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Farrell, Gerard. "The Vienna Convention of 1983: context, failure and aftermath." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för ABM, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447320.
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This thesis examines the Vienna Convention on succession of States in respect of State Property, Archives and Debts, which was adopted in 1983 but subsequently failed to enter into force as too few states ratified it. Attention is given to the section of the Convention concerned specifically with the fate of archives in state succession, and the reasons why most of the major western nations, in particular those who had formerly or still possessed colonies, voted against the text. Given that this thesis analyses the failure of the Convention largely in terms of the political and historical circumstances surrounding it, particular attention is given to the context of decolonisation and Third World activism which sought to combat the neocolonial order which followed decolonisation, as well as the relative decline in power of the Third World during the debt crises of the 1980s. The context of historical efforts to resolve archival disputes and create legal frameworks in which to do so is also examined, before considering some of the most irreconcilable points of contention at the conference itself in part three. The concluding section considers some of the criticism leveled at the conference in its aftermath, in particular claims from those western nations which voted against it, while looking at both the subsequent consequences of this failure and the prospects for future agreements. This is a two years master's thesis in Archival Science.<br>Denna uppsats granskar Wienkonventionen om statssuccession med avseende på statlig egendom, arkiv och skulder, som antogs 1983 men därefter inte trädde i kraft eftersom alltför få stater ratificerade den. Fokus läggs på den del av konventionen som berör statsarkiv specifikt, och skälen till varför de flesta av de stora länderna i väst, särskilt de som tidigare eller fortfarande hade kolonier, röstade emot avtalet. Med tanke på att denna uppsats analyserar misslyckandet av konventionen till stor del med avseende på de politiska och historiska omständigheterna kring den, ägnas särskild uppmärksamhet åt kontexten av avkolonisering och tredje världsaktivismen som försökte bekämpa den neokoloniala ordningen som följde avkoloniseringen, såväl som den relativa maktminskningen i tredje världen under skuldkrisen på 1980-talet. Kontexten för historiska försök att lösa arkivtvister och skapa rättsliga ramar för att göra det undersöks också. Sedan diskuteras några av de mest oförenliga ståndpunkterna vid själva konferensen i del tre. I den avslutande delen granskas en del av den kritik som riktades mot konferensen i dess efterdyningar, särskilt påståenden från de västländer som röstade emot den, samtidigt som man tittar på de efterföljande konsekvenserna av detta misslyckande och utsikterna för framtida avtal.
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Rahim, Radziah Abdul. "Consular relations within the Commonwealth from the negotiation of the Vienna Convention (1963) to the London Conference (1972)." Thesis, Keele University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418443.
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Ndordji, Allatan. "Théorie des risques et transfert de propriété. Comparaison des droits français, de l'OHADA et du commerce international." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT3004/document.
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La théorie des risques est un contenant dont le contenu est constitué des maximes d'origine romaine, imaginées pour caractériser les conséquences juridiques de l'inexécution de l'obligation contractuelle due à la survenance de l'événement de force majeure. Suivant ces maximes dénommées en latin res perit debitori, res perit creditori et res perit domino, les conséquences préjudiciables de l'inexécution de l'obligation sont supportées, soit par le débiteur de cette obligation, soit par son créancier, ou par la personne à laquelle appartient la chose, objet de cette obligation, fortuitement détruite.Un regard comparatif sur les droits positif français, de l'OHADA et la Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises, révèle la dominance de la règle res perit domino dans la conception de la résolution de la question des risques. Cette conception donne lieu à deux typologies de solutions de la charge des risques : l'application d'une règle considérée comme un principe consiste à libérer les contractants de leurs obligations réciproques en raison de l'inexécution fortuite d'une obligation ; un autre type de règles est consacré à des hypothèses dans lesquelles une seule partie contractante est déclarée libérée. L'examen de ces deux typologies de solutions révèle une redondance dans leur coexistence, et particulièrement flagrante dans les systèmes de l'OHADA et de la Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980. Les règles considérées comme dérogatoires constituent une simple reprise a contrario du principe. Cette redondance s'avère la conséquence de la même conception de la résolution de la question des risques dans les trois systèmes juridiques. Les solutions de la charge des risques sont réputées, dans l'opinion répandue, différentes suivant ces trois systèmes juridiques ; mais cette différence ne tient qu'à leur apparence. À les examiner de près, leur similitude est surprenante ; ces solutions découlent de la même conception et sont susceptibles des mêmes critiques. Parmi les trois maximes latines, on observe une nette dominance de la réception de la règle res perit domino : les risques pèsent sur la personne à laquelle la chose appartient au moment de sa perte. La règle consistant dans l'association des risques au transfert de la propriété s'observe de façon générale dans les trois systèmes juridiques. Cette conception du traitement de la question des risques a tendance à générer des règles inappropriées. Elle se répand à partir du droit positif français résultant de l'analyse dominante de certaines dispositions du Code civil de 1804, dont l'exactitude doit être éprouvée. Cette thèse présente le modèle incompris de ce Code, après une présentation des différentes solutions issues des trois systèmes juridiques ; elle invite par conséquent à restaurer la vision des codificateurs, porteuse des solutions naturelles, appropriées à la question des risques. La thèse met en évidence la relation entre la charge des risques et l'obligation de délivrance dans le système du Code civil de 1804. Elle démontre la finalité du mécanisme de transfert solo consensu de la propriété, laquelle ne consiste nullement à attribuer les risques l'acquéreur. La règle res perit domino n'existe pas en réalité dans le Code civil de 1804. Ce Code fait référence à la règle res perit debitori pour caractériser l'hypothèse dans laquelle la perte fortuite de la chose libère les contractants de leurs obligations réciproques. On y rencontre également la règle res perit creditori, mais qui diffère, du point de vue de son fondement, de celle issue du droit romain. Il convient de promouvoir les solutions naturelles incomprises du Code civil de 1804, dont l'analyse est renouvelée dans cette thèse. Le système de ce Code ignore la règle res perit domino ; celle-ci n'y est entrée en réalité que par l'Ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligations<br>The risk theory is inspired by Roman legal maxims which purpose is to determine the legal consequences of non-compliance with the contractual obligation in case of force majeure. Pursuant to the res perit debitori, res perit creditori et res perit domino maxims consequences of the non-compliance of the contractual obligations are born either by the debtor of the obligation, by the creditor or by the good owner. A comparative overview of French law, the OHADA Convention and the Vienna Convention of 11 April 1980 on contracts for the international sales of goods demonstrates the superiority of the res perit domino principle in the conceptions for the resolution of the risk matter. According to this approach, existing law is based on two sets of solutions for the determination of the party who has to bear the risk: the application of a principle releasing the parties from their mutual obligations by virtue of the accidental non-compliance with the contractual obligations; the application of rules where only one party is released from his/her obligations. The examination of both sets of solutions shows inconsistencies which are particularly visible in the OHADA and Vienna Convention systems. Rules a priori considered as being derogatory are in fact a mere a contrario application of the principle. This inconsistency is the result of the way the risk matter is being addressed by the three legal system subject to the study. According to a widespread belief, the solutions differ. However, the difference is only apparent. A close look indicates indeed that their similarities are not unexpected. All the solutions stem from the same system of reasoning and, therefore, are subject to the same criticisms. Among the three Latin maxims, the res perit domino definitely prevails. Risks are borne by the owner of the good at the time of its loss. The rule associating the risks with the transfer of property is applicable in the three systems. This approach of the burden of risk is the cause of ill-adapted rules. It emerged in French law on the basis of the interpretation of 1804 Civil code provisions. This interpretation will be discussed by the thesis. After a general presentation of the solutions implemented by the three systems, the objective of this doctoral thesis is to explore the misunderstandings on the ratio legis of French civil code. The thesis restores the original view of the French codifiers, who were promoting solutions fitted to the risk theory. The thesis underlines the connection between the burden of risk and the obligation to deliver as provided by the French Civil code of 1804. The thesis demonstrates the ultimate goal of the property transfer mechanism solo consensus which is not to have the risk borne by the buyer. The res perit domino rule is in fact not to be found in the French civil code of 1804. It only refers to the res perit debitori in order to characterize the case where the accidental loss of the good releases the parties from their mutual obligations. The res perit creditori lays on different foundations. Therefore, it is necessary to promote a renewed understanding of the unknown original solutions of 1804. The French civil code system ignores the res perit domino rule. It became applicable only through Ordinance 2016-131 of 10 February 2016 reforms contract law and rules on proof
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Balmaceda, Jorge. "La vente de marchandises dans les systèmes de droit civil et de common law : une étude des droits anglais, chilien et français." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D041/document.
