Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vientiane (Laos)'
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Sisoulath, Bounleuam. "Vientiane, stratégies de développement urbain : processus et acteurs de l'urbanisation dans la capitale de la République Démocratique Populaire Lao." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100024.
Full textTissandier, Patrice. "Vientiane : à la recherche de la ville." Bordeaux 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR30054.
Full textEnvironmental and social factors, which has lead to the building of Vientiane rise nowadays the question of the validity of “city label” for the Lao capital. Build in 1560 at the time of the installation of the royal authority and destroyed at the end of the 1820's by The Siamese, the short history of Vientiane has not allowed its inscription in the memory and the culture of the Laotian society. The revival of the capital during the French colonization, and its development with the American intervention and the civil war, has lead to a growing opposition between two antagonistic visions among city planners and politicians. The government, coming from the guerilla warfare of the north-east of the country, inspired by the ideological of the Vietnamese “holder brother”, considers Vientiane as a pathogenic organism. The resulting anti-urban policy has produced urban space lethargy and confinement of the society framed territorial identities within village limits. The urban and demographic growth and the increasing trade linked to the economic opening of the country have came along with the adoption of pro-urban actions materialized by the application of occidental urban models. Therefore, the “city of Vientiane” offers a particular shape of urban development. Transgressing the urban/rural classical opposition, the city is characterized by a co-presence of these two forms of land use and space utilization by the population. Vientiane can be described as a polycentric and multi-scale territory as well as a kind of transition toward the centre/peripheral model of ours occidental cities. As such, Vientiane provides a new urban model and another conception of what can be described as a “city”
Karlström, Anna. "Preserving impermanence : the creation of heritage in Vientiane, Laos /." Uppsala : Uppsala University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-101166.
Full textVallard, Annabel. "Suivre le fil : ethnographie d'une filière textile à Vientiane (R.D.P. LAO)." Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100008.
Full textSoutheast Asian textiles have typically been approached as objects of material culture viewed from the perspective of the history of art or ethnology. The latter favors a taxonomie approach in reference to styles, usage and ethnie groups. Due to their place in these classifications, textiles have often been conceptualized as `surfaces' that are inscribed with markers of ethnie identities. This thesis, an outcome of two years of ethnographie research, is based on an empirical methodology that employs the notion of following the thread. Considering the fabric in its essential definition, a pliable material made up by the interlacing of at least two perpendicular layers - the warp and the weft - it focuses on the zones where textiles are most tangible and sees their materiality as characterized by flux and instability. The thesis furthermore examines the various modalities of presence of cloth in regard to humans along the various stages of commercial trajectories of textiles that link 'weaving villages' with the largest market of Laos, the morning market in Vientiane. The cloth, as such in its materiality, is especially entangled in the quotidian through surface relationships, but as a ply with the human body as well. It therefore enables one to develop an `anthropological materiology' or an 'anthropology of materiality' which in the analyses of trajectories fends its crucial methodological tool. Paying the attention to `co-production' allows accessing things in the process of being made and furthermore enhances the exploration of close contact, such as that of skin and cloth
Svengsuksa, Boua Khay Khone. "Reconstitution du couvert végétal et la revalorisation des terrains après la culture sur brûlis dans le district de Muang Fuang, province de Vientiane, R. D. P. Lao." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0001.
Full textAn analysis has been conducted of the crucial problem of shifting slash-and-burn cultivation in the Muang Fuang District of Laos, Vientiane Province. Studies were made on the peoples now living in the district, composed of Lao, Khmou, Hmong and Yao, who immigrated from nearby areas of persistent insecurity where they previously practiced this system of cultivation. The work focused on the traditional farming practices used by these groups, and on the permanent cultivation techniques now being used (flooded rice fields, and plantations of various crops for local use or for sale in markets and for export) with government encouragement in its effort progressively to replace shifting slash-and-burn agriculture with permanent settlement. An analysis of the impact of these agricultural practices on the vegetation, which was originally a rich, dense semi-evergreen tropical forest, shows that forest regenerates after about ten years, with a trend toward a climax forest type corresponding to the ecological conditions of the region. In order to improve the economy of the region, several possibilities were examined for improving land after shifting slash-and-burn agriculture: establishment of perennial cultivation, irrigated and flooded rice production, and natural resources exploitation, especially of non-timber forest products. This array of products can now be brought to market and exported via new roads built in the district. This has resulted in a new way of life for the inhabitants of the study area, who have become sedentary and are now respecting the environment by progressively abandoning shifting slash-and-burn agriculture
Karlström, Anna. "Preserving Impermanence : The Creation of Heritage in Vientiane, Laos." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Afrikansk och jämförande arkeologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-101166.
