Relevant bibliographies by topics / Views of Darwin's theory of evolution

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Academic literature on the topic 'Views of Darwin's theory of evolution'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Views of Darwin's theory of evolution"

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Agai, J. M. "A Reflection on the legacies of Charles Darwin." Theologia Viatorum 41, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/tv.v41i1.18.

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The biological theory of human evolution existed before Charles Darwin. His view on the origins of animals attracted much debate among scientists and Chris-tians since 1859. Darwin’s view on the causes of variation among species which led to the emergence of humans has contributed to the development of an ideology according to which he is the father of evolution. This research is a historical reflection on Darwin’s life and his theory of evolution. The author describes the views that existed and still exist as responses to Darwin's life and his theory of evolution. The research is aimed at appreciating Darwin’s legacies and his contribution to the development of the various schools of thoughts among Christians regarding the creation/evolution debate.
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Ragan, Mark A. "Darwin's Pictures: Views of Evolutionary Theory, 1837-1874." Systematic Biology 60, no. 3 (February 9, 2011): 388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr001.

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Marciano, Alain, and Maud Pelissier. "The Influence of Scottish Enlightenment on Darwin's Theory of Cultural Evolution." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 22, no. 2 (June 2000): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710050025439.

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Since the 1980s, institutional change has become a matter of great interest as economists faced the necessity and the challenge to provide a theory of economic or cultural evolution. Their first reaction was to refer to biology, a field in which theories of evolution have reached a high degree of sophistication. This was all the more legitimate and relevant given that biology has been largely influenced by economics (Schweber 1977, 1980; Gordon 1991; Kresge and Wenar 1994; Depew and Weber 1995). Indeed, the influence of classical political economy on the views of one of the fathers of the modern theory of evolution, Charles Darwin, is widely admitted. Darwin borrowed from economists fundamental ideas such as spontaneous order and methodological individualism (from Adam Smith), the positive role of diversity and variety (from Charles Babbage) and the concept of the struggle for life (from Thomas Malthus). Therefore, the ideas promoted by the founding fathers of political economy, sometimes called “Darwinians before Darwin” (Hayek 1973, p. 23), have shaped Darwin's theory of biological evolution.
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Bellon, Richard. "“The great question in agitation”: George Bentham and the origin of species." Archives of Natural History 30, no. 2 (October 2003): 282–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2003.30.2.282.

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George Bentham initially expressed reservations about Darwin's Origin of species (1859). What most troubled Bentham was the potentially disruptive nature of Darwin's ideas for natural history. Bentham, renowned even among other naturalists for always proceeding with the utmost intellectual caution, decided to ignore Darwin's theory. This reticence disappointed Darwin, who pressured Bentham unsuccessfully to give an assessment of the Origin. Bentham did, however, publicly praise Darwin's work on the fertilisation of orchids as an ideal model for natural history research. Finally, in his 1863 presidential address to the Linnean Society, Bentham directly addressed “the great question in agitation”, evolution. His judicious praise of the Origin would, Darwin was convinced, “do more to shake the unshaken & bring on those leaning to our side, than anything written directly in favour of transmutation.” Bentham's tentative conversion to evolution came only after Darwin's work, particularly on orchids, convinced him that evolution would add “stability” to systematic work. As a result, evolution's influence on systematic botany was largely conservative. It validated, rather than challenged, the method, systems, world view and intellectual authority of established experts like Bentham.
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Hodge, M. J. S. "Generation and the Origin of Species (1837–1937): A Historiographical Suggestion." British Journal for the History of Science 22, no. 3 (September 1989): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400026157.