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La common law et le droit civil sont les principaux systèmes de droit dans le monde et la vente de marchandises est le contrat le plus important. La vente de marchandises a été soumise à la loi anglaise et au droit civil, indistinctement, ce qui a parfois posé des problèmes, suite à des approximations différentes en fonction de certains principes et institutions. La Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises a essayé d'harmoniser ces différences avec une technique codificatrice, typique du droit civil, en privilégiant des règles de droit civil le plus souvent, mais a aussi introduit des institutions de la common law, qui ne sont pas incompatibles avec le droit civil, comme nous le verrons. Les principes généraux du système de droit civil et les principes d'Unidroit aident à ce but d'harmonisation en intégrant les dispositions de la Convention de Vienne de 1980, et même, lors de la phase interprétative. La force de la codification s'impose par rapport à la common law, en donnant ainsi certitude et sophistication législative à ce sujet, dont l'importance est capitale pour le commerce mondial<br>Common Law and Civil Law are the main legal systems in the world and the sale of goods is the most important contract. Sales of goods have been ruled either by English Law or Civil Law, which has posed problems sometimes due to different approaches regarding certain principles and institutions. The 11th April 1980 Vienna Convention on international sale of goods tried to harmonise these differences with a codification technique, typical of Civil Law, giving privilege to rules of Civil Law most of the time but also introducing institutions from Common Law, that are not incompatible with Civil Law, as we will see. The general principles of Civil Law and Unidroit principles help with this harmonisation goal, integrating the rules of the CISG and also with the interpretation phase. The power of codification prevails over Common Law, giving certitude and sophistication to this matter, which is vital for global commerce
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Ruangvichatron, Jumpita. "Breach of contract in international sale of goods : an evaluation of the 1980 Vienna Sales Convention and the 1994 UNIDROIT principles as compared with English law and the (US) Uniform Commercial Code." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302569.
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Mahasneh, Nisreen. "The seller's obligation of delivery and conformity under a contract for sale of goods : the approaches of both English law and the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=166212.
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This thesis examines the seller's obligations of both delivery and conformity under a contract of sale. In this context, the related rules under both English law (represented by the Sale of Goods Act 1979) and the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 have been explored and compared with each other. It was initially necessary to indicate the importance of the Vienna Convention as a model for unifying the law of international trade. As well as indicating potential reasons as to why the UK is unconvinced that it should become a member of the Convention, as well as briefly examining the previous efforts that led to the conclusion of the Convention. While delivery is not defined under the Convention, the SGA considers it a voluntary transfer of possession. Moreover, delivery under English law takes place independently from the transferral of ownership. The matter of transferring the ownership in the goods is not however, dealt with under the Convention, and should be solved by reference to private international law. According to English law the delivery goods must meet the description in sale by description, correspond with the sample in sale by sample, and in all cases be of a satisfactory quality. The goods must meet a particular purpose where some conditions are met, as well as having to be in the right quantity. Art 35 of the Vienna Convention is considered a counterpart of the said rules. Should the seller however, attempt to exclude his liability regarding the said implied terms, such an attempt is subject to the UCTA 1977 and the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations, 1999. In another respect, delivery of the goods may take place actually or constructively, such as delivery by documents, or delivery through a carrier. Furthermore, there are particular rules that control the process of delivery, such as time, place and expenses connected with delivery. Obviously, the intention of the parties plays the essential role in determining these matters. One of the most important issues is the legal effect of the seller's breach of his obligation of conformity or delivery. Here, the buyer is entitled to a wide range of remedies, such as rejection of the goods and avoiding the contract of sale, specific performance, reduction of the price, or damages. The approaches here of both English law and the Convention are distinct in relation to some particular remedies, such as specific performance and reduction of the price.
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Mangezi, Mutsa. "International law before municipal courts: the role of International Court of Justice decisions in domestic court proceedings with specific reference to United States case examples." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007325.
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In the case of LaGrand (Germany v United States), the International Court of Justice held that the United States (US) had violated its international obligation to Germany under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations when it executed two German nationals without first informing them of their consular rights. The case came before the court after the United States had disregarded a preliminary ruling passed by the IC], which directed the US not to execute the German nationals pending the outcome of the ICJ case. The decision raised the issue of the effect of ICJ decisions in domestic proceedings and the effectiveness of ICJ enforcement mechanisms. This thesis considers the possibility of a role for national courts as active enforcers of ICJ decisions. It is argued that whilst evidence shows that there is no legal obligation on courts to enforce ICJ decisions, there is certainly room in international law to facilitate this development. In support of this argument, the thesis demonstrates how basic presuppositions about international law have shifted over the last few decades. This shift has been both the impetus and the result of globalisation. The case of LaGrand alongside similar cases is used to show how national courts may play an increased role in the enforcement of ICJ decisions.
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Froehlich, Joachim. "The Vienna Convention: A uniform approach to fill gaps within the scope of the Convention." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4617.
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Ngo, Koy Hermine Odette. "La Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 et la méthode conflictualiste." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0015.
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L’élaboration d’un droit international à vocation mondiale n’est pas une entreprise aisée. Après l’échec des Conventions de la Haye de 1964, la Convention de Vienne du 11avril 1980 applicable à la vente internationale de marchandises érige un droit uniforme de la vente applicable à l’échelle mondiale et adapté aux besoins du commerce international. Œuvre de compromis, cette Convention apporte des améliorations aux lacunes des Conventions de la Haye dont elle s’inspire. Elle met en place un droit international de la vente basé sur la recherche du compromis, de la souplesse, de la clarté et de la justice contractuelle. Néanmoins, en dépit de ses améliorations, elle reste elle-même une œuvre lacunaire dont le succès est cependant indéniable. L’étude des rapports qu’elle entretient avec la méthode conflictualiste permet de comprendre les raisons de ce succès. Comportant des normes tout aussi bien issues de la pratique que des différentes traditions juridiques et économiques, notre étude met en lumière l’incomplétude de la CVIM et sa dépendance vis-à vis des règles du droit international privé. Elle met en relief la place de la règle de conflit de lois dans le comblement des lacunes tant internes qu’externes de la CVIM et apporte la confirmation qu’aucun droit international ne peut être effectif sans le concours des règles du droit international privé. Règles qui, sous la pression de la mondialisation et de la puissance de plus en plus croissante des pouvoirs privés économiques sont amenées à évoluer pour mieux correspondre aux besoins du commerce international. Il apparaît dans cette perspective que, le succès de la CVIM, loin d’être uniquement attribué à l’unification des règles matérielles qu’elle opère, est le fruit des évolutions de la méthode conflictualiste. Celles-ci passent par l’affaiblissement de la règle de conflit de droit commun à travers sa subordination à la volonté des parties et aux usages du commerce international. A cela s’ajoute la multiplication des conventions d’unification des règles de conflit à caractère substantiel, la règlementation des conflits de procédures, l’assouplissement des conditions de circulation des jugements étrangers et le développement d’un droit international privé communautaire<br>On a world basis, the elaboration of an international law is not an easy task. After the failure of the HAGUE’s conventions on 1964, the Vienna’s Conventions of april 11th, 1980 applicable for the international sales of goods establishes a uniform law suitable for international sales and adapted to the needs of international trade. Born out of a compromise, this Convention brings out improvements to the lacunas within the Hague’s Conventions. The Conventions puts into place an international law of sales based on az quest for compromises, flexibility, clarity and contractual justice. Nevertheless, in spite of its improvements, it remains a lacuna’s work whose success is still undeniable. The study of reports undertaken with the conflicting methods allows us to understand the reasons of its success. Adapting of norms issued from practice as well as from legal and economic traditions, our study brings into light the incompleteness of the CISG and its dependence in regard to the private international laws. It demonstrate the place of the conflict of law in filling up the CISG’s internal and external lacunas and confirms that, no international law can be effective without the assistance of the private laws. Rules, that under the pressure of globalization and the increasing powers of the parties of international trade are brought to evolve to correspond better to the needs of international trade. It so appear that, the success of the CISG, far from solely attributed to its unification of material rules is the result of the evolution of the conflict of law. It passes through the weakening of the common conflict rule through its subordination to the will of parties and the use of international trade. One can add the multiplication of substantial’s conflict law, the regulation of procedure’s conflict, the softening of the recognition conditions of foreign judgments, and the development of communal international private law
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Bruns, Kai. "Britain and the negotiation of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations." Thesis, Keele University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555826.
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2011 was the fiftieth anniversary of the negotiation, at the height of the cold war, of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR). Since then the VCDR has become a cornerstone of diplomatic law. Despite its importance, no complete commentary had been written on the political aspects of the codification process until now. Thus, the original contribution to knowledge of this research is the description of the political aspects of the codification process in general, and the explanation of the British contribution to it in particular. It will be shown that Cold War tensions created the necessary momentum for it to be prioritised in the International Law Commission (ILC) and that procedural rather than substantive issues were the reason for the separate codification of diplomatic and consular relations. Analysing the contribution and role of the British, it will be shown that the British member of the ILC would have favoured codification by passing a UNGA resolution and that the decision to codify diplomatic privileges and immunities by convention led to a change in the British approach. Furthermore, it will be shown that Britain provided one of the leading delegations at the 1961 Vienna Conference. However, despite its leadership role, it could not avoid the inclusion of what, in British eyes, were unfavourable restrictions on the freedom to appoint staff and the freedom of communication. In comparison to traditional British diplomatic practice, codification via the VCDR led to a decrease of diplomatic immunities, while it increased diplomatic privileges. Thus, the ratification of the VCDR implied fiscal concessions on part of the Treasury, and this led to an interdepartmental dispute (i.e. over tax-free reimport of Scotch whisky) which, together with the low legislative priority given to the legislation necessary for the implementation of the Convention, delayed British ratification until 1964.
