldor considerando una tecnologia VES. Ne emerge che quando le dinamiche sono semplici (convergenza ad un punto fisso), un Paese in cui l’elasticità di sostituzione tra capitale e lavoro è più elevata è caratterizzato da un più alto livello di equilibrio del capitale e dell’output pro capite. Nel caso in cui l’equilibrio di lungo periodo è invece un ciclo o una dinamica più complessa, tale relazione è ambigua. Nel secondo capitolo è analizzato il modello di Kaldor assumendo che la tecnologia sia descritta dalla funzione di produzione Shifted Cobb-Douglas, una funzione di produzione che, differentemente dalla CES e VES precedentemente considerate in letteratura, permette di analizzare le dinamiche sia delle economie non sviluppate che di quelle in via di sviluppo e delle economie sviluppate. Il modello che ne risulta è descritto da una mappa discontinua con presenza di trappola della povertà. Inoltre fenomeni di multistabilità possono emergere: oltre al “vizioso circolo della povertà”, le dinamiche di lungo periodo possono includere fluttuazioni economiche o convergenza ad un livello positivo di capitale pro capite. Possono inoltre emergere bacini complessi; in tal caso una politica economica finalizzata ad aumentare il capitale pro capite può fallire e l’economia può essere catturata dalla trappola della povertà. Nell’ultimo capitolo il modello di crescita neoclassico a tempo discreto e con differenti propensioni al risparmio è studiato assumendo la funzione di produzione Kadiala, rilevante dal punto di vista economico per la sua peculiarità di presentare una elasticità di sostituzione simmetrica rispetto al capitale ed al lavoro. Viene mostrato che, se i lavoratori risparmiano più dei capitalisti, il percorso di crescita è limitato ed il limite è indipendente dal tasso di risparmio dei capitalisti. Inoltre, la crescita delle economie non sviluppate è influenzata dal tasso di risparmio dei capitalisti mentre il livello di capitale pro capite delle economie sviluppate è influenzato dalla propensità al risparmio dei lavoratori. Fenomeni di multistabilità possono emergere, pertanto il modello è in grado di spiegare la coesistenza di economie non sviluppate, in via di sviluppo e sviluppate. Fluttuazioni e dinamiche complesse si verificano quando l’elasticità di sostituzione tra i fattori della produzione è minore di uno ed i capitalisti risparmiano più dei lavoratori.