Relevant bibliographies by topics / Views on tariff

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Views on tariff'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Views on tariff"

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LABORDE, DAVID, and WILL MARTIN. "Formulas for Failure? Were the Doha Tariff Formulas too Ambitious for Success?" World Trade Review 14, no. 1 (January 2015): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745614000366.

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AbstractThis paper views tariff-cutting formulas as a potential solution to the free-rider problem that arises when market opening is negotiated bilaterally and extended on a most-favored-nation basis. The negotiators in the Doha Agenda chose formulas that are ideal from an economic efficiency viewpoint in that they most sharply reduce the highest – and most economically – costly tariffs. When the political support that gave rise to the original tariffs is considered, however, this approach appears to generate very high political costs per unit of gain in economic efficiency. The political costs associated with the formulas appear to have led to strong pressure for many, complex exceptions, which both lowered and increased uncertainty about members' market access gains. Where tariff cuts focus on applied rates, it seems likely that a proportional cut rule would reduce the political costs of securing agreements. However, detailed examination of the Doha proposals with their product exceptions suggests that negotiators are likely to find cuts with exceptions politically attractive but economically costly when cuts are based on bound tariffs with different degrees of binding overhang.
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Kolosok, S., and T. Vasylieva. "ANALYSIS OF GAS AND ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: THE TARIFF REGULATION REVIEW." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 2 (2020): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.2-8.

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The distribution of gas and electricity certainly belongs to the strategically important activities, the success of which affects the socio-economic situation in the country. Energy distribution companies not only transport energy to customers, but also balance energy consumption, thus influencing all economic processes. However, the energy sector is characterized by several limiting factors. Companies should optimize their activities through energy supply and reception planning, capacity forecasting, providing the necessary level of flexibility of energy systems and the ability to integrate diversified gas and electricity distribution operators. All this requires a balanced and detailed approach to the formation of tariff policy, which takes into account the cost of maintenance and maintenance of energy networks, justification of the costs of business operations given the possible social response to rising final tariffs for gas and electricity. Therefore, the issue of tariff regulation in the energy sector requires a detailed study and analysis of best practices for setting tariffs for services for energy network operators. To this end, the study provided a review of the scientific literature on tariff regulation of gas and electricity distribution networks. The results of the study did not show significant elaboration of the topic but revealed only differences in views on optimal pricing for energy distribution networks in different countries.
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CHERNAVSKII, S. Ya, N. R. KHACHATURYAN, and Z. N. TSVETAEVA. "CROSS-SUBSIDIZATION IN TARIFF DESIGN FOR ELECTRICITY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3, no. 7 (2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.07.03.004.

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The article highlights one of the unsolved problems of the Russian power industry management. In most of the works, cross-subsidization in the electric power industry is considered in negative connotations. It is shown that in the design of the electricity tariff with cross-subsidization, along with the negative side, there is also a positive side. The article presents views on the problem of people who are active in decision-making, but pas-sive in the public scientific space.
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Pugachevska, Kateryna. "TRADE RESTRICTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF FOREIGN TRADE LIBERALIZATION." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13) (2020): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-51-55.

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Research on the impact of the external component on economic growth shows the prevailing view of the positive impact of foreign trade and its liberalization on economic growth. At the same time, discussions on trends in foreign trade liberalization are part of the issue of contradictory impact of free cross-border movement of goods, capital and labor on the economic development. The majority of sources on endogenous growth contains a range of models for the relationship between trade restrictions and economic growth. Therefore, the aim of the article is to study trade restrictions in the context of foreign trade liberalization. At a high level of economic development, the liberalization of the economy allows to increase the benefits of foreign trade, but the issues related to the opening of national markets in the economic periphery remain controversial. The article considers the essence and classification of foreign trade restrictions. The views of scholars of leading economic schools on the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth have been represented. It has been determined, that the main trends in the liberalization of foreign trade are: expanding the scope of regulatory measures by both national governments and global trade institutions; coordination and intensification of international cooperation in the areas of multilateral liberalization of foreign trade; growing non-tariff barriers to the development of international trade. The results of the study allow to deepen the understanding of the peculiarities of ensuring national economic interests in the conditions of dynamization of foreign trade. Key words: trade restrictions, national economic interests, import regulation, foreign trade liberalization, tariff and non-tariff restrictions.
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Conybeare, John A. C. "Voting for protection: an electoral model of tariff policy." International Organization 45, no. 1 (1991): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300001399.