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Bolivar, Analluza Bravo. "O impacto no Brasil da casuística internacional relativa à violação do direito de informação sobre a assistência consular para preso estrangeiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-14062012-114504/.
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Trata-se do estudo da casuística internacional sobre as violações cometidas pelos Estados Unidos da América contra o artigo 36 da Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Consulares de 1963. A Corte Internacional de Justiça e a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos interpretam, regulamentam e aprimoram o direito de informação sobre assistência consular para preso estrangeiro, que deixa de ser visto como um direito puramente inter-Estatal por ambos os tribunais. Abordamse questões de Direito Internacional Público, como a força vinculante das decisões da Corte Internacional de Justiça, e sua íntima relação com o direito interno do Estado parte do tratado, inclusive com relação aos Estados terceiros ao litígio internacional, como o Brasil. Em sendo um componente do pacote das garantias do devido processo legal, o prejuízo causado ao réu estrangeiro pela falta de informação sobre o direito de assistência consular pode ensejar o reconhecimento de nulidade processual penal absoluta.<br>This is the study of international cases relating the violations committed by the United States of America against the article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963. The International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have the opportunity to interpret, regulate and enhance the right to information on consular assistance to foreign detainee, who is no longer seen as a purely inter-State law by both Courts. The study addresses issues of Public International Law, as the binding force of decisions of the International Court of Justice, and its close relationship with the Domestic Law of the State party to the treaty, including with respect to third states to the international dispute. Considered a human right, part of the package of guarantees of due process, the demonstrated prejudice caused to the foreign defendant for lack of information about his right to consular assistance may cause the recognition of absolute nullity of criminal procedure.
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Lamazerolles, Eddy. "Les apports de la Convention de Vienne au droit interne de la vente /." [Paris] : LGDJ, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/390483486.pdf.
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Aljeriwi, Ismaeel Ibrahim. "The compatibility of Saudi domestic law with the Seller's Obligations under the Vienna Convention (CISG)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1044.
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This thesis seeks to determine the degree of compatibility between the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the relevant principles and practices in operation in Saudi Arabia which are derived from Islam's Shari'ah law. The prospects for the harmonization of international sales will be enhanced considerably if no fundamental conflicts can be shown to exist. Furthermore, given its success in gaining worldwide acceptance, compatibility of the CISG with Shari'ah law would have significant implications for individual businessmen and women, companies, banks and arbitrators in commercial disputes who desire their transactions to be governed by recognised international standards as well as Islamic rules. A comparative study is therefore undertaken of the CISG and Saudi law concerning two crucial elements of sales contracts: the seller's obligations and the buyer's remedies. The contexts and backgrounds of the two legal systems and their approaches to contractual agreements are first described, revealing strongly contrasting origins, structures and procedures but nevertheless demonstrating encouraging underlying similarities in general aims and principles. The main body of the thesis then discusses in detail questions of the delivery of goods, their conformity to the contract and the law, protection against third party rights, and remedies for failure to perform in conformity. Key issues include the nature and timing of control of the goods, the identification of defects and the passage of risk associated with them, protection against third parties, recognition of the main buyer's remedies (specific performance, avoidance and reduction in price) and the role of customary usage within particular business spheres. Widely divergent forms of expression are found to produce many of the apparent differences found in the analysis, which are rendered eminently reconcilable when the deeper guiding intentions of the two legal frameworks are taken into account. Potentially obstacles to compatibility are explained in terms of the sources of Western traditions in civil and common law whereas schools of thought in Saudi jurisprudence vary in interpretations of Islamic primary texts. Nonetheless the rights of the parties to freedom of contract, the role of custom and the encouragement of certainty surrounding their expectations are common driving principles in Saudi and Islamic law, and adoption of the prevailing international norms would, in fact, help make this more explicit in contemporary Saudi practice. In addition the impact of different interpretations of the primary texts provides certain flexibility in Saudi law to recognise and accept the provision of the CISG particularly when the CISG's rules have already been suggested by one of the representatives school of thought. A final summary of the research findings thus concludes that no substantial barriers are found with respect to the specific comparisons made. Given the many benefits that would accrue, and subject to the outcome of further work examining other aspects of the CISG including the rule of interest, it is provisionally recommended that the Saudi Arabian government should consider signing the Convention.
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Shi, Xinxiang. "Diplomatic immunities ratione materiae under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations : towards a coherent interpretation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33152.
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Rules of diplomatic immunity, which nowadays are enshrined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, play an important role in interstate diplomacy because they ensure the efficient performance of diplomatic functions. This thesis investigates a particular form of diplomatic immunity - diplomatic immunity ratione materiae. Unlike diplomatic immunity ratione personae, which pertains to the personal status of a diplomatic agent, diplomatic immunity ratione materiae depends in essence on the official nature of a particular act In practice, however, the determination of diplomatic immunity ratione materiae may meet with many conceptual and practical difficulties. For one, it is not always easy to distinguish the official acts of a diplomatic agent, who represents the sending State in the receiving State, from his or her private acts. In case of disagreement between the two States, questions may also arise as to who has the authority to make a final determination. The Vienna Convention does not offer much guidance on these issues; on the contrary, the Convention complicates them by employing, without adequate explanation, distinct formulas for different kinds of diplomatic immunity ratione materiae. This thesis examines these formulas in detail. On a general level, it is submitted that diplomatic immunity ratione materiae for certain types of activity constitutes not only a procedural bar to court proceedings but also a substantive exemption of individual responsibility. More specifically, it is argued that each formula must be understood in the light of the rationale behind immunity, the type of immunity concerned, and the specific functions or duties performed. In case of controversy, weight should be given to the opinion of the sending State, although the authority to make a decision lies ultimately with the court of the receiving State.
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Nguyêñ, Minh Hang. "La convention de Vienne de 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises et le droit vietnamien de la vente." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR1001/document.
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Les analyses comparatives montrent qu’entre la Convention de Vienne des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises et le droit vietnamien de la vente, il existe un nombre significatif de règles identiques, que ce soient celles relatives à la formation du contrat de vente et celles concernant son exécution. Le rapprochement de la législation vietnamienne de la CVIM a été plus affirmé après la récente réforme du droit des contrats au Vietnam, marquée par la promulgation des nouveaux Code civil et Loi commerciale en 2005. Toutefois, les différences n’en sont pas moins importantes. La première est due à un droit uniforme de la vente internationale qui prévoit des solutions plus souples et plus précises. La nécessité d’assurer la stabilité contractuelle est plus affirmée également par le droit uniforme que par le droit vietnamien, notamment parce que les enjeux du contrat international sont plus importants que ceux du contrat interne. Les règles de la CVIM témoignent aussi du souci de ses rédacteurs de renforcer la sécurité des transactions et la prévisibilité des solutions, tandis que celles du droit vietnamien sont moins précises. De plus, se situant dans une approche économique, la Convention offre des solutions respectueuses des attentes légitimes de l’acheteur et du vendeur, ce qui n’est pas toujours le cas du droit vietnamien de la vente. L’analyse juridictionnelle permet de faire d’autres contrats intéressants. En fait, les deux systèmes juridiques mettent tous les deux l’accent sur les grands principes du droit des contrats, tels que la liberté contractuelle, le consensualisme, la bonne foi. Il est toutefois à remarquer que la mise en œuvre de ces principes est très différente d’un système à l’autre. La jurisprudence conventionnelle prouve une nette considération de ces principes. Dans la pratique judiciaire du Vietnam, en revanche, la portée de ces règles est beaucoup plus limitée. On est souvent surpris par des décisions discutables dans lesquelles le juge n’a pas tenu compte de la bonne foi, voire de la volonté des parties et a ainsi porté atteinte à la liberté contractuelle. L’absence, en droit vietnamien, d’un principe général d’interprétation de la déclaration de volonté des parties contractantes aggrave d’ailleurs la situation. Un examen historique et philosophique des deux systèmes permet également de comprendre d’autres divergences. En effet, en droit vietnamien, les conceptions conservatrices affirmées dans l’ancien régime de l’économie planifiée ont beaucoup limité les efforts de réforme du législateur. Il faut prendre aussi en considération l’influence d’autres valeurs culturelles et juridiques présentes dans l’histoire du Vietnam, comme celle du confucianisme. Ces différences qui ne sont déterminantes permettent, toutefois, de formuler des propositions et recommandations. D’une part, les règles conventionnelles constituent un élément de référence pour le législateur vietnamien afin de perfectionner le droit interne de la vente et des contrats. D’autre part, l’utilité de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence conventionnelles est très importante pour les juges, les arbitres et le praticiens vietnamiens. L’adhésion du Vietnam à la CVIM apparaît donc souhaitable et possible sur les plans juridique, politique et économique<br>Comparative analyses show that the Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods and Vietnam’s Sale of Goods law have a great deal in common, particularly as regards the rules governing the formation and execution of contracts, and this as become even more apparent with the recent reform of contract law in Vietnam and the passing in 2005 of a new Civil Code and a new commercial law. Yet the differences should not be underestimated. The first derives from the fact that the uniform law on international sale provides more flexible and more precise solutions. It also lays greater emphasis on the necessity of achieving contractual stability than Vietnamese law does, if only because there is more at stake in international contracts. The drafting of the Convention is also more meticulous than the provisions under Vietnamese law, another indication of the vital importance in uniform law of reinforcing stability in contractual relationships and the predictability of legal solutions. Besides, given the economic context in which it twas drawn up, the Convention aims to provide solutions which comply with the legitimate expectations of the parties, something that Vietnamese law isn’t always quite so good at doing. Other interesting conclusions can be drawn from the examination of case-law. In fact, both legal systems insist of the general principles underpinning the law of contracts, notably contractual freedom, consensualism and good faith. It should nonetheless be noted that, in practice, major differences remain between the two systems : whereas such principles are consistently upheld in conventional jurisprudence, Vietnamese law absides by them rather less. One is often surprised to read the debatable decisions Vietnamese judges sometimes come up with, decisions which disregard good faith or even the intentions of the parties, thus infringing freedom of contract. This state of affairs is made worse by the absence in domestic law of a general principle of interpretation of the declaration of the parties intentions. A historical and philosophical analysis of the two systems explains other differences. The Vienamese legislator’s reforming drive was held back by conservative notions dating back to the old regime and the planned economy, and cultural and legal values, e.g. Confucianism, must be taken into account. The differences highlighted are by no means insurmountable and do not prevent the formulation of suggestions and recommendations. On the one hand, the rules contained in the Vienna Convention constitute a standard which the Vietnamese legislator may use to improve municipal law in the areas of sale and contracts. On the other hand, Vietnamese judges, arbitrators and lawyers more generally rely heavily on the doctrine and case-law arising out of the Vienna Convention. For legal, political and economic reasons, therefore, it seems both desirable for Vietnam to sign up to the said convention
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Blom, Okkie Johannes Jacobus. "The legal status of tax treaties in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/62558.