Full textPhenglawong, Thatsana. "Éducation des élèves présentant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme (TSA) dans les écoles primaires de la Capitale de Vientiane au Laos : une étude multi-cas." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69446.
Full textThe number of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is growing all over the world. However, the education of these students differs from country to country. As a result, in Laos and more specifically in Vientiane, its capital, the regular class attendance of these students is increasing. As a result, making adjustments to educating students with ASD in the regular classroom is often difficult for school staff. So far, few studies have looked at the education of these students, from the point of view of principals, educators/ guides or teachers and little information is available. It is important to be better informed about this to promote the education of these students in regular classes at the elementary level. This thesis has four objectives, namely 1) to describe the state of knowledge and attitudes relating to ASD among directors, teachers and educators/guides who welcome a student with ASD in a regular classroom, in ordinary schools, in Vientiane; 2) list the reception and education conditions for students with ASD in these schools; 3) identify the facilitators and obstacles to the reception and education of these children and 4) identify the needs expressed by directors, teachers and educators/guides to promote the education of students with ASD in the primary schools in Vientiane. The conceptual framework describes the history of ASD, its definition, the characteristics of people with ASD according to the diagnostic criteria associated with this disorder, its severity levels according to DSM-5 (APA, 2015), its prevalence, its peculiarities, its associated disorders as well as his risk factors for ASD. It also describes the current knowledge and attitudes related to the education of students with ASD. Regarding the theoretical framework, it is based on the ecological approach applied to the education of students with ASD. This thesis favors a multi-case study using a mixed methodology. In total, a sample of 18 school actresses (five directors, four educators/guides and nine teachers) from five ordinary primary schools that welcome at least one student with ASD in an ordinary primary class in Vientiane was created to carry out this research. A questionnaire devoted to the quantitative aspect was sent to these same people. This questionnaire made it possible to collect first sociogeographic data, then data concerning the knowledge and attitudes relating to the education of students with ASD in ordinary classes. Then, these same school actresses participated in a semi-directive interview in order to collect data for the qualitative component. This section is devoted to describing the conditions, facilitators and obstacles to the reception and education of students with ASD and the needs promoting their education. To do this, the interviews were conducted in the field by the principal investigator, audio-recorded and transcribed. For the analysis of these data, the qualitative method of Blais and Martineau (2006) was used. This analytical approach is, subsequently, based on collective work to validate the processing of the data collected (Mukamurera, Lacourse, & Couturier, 2006). This analysis step makes it possible to tend to the reliability of the coding and allows a progressive inter-rater validation of the meaning of the data. The results of this research show that school actresses indicated that they had participated in few trainings on ASD and needed more practical knowledge for the education of these students in regular class. They also reveal that the vast majority of participants report a lack of knowledge about the characteristics of ASD. However, these have rather positive attitudes that attest to a good openness to differences. In addition, the results show that the reception and education conditions of students with ASD in primary schools in Laos vary from one school to another; principals can refuse or accept these students according to the abilities (degree of severity of the ASD) of each student. Depending on the results, the participants developed, intuitively or by trial and error, several educational practices that are similar to those recommended in the scientific literature. However, their educational practices with these students remain limited; all participants expressed a pressing need to enrich their training and support to better accommodate their student(s) with ASD. It is important for school staff to have more and varied practices available to effectively meet the needs of their students with ASD. It is also important that school stakeholders (directors, educators/ guides and teachers) are trained in ASD. Next, the research results highlight the need for the state to be able to support schools to adapt the school environment to this new clientele. The need to establish special schools and train special educators to help teachers in their specific tasks is also mentioned. Finally, to meet the needs of school stakeholders, the state should form a multidisciplinary team to support students with ASD as well as their families and the schools that host them in order to prepare for the school transition of these students to secondary school. In the same vein, collaboration and consultation between the ministries concerned with the education of these students is a recommended element to meet their needs, those of families and school stakeholders. On a more general level, it is important to continue to raise awareness of ASD in the educational and social context of this country.