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The political economy of trade policy has largely neglected popular elections. When legislatures determine protection, politicians supply tariffs that are demanded by their constituents. A model of this political market is specified and tested with data related to the McKinley Tariff of 1890. An index of the extent to which tariff protection accrued to individual congressional districts is applied, along with demand and supply variables, to three questions: Did representatives supply tariffs to their districts as the model predicts? Did they vote in accordance with the district tariff interest in the roll-call vote on the McKinley Tariff? Did electors reward representatives for the district tariff protection in a manner consistent with a political market model? Empirical estimations based on the model provide answers that are generally affirmative and appear to be inconsistent with the traditional view that the Republican defeat in 1890 was a result of the McKinley Tariff.
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ELIJAH, SUNDAY, and Muhammad Usaini. "SMALL BUSINESSES-ECONOMIC GROWTH NEXUS IN POVERTY REDUCTION IN NORTH-WESTERN NIGERIA." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 6, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v6i4.1691.

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This study examines the role of SME in economic growth and poverty reduction in north-western Nigeria from 1987-2017 by employing time series data for Kano state, Nigeria and using ARDL method. All the variables are significant determinants of economic growth (GDP). Turnover of SME return is significant and negative, turnover on SME employment is significant and negative whereas the turnover of SME loan is positive and significant. In overall, the study’s findings are in line with the views of prior studies, therefore, we conclude that the results of the estimates of our ARDL are valid and reliable. Outcomes of the empirical test found link between SME, economic growth and poverty reduction, from our results, the turnover of SME loan is positive and significantly contributes to GDP and reduce poverty. This study recommends: a) The government should stress on promotion of SME because they assist in poverty reduction. b) Government should protect SMEs through tariff increase or banning the goods and services produced by SMEs so as to protect them because they are still infants. c) There is the need to maintain and sustain reasonable family size by SME operators because large family could have negative effect on income.
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Sibbald, Bonnie, Susan Pickard, Hugh McLeod, David Reeves, Nicola Mead, Islay Gemmell, Joanna Coast, Martin Roland, and Brenda Leese. "Moving specialist care into the community: An initial evaluation." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 13, no. 4 (October 2008): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2008.008049.

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Objectives: To assess the likely impact on patients and local health economies of shifting specialist care from hospitals to the community in 30 demonstration sites in England. Methods: The evaluation comprised: interviews with service providers at 30 sites, supplemented by interviews with commissioners, GPs and hospital doctors at 12 sites; economic case studies in six sites; and patient surveys at 30 sites plus at nine conventional outpatient services. Outcomes comprised: staff views of service organization and development, impact on primary and secondary care, and benefits for patients; cost per consultation and cost per patient in new services compared to estimates of the price of services if undertaken by hospitals; patients’ views of waiting time, access, quality (technical and interpersonal), coordination and satisfaction. Results: New services required high initial investment in staff, premises and equipment, and the support of hospital consultants. Most new services were added to existing hospital services so expanded capacity. Patient reported waiting times (6.7 versus 10.1 weeks; p = 0.001); technical quality of care (96.2 versus 94.5; p < 0.001), overall satisfaction (88.2 versus 85.4; p = 0.04); and access (72.2 versus 65.8; p = 0.001) were significantly better for new compared to conventional services but there was no significant difference in coordination or interpersonal quality of care. Some service providers expressed concerns about service quality. New services dealt with less complex conditions and undercut the price tariff applied to hospitals thus providing a cost saving to commissioners. There was some concern that expansion of new services might destabilize hospitals. Conclusions: Moving specialist care into the community can improve patient access, particularly when new services are added to existing hospital services. Wider impacts on health care quality, capacity and cost merit closer scrutiny before rollout.
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Guo, Meixin, Lin Lu, Liugang Sheng, and Miaojie Yu. "The Day After Tomorrow: Evaluating the Burden of Trump's Trade War." Asian Economic Papers 17, no. 1 (February 2018): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00592.

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During his U.S. presidential campaign Donald Trump threatened China with the imposition of high import tariffs on its exports to the United States. To evaluate the repercussions of such an action, this paper uses Eaton and Kortum's 2002 multi-sector, multi-country general equilibrium model with intersectional linkages to forecast how exports, imports, output, and real wages would change if Trump's threat of 45 percent tariffs is carried out. To view plausible scenarios, we evaluate the case of a unilateral action on the part of the United States, as well as a scenario where China retaliates by imposing an equally high 45 percent tariff on its imports from the United States. In addition, because the high U.S. trade deficit with China is a factor that underpins calls for tariff action, we explore simulations where the trade balance is restored to balance as well as a scenario in which the trade balance is unchanged. In all of the scenarios, the calibration exercise suggests that a trade war triggered by high U.S. import tariffs will lead to a collapse in U.S.–China bilateral trade. In all of the scenarios, the United States will experience large social welfare losses, whereas China may lose or gain slightly depending on the effect of trade war on the U.S.–China trade balance. Globally, some small open economies may experience small benefits, while other countries may suffer collateral damage.
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Kuncová, Martina. "Volba dodavatele elektřiny v ČR v roce 2020 z pohledu nákladů na spotřebu elektřiny pro domácnosti a pro podnikatelský maloodběr – simulační model." Trendy v podnikání 10, no. 3 (2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/jbt.2020.10.3.12_20.

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The situation on the Czech electricity market from the point of view of small customers or households is confusing every year. Although information on electricity consumption prices for households and small businesses is already freely available on the Internet (web pages of the Electricity Regulation Office), understanding the rules for calculating electricity consumption costs is still not easy for ordinary small consumers. For small entrepreneurs, the question often arises as to whether tariffs intended for households can be used for the electricity consumption, or whether it is necessary or appropriate to switch to tariffs for small business consumption. This article is focused on the analysis of the offer of electricity suppliers for the year 2020 in the Czech Republic from the point of view of the distribution rate D25d for households, resp. C25d for entrepreneurs in order to assess differences in the cost of electricity consumption and to select those products and suppliers for which the annual cost of electricity consumption is minimal. Monte Carlo simulation, where the monthly electricity consumption is generated (normal probability distribution), is used for the analysis together with the basics of multicriteria decision making, especially the non-dominance testing principle. The results show that the differences in the annual electricity consumption costs can be around 15% and the tariff rates for households are cheaper than the tariff rates for the entrepreneurs (also here the difference in annual costs can be around 15-20%).
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HUAN-NIEMI, E. "The impact of further tariff reduction on the EU sugar sector in the forthcoming multilateral round." Agricultural and Food Science 12, no. 3-4 (January 3, 2003): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5753.

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This paper indicates the need for reform in the EU sugar sector due to the erosion of "border protection" in the view of further reduction in import tariffs for sugar. Three tariff reduction methods are assessed to project the "border protection" for EU sugar: Swiss formula proposed by the Cairns Group, "Harbinson" Proposal by the World Trade Organization and Uruguay Round formula proposed by the EU. In the assumed forthcoming multilateral round for agriculture, the EU would need to lower the support price for sugar by 67%, if the Cairns Group tariff reduction method is used. However, if the "Harbinson" method is used, the EU would need to lower the support price for sugar by at least 35%. On the contrary, the EU may avoid lowering the support price for sugar with three conditions occurring simultaneously: 1) the Uruguay Round formula is used as the reduction method in the assumed new WTO round and the EU can use the minimum reduction rate of 15% for sugar
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Views on tariff"

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Bittencourt, Mauricio Vaz Lobo. "The impacts of trade liberalization and macroeconomic instability on the Brazilian economy." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1101328593.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 262 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-262).
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Alhawari, Omar Ibrahim Salem. "Global Supply Chain Design Under Stochastic Demand Considering Manufacturing Operations and the Impact of Tariffs." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1565388377821285.

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Mathes, Benjamin J. "TESTING THE IMPACTS OF FEED-IN TARIFFS AND DEREGULATION ON RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION IN THE UNITED STATES." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1461341013.

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Eke, Bede Ugwuanya. "Preferential Trade Agreement as Path to Economic Development: The Case of Nigeria's Response to African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1185563473.

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Liu, Diana L. "Informing Trade Policy: Interest Group Influences on U.S. Congressional and Executive Steel Trade Protection." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1385561511.

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Kazemi, Ranin. "Morality and idealism: Abu'L-Fazl Bayhaqi's historical throught in Tarikh-I Bayhaqi." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1302803112.

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Siddiqui, Ali Gibran. "The Sufi ¿¿¿¿¿¿arīqa as an Exchange Network: The A¿¿¿¿¿¿rārīs in Timūrid Central Asia." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338309336.

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Stolz, Tara Alexandra. "Geological Mapping of Orhon, Tariat, and Egiin Dawaa, Central Mongolia, through the Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1221081955.

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Blubaugh, Chris. "James K. Polk: Territorial Expansionist and the Evolution of Presidential Power." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1366285865.

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Howell, John R. "Choice Models with Nonlinear Pricing." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1370020683.

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Books on the topic "Views on tariff"

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Omnibus Trade Act of 1987: Report of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, on S. 490 together with additional views. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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Carey, Mathew. Extract from Cursory views of the liberal and restrictive systems of political economy: Examination of the Huskissonian policy. [S.l: s.n., 1826?], 1988.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Miscellaneous Tariff Act of 1992: Report together with minority views (to accompany H.R. 4318) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Means, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and. Miscellaneous Tariff Act of 1992: Report together with minority views (to accompany H.R. 4318) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Means, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and. Trade Agreements Authority Act of 1995: Report together with dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 2371) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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Means, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and. Trade Agreements Authority Act of 1995: Report together with dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 2371) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Trade Agreements Authority Act of 1995: Report together with dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 2371) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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Means, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and. Reciprocal Trade Agreement Authorities Act of 1997: Report together with dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 2621) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Trade Expansion Act of 1992: Report together with minority views (to accompany H.R. 5100) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. United States-Caribbean Basin Trade Enhancement Act: Report, together with additional views (to accompany S. 1278) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Views on tariff"

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"The view from Europe." In Beyond the Tariff, 52–81. Willan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843924234-11.

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"Box 6.2 Another view of the optimum tariff: offer curve analysis." In International Economics sixth edition, 173–78. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203462041-25.

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"9. The View from the Verandah." In The Graves of Tarim, 244–93. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520938694-015.

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Chatterjee, Elizabeth. "Insulated Wires." In Mapping Power, 319–39. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199487820.003.0016.

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West Bengal had been in a low-level equilibrium characterized by low access levels but also, therefore, limited demands for subsidies. Nonetheless, declining finances prompted the long-standing CPM government to undertake reforms, but these were focused in internal restructuring, including successful negotiations with labor unions, with positive outcomes for loss levels and discom finances. However, the 2011 elections brought a change in government in part due to larger state politics around industrial policy, and the winning TMC initially returned to a more populist tack. The effect of blocking additional tariff hikes, and expanding rural electricity access led to worsened discom finances. There are signs that the TMC may slowly come to believe in the electoral benefits of a long term power sector view, one that limits the temptation for populist policies. If so, the turn toward a vicious cycle between electoral and power politics may be avoided.
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Sweet, Cassandra. "Emerging powers coalitions." In Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies, 1016–33. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827535.003.0040.

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Theory on how developing countries gain leverage at international trade emphasizes the importance of ‘coalitions’. This chapter examines the strategies pursued by India and Brazil in the latest rounds of World Trade Organization negotiations, focusing on discussions in Bali (2013) and Nairobi (2015). This chapter comes to terms with the fragility of ‘emerging powers’ alliances, examining the ability of India and Brazil to advance common projects in multilateral negotiation and bilateral trade cooperation. A decade ago a resurgence of key developing countries led many scholars to suggest a rebalancing in the politics of global trade governance. A more critical view on the reach of rising powers’ influence is presented, showing how areas for developing countries cooperation today no longer hinge on broad political coalitions or terms of tariff reduction, but micro-level policy issues regarding local food stocks policies, regulatory practices, and intellectual property.
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Khan, Haider A. "Governing a complex global financial system in the age of global instabilities and BRICS." In Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies, 940–79. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827535.003.0037.

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The global economic governance architecture has undergone a deep metamorphosis with respect to the institutional arrangements responsible for the economic needs of a growing, developing world. The international institutions formed during the Bretton Woods era (mid-1940s), i.e. World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and World Trade Organization (evolving from General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) have long served as multilateral institutions in charge of addressing critical issues in the international financial system. However, the rise of larger developing economies (India, China, Brazil, etc.) in recent decades allowed these countries to enjoy a greater role in the global economic and political landscape. This chapter provides, through a bird’s-eye view, a comprehensive account of some ‘old’ and ‘new’ institutional arrangements shaping the dynamics of a new global economic order; arguing for a (re-)defined institutional approach in designing financial lending policies for developing economies in accomplishing a more robust, inclusive developmental growth process.
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Rutherford, Bruce K. "Islamic Constitutionalism." In Egypt after Mubarak. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158044.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the development of Islamic constitutionalism, which is based in the Muslim Brotherhood. It begins by studying the re-emergence of the Brotherhood since 1970 and the political pressures that have pushed it toward a moderate conception of Islamic governance. It then analyzes the writings of four contemporary thinkers who play a critical role in defining the Brotherhood's view of constitutional order: Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Muhammad Salim al-'Awwa, Kamal Abu al-Majd, and Tariq al-Bishri. The analysis focuses on their positions regarding the same four aspects of constitutionalism discussed in the previous chapter: the rule of law; constraints on state power; protection of civil and political rights; and public participation in politics.
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Beretta, Enrico, Alessandra Dalle Vacche, and Andrea Migliardi. "Supply-Chain Competitiveness and Efficiency." In Sustainable Logistics and Strategic Transportation Planning, 328–46. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0001-8.ch015.

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Logistics is relevant both for its direct and indirect contribute to Italian GDP and for its impact on the country competitiveness. The weakness of Italian logistics, as reported in institutional and international documents, depends on: inadequate infrastructures; problems for connections; fragmentation of operators; inefficiency in single transportation services, lack in programming and regulation framework. This paper focuses on these subjects by presenting the results of a survey conducted on a sample of national and global forwarders. In the forwarders' view, priority should be given to the rail Trans European Network completion, which is crucial to implement cross border services; other works considered relevant by the forwarders regard the rail connections between the Northern and the Southern part of the country and the local intermodal connections. Last mile in ports areas and intermodal services represent other problematic issues. Logistics centres received a sufficient evaluation but their territorial distribution is considered too fragmented. Forwarders express adequate considerations for tariffs, timing and operators' efficiency and reliability, but not for the rail service. The supply-chain organization is not optimal due to lack of programming and to the fragmentation of operators. Endowment and use of ICT are adequate, but integration between different operators' systems is scarce. Our survey reveals some policy suggestions. Firstly, operators ask the public legislator to address innovation in the regulation framework and to select few realizable targets (in order to be selective in investments and to implement adequate incentives). Secondly, operators themselves could possibly concentrate and rationalize their supply and, where necessary, implement the logistics outsourcing. Finally, national and local logistics associations should enhance an integration of different ICT systems and promote the respect of minimum standard services.
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Saeed, Soobia. "Different Resources Consumption of Renewable Energy." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 85–101. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9792-8.ch005.

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Electricity consumption will encompass a large converse about connected with international electricity demand while in the next 2 decades. Newly, this improving rate connected with fossil fuels and also issues about the environmentally friendly consequences connected with gas emissions get renewed the attention in the progress connected with alternative electricity resources. Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Modify Minimization offers a good estimation on the chapter for the technological, scientific, environmentally friendly, financial and also societal aspects of this factor connected with six renewable energy (RE) options for the minimization connected with weather adjust. This functioning chapter on environmentally friendly Energy Solutions and Local climate Change Minimization presents an assessment on the literature for the scientific chemical, technological, environment, economic in addition to social areas of the contribution connected with six environmentally friendly energy (RE) sources on the mitigation connected with climate alter. This chapter is definitely an overview of presentation of the Local climate Change Minimization expansion on the essential results. Considering this significant component of Renewable Energy Sources can be reduce carbon dioxide, there is an international relating to reducing carbon emissions. Due to the fact most of the United Nations wanted to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is carbon dioxide, there is a can be a global concern on minimizing carbon emissions. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) resulting from the provision of the services of one have contributed significantly to improve the historical concentrations of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere of MIT. The IPCC (AR4) concluded that “most of the observed global climate improving as it is very likely that as a result of the improvement observed in the concentrations of anthropogenic gases mit techniques this mid of 20th century confirms Recent Files the use of fossil power accounts for most of the international anthropogenic GHG emissions”. Emissions always grow, in addition to CO2 concentrations of it had increased to more than 390 ppm, or perhaps 39% above pre-industrial levels, by holding from 2014-5. There are many options for reducing GHG emissions from energy system while satisfying the desire for global energy services. Some of these possible alternatives, such as energy conservation and competition, switching fossil fuel, RE, nuclear, plus carbon capture and hard drive (CCS) was evaluated from the AR4. A full assessment related to any profile minimization options will likely involve an evaluation of respective potential alongside minimization with his bargain with sustainable development as well as all associated risks, and costs. This phase will focus on the role that this display technology related to RE can participate in within the portfolio related to mitigation alternatives. In this sense, the only policies can be given to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, to improve the implementation of green energy, and such encouraging technological innovation. At inclusion, supporting components, such as feed-in tariffs, rules Renewable side view in addition to tax insurance policies are used by governments to help develop green energy generation in addition to the implementation of the efficiency of energy use save energy. In this chapter, the various insurance policies could possibly be placed on reducing carbon emissions, for instance improving green energy deployment and also significant technologies. A pair of main clarifications may be realizing to scale back carbon emissions and also overcome the issue connected with weather adjust: exchange fossil fuel having green electricity options wherever possible and also enhancing energy proficiency. In this chapter, many of us discuss most up-to-date performance connected with technology intended for improving green electricity deployment and also electricity work with proficiency.
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"Having persevered with the reading of the case and the notations, the differences between this Community case and common law reports is stark. The judges in the ECJ do not use analogy, poetic language, asides, stories, counter arguments. There is a veneer of scientific detachment in the language of the Court. The style is unadorned description, technical language without explanation, assertion, the summarising without comment of a wide range of arguments by the parties, the Advocate General, and the governments wishing to make observations. When the ECJ turns to the decisions it will make, it dismisses arguments without explanation with phrases such as, ‘this is misconceived’, ‘No, this is not right’ and states ‘this is the case’ without giving reasons why. The Court argues deductively without making any attempts to refer to policy. Yet, it must surely be aware of the policy dimensions of its decisions. If it had decided against Van Gend en Loos, then the power of the fledgling Community would have been severely diminished. In the view of the Advocate General, companies would follow the national customs tariffs and not be guided by the provisions of the treaty. The ECJ may well have been taking the opportunity to assert the power of the Community over the individual Member State. This is conjecture in the absence of any comment on policy from the Court itself. Potentially powerful and persuasive arguments were put forward that the ECJ did not have the jurisdiction to hear the case; the Court merely replied that they did have jurisdiction. This was based on the grounds that the meaning behind the question raised an issue of interpretation within its jurisdiction. The Court’s simplistic decision following from this that any arithmetical change, even if it resulted from a re-classification within the existing order rather than a deliberate increase, would constitute an infringement of the treaty—is severe and open to question. In the face of arguments that would concentrate upon the intention of Member States concerning infringement, the ECJ says any arithmetical increase constitutes an infringement irrespective of intention. Indeed, much policy has to be read into all judgments of the ECJ and this judgment is no exception. Perhaps given the tensions between Member States and their creation, the EC, this is a wise and deliberate policy. The Member States gave birth to something that, in many respects, is more powerful and can dictate terms to an individual Member State." In Legal Method and Reasoning, 185. Routledge-Cavendish, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843145103-141.

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Conference papers on the topic "Views on tariff"

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Newton, R., S. Dunn, C. Neail, C. Brown, J. Diegnan, R. Thalava, and R. Puttha. "G161(P) The best practice tariff in paediatric diabetes –patient views and preferences." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 24–26 May 2017, ICC, Birmingham. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313087.160.

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Bischi, Aldo, Stefano Campanari, Alberto Castiglioni, Giampaolo Manzolini, Emanuele Martelli, Paolo Silva, and Ennio Macchi. "Tri-Generation Systems Optimization: Comparison of Heuristic and Mixed Integer Linear Programming Approaches." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-27028.

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This work compares two optimization approaches for combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP or Tri-generation) energy systems scheduling. Both approaches are developed through dedicated software codes and are based on simulation models capable of evaluating of the best operating strategy (both economically and energy-wise) to run a given trigeneration plant while dealing with time-variable loads and tariffs. The simultaneous use of different prime movers operating in parallel is taken into consideration as well as their part load performance, the influence of ambient temperature and the usage of a heat storage system. Cooling may be generated through absorption chillers or electrically driven compression cycles. One of the models is heuristic and adopts an optimization strategy based on a multi-step approach: it simulates several cases according to a pre-defined number of paths, exploring the most reasonable operational modes and comparing them systematically. The other relies on a mathematical approach, based on a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimization model which has been developed in order to deal with more complex systems without the need of predefining a too large variety of operation paths. Results of the two models are compared against a test case based on real plant specifications, discussing their performance by the point of view of simulation capabilities, quality and accuracy of the optimization results (in terms of differences in energy and economic performance) and computational resources.
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Camporeale, Sergio Mario, Patrizia Domenica Ciliberti, Bernardo Fortunato, Marco Torresi, and Antonio Marco Pantaleo. "Externally Fired Micro Gas Turbine and ORC Bottoming Cycle: Optimal Biomass/Natural Gas CHP Configuration for Residential Energy Demand." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43571.

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Small scale Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants present lower electric efficiency in comparison to large scale ones, and this is particularly true when biomass fuels are used. In most cases, the use of both heat and electricity to serve on site energy demand is a key issue to achieve acceptable global energy efficiency and investment profitability. However, the heat demand follows a typical daily and seasonal pattern and is influenced by climatic conditions, in particular in the case of residential and tertiary end users. During low heat demand periods, a lot of heat produced by the CHP plant is discharged. In order to increase the electric conversion efficiency of small scale micro turbine for heat and power cogeneration, a bottoming ORC system can be coupled to the cycle, however this option reduces the temperature and quantity of cogenerated heat available to the load. In this perspective, the paper presents the results of a thermo-economic analysis of small scale CHP plants composed by a micro gas turbine (MGT) and a bottoming Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), serving a typical residential energy demand. For the topping cycle three different configurations are examined: 1) a simple recuperative micro gas turbine fuelled by natural gas (NG), 2) a dual fuel EFGT cycle, fuelled by biomass and natural gas (50% energy input) (DF) and 3) an externally fired gas turbine (EFGT) with direct combustion of biomass (B). The bottoming cycle is a simple saturated Rankine cycle with regeneration and no superheating. The ORC cycle and the fluid selection are optimized on the basis of the available exhaust gas temperature at the turbine exit. The research assesses the influence of the thermal energy demand typology (residential demand with cold, mild and hot climate conditions) and CHP plant operational strategies (baseload vs heat driven vs electricity driven operation mode) on the global energy efficiency and profitability of the following three configurations: A) MGT with cogeneration; B) MGT+ ORC without cogeneration; C) MGT+ORC with cogeneration. In all cases, a back-up boiler is assumed to match the heat demand of the load (fed by natural gas or biomass). The research explores the profitability of bottoming ORC in view of the following tradeoffs: (i) lower energy conversion efficiency and higher investment cost of high biomass input rate with respect to natural gas; (ii) higher efficiency but higher costs and reduced heat available for cogeneration in the bottoming ORC; (ii) higher primary energy savings and revenues from feed-in tariff available for biomass electricity fed into the grid.
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Ahuja, Anil K., Sanjay Pande, Vivek Gangwar, Yogesh Sharma, and Anubhav Dahiya. "A Study of Indian Power Plant MRO (Maintenance Repair Overhaul) Industry." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60023.

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Indian power sector has made significant progress despite legacy industry constraints. The current installed capacity is 140,000 MW and is growing at about 10% annually. The capacity utilization is beyond known benchmarks i.e. national average is over 78% and while NTPC over 92%. Traditional Indian MRO strategy is based on strategic improvisations to obtain the best out of prevailing industry and restricted maintenance windows. Power plant MRO in India faces issues of service and quality response. It presents an area which has scope for systemic improvements. The subject is also important due to linkage to energy efficiency improvement potentials which are central to global climate initiatives. “MRO Study Project” was undertaken by NTPC (along with Frost & Sullivan) with participation of other Indian generating companies to create a holistic industry view to accurately directionalize the improvement efforts. Power plant MRO is a weakly documented subject in India whereas for industrial countries it’s an almost settled issue. The project — which targeted creation of insights into power station and vendor side — therefore called for significant primary research. Teams visited most of the 36 participating Indian power stations and interviewed 40 MRO vendors (out of 200 participants). For best practice reference creation, visits were made to 7 power stations in Germany while information was also gathered from USA, South Africa and China. The project deliverables include a project report and certain data base considered useful to the industry. Indian power plant MRO has evolved around capacity utilization as the centre. The processes are man power intensive characterized by 1000 very small vendors who work for some 140 thermal stations. Survey indicated service and quality issues as well as inadequate technical back up of vendors which is compensated by plant personnel supervision. New objectives of efficiency improvement and costs reduction call for fundamental changes in areas of tooling, craft skill sets and procedures. MRO Destination envisions emergence of new industry components other than workforce providers — maintenance companies, maintenance schools, certification companies etc. The road map for change recommends three key focus areas: tariff structure which incentivizes efficiency improvement through MRO, best practice infusion to the MRO business and contracting processes improvements of power stations. Involvement of international vendors is expected to provide the best practice exposure as well as catalyze changes in the internal systems. Industry level initiative is recommended by creating a platform for accelerating change and cost effectiveness. The paper presents the project process, key data/analysis, salient findings and business opportunities. For India and many developing countries with similar focus, the work could be useful as it provides a structured platform for internal diagnostics on MRO as well as provides the prospective partners (international utilities and MRO service providers) with Indian MRO business nuances and opportunities to better plan possible business tie ups.
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Wu, Hongjun, Kun Huang, Ju Liu, Bao Zhang, Jiquan Liu, Change Kong, Jianxin Shen, et al. "Research and Application of Compound Plugging Removal Technology in HTHP Condensate Gas Well." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21787-ms.

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Abstract Dabei and Dina 2 gas fields located in Tarim Oilfield are HTHP and high production condensate gas fields. The formation temperature is 136°C, the formation pressure is 105MPa, the gas production of single well is 40×104m3/d~100×104m3/d, and the condensate production is 35t/d~86t/d. After the HTHP condensate gas well started production, the oil production pressure continues to fluctuate and decline due to the wellbore plugging. By 2019, more than 80% of the HTHP condensate gas wells have the wellbore plugging problem, gas production of some wells reduced over 50%, a few wells even shut in, the normal production of condensate gas well is seriously affected. In some condensate gas wells of Dabei gas field, organic plugging substances are obtained in the wellhead and the nearby oil pipes during the well passing and other operations. Wax is detected and analyzed as the plugging substance. In addition, inorganic plugging substances are obtained at the bottom of the production pipe in the wells with serious plugging, through the coiled tubing dredging and overhaul operations, which are mainly concentrated at the reducing tool or screen pipe. The content of inorganic scale in the plug is 60% ~ 90%, and the rest is a small amount of formation sand. In view of the problem of wax deposition on the upper part of the wellbore and plugging the tubing of the condensate gas well, the condensate oil samples and wellbore wax samples were obtained on site. The experiment analysis confirmed that the condensate oil dewax temperature is 37.1°C, which can provide a reference for judging whether the wellbore had wax deposition. In order to solve the problem of wax deposition in the wellbore, the laboratory evaluation experiment of wax remover optimization was carried out to optimize the wax remover with good wax dissolving effect. In view of the inorganic scale plugging at the lower part of the wellbore, the research on the scaling mechanism of high-pressure well bore was clarified, and the high dissolution and low corrosion solution acid system was optimized through the laboratory experiment. For the wells with wax deposition and scale compound blockage, but have flow channel, a compound plugging removal technology is formed, which is to inject wax remover to remove the wax plug in the upper part of the well, and then inject acid system to remove the scale plug in the lower part of the well. For the wells with serious well plugging, a compound plugging removal technology is formed, which is to dredge the well through coiled tubing to form a flow channel, and then inject acid solution to remove the scale plug in the lower part of the well. Three wells have successfully implemented wax and scale compound plug removal, and the average single well productivity after plug removal is 2.7 times of that before plug removal, At present, the production of DB2-A Well has been stable for 22 months after plug removal. three wells have successfully implemented "coiled tubing dredging + wellbore acid plugging removal" complex plug removal, and the production capacity has been successfully restored after operation, the average single well tubing pressure is 60.4MPa, and the total daily natural gas production is 178×104m3/d. HTHP condensate gas well wellbore compound plug removal technology can remove the organic and inorganic plugging in the wellbore to the high efficiency recovery of the well.
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