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Elek, Brigitte Schmidt-Szalewski Joanna Sortais Jean-Pierre. "Les obligations du vendeur selon la Convention de Vienne de 1980 sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises." Lyon : Université Lyon 3, 2006. http://thesesbrain.univ-lyon3.fr/sdx/theses/lyon3/2001/elek_b.
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Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Droit : Lyon 3 : 2001. Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Droit : Université de Lausanne : 2001.<br>Thèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. Index.
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Elek, Brigitte. "Les obligations du vendeur selon la Convention de Vienne de 1980 sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises." Lyon 3, 2001. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2001_in_elek_b.pdf.
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Les obligations du vendeur constituent la phase essentielle d'exécution du contrat de vente inernationale. L'ampleur dees problèmes et des litiges liés à cette exécution est à la mesure de leur dimension internationale. Afin de remédier à ces problèmes spécifiques, la Commission des Nations Unies pour le droit commercial international a, le 11 avril 1980, adopté la Convention de Vienne sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises. Partie intégrante du droit français, il convient de distinguer le droit des ventes internes régi par le Code civil et le droit des ventes internationales régi par la Convention de Vienne. S'agissant des obligations du vendeur, la Convention de Vienne se veut implificatrice, en mettant à sa charge une obligation de livrer la marchandise et une obligation de conformité de cette dernière. L'obligation de livraison n'apporte pas de commentaires particuliers. L'obligation de conformité, innovation majeure de la Convention, doit, en revanche, retenir l'attention du juriste. La convention ne reprend pas les distinctions traditionnelles : obligation de délivrance/garantie, vice caché/non-conformité, sources de complications, de confusions et d'insécurité juridique. Elle adopte un concept unique de défaut de conformité (confondant conformité et vice caché) et unifie les recours à la disposition de l'acheteur insatisdait, quelle que soit la nature de l'inexécution. Enfin, cette obligation de conformité s'apprécie matériellement mais également juridiquement. Le vendeur exécute son obligation de conformité, si la marchandise livrée est libre de tous droits et prétentions d'un tiers, y compris de ceux fondés sur un droit de propriété intellectuelle. La prise en compte des droits de propriété intellectuelle dans la conformité juridique est également inédite. Comparativement, la garantie des vices cachés et la garantie d'éviction du Code civil français paraissent déssuètes, inadaptées à l'économie moderne et à sa mondialisation. De nombreux juristes souhaitent une réforme du droit des ventes internes s'inspirant de la Convention de Vienne.
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Oloumi-Yazdi, Hamid Reza. "Delivery of international sales of goods- an analytical study of Iranian law and the Vienna Sale Convention." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263235.
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Lamaud, Emmanuel. "Comparison Between the Central List and The Vienna Convention For The International Sale of Goods Specific Topics." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4650.
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A comparative study between the Central list and the Vienna Convention would constitute a useful basis for the interpretation of the Convention in those cases where a uniform interpretation cannot be reached. For the purpose of this topic, the study shall be limited to some specific topics of commercial contracts that are important, in particular in regard to the difficulty of interpretation they represent for the CISG. Accordingly, this dissertation is to be divided into five parts. In the first part the TLDB Principle on good faith is compared with CISG counterpart article 7(1). In the second part, the TLDB Principle on fundamental non-performance is compared with article 25 CISG on fundamental breach of contract. In the third part, the TLDB principles dealing with Force majeure and Hardship are compared with article 79 CISG on Exemption. The fourth part is focused on the specific topic of price determination and the comparison between TLDB Principle IV.5 and Arts. 14(1) and 55 CISG. The fifth and final part deals with damages and the comparison between TLDB Principle VI.1 and article 74 CISG.
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Lamazerolles, Eddy. "Les apports de la Convention de Vienne au droit interne de la vente : Convention des Nations Unies du 11 avril 1980 sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT3004.
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Behrens, Paul. "The duty of non-interference and its impact on the diplomatic message under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500306.
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The rule of non-interference in the internal affairs of the receiving State, which is today enshrined in Article 41 (1) of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, contains a fundamental duty of the diplomatic agent. But the Convention does not define the scope and extent of the concept of interference, nor its relationship with norms which inform its character. This thesis investigates a particular form of interference: interference through the diplomatic message. In its first part it examines the problems arising from an analysis of the available sources on the law of diplomatic interference. It also approaches the meaning of "interference" in diplomatic relations and endeavours to come to an understanding of the diplomatic message and its legal bases, and of the legal context of the rule of non-interference.
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Kom, Jacqueline. "L'obligation de garantie contre l'éviction dans la vente mobilière en droit interne français et dans la convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOD004.
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La garantie contre l'éviction est l'obligation qui, dans les contrats à titre onéreux, incombe à l'un des contractants (le garant) d'assurer à l'autre (le garant) la jouissance d'une chose ou d'un droit, de la protéger contre les troubles d'éviction et, le cas échéant, de l'indemniser du préjudice résultant de l'inexécution de cette obligation. Elle peut avoir une source légale (en droit interne français : articles 1625 a 1640 du code civil pour les ventes internes, articles 1693 à 1695 pour les cessions de créances et autres droits incorporels et en droit de la vente internationale : articles 41 a -2 de la CVIM) ou une source conventionnelle. Pour qu'elle soit mise en jeu, il faut que l'acheteur garanti soit évincé ou au moins troublé par les réclamations du vendeur ou des tiers et que la cause de ce préjudice soit imputable au vendeur. La sanction de cette obligation vise à assurer au garanti une assistance en justice en cas d'actions en revendications ou à lui restituer le prix de vente et l'indemniser éventuellement des conséquences de l'éviction réalisée. Dans la vente, l'obligation de garantie d'éviction a un grand intérêt tant théorique que pratique car elle a pour objet de protéger l'exécution du contrat à savoir assurer l'effectivité du transfert de propriété de la chose vendue et sa jouissance paisible, phase la plus importante dans l'économie de la transaction<br>The guarantee against eviction, in contracts which are paid for is an obligation for one of the contracting parties (the guarantor) to ensure for the other (the guaranteed) the benefit of a thing or a right to protect him from eviction, and, if the case arises, to pay him compensation for the loss due to the seller's failure to fulfill his obligation. It may be derived either from law (in France: articles 1625 to 1640 of the French civil code for internal transactions; articles 1693 to 1695 for the transfer of debts or other incorporeal rights. In international law: articles 41 to 43 of the Vienna convention) or from a conventional agreement. In order for the guaranteed purchaser to enact the guarantee he must be either evicted or, at least, inconvenience bay the claim of the seller or a third party, these actions being imputable to the seller. The sanction of this obligation aims at assuring the guaranteed legal assistance in case of claims before a court or refunding the purchase price and, if necessary, rendering compensation for the consequences of an eviction which has been carried out. In sales, the obligation of a guarantee against eviction is of great interest, theoretical as well as practical, for it aims at ensuring the fulfilment of a
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Ba, Demba. "La vente internationale de marchandises. Etude de la convention des nations unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises (vienne, 11 avril 1980)." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA111010.