Vallée, Julie. "Urbanisation et santé à Vientiane (Laos) : les processus à l’origine des disparités spatiales de santé dans la ville." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00377209.
Full textSi cette ville abrite des phénomènes de santé spatialement différenciés, deux types de mécanismes peuvent l'expliquer. Le premier renvoie aux disparités socio-spatiales : les caractéristiques comme l'âge, le niveau d'éducation et le niveau de vie qui sont autant de facteurs de risque, ne sont en effet pas réparties de façon aléatoire à Vientiane. Néanmoins, il serait approximatif d'interpréter les disparités spatiales de santé comme le reflet des disparités socio-spatiales alors que celles-ci restent de faible ampleur à Vientiane en ce début de XXIème siècle. De fait, un second type de mécanisme participe activement à l'inégale répartition des problèmes de santé dans cette ville : les habitants, au-delà de leurs caractéristiques propres, sont d'autant plus touchés par le diabète, l'hypertension, le surpoids et l'obésité et d'autant moins touchés par l'anémie, la maigreur et le retard de croissance qu'ils résident dans un village plus urbanisé. La santé des habitants de Vientiane est étroitement liée au niveau d'urbanisation de leur lieu de résidence parce que celui-ci influence leur mode de vie, c'est-à-dire leurs comportements (alimentaires, de soin, etc.) à travers les équipements qu'il présente et les normes sociales qu'il véhicule.
Bien qu'avérée, l'influence du lieu de résidence sur la santé ne doit pas être considérée comme opérant de façon identique sur tous les habitants de Vientiane : cette influence varie selon leur pratique et leur maîtrise de l'espace (c'est-à-dire leur capital spatial). Cette recherche souligne donc l'influence du lieu de résidence sur la santé des individus sans toutefois céder à un quelconque déterminisme géographique.
Mobillion, Virginie. "Territoires et soins à Vientiane (Laos) : une géographie de la capitale d'une République Démocratique Populaire." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00628849.
Full textViengsakhone, Louangpradith, Yoshitoku Yoshida, Harun-Or-Rashid Md, and Junichi Sakamoto. "Factors Affecting Low Birth Weight at Four Central Hospitals in Vientiane, Lao PDR." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/12909.
Full textSakamoto, Junichi, Phathammavong Outavong, Tomoya Hirosawa, Mohammad Abul Bashar Sarker, Harun-Or-Rashid, and Senbounsou Khamlub. "JOB SATISFACTION OF HEALTH-CARE WORKERS AT HEALTH CENTERS IN VIENTIANE CAPITAL AND BOLIKHAMSAI PROVINCE, LAO PDR." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18472.
Full textBuchheit, Pauline. "Le recueil de multiples finalités de l'environnement en amont d'un diagnostic de vulnérabilité et de résilience : Application à un bassin versant au Laos." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IAVF0008.
Full textLao PDR is a landlocked country with low population density, which stands nowadays in a process of regional economic integration, after suffering wars related to decolonization and Cold War during several decades. A very fast economic growth, based on the development of infrastructures of transport and natural resource exploitation, has led to large differentiated impacts on populations and their resource based livelihoods. The concepts of resilience and vulnerability have been used in different disciplines to analyze and manage the dynamics of geographical areas and social groups facing rapid and uncertain changes. Both concepts are used within a variety of frameworks of analysis of society-environment relationships. While all reviewed frameworks take into account multiple scales of analysis in order to tackle the complexity of the studied phenomena, they do not, however, assess vulnerability and resilience at the same scales. In particular, some frameworks are actor-centered, while others are system-centered. The scale and limit of the socioecological system whose resilience or vulnerability is assessed depend on the issues that the authors want to tackle. Before such an assessment, it seems necessary to identify the issues of resilience and vulnerability that we want to address. This task should not be taken over by scientists alone, but by other stakeholders as well. The question is: how can we incorporate multiple viewpoints in the system design? For this, our framework considers a socioecological system both as a specific representation of the environment offered by a stakeholder, and as a set of elements contributing to one function. This system is organized in a hierarchy of levels of observation, in which each level corresponds to an intermediary function. We developed and tested a process to collect system representations of the environment from various stakeholders, that is to say, the way they structure a socioecological system that makes sense to them, according to the purposes that they assign to their environment. This approach has been tested in the catchment area of the Nam Lik river, Fuang district, Vientiane province, where the Nam Lik 1-2 hydropower dam was built in 2010. A series of workshops were held with residents of the study area, employees of local government and Lao National University teachers. At the earliest stage of a vulnerability or resilience assessment in the field study, this thesis proposes a reflection on the possible framings of these concepts, as well as methods to collect them from multiple stakeholders
Phommachanh, Phyakeo Oratai Rauyajin. "Sexual behavior of young male college students living in the government dormitory in Vientiane, Laos /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd388/4737921.pdf.
Full textChanthavilay, Phetsavanh. "Cost-effectiveness of prevention strategies against cervical cancer in women, Vientiane, Lao PDR." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26655.
Full textIntroduction: In Lao PDR, cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Cervical cancer can be prevented by primary (vaccination) and secondary (screening) interventions. To reduce the burden of this disease, we need to consider both the cost and effectiveness of the various prevention options that are relevant to the Lao context. Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to simulate the cost-effectiveness of prevention strategies against cervical cancer in Lao PDR. The thesis is based on three studies. The first study aimed to determine the average sensitivity and specificity of combined Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) and cytology testing. Theses parameters were used for the third study. The second study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of various vaccination modalities. The third study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of screening strategies. Methodology: A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted for the first study. For the second and third studies, a population-based compartment and dynamic model of the natural history of cervical cancer was built. The model was calibrated to the age structure of the Vientiane capital population, and the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in Lao PDR. The main outcome of interest was the incremental cost per Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted, under a public health care system perspective. The threshold for declaring an option very cost-effective was an Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) lower than one GDP per capita per DALY averted, based on WHO recommendations. Results: The pooled estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the combined VIA and cytology testing (with a positive result in at least one of them) were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.83-0.90) and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63-0.89), respectively. The second study showed that a 10-year-old girl vaccination program is very cost-effective. Adding a catch-up vaccination element for 11-25 year old women to a girl vaccination program was more cost-effective than adding a boy vaccination component. However, the catch-up should be extended to a higher age if vaccination coverage is lower than 50% or if the duration of the natural immunity or the duration of vaccine protection is no longer than 10 years or if the incidence of cervical cancer is higher than 40% of the Globocan estimates, i.e 17.5 cases per 100 000 women. Additionally, adding a screening strategy to a girl vaccination program is more cost-effective than vaccination alone. Among the screening strategies, a three-yearly VIA screening program for 30-65 year-old women is the most cost-effective strategy, followed by the three-yearly rapid HPV DNA testing option and the five-yearly combined VIA and conventional cytology option, respectively. The probability of cost-effectiveness for these strategies is around 73%. Conclusion: Decision makers should consider expanding the girl vaccination program currently implemented in Vientiane capital nationwide and adding a catch-up vaccination element and a VIA or rapid HPV DNA testing program as appropriate.
Perttu, Nils. "Assessment of hydrogeological and water quality parameters, using MRS and VES in the Vientiane Basin, Laos /." Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet, 2008. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2008/35/.
Full textMcMellon, Christina Agnes. "Critical happiness : examining the beliefs that young Lao volunteers in Vientiane hold about the things that make life good." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16163.
Full textKuroda, Yosuke. "Conservation Biological Studies on Asian Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon and O. nivara)in the Vientiane Plain of Laos." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147912.
Full text0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第10986号
地博第3号
新制||地||1(附属図書館)
UT51-2004-G833
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻
(主査)教授 山田 勇, 教授 田中 耕司, 助教授 竹田 晋也
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Luanglad, Soulisack. "Un questionnement sociodidactique sur l'enseignement du français médical au Laos." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STET2196/document.