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Bernard Norton's friends in the history of science have had many reasons for commemorating, with admiration and affection, not only his research and teaching but no less his conversation and his company. One of his most estimable traits was his refusal to beat about the bush in raising the questions he thought worthwhile pursuing. I still remember discoursing at Pittsburgh on Darwin's route to his theory of natural selection, and being asked at the end by Bernard what were Darwin's views on heredity. I answered with the conventional waffle to the effect that the theory concerned the populational fate rather than the individual production and transmission of heritable variation, so that whatever views Darwin had on heredity had only a subsidiary place in his theorizing. Bernard was not fooled. ‘I would have thought’, he said, ‘that in order to understand anyone's theorising about evolution it would be necessary to look at his views on heredity’.
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Van Den Berg, Hugo A. "Darwin Endures, Despite Disparagement." Science Progress 101, no. 1 (March 2018): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685018x15166188312386.

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Evolution lies at the heart of the life sciences, and Charles Darwin is a towering historical figure within evolutionary science. One testimony to his lasting influence is that declaring Darwin to have been wrong all along remains a provocative way to command attention. The present paper discusses various strands of ‘Darwin was wrong’ partisans and their divergent views and motives: some are looking to Darwin to justify or condemn the political ideologies that they support or reject; others are concerned with the corrupting influence that the bleak cosmic outlook of evolution is deemed to exert on the moral or religious rectitude of impressionable minds, or regard Darwinism as a direct assault on religion; philosophers question the very coherence of the entire enterprise; and certain biologists aspire to go down in history as even greater than Darwin. It is sobering to reflect that this diverse group is united only by their poor grasp of Darwin's theory of natural selection.
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Caudill, Ed. "A Content Analysis of Press Views of Darwin's Evolution Theory, 1860–1925." Journalism Quarterly 64, no. 4 (December 1987): 782–946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769908706400415.

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Grafen, Alan. "Formalizing Darwinism and inclusive fitness theory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (November 12, 2009): 3135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0056.

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Inclusive fitness maximization is a basic building block for biological contributions to any theory of the evolution of society. There is a view in mathematical population genetics that nothing is caused to be maximized in the process of natural selection, but this is explained as arising from a misunderstanding about the meaning of fitness maximization. Current theoretical work on inclusive fitness is discussed, with emphasis on the author's ‘formal Darwinism project’. Generally, favourable conclusions are drawn about the validity of assuming fitness maximization, but the need for continuing work is emphasized, along with the possibility that substantive exceptions may be uncovered. The formal Darwinism project aims more ambitiously to represent in a formal mathematical framework the central point of Darwin's Origin of Species , that the mechanical processes of inheritance and reproduction can give rise to the appearance of design, and it is a fitting ambition in Darwin's bicentenary year to capture his most profound discovery in the lingua franca of science.
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Gruenwald, Oskar. "Progress in Science." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 22, no. 1 (2010): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2010221/21.

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A new paradigm is emerging which places Charles Darwin's theory of evolution via natural selection into a larger conceptual framework with greater explanatory power. Darwinism needs to be reconceptualized as a scientific enterprise and philosophical worldview. A larger framework is needed to account for the immaterial laws of nature which guide evolutionary mechanisms and processes to achieve predetermined ends that reflect a superlative Intelligence, Mind or God. Curiously, Darwinism fails to explain intelligent observers who can make sense of the laws of nature. Immanuel Kant's conception of man as both phenomenon and noumenon suggests that man is the missing link between science and religion, and that the two views of genesis—-evolution and creation--are complementary rather than antithetical. Evolution should be taught as science, not ideology. Teaching evolution as science means opening the theory to critical scrutiny which can correct, modify, enrich, and develop the theory in interdisciplinary perspective. But the theory of evolution reaches well beyond science narrowly defined, and broaches philosophical, ethical, and theological dimensions which can be addressed only in interdisciplinary conversation bringing to the table insights from many disciplines. Finally, Darwinism as a materialist, reductionist worldview needs to be humanized, if not Christianized, and thus reach its full potential as science. It would then also recognize human exceptionalism, the teleological imperative, the principle of tolerance, and the fundamental religious insight that we live by faith.
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Vorachek, Laura. "MESMERISTS AND OTHER MEDDLERS: SOCIAL DARWINISM, DEGENERATION, AND EUGENICS IN TRILBY." Victorian Literature and Culture 37, no. 1 (March 2009): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150309090123.

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About two-thirds of the way through George Du Maurier's Trilby (1894), a novel that entranced the reading public with its descriptions of Bohemian Paris and mesmerism, there is a seventeen-page digression on The Origin of Species. This rumination is sparked by the fact that Little Billee is “reading Mr. Darwin's immortal book for the third time” while he contemplates proposing to the parson's daughter, Alice (180; pt. 5). Ultimately, he cannot bring himself to do so because Alice believes, among other Bible stories, that “[t]he world was made in six days. It is just six thousand years old,” a view debunked in The Origin by Darwin's depiction of the gradual evolution of species over vast periods of time (174; pt. 5). While the controversy elicited in the second half of the nineteenth century by Darwin's theory of natural selection continues today, the question remains: what is this debate doing in a novel about expatriate artists and the woman they love? I read this seeming digression from the sentimental and sensational plot of the novel as a cue to the importance of Darwinian ideas to reading Trilby. In this article, I trace Du Maurier's engagement in Trilby and in his cartoons with various permutations of Social Darwinism, notably degeneration (especially its relationship to class), society's moral and cultural evolution, and eugenics. I argue that the novelist negotiates between Darwin and his interpreters as he resists collectivism, or state intervention in questions of social welfare, in favor of individual liberty in matters of sexual selection.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Views of Darwin's theory of evolution"

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Clark, Nicholas Barry Clark. "Darwin's Daikaiju: Representations of Dinosaurs in 20th Century Cinema." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1530828784659758.

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Baker, Joseph O. "Views of Science and Religion among the American Public (with Special Reference to Evolution)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/484.

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Vlerick, Michael Marie Patricia Lucien Hilda. "Darwin's doubt : implications of the theory of evolution for human knowledge." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71595.

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Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation I enquire into the status, scope and limits of human knowledge, given the fact that our perceptual and cognitive faculties are the product of evolution by natural selection. I argue that the commonsense representations these faculties provide us with yield a particular, species-specific scope on the world that does not ‘correspond’ in any straightforward way to the external world. We are, however, not bound by these commonsense representations. This particular, species-specific view of the world can be transgressed. Nevertheless, our transgressing representations remain confined to the conceptual space defined by the combinatorial possibilities of the various representational tools we possess. Furthermore, the way in which we fit representations to the external world is by means of our biologically determined epistemic orientation. Based on the fact that we are endowed with a particular set of perceptual and cognitive resources and are guided by a particular epistemic orientation, I conclude that we have a particular cognitive relation to the world. Therefore, an accurate representation for us is a particular fit (our epistemic orientation) with particular means (our perceptual and cognitive resources).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handel oor die aard, omvang en limiete van kennis, gegewe dat ons perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns die resultaat van evolusie deur middel van natuurlike seleksie is. Eerstens, word daar geargumenteer dat die algemene voorstellings wat hierdie vermoëns aan ons bied ‘n partikuliere, spesie-spesifieke siening van die wêreld aan ons gee, wat nie op ‘n eenvoudige manier korrespondeer aan die werklikheid nie. Ons is egter nie gebonde aan hierdie voorstellings nie. Hierdie partikuliere, spesie-spesifieke siening van die wêreld kan oorskry word. Ons is egter wel beperk tot die konseptuele ruimte wat gedefinieër word deur die kombinatoriese moontlikhede van die voorstellingsmiddele tot ons beskikking. Verder word die manier waarop ons hierdie voorstellings aan die wêreld laat pas deur ons biologies gedetermineerde epistemiese oriëntasie bepaal. Dus, gegewe dat ons ‘n spesifieke stel perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns het en deur ‘n spesifieke kognitiewe epistemiese oriëntasie gelei word, staan ons in ‘n spesifieke kognitiewe verhouding tot die wêreld. ‘n Akkurate voorstelling (m.a.w. kennis vir ons) is om spesifieke vermoëns (perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns) op ‘n spesifieke manier (epsitemiese oriëntasie) aan die wêreld te laat pas.
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O'Neill, Moira Patricia. "Evolution and Cooperation in the Youngstown Area." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1564599603688389.

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Ju-i, Lin, and 林儒詣. "Evolution of Public Sector Children and Youths Welfares Institutions─Institutional and Organizational Ecology Theory Views." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7y7ge3.

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碩士
國立臺北大學
社會學系
103
The main purpose of this research investigates the evolution of the factors for authorized agencie of children and youths welfares influence. By the construction of a dedicated authorized agencie, we will discuss the attitudes towards children and teenagers government welfare changes and acquire the conclusions and recommendations. We will explore the method for the study of literature. With children and youth welfare system evolution, we will find the reason that the government establishes authorized agencie, dedicated and development. We will focus on the institutional and organizational ecology theory and understand the environmental factors that influence the development of the organization. The research found because demographic changes lead to changes in welfare policies. Therefore, the government will formulate relevant laws to implement the relevant welfare measures and configure the related human resources. Under the influence of political factors results in local government organizations have similarities, but retain some form distinct business division. Based on research findings, provide the required local needs welfare of children and adolescents, enrich human and personnel budget, improve social welfare and professional autonomy, the establishment of community social welfare centers and other social welfare services suggestions.
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GRBAČOVÁ, Lenka. "Pohledy na člověka v nacismu a neonacismu v etických souvislostech." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-116781.

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This thesis addresses the controversy of Nazism as a political ideology in an ethical context, with emphasis on the role of man. The descriptive section looks at the origins and history of Nazism, its formation as a political party (NSDAP) and its main attributes. The topics of the prescriptive section are disputations the question of how Nazism stands in the context of various historical periods from antiquity to the peak period of Nazism. This section also deals with the problems of neo-Nazism. Two controversial publications of the major neo-Nazism promoters are subjected to examination and criticism. These publications and their promoters are ?My Awakening? by David Duke from the context of the world, and ?Taboos in the Social Sciences? by Petr Bakalář from the context of the Czech Republic.
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Books on the topic "Views of Darwin's theory of evolution"

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Darwin's pictures: Views of evolutionary theory, 1837-1874. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.

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Voss, Julia. Darwin's pictures: Views of evolutionary theory, 1837-1874. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2010.

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Charles Hodges' critique of Darwinism: An historical-critical analysis of concepts basic to the 19th century debate. Lewiston, N.Y: E. Mellen Press, 1988.

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Brown, Frank Burch. The evolution of Darwin's religious views. Macon, Ga: Mercer University Press, 1986.

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Charles Darwin's religious views: From creationist to evolutionist. Guelph, Ont: Joshua Press, 2009.

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Herbert, David. Charles Darwin's religious views: From creationist to evolutionist. Guelph, Ont: Joshua Press, 2009.

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Herbert, David. Charles Darwin's religious views: From creationist to evolutionist. London, Ont: Hersil Publishing, 1990.

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Desmond, Adrian J. Darwin's Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin's Views on Human Evolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009.

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1947-, Moore James R., ed. Darwin's sacred cause: How a hatred of slavery shaped Darwin's views on human evolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009.

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Prodger, Phillip. Darwin's camera: Art and photography in the theory of evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Views of Darwin's theory of evolution"

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Bradley, Ben. "Life in Groups." In Darwin's Psychology, 233–65. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708216.003.0007.

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From its earliest days, Darwin’s theory marked off social from non-social animals. As his ideas developed, he suggested that several processes, would produce natural selection in social animals, which did not occur in their non-social cousins. These included processes based on: blood-relationships (kin selection); dependable reciprocity; and group selection. Complementing his view of evolution as promoting increasing inter-communication between parts of the hominid brain, group dynamics provide the key to understanding the evolution of humanity’s most distinctive and complex forms of agency, according to Descent. While the book deals with a range of the ‘highest’ forms of human agency, including the origins of language, it focuses most on conscience and moral action. It develops a complex theory of conscience in which several different characters play parts: the self-gratifier; the praise-seeker; an arbitrary monitor; a supremely rational judge; and an impulsive hero. Darwin’s group-based approach to understanding humanity was an inspiration to Freud and has widespread resonances in later scholarship—some discordant, many harmonious.
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"The Relationship Between Preyer’s Concept of Psychogenesis and his Views of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution." In Contributions to a History of Developmental Psychology, 209–18. De Gruyter Mouton, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110854893.209.

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Allchin, Douglas. "Social Un- Darwinism." In Sacred Bovines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490362.003.0012.

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It is time to rescue Darwinism from the dismal shadow of Social Darwinism. According to this now widely discredited doctrine, human society is governed by “the survival of the fittest.” Competition reigns unchecked. Individualism erodes any effort to cooperate. Ethics and morality become irrelevant. Some contend that social competition is the very engine of human “progress,” and hence any effort to regulate it cannot be justified. Others accept competition as inevitable, even though they do not like it or endorse it. They seem persuaded that we cannot escape its presumed reality. Natural selection, many reason, is … well, “natural.” Natural, hence inevitable: what recourse could humans possibly have against the laws of nature? Thus even people from divergent backgrounds seem to agree that this view of society unavoidably follows from evolution. Creationists, not surprisingly, parade it as reason to reject Darwinism outright. By contrast, as resolute an evolutionist as Thomas Henry Huxley, “Darwin’s bulldog,” invoked similar implications even while he urged his audience to transcend them morally. Yet the core assumptions of so-called Social Darwinism are unwarranted. Why does it continue to haunt us? The time has come to dislodge this entrenched belief, this sacred bovine: that nature somehow dictates a fundamentally individualistic and competitive society. Unraveling the flawed argument behind Social Darwinism also yields a more general and much more important lesson about the nature of science. The historical argument seems to enlist science to portray certain cultural perspectives as “facts” of nature. Naturalizing cultural ideas in this way is all too easy. Cultural contexts seem to remain invisible to those within the culture itself, sometimes scientists too. The case of Social Darwinism—not Darwinism at all—illustrates vividly how appeals to science can go awry. We might thus learn how to notice, and to remedy or guard against, such errors in other cases. Ironically, the basic doctrine now labeled “Social Darwinism” did not originate with Darwin at all. Darwin was no Social Darwinist. Quite the contrary: Darwin opened the way for understanding how a moral society can evolve (essay 6).
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"6. The Reception of Darwin's Theory." In Evolution, 177–223. University of California Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520945326-009.

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"5. The Development of Darwin's Theory." In Evolution, 141–76. University of California Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520945326-008.

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West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. "Darwin’s Theory of Development and Evolution." In Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122343.003.0013.

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Biologists are fond of saying that Darwin was misled by an inadequate theory of inheritance—his the-ory of “pangenesis”—and that this was remedied by the rediscovery of Mendel’s experiments in 1900: . . . As long as no coherent theory of heredity existed, the basis of natural selection could not be understood. Darwin’s theory of pangenesis was an unfortunate anomaly. It was almost his only venture into the field of pure speculation. . . . One might speculate whether Darwin would have formulated his theory of pangenesis if he had been aware of Mendel’s experiments. (J. L. Stebbins, 1977, p. 14; see also, e.g., Mayr, 1963, p. 10; 1966, p. xxvi; Selander, 1972, p. 185) . . . I have argued that some aspects of development can be related to natural selection by visualizing the phenotype as a mosaic of semi-independent sub-units that are dissociated, recombined, lost, and recalled during evolution and that adaptive plasticity plays a role in evolutionary change. Darwin insisted on the same view in The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868), where he gave the most complete exposition of his ideas about development and evolution. In a section titled “The Functional Independence of the Elements or Units of the Body,” Darwin (1868a [1875a], p. 364) wrote that “the whole organism consists of a multitude of elemental parts, which are to a great extent independent of one another. Each organ . . . has its proper life, its autonomy; it can develop and reproduce itself [in descendent individuals] independently of the adjoining tissues” (p. 364). And, “[T]he body consists of a multitude of organic units, all of which possess their own proper attributes, and are to a certain extent independent of all others. Hence it will be convenient to use indifferently the terms cells or organic units, or simply units” (p. 366). Furthermore, Darwin insisted that an acceptable theory of inheritance had to include development: “Two distinct elements are included under the term ‘inheritance’—the transmission, and the development of characters; but as these generally go together, the distinction is often overlooked”.
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"CHARLES DARWIN'S LIFE AND WORK." In Information Theory and Evolution, 13–34. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812564450_0002.

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"CHARLES DARWIN'S LIFE AND WORK." In Information Theory and Evolution, 15–37. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814401241_0002.

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Bradley, Ben. "Agency and Its Effects." In Darwin's Psychology, 58–105. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708216.003.0003.

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Throughout his life Darwin collected and investigated a host of creatures from a wide range of relatively simple species—zoophytes, sea pens, corals, worms, insects, and a diversity of plants. These studies aimed to answer fundamental questions about the characteristics of life, the nature of individuality, reproduction, and the implications of agency. Central amongst these implications were interdependencies between organisms, with their conspecifics, with different species, and with their conditions of life. In this way Darwin built up a picture of the living world as a theatre of agency. The derivation of evolution from this living theatre—which he called ‘the struggle for existence’—gave Darwin’s vision of nature its distinctiveness. While twentieth-century biology sidelined the agency of organisms in favour of the gene, the twenty-first century has returned to Darwin’s view that evolution is led by organisms (or ‘phenotypes’)—with implications for psychology differing considerably from contemporary evolutionary psychologies.
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West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. "Gradualism." In Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122343.003.0032.

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Ever since Darwin, there has been a tension between selectionists and developmentalists over the question of gradualism versus saltation and selection versus variation. Does form evolve by a series of small modifications, each one mediated by selection? Or does complex change in form originate suddenly due to a developmental change? Why should there have been such an enduring controversy over these questions? There would seem to be no intrinsic conflict between a belief that development produces variations, some of them discrete and phenotypically complex, and a belief that selection chooses among them. The significance of gradualism for Darwin’s argument regarding natural selection has often been lost from view. The gradualism versus saltation question is not just a debate over whether or not large variants can occur and be selected, although this might seem to be the issue from the dichotomy “gradual versus saltatory.” One may get the impression from Bateson’s (1894) compendium of complex developmental anomalies (figure 24.1), and Goldschmidt’s (1940 [1982]) discussion of hopeful monsters, that Darwin overlooked the evolutionary importance of large developmental variants. In fact, Darwin (1868b [1875b]) extensively reviewed developmental anomalies, including meristic freaks such as those emphasized by Bateson, and considered large qualitative variants likely important in artificial selection producing certain breeds of dogs. In essence, the gradualism-saltation debate is a debate over the causes of adaptive design. Is adaptive design primarily the result of selection, which molds the phenotype step by small step, as Darwin argued? Or is it mainly due to the nature of developmentally mediated variation, with selection playing only a minor, if any, role in the creation of form, as argued by Bateson? Bateson (1894) was among the first to articulate the variationist position: . . . the crude belief that living beings are plastic conglomerates of miscellaneous attributes, and that order of form . . . has been impressed upon this medley by Selection alone; and that by Variation any of these attributes may be subtracted or any other attribute added in indefinite proportion, is a fancy which the Study of Variation does not support. . . .
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