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Depuis son entree en vigueur, le 1er janvier 1988, la convention de vienne constitue, en france, le droit commun de la vente internationale de marchandises. En raison des progres technique qu'elle renferme, de sa pretention a la simplification, precision, adaptation aux pratiques et besoins du commerce, la convention de vienne aura des incidences theoriques et pratiques reelles dans le devenir du droit positif interne francais. Les regles substantielles de la convention ne different pas fondamentalement des lois uniformes de la haye de 1964. Cependant et en depit de ses qualites formelles ainsi que d'une meilleure coordination entre les regles uniformes et les regles de conflit de lois, la convention de vienne est d'un grand conservatisme. Sa contribution a l'instauration d'un nouvel ordre economique international est plus que modeste<br>Since the first of january 1988, date of its application, the vienna convention, constitues, in france, the "droit commun" of international law of selling of goods. Due to its technical progress, to its simplification, precision, adaptation to practices and needs of commerce, the vienna convention, will have theorica and real practical incidences in the future of international french laws. The substantial rules of the convention do not fundamentaly diverge from uniform hague laws dated 1964. But and in spite of its formal qualities and a better coordination between unifrom rules and conflict rules, the vienna convention is conservative. Its contribution to instaurate a new international and economical order is more than modest
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Frédéric, Fritz. "Réception de la lex mercatoria dans la Convention de Vienne de 1980 sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises, le cas des principes généraux." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0001/MQ41903.pdf.
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Taghzouti, Hassan. "Les Obligations de délivrance et de conformité dans les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises l'apport de la convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595187f.
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Moroga, Denis wangwi. "An appraisal of the Institutional framework under the Kenyan proceeds of crime and Anti-Money laundering act, 2009." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6367.
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Department of Criminal Justice and Procedure<br>Money laundering (ML) evolves in tandem with global technological advancement. This
phenomenon calls for multi-faceted responsive measures at national and international levels
to combat this nefarious crime.1 Today, combating ML requires co-operation among, inter
alia, financial intelligence units (FIUs), reporting institutions, law enforcement agencies, the
judiciary, as well as inter-state co-operation. In response to the ML threat, Kenya has adopted
comprehensive anti-money laundering (AML) laws, such as the Proceeds of Crime and Anti-
Money Laundering Act No. 9 of 2009 (POCAMLA) and the Prevention of Terrorism Act No. 30
of 2012. These, among other statutes, constitute the principal arsenal of the AML legal
framework.
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Vieira, Fabio Alonso. "O princípio da interpretação uniforme na Convenção de Viena sobre compra e venda internacional de mercadorias (1980): realidade, utopia e necessidade." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19831.
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Previous issue date: 2017-03-07<br>This paper aims to demonstrate why the uniform application principle provided
in CISG is, at the same time, real, utopic and necessary. Since the invasion of
Rome by the barbarians there has not been a universal or uniform law, such as
jus gentium. Thenceforth, in a legal pluralism environment, the world has been
through moments of seeking for nationalism or the uniformization of the law.
With the emergence of lex mercatoria and, more recently, with the advent of
globalization, the world has become extremely dynamic and without barriers
between the States. In this context, various schools of thought have risen
advocating for a “global uniform Law” and, afterwards, given its impossibility, a
uniform law for specific matters of substantive law. Then, the most successful
uniform law of all times: CISG was drafted. Intending to be a uniform legal
diploma, it is necessary for its provisions to be understood in a uniform manner.
As the provided in article 7 of CISG. However, the interpretation of the
provisions of the convention drawn up in a vague concept and in several official
languages, ratified by States in different social, economic, political and religious
backgrounds is a utopia. Although, this utopia is necessary to maintain limits
and borders when the application of the legal provisions by the CISG
interpreters. Without the established frame work by the utopic uniform
interpretation, CISG would never reach its objectives and, most likely, would be
dead<br>O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar que o princípio da
interpretação uniforme inserido na CISG é, ao mesmo tempo, real, utópico e
necessário. Desde a invasão de Roma pelos bárbaros não se tem mais um
direito universal ou uniforme como o jus gentium. A partir daí, num ambiente de
pluralismo jurídico, o mundo passou por momentos de busca pelo nacionalismo
ou pela uniformização do direito. Com o surgimento da lex mercatoria e, mais
recentemente, com o advento da globalização, o mundo tornou-se
extremamente dinâmico e sem barreiras entre os Estados. Nesse contexto,
surgem diversas correntes doutrinárias defendendo a tese de um “direito
uniforme mundial” e, posteriormente, dada a sua impossibilidade, um direito
uniforme para determinadas matérias do direito substantivo. É elaborada,
então, a mais bem-sucedida lei uniforme de todos os tempos: a CISG. Para
tentar ser um diploma uniforme, torna-se necessário que os seus dispositivos
sejam interpretados de maneira uniforme. É o que dispõe o artigo 7 da CISG.
Contudo, interpretar artigos da convenção redigida com conceitos vagos e em
diversos idiomas oficiais, ratificada por Estados em diferentes momentos
sociais, econômicos, políticos e religiosos é uma utopia. No entanto, essa
utopia é necessária para manter limites e fronteiras quando da aplicação dos
dispositivos legais pelos intérpretes da CISG. Sem essa moldura estabelecida
pela utópica interpretação uniforme, a CISG jamais chegaria perto dos fins para
os quais ela foi criada e, muito provavelmente, já estaria morta
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Ghith, Aburima Abdullah. "The legal remedies of the buyer under the Vienna Convention on the contract of international sale of goods with specific reference to English law and Libyan law." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298760.
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Bertotti, Daniela. "A Convenção de Viena sobre contratos de compra e venda internacional de mercadorias e o papel do Estado no projeto de uniformização do Direito Privado Internacional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19839.
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Previous issue date: 2017-03-08<br>Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>The present study aims at analyzing the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods (CISG) by examining most thoroughly the different
interpretations of its text on the light of several western legal traditions. This analysis of the
implications of such different interpretations will give rise to a discussion on the level of
interpenetration among different legal systems. This, in turn, leads to an analysis of the impact
of the conditions imposed by the Convention on its interpretation, which is considered a selfcontained
autonomous ruling within the text of the Convention. As can be seen from a
historical overview of the matter, the pursuit of unified regulations governing the international
purchase and sale of goods is precisely the result of trade practices and of the consolidation of
customary laws and principles. This thesis is thus based on the dynamics of this unifying
process. The analysis will focus on its innovative feature of a consonant interpretation; an
important structural element which may determine the success or failure of the text of the
Convention when observed in different legal environments. It will be taken into consideration
the role of the relation between governments and their institutions established with
International Organizations, as well as that of the need for predictability when signing
international agreements. Therefore, elements such as sovereignty and globalization are
essential for a proper understanding of the impacts of this Convention in international law,
namely, international trade laws<br>O objeto de estudo da tese ora apresentada versa sobre a Convenção de Viena sobre Compra e
Venda Internacional de Mercadorias, conhecida pela sigla em inglês CISG. O escopo de
análise visa enfoque especial na interpretação do texto convencional, tendo em vista as
diversas tradições jurídicas ocidentais. Da análise das implicações acerca da interpretação,
depreender-se-á o grau de interpenetração entre os sistemas jurídicos, analisando o impacto
das condições de interpretação delimitada pela Convenção, considerada regramento autônomo
e autocontido no texto convencional. A busca pela unificação de normas que disciplinem a
relação de compra e venda internacional é vislumbrada no estudo da historiografia como um
dado decorrente das próprias práticas comerciais e na consolidação de regras e princípios de
caráter consuetudinário. A tese é estruturada com base na dinâmica da unificação acerca das
normas a respeito do comércio internacional, consubstanciado o principal ponto de análise de
sua inovação na interpretação uniforme como ponto importante para o sucesso ou o fracasso
do texto convencional quando da sua aplicação dentro dos diversos ambientes jurisdicionais.
Reputar-se-á como relevante o papel do Estado e das suas instituições na relação com as
Organizações Internacionais e a necessidade da previsibilidade dentro das relações contratuais
no campo internacional. Assim, elementos como soberania e globalização são necessários
para a correta apreensão dos impactos de referida Convenção no campo do direito
internacional, notadamente o direito do comércio internacional
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McCall-Smith, Kasey Lowe. "Reservations to human rights treaties." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6320.
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This thesis examines the default application of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties reservation rules to reservations to human rights treaties. The contemporary practice of formulating reservations allows states to unilaterally modify their treaty obligations following the conclusion of negotiations. Though multilateral treaties address a broad spectrum of subjects and are negotiated using a variety of methods, all treaties are governed by the same residual reservation rules of the Vienna Convention when there is not a treaty-specific reservation regime in place. The Vienna Convention system is only engaged if a state seizes the opportunity to determine whether a reservation is valid pursuant to default rules or if a challenge regarding the validity of a reservation is brought before another competent mechanism of review, such as a dispute resolution mechanism. Even when applied, the Vienna Convention rules are ambiguous at best and have been criticised since their inception due to the high degree of flexibility in their application, especially in relation to human rights treaties. In light of the inherent flaws of the Vienna Convention reservation regime and the structural characteristics of human rights treaties, rarely will a reserving state be deprived of the benefit of the reservation even if it is determined to be invalid by another State Party. Though the consequences of an invalidity determination are more concrete when the decision is taken by a dispute resolution mechanism, such as a court, seldom are disputes over the validity of a reservation to a human rights treaty submitted to a competent mechanism. Using the core UN human rights treaties as a case study this research highlights that the past thirty years have revealed a practical impasse in treaty law when the default reservation rules are relied upon to regulate reservations to human rights treaties. Reservations of questionable validity gain the same status as valid reservations because the Vienna Convention rules do not address the consequence for a reservation determined to be invalid outwith the traditional inter se application of the reservation between the reserving and objecting states, which is not logical in the context of a human rights treaty. Against this background, this thesis examines whether the default reservation rules adequately govern reservations to human rights treaties. The conclusion affirms that the Vienna Convention reservation regime can regulate reservations to human rights treaties but only if there is a clearly defined final view on the validity of a reservation taken by an organ other than the state. Therefore, it is argued that treaty-specific supervisory mechanisms attached to each of the core UN human rights treaties should be invested with the competency to serve a determinative function with respect to evaluating reservations to human rights treaties in order to facilitate a stronger basis for the international human rights system.
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Hagiwara, Kazuki. "The Principle of Integration in Sustainable Development Through the Process of Treaty Interpretation: Addressing the Balance Between Consensual Constraints and Incorporation of Normative Environment." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/25491.
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Considering that the concept of sustainable development has a function of normative integration in international law, Article 31(3)(c) provides a legitimate basis of such systemic integration. At the same time, it displays the limitations of the harmonious solution drawn from its application because it works only within the rigid consent-based framework in which the referenced rules should be legal “rules” and should be “applicable in the relations between the parties.” International jurisprudence suggests supplemental elements to overleap the consensual limitations in the application of Article 31(3)(c): a generic term and the object and purpose of the treaty. These text-based and the object-and-purpose-based developmental interpretative techniques enable interpreters to consider legal rules that are not “any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties” under Article 31(3)(c).
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Petraitis, Evaldas. "Bendroji Europos pirkimo - pardavimo sutarčių teisė: kylančios problemos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140127_132415-99084.
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Komisija nurodo, kad tarp Valstybių narių egzistuojantys nacionaliniai sutarčių teisės skirtumai atgraso prekiautojus ir ypač MVĮ plėsti veiklą ir užsiimti prekybą kitose Valstybėse narėse, dėl ko kiekvienais metais ES vidaus rinkoje prarandama bent 26 mlrd. eurų. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad Vienos konvencija nereglamentuoja tam tikrų pirkimo – pardavimo sutarčių teisės aspektų, be to Vienos konvencija gali būti taikoma ribotai, nes ją pasirašė ne visos Valstybės narės ir nėra vienodą jos aiškinimą užtikrinančio mechanizmo, Pasiūlymu siekiama sukurti 2 – ąjį sutarčių teisės režimą, kuris egzistuotų kiekvienos Valstybės narės nacionalinėje teisėje.
BEPPST – naujas ir sudėtingas teisinis instrumentas, kurį rengiant neišvengta reikšmingos problematikos. BEPPST ir jo poreikio aplinkybes konstruktyviai kritikuoja tiek Valstybių narių institucijos ir organizacijos, tiek teisės mokslininkai. Lietuvoje šiuo klausimu kol kas nevyksta nei reikšmingos praktinės, nei mokslinės diskusijos. Dėl to šiame darbe atkreipiamas dėmesys ne tik į BEPPST, kaip teisinio instrumento problematiką, bet ir jį priimti paskatinusias aplinkybes bei su tuo susijusią problematiką.
Pirmojoje šio darbo dalyje yra nurodoma Europos sutarčių teisės raida, jos poreikio aplinkybės ir siekiamas efektas, kurį turėtų sukurti tokia teisė. Pateikiama informacija, kuria remiantis ES institucijos daro prielaidą, kad egzistuoja poreikis parengti BEPPST. Egzistuojant abejonėms ar Komisijos pateikiama informacija yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Commission indicates that differences in contract law among the Member States hinder traders and particularly SMEs to engage in cross-border trade within other Member states, therefore at least 26 billion EUR is lost each year in the internal market. Taking into consideration that the Vienna Convention does not regulate certain aspects in contracts of sales of goods, further limitations to its applicability arise as not all Member States have signed the Vienna Convention and there is no mechanism which could ensure its uniform interpretation, therefore it is intended with this Proposal to establish the 2nd contract law regime within the national law of each Member State.
CESL is a new and complex legal instrument, which does not escape from material problems. CESL and circumstances of its demand in the interested society receives constructive criticism from Member States institutions, business organizations and legal scholars. In Lithuania, there is no meaningful practical or legal discussions regarding this issue. Therefore attention is being paid in this thesis not to only to the problems related with CESL as a legal instrument, but to the motives which encouraged to adopt this instrument and related problems thereof, as well.
In the first part of this thesis, development of the European contract law, circumstances of demand and result to be achieved is identified. Information whereby EU institutions conclude assumption that there is a demand of interested society to... [to full text]
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Engelen, Franciscus Antonius. "Interpretation of tax treaties under international law : a study of articles 31, 32 and 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and their application to tax treaties /." Amsterdam : IBFD, International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/479589860.pdf.
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Vondroušová, Michala. "Role honorárních konzulů v obchodní diplomacii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17917.
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The thesis deals with the present functions of the honorary consuls and their importance to the business diplomacy and international trade. The general part is focused on the historical development of the consular representation, the codification of the international law related to the consular relations and business diplomacy. The practical part analyzes the results obtained by questionnaire from the Czech honorary consuls.
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Fahim, Nia Mostafa. "Les obligations de livraison et de conformité du vendeur dans les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises : (étude comparative de la Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 et du droit français des ventes internes)." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010322.
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En droit interne français, l'obligation de délivrance implique l'obligation de délivrer une marchandise conforme. Dans la Convention de Vienne, cette obligation se décompose en deux obligations distinctes à la charge du vendeur: l'obligation de livraison, correspondant à l'opération matérielle de remise des marchandises, et l'obligation de conformité, consistant dans le respect de la qualité requise de la chose vendue. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons procédé à une comparaison entre les dispositions de la Convention de Vienne, et celles du Code civil français. Cette comparaison nous fera constater l'importance des apports de la Convention de Vienne. Notre étude offre une perspective pratique d'ensemble des questions relatives à la livraison et à la conformité de la marchandise dans les contrats internationaux de vente. En matière de conformité, la Convention de Vienne a adopté une obligation unique à la charge du vendeur, alors que le droit interne distingue les deux notions de conformité et de garantie des vices cachés, soumis à deux régimes juridiques différents.
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Masa'deh, Aymen Khaled. "Compensatory damages for breach of warranty of quality : an analysis of the recoverability and quantification of compensatory damages under the Sale of Goods Act, the American Uniform Commercial Code and the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/6a49540c-cf4e-4d47-aa1f-da4e2bab8401.
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Verville, Sophie. "Le respect de la propriété intellectuelle d'autrui dans la vente internationale de marchandises : une approche de la Convention de Vienne coordonnée avec le droit de la propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29104/29104.pdf.
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Partlová, Zuzana. "Nedotknutelnost diplomatického zavazadla a její zneužívání." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194535.
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The aim of this thesis is to analyse the inviolability of the diplomatic bag and its abuse. The first chapter introduces the current work of the International Law Commission relating to subsequent conduct of treaties. Second chapter defines diplomatic privileges and immunities, three theories of diplomatic immunity and its historical background. Third chapter elaborately analyses treatment of diplomatic bag in Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Fourth chapter presents an overview of cases of abuse of the diplomatic bag or violation of its inviolability. Finally it introduces options, how states can fight against such abuses.
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Costa, David Patrick Anthony. "Taxing recurrent services rendered by a foreign company to an associated enterprise in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008269.
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The objective of the study was to investigate the right of the South African Government to tax the income earned by a foreign company when rendering services in South Africa to a South African associated enterprise on a recurrent basis, together with the right to tax the amounts paid to the employees of the permanent establishment for services rendered in South Africa. At the same time the research investigated whether the services rendered by a foreign company to an associated enterprise in South Africa on a recurrent basis would constitute a permanent establishment, as this is essential before South Africa may tax either the foreign company or the employees of the permanent establishment (where such employees are not resident in South Africa).The research was conducted by means of a critical analysis of documentary data and data from a limited number of interviews with academics and the authors of textbooks and articles. In order to limit the scope of the research, a number of assumptions were made. Conflicting viewpoints underlying certain of these assumptions were discussed. Some of the important conclusions reached are that the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties should be taken into account when interpreting South African legislation (including Double Tax Agreements), and that the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Commentary may be relied upon when interpreting OECD based Double Tax Agreements in South Africa. No conclusion was reached on whether to apply an ambulatory or a static basis of interpreting the OECD Commentary, however. The final conclusion of the research is that the services rendered in South Africa on a recurrent basis would be geographically and commercially coherent and consequently meet the "location test'. It is clear that as the services are rendered regularly and recurrently, they would be regarded as having the necessary permanence and would meet the 'duration test'. The place of business would therefore be regarded as being fixed (having the necessary degree of permanence). As the services would be rendered at the place of business of the South African entity, they would be regarded as being rendered 'through' the place of business and the foreign entity would be regarded as having a permanent establishment in South Africa (as defined in Article 5(1) of the OECD Model Tax Convention}. The South African Government would therefore be entitled to tax the income attributable to the permanent establishment and the income earned by the non resident employees, who rendered services in South Africa for the permanent establishment. Once the entitlement to tax exists, South African legislative rules determine how South Africa proceeds to tax the income.
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Krčálová, Kristýna. "Uzavírání kupní smlouvy podle Úmluvy OSN o smlouvách o mezinárodní koupi zboží v komparaci s českou právní úpravou." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261759.
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This Master's thesis focuses on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), better known as the Vienna Convention. The main purpose of this thesis is to evaluate conditions for application of this international treaty and to assess the contracting process under the CISG including the similarities and differences with the Czech national legislation. Finally, it seeks an answer to the question, which of these rules (international or national) are more advantageous for a Czech contractual party with respect to concluding a contract. The thesis is divided into five parts. The first one represents an introduction to the CISG, its origin and the Czech Republic's attitude to it. The second part identifies the conditions for application of the CISG and therefore defines a subject and an object of an international contract of sale under the CISG. Both third and fourth parts gradually introduce two phases of the contracting process (offer and acceptance) including the relevant case-law. The last chapter strives to complete the contracting process with an analysis of the exact moment, when a contract is concluded, as well as with an analysis of a potential battle of the forms and its impact on a contract conclusion.
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Nikonova, Maria. "L'interprétation du droit uniforme du commerce international en Russie : l'exemple de la Convention de Vienne sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0020.
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Les opérations du commerce international ont besoin de sécurité juridique. Le droit matériel uniforme se présente comme une réponse à ce besoin, offrant aux opérateurs du commerce international des règles uniformisées et adaptées aux transactions internationales. Toutefois, l'efficacité de cette réponse dépend fortement de la façon dont le droit uniforme est mis en œuvre par les juges nationaux et par les arbitres du commerce international. L'objectif de cette étude est donc de proposer une analyse critique de la pratique de l'interprétation des règles de droit uniforme en Russie en prenant comme exemple le droit uniforme de la vente internationale de marchandises établi par la Convention de Vienne de 1980. Au terme de cette analyse, il apparaît que les particularités du système juridique et judiciaire russe ont des implications non négligeables sur l'interprétation du droit conventionnel uniforme. Si l'intégration des conventions internationales dans le système juridique russe est censée garantir leur application par les juges étatiques, elle se trouve également à l'origine de la confusion opérée entre les règles du droit uniforme et celles du droit national. Confusion, qui amène les juges russes à interpréter les règles du droit uniforme à la lumière du droit national, mettant ainsi en danger l'uniformité de l'application du droit matériel international. En l'absence du principe de "stare decisis" transnational, l'uniformité de l'interprétation des règles du droit uniforme ne peut être assurée que grâce à une coopération et un dialogue entre les interprètes [...]<br>The international trade operations need legal certainty. The uniform substantive law comes as a response to this need, providing parties with uniform legal basis adapted to international transactions. However, the effectiveness of this response will largely depend on how the uniform law is implemented by domestic courts and arbitral tribunals. The objective of this study is to provide a critical analysis of the practice of interpretation of uniform legal texts in Russia by taking as an example the uniform law of the international sale of goods created by the Vienna Convention of 1980. This analysis reveals that the particular characteristics of the Russian legal and judicial systems have significant implications on the interpretation of uniform substantive law. The integration of international conventions in the Russian legal system is supposed to ensure their implementation by state judges, but it can also create confusion between the rules of uniform law and those of domestic law. This confusion brings Russian judges to interpretation of the uniform law on the basis of their national law, thus threatening the goal of international uniformity in interpretation of the uniform substantive law. Since there is no existing transnational precedent rule, the uniform interpretation of international substantive rules can only be achieved by co-operation and discussion between different national courts and arbitral tribunals [...]
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Baeumler, Jelena. "The legal nature of WTO obligations: bilateral or collective?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4422_1380708069.
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Kirmizioglu, Erkut. "Analysis Of Comprehension Of Traffic Signs: A Pilot Study In Ankara, Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612722/index.pdf.
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Traffic signs, which are extremely important for traffic safety, aims to regulate traffic by providing information about the characteristics of road and road environment for drivers. The success of traffic signs mainly rely on the easy comprehensibility of its meaning in a short time. Further more, today&rsquo<br>s global economies and transportation systems emphasize the need for more universial traffic signs which was the main motivation of two main treaties on traffic signs<br>Vienna Convetion in 1968 and European Aggreement Treaty in 1971, which are signed and followed by Turkey. For an effort to increase traffic safety, a Subcommittee of the Turkish Highway Traffic Safety (THTS) Council requested the determination of comprehensibility of critical signs with higher probability of impact on traffic safety selected by a group of experts from engineers and law enforcement agencies in a survey study. The survey questionnaire included 30 selected traffic signs (including two prohibition signs omitting oblique bar recently changed as a part of the European Union Participation Process) and 9 control group signs, a total of 39 traffic signs, and driver characteristic questions, such as gender, age, educational background, etc. to reveal insights about a) the level of comprehensibility of different groups of traffic signs and and b) driver characteristics that may affect the comprehensibility of these signs.
A pilot study in the city of Ankara is conducted over a sample of 1,478 surveys. Answers for the meaning of each sign are coded using a scale of five (opposite, wrong, no comment, partially correct and correct responses). The results showed that the control group signs have very high comprehensibility as expected, while some of the critical signs were not known much, or mistaken for others, even mistaken for opposite meanings. The certain loss of comprehensibility of the traffic signs changed recently is seen in the comparative analysis of the signs before and after the change, as well as significant shift towards an opposite meaning. The significance of driver characteristics (gender, education, occupation etc.) affecting the comprehensibility of the traffic signs varies among traffic signs and characteristics. As the result of this study, (THTS) Council decided to support traffic and driver education more and mass promotion of mis- or un-comprehended signs without searching for more local solutions or versions.
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Krčál, Adam. "Prezident ČR a mezinárodní smlouvy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76540.
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The Diploma Thesis deals with the President of the Republic and his/her relation to the International Treaties, to the Negotiation, the Approval and the Ratification. The work contains both international and national perspective of the problem. The thesis is a reflection of the ongoing expert debate, to which extent has the President of the Republic the constitutional right of decision-making autonomy in the field of International Treaties of the Czech Republic. The thesis analyses the current legal situation and presents up-to-date juridical opinions together with arguments from the political science.
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Ayman, Randi. "La dénonciation et la renégociation des traités." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D017.
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La dénonciation et la renégociation sont deux notions qui ne partagent pas de traits caractéristiques communs. L’une est un acte unilatéral qui met fin à la participation d’un Etat à un traité, tandis que l’autre consiste à mener un dialogue entre les Etats parties à un traité en vue de maintenir le lien conventionnel tout en lui apportant des changements substantiels. Cependant, les Etats ont souvent recours à la dénonciation et à la renégociation d’un traité comme solution alternative pour un même motif, à savoir un changement de circonstances. Ce constat a suscité notre intérêt d’étudier l’articulation de la dénonciation et la renégociation lorsqu’elles portent sur un même traité, notamment quand elles sont invoquées simultanément. Cette thèse soutient l’omniprésence d’une possibilité de renégocier le traité dans tous les cas de dénonciation. Toutefois, la renégociation peut ne jamais se manifester, compte tenu notamment du traité en question et des circonstances entourant la dénonciation de celui-ci. Il s’agirait dans un tel cas d’une possibilité dormante. Nous soutenons également que la renégociation n’opère qu’avant la prise d’effet de la dénonciation. L’étude du régime juridique et des effets de ces deux notions démontre que la dénonciation et la renégociation sont en effet procéduralement liées. Elles obéissent ainsi à certaines conditions communes et sont gouvernées par des principes communs. Par ailleurs, bien que leurs effets soient a priori opposés, ceux-ci s’entrelacent à plusieurs égards. Enfin, il ressort de cette étude que la dénonciation et la renégociation des traités jouent un rôle pivot dans l’atténuation de la tension entre les exigences de stabilité juridique et de mutation sociale. Elles sont des outils d’adaptation, et de ce fait, constituent des éléments de flexibilité du traité permettant de gérer les risques liés à l’évolution de la société en offrant un moyen de réaménager le traité ou de s’en libérer, selon les circonstances<br>Denunciation and renegotiation are two notions that do not share common features. One is a unilateral act that terminates a State’s participation in a treaty, whereas the other is a dialogue between States parties to a treaty aiming to maintain the conventional relationship while making substantial changes to it. Nonetheless, States often resort to the denunciation and the renegotiation of a treaty as an alternative solution for the same reason, namely a change of circumstances. This observation aroused our interest in studying the interaction between denunciation and renegotiation when they relate to the same treaty, in particular when they are invoked simultaneously. This thesis supports the omnipresence of the possibility of renegotiating the treaty in all cases of denunciation. However, a renegotiation may never occur, particularly in view of the treaty in question and the circumstances surrounding its denunciation. In such a case, it would be a dormant possibility. We also argue that renegotiation only takes place before the denunciation takes effect. A study of the legal regime and the effects of these two concepts shows that denunciation and renegotiation are in fact procedurally linked. They thus obey certain common conditions and are governed by common principles. Moreover, although their effects are seemingly divergent, these are intertwined in several respects. Finally, this study shows that denunciation and renegotiation of treaties play a pivotal role in reducing the tension between the requirements of legal stability and social change. They are tools for adaptation, and thus constitute elements of treaty flexibility that allow to manage the risks associated with social change by providing a means of rearranging the treaty or to break away from it, depending on the circumstances
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Tsatsos, Aristidis. "Die Rechtsprechung der ICSID-Schiedsgerichte." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15737.
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Die Beilegung von Investitionsstreitigkeit erfolgt innerhalb des ICSID-Systems durch die nicht ständigen und für jeden Fall neu gebildeten ICSID-Schiedsgerichte. Mit Institutionen zur Sicherung der homogenen Entwicklung der Rechtsprechung wie die EG-Generalanwälte, die EG-Vorabentscheidung, das WTO-„Appellate Body“ oder die einem Berufungsverfahren gleichstehende Verweisung an die Große Kammer des EMRGH ist allerdings das ICSID-System nicht ausgestattet. Vielmehr ist die Möglichkeit einer Berufung innerhalb des ICSID-Systems ausdrücklich ausgeschlossen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Homogenität der ICSID-Rechtsprechung geprüft, um festzustellen, ob die Rechtsprechung der für jeden Fall neu gebildeten ICSID-Schiedsgerichte derartige Dissonanzen aufweist, die das ICSID-System reformbedürftig machen. Die Prüfung der Homogenität der ICSID-Rechtsprechung bezieht sich auf die Auslegung von gleichen bzw. ähnlichen Bestimmungen völkerrechtlicher Investitionsschutzabkommen sowie des ICSID-Übereinkommens selbst durch die ICSID-Schiedsgerichte und betrifft im einzelnen die folgenden Themen: (a) Definition des Begriffs „Investition“ im Sinne des ICSID-Übereinkommens. (b) Ausdehnung der Reichweite der Meistbegünstigungsklausel auf Verfahrensvorschriften. (c) Zuständigkeit der ICSID-Schiedsgerichte für reine Verletzungen von Investitionsverträgen mittels weiter Streitbeilegungsvorschriften und Regenschirmklauseln. (d) Standard der Enteignungsentschädigung und Unterscheidung zwischen indirekter Enteignung und staatlicher Regulierung. (e) Völkervertraglicher und völkergewohnheitsrechtlicher Notstand. Die Untersuchung kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die ICSID-Rechtsprechung an Heterogenität leidet. Dementsprechend bildet der Mangel an Mechanismen zur Sicherung der Homogenität der ICSID-Rechtsprechung ein schwerwiegendes institutionelles Defizit. Es ist daher dringend, dass das ICSID-System unmittelbar reformiert wird, vorzugsweise durch die Schaffung einer ICSID-Berufungsinstanz.<br>The settlement of investment disputes within the ICSID system is carried out by the ICSID arbitral tribunals which are non-permanent judicial bodies. Every separate case is adjudicated by a different tribunal. The ICSID system, however, does not provide for any institutions similar to the EC Advocate Generals, the EC preliminary rulings, the WTO Appellate Body or to the appeal-like process of the referral to the Grand Chamber of the ECHR capable of securing the homogenous development of the case-law. Moreover, the possibility of appeal of an arbitral award is explicitly excluded within the ICSID system. The present thesis examines the homogeneity of the ICSID jurisprudence in order to ascertain whether the case-law of the separate and not standing ICSID panels proves to be so inconsistent that the ICSID system is in need of reform. The study of the homogeneity of the ICSID jurisprudence concerns the interpretation of identical and similar provisions laid down in international investment treaties as well as of the ICSID Convention itself by the ICSID panels. In particular, it deals with the following topics: (a) Definition of the term “investment” pursuant to the ICSID Convention. (b) Extension of the scope of application of the most-favoured-nation clause to procedural provisions. (c) Jurisdiction of ICSID tribunals over mere violations of an investment contract through broad dispute settlement clauses and umbrella clauses. (d) Standard of compensation for expropriation and distinction between indirect expropriation and state regulation. (e) State of necessity under customary and investment treaty law. This study comes to the conclusion that the ICSID jurisprudence suffers from heterogeneity. Thus, the lack of mechanisms able to secure the consistency of the ICSID case-law constitutes a serious institutional deficit. It is, therefore, urgent to reform the ICSID system immediately, preferably by way of establishing an ICSID appellate authority.
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Genest, Alexandre. "Performance Requirement Prohibitions in International Investment Law." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37013.
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Performance requirements act as policy instruments for achieving broadly-defined economic and developmental objectives of States, especially industrial and technological development objectives. Many States consider that performance requirements distort trade and investment flows, negatively impact global and national welfare and disrupt investment decisions compared to business-as-usual scenarios. As a result, a number of States have committed to prohibiting performance requirements in international investment agreements (“IIAs.”). Performance requirement prohibitions (“PRPs”) are meant to eliminate trade-distorting performance requirements and performance requirements which replace investor decision-making by State decision-making.
This thesis focuses on providing answers to two research questions: first, how do States prohibit performance requirements in IIAs? And second, how should PRPs in IIAs be interpreted and applied?
For the first time, this thesis: proposes a comprehensive understanding of PRPs in IIAs by drawing notably on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) Uruguay Round of negotiations and on the United States Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) Programme; develops a detailed typology and analysis of PRPs in IIAs through the identification of systematically reproduced drafting patterns; conducts the first critical and in-depth analysis of all arbitral awards which have decided claims based on PRPs in IIAs; analyses interpretation and application issues related to provisions that exempt government procurement from PRPs and to reservations that shield sensitive non-conforming measures or strategically important sectors from PRPs; and anticipates the application of most-favoured nation (“MFN”) treatment clauses to PRPs in the future.
Finally, this thesis formulates proposals that can help interpret and apply existing PRPs and draft future PRPs in a more deliberate and informed way.
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Damiani, Gerson Denis Silvestre Duarte. "Teoria dos jogos e relações internacionais: estratégias da governança mercantil global. Uma análise da convenção das Nações Unidas para os contratos de compra e venda internacional de mercadorias à luz de sua vinculação ao Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-08102014-171811/.
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A presente tese evidencia o estado da arte da Teoria Jogos nas Relações Internacionais, e analisa estratégias de negociação decorrentes de processos decisórios no âmbito comercial. Ao delimitar - em tempo e espaço - a trajetória da Governança Mercantil Global, confere-se posição de destaque à Convenção de Viena de 1980 (CISG), regime dotado de ampla legitimidade, concebido sob a égide das Nações Unidas e recém ratificado pelo Brasil. A análise do referido processo de vinculação dá-se a partir de instrumentos metodológicos conferidos pela Teoria dos Jogos, culminado com a apresentação dos limites do modelo e de alternativas viáveis para seu desenvolvimento.<br>The present thesis sheds light on contemporary game theoretical approaches in International Relations, in particular as they pertain to the role of strategy setting in cross-border trade. The study of Global Trade Governance leads to questions of regime legitimacy, culminating with the adoption of the 1980 United Nations Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), recently ratified by Brazil. The analysis of the aforementioned ratification process validates the threshold of game theory as its stands today, and proposes, on the other hand, viable alternatives for the development of the model.
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Khoriaty, Rita. "Les principes directeurs du droit des contrats : regards croisés sur les droits français, libanais, européen et international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020042.
Full textAbstract:
La comparaison des principes directeurs du droit des contrats dans les ordres internes (français et libanais), européen et international permet de déceler, d’une part, une convergence sur le plan de l’identification des principes directeurs du droit des contrats et, d’autre part, une divergence sur le plan de la mise en oeuvre de ces principes. La convergence se manifeste par le fait que les mêmes principes - à savoir les principes de liberté contractuelle, de loyauté contractuelle et de sécurité contractuelle - sous-tendent la théorie générale des contrats dans les trois ordres. Cette convergence s’explique par deux principaux facteurs : d’une part, un facteur logique à savoir le raisonnement par induction qui permet de dégager les principes directeurs du droit des contrats, et, d’autre part, un facteur politique en l’occurrence la concordance des objectifs généraux du droit des contrats dans les trois ordres. Quant à la divergence sur le plan de la mise en oeuvre des principes directeurs,elle se manifeste pratiquement par le renforcement, en droits européen et international,des principes directeurs de la liberté contractuelle et de la loyauté contractuelle ainsi que par l’aménagement du principe directeur de la sécurité contractuelle. Cette divergence a pu être expliquée par l’existence de besoins propres du commerce international. Toutefois, elle devrait plutôt être rattachée à l’influence de droits nationaux étrangers aux droits français et libanais<br>The comparison of the guiding principles of contract law in French, Lebanese, European and international laws reveals on one hand a convergence in terms of identifying the guiding principles of contract law and on the other hand a divergence interms of implementing these principles.The convergence arises from the same principles - namely the principles of contractual freedom, contractual security and contractual “loyalty”2 - underlying the general theory of contracts in all three laws. This convergence is due to two mainfactors: firstly, a logical factor that is the inductive reasoning that allows extracting the guiding principles of contract law, and, secondly, a political factor based on the similarity of the general objectives of contract law in the three laws. As for the divergence in terms of guiding principles implementation, it is revealed through reinforcing in European and international laws, the guiding principles of contractual freedom and contractual “loyalty” as well as the adjustment of the guiding principle of contractual security. This divergence could be explained by the existence of specific needs of international trade. However, it should rather be related to the influence of foreign national laws different from French and Lebanese laws