Full textIn the present times, the international cooperation is increasing, specially the cooperation franco-lao. The need of quality in human resource also asking for french skill. This research proposes an approach across sociolinguistics, socio-cultural and foreign language teaching to explore the french medical lesson, in the lao context. This work aims to understand global issues on the importance of the cultural aspect in Laos while relying on a case study located in Vientiane capital of Laos. The questioning retained examines the relationship existing coherence between lao sociolinguistic policy, language education state and the use of french in the medical field in Laos. Linking the different levels of analysis takes place through a process of concept to find the specific needs of the teaching french in Laos. This research specially questions the role of the intercultural dimension in medical conversation in Laos and in France and it questions a french medical socio-didactic for lao learner. The study of practices and representation on french has been a field survey at many departments of Mahosot hospital, at Institut de la Francophonie pour la medicine Tropicale and at University of Health Sciences of Laos. The reflection les some perspectives leads to better knowledge of the use of foreign languages in professional work and take importance the use of french in the social and medical environment
Kolehmainen, Janne, and Pontus Axén. "Landscape Changes and Loss of Ecosystem services of Houay Mak Hiao River : a Study in a Rapidly Developing City (Vientiane, Laos)." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-11128.
Full textOunkham, Souksavanh Vanawipha Pasandhanatorn. "The socio-cultural construction of young male sexuality in relation to (their partners') unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Vientiane, Laos /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd400/4838036.pdf.
Full textOlsson, Fredrik. "Strategic Environmental Assessment Pre-Study of That Luang Marsh : For Sustainable Development in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-55376.
Full textInledning Mänsklig aktivitet har på vissa håll resulterat i en allvarlig miljöpåverkan. Laos har en befolkningsmängd på 5,8 miljoner invånare och räknas idag som ett av Asiens minst utvecklade länder. That Luang Marsh (TLM) är huvudstaden Vientianes största urbana våtmarksområde (2000 hektar). Våtmarksområdet bjuder på flertalet ekologiska tjänster som under historiens lopp gynnat både människor och djur. Några av dessa är naturlig vattenrening och översvämningsskydd (vattenlager). Våtmarken bidrar till ett rikt jordbruk och akvakultur. Under regnperioden stiger vattennivån i Mekongfloden så att området naturligt svämmas över. Dräneringen av Vientiane försvåras eftersom landskapet är platt och permeabiliteten i jorden är låg. Huvudsakligen flödar vattnet ut via TLM och floden Houay Mak Hiao innan det når Mekongfloden. Flertalet projekt har försökt effektivisera Vientianes dräneringseffektivitet och minska de sanitära problemen. Dock finns det en hel del kvar att göra. Syften och mål Detta examensarbete är en förstudie till en Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Förstudien skulle kunna utnyttjas till uppbyggandet av en komplett SEA. Huvudområden som undersöks i denna rapport är: Vattenreningen i Vientiane. Den mänskliga miljöpåverkan och hur denna kan lindras i TLM / Vientiane / Mekongfloden. Hållbar utveckling i Vientiane. Behovet av SEA i TLM. Översvämningsskydd i Vientiane. Jordbruk och akvakultur i Vientiane. Projekten WATER Project och New Town Development Project. En socioekonomisk översikt för Laos /Vientiane. Metod Projektet är ett samarbete mellan det svenska universitet KTH och det thailändska universitet AIT. Författaren till denna rapport, Fredrik Olsson är mastersstudent på KTH och har genomfört och utvecklat projektet tillsammans med handledaren Dr. Frostell, KTH och bihandledaren Dr. Shipin, AIT. Även Dr. Berg har haft en viktig roll i utvecklandet och det praktiska genomförandet av projektet. Oktober 2008 – december 2008 genomfördes fältstudier i Vientiane, Laos. Fakta till rapporten inhämtades främst från NGOs (Non- Governmental Organizations), institutioner, laboratorier, bibliotek, lokalbefolkning och internet. Detta skedde i form av tryckta papper/avhandlingar, elektroniska dokument, e-mail kontakter samt intervjuer. Under två dagar genomfördes fältstudier i TLM i samarbete med WWF. Syftet var att mäta vattenkvaliteten i våtmarken på ett antal förutbestämda platser. Gruppen bestod av en representant från WWF samt representanter från de tre distrikt som delar TLM. Strategic Environmental Assessment (Strategisk Miljöbedömning) Syftet med en SEA är att skapa hållbarhet i myndigheters beslutsprocesser. SEA integrerar både miljö och socioekonomiska aspekter i samma studie där målet är att sträva mot en hållbar utveckling. Olika SEA kan skilja sig i utformningen beroende på vilken handledning som används. Dock är dessa skillnader små och inträffar oftast i form av annorlunda terminologi och utförande. Normalt ingår moment som preliminär undersökning, genomförande av SEA, förberedelse av rapport, implementering av SEA i PPP (Policy, Plan och Program) samt utvärdering av implementeringen. Den här rapporten redovisar ytligt hur VIII en SEA genomförs enligt CIDA-modellen (Canadian International Development Agency) och enligt Europeiska Direktivet. Den senare handledningen används som standard i flertalet europeiska länder. Denna rapport kommer även att redovisa grunderna i EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment). Värdering av våtmarker Det finns ett antal olika sätt att värdera våtmarker. Ett sätt som redovisas i rapporten är att separera värderingsområdena till DUV (Direct Use Value), IUV (Indirect Use Value), OV (Option Value), och NUV (Non Use Value). Dessa summeras sedan till TEV (Total Economic Value). DUV beskriver de direkt synliga värdena av att bevara en våtmark, IUV de värden som är indirekta, OV de värden som kan vara möjliga i framtiden, NUV de värden som inte kan bedömas ur ett ekonomiskt och TEV våtmarkens sammanlagda värde. WATER Project Detta projekt är ett svar på de sanitära och ekologiska problemen som förekommer i Vientiane. Flertalet projekt har varit mindre framgångsrika vilket påverkat både samhället och ekosystemet negativt. För att råda bot på de sanitära problemen pågår för närvarande ett försök att informera myndigheterna om fördelarna med att bygga konstruerade våtmarker. Dessa skulle kunna vara ett alternativ till konventionella reningsverk. För att bevisa våtmarkernas effektivitet planeras nu byggandet av fem pilotanläggningar i Vientiane. Tre kommer användas för att rena kommunalt avloppsvatten medan två är avsedda för industriellt bruk. Projektet är en del av Wetland Alliance Programme. Samarbetspartners för WATER Project är laotiska staten, WWF Laos, WWF Tyskland och Wild Fowl & Wetland Trust (WWT), CORIN, AIT, WFC, CIDA och Sida. Indikationer tyder på att konstruerade våtmarker (22 hektar) kommer att byggas för rening av vattnet i dräneringskanalen Hong Ke. Detta är Vientianes mest förorenade kanal. Dock önskar WATER Project att totalt 61 hektar avsätts så att även kanalen Hong Xeng kan renas. New Town Development Project Projektet är ett samarbete mellan den laotiska och kinesiska staten. Planen är att ett omfattande utvecklingsprojekt ska locka flera utländska och inhemska investerare till Vientiane. Totalt kommer 1000 hektar lågt värderad mark att kommersialiseras. Ytterligare 200 hektar kommer att användas till byggandet av en konstgjord sjö som kompenserar för förlorad våtmarksyta. Kineserna har i gengäld lovat att bygga en sportarena för SEA Games 2009. 670 hektar kommer exploateras i TLM, 430 hektar i närheten av den nya sportarenan och 100 hektar i Dongphosy skogen. Kinesiska investerare kommer att arrendera marken under 50 år. Under denna period kan investerarna fritt göra affärer och har rätt att sälja marken till vem de vill. När 50 år har passerat har den laotiska staten rätt att ta tillbaka den arrenderade marken utan kompensation. Som modell för utvecklingsprojektet står kinesiska Suzhou City. Projektet beräknas kosta 800-1000 miljoner amerikanska dollar. Diskussion och slutsats Det spelar ingen större roll vilken metod som används för att nå en hållbar utveckling om den har någon form av internationell acceptans, är strategisk och tar hänsyn till att integrera både miljö och socioekonomiska frågor i samma studie. SEA och CEA (Cumulative Effect Assessment) är endast några alternativ. Målet med en SEA är först och främst inte avsedd för att skapa en rapport utan snarare hållbarhet i beslutsprocesser på PPP-nivå. Faktorer som motverkar hållbar utveckling i Laos är bland annat korruption, dålig utbildning och giriga investerare som maximerar sina ekonomiska vinster på miljön och samhällets bekostnad. Det är svårt att värdera OV eftersom denna parameter endast tar hänsyn till möjliga framtida värden. Samtidigt är NUV näst intill omöjligt att värdera eftersom denna parameter värderar kulturella och etiska värden. Värderingen av NUV blir då en subjektiv bedömning. Under New Town Development Project kommer flertalet människor i TLM tvingas flytta till en mer urban miljö. Dessa grupper är ofta speciellt sårbara eftersom de har bristfällig kunskap om urbana arbeten. Det är extra viktigt att myndigheterna följer upp dessa människor så att deras lidande minimeras. Förstörelsen av våtmarker beror troligtvis på i) stor tillförsel av vattenföroreningar (kommunalt och industriellt avloppsvatten), ii) fysisk destruktion (husbyggen, utfyllnad och konstgjorda dräneringssystem), iii) överutnyttjande av våtmarksresurser samt iv) invasioner och införanden av främmande arter som till exempel ”golden apple snail”. Teoretiskt skulle det vara möjligt att ersätta våtmarker med moderna tekniska lösningar för att undvika översvämningar. En lösning skulle vara att floden Houay Mak Hiao beläggs med ett cementlager för att öka vattenflödet ut från Vientiane. Dock har landet mycket svårt att finansiera denna typ av projekt och efterkommande underhåll på grund av små ekonomiska marginaler i statens budget. Det är heller inte helt kartlagt hur hydrologin i området fungerar. Ett annat problem med denna typ av lösning är att Houay Mak Hiaos vattenreningskapacitet och biodiversitet går förlorad. Om projektet genomförs måste vattenrening ske på annat sätt. Den här rapporten har försökt jämföra fördelarna med att använda konstruerade våtmarker (CW) istället för traditionella vattenreningstekniker. Att använda CW för att rena vattenmassorna i Hong Ke (avloppsvatten från gamla Vientiane) är nog det enklaste och billigaste alternativet medan den nya stadsdelen i mitten av TLM skulle kunna utrustas med ett konventionellt reningsverk. Detta eftersom de utländska stadsutvecklarna antagligen kommer ha tillräckligt med medel och kunskap för att stödja modern vattenreningsteknik som rymmer inom New Town Development Project. Infrastrukturen för att använda konventionella reningsverk är inte tillräckligt utvecklad i resterande Vientiane så att bygga ett konventionellt reningsverk i dessa delar av staden kan bli kostsamt. Dock blir situationen en annan i den nya stadsdelen eftersom denna byggs upp från grunden. Eftersom marken beräknas få ett avsevärt högre marknadsvärde kommer antagligen modern reningsteknik spara en del yta. Fördelar med konventionella reningstekniker är att dessa allmänt är mer avancerade, standardiserade, har en snabb omsättningstid på avloppsvattnet, är mindre platskrävande och processerna i dessa verk är bättre kartlagda. Däremot kan CWanläggningar användas under en längre tidsperiod, de har en hög effektivitet i varma klimat, har låg slamproduktion, kräver mycket små tillsatser av kemikalier, är enkla att underhålla, är mer estetiska, kräver enklare infrastruktur och har en låg driftskostnad. Författaren till denna rapport kan inte avgöra om det bästa för staden är att utvecklas till ett modernt urbant komplex. Dock är den nuvarande situationen ohållbar och därför bör någon form av åtgärder vidtas. Om organisationen och planering inom och mellan projekt förbättras minskar risken för misslyckade projekt. Det är viktigt att alla beslut som fattas grundas på ett korruptionsfritt hållbarhetstänkande. Om Vientiane strävar mot att ta ett större ansvar för miljö och socioekonomi så kommer landet som helhet att gynnas, eftersom huvudstaden är motorn i Laos ekonomi. Ett ökat okontrollerat utsläpp av vattenföroreningar från Vientiane kommer att öka belastningen på Mekongfloden. En biodiversitetskollaps i Mekongfloden skulle få allvarliga konsekvenser för landets fiske och ekonomi. De beslut som fattas idag kommer i framtiden att mer eller mindre påverka människor på ett lokalt, regionalt, nationellt och internationellt plan.
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