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1
LABORDE, DAVID, and WILL MARTIN. "Formulas for Failure? Were the Doha Tariff Formulas too Ambitious for Success?" World Trade Review 14, no. 1 (January 2015): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745614000366.
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AbstractThis paper views tariff-cutting formulas as a potential solution to the free-rider problem that arises when market opening is negotiated bilaterally and extended on a most-favored-nation basis. The negotiators in the Doha Agenda chose formulas that are ideal from an economic efficiency viewpoint in that they most sharply reduce the highest – and most economically – costly tariffs. When the political support that gave rise to the original tariffs is considered, however, this approach appears to generate very high political costs per unit of gain in economic efficiency. The political costs associated with the formulas appear to have led to strong pressure for many, complex exceptions, which both lowered and increased uncertainty about members' market access gains. Where tariff cuts focus on applied rates, it seems likely that a proportional cut rule would reduce the political costs of securing agreements. However, detailed examination of the Doha proposals with their product exceptions suggests that negotiators are likely to find cuts with exceptions politically attractive but economically costly when cuts are based on bound tariffs with different degrees of binding overhang.
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Kolosok, S., and T. Vasylieva. "ANALYSIS OF GAS AND ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: THE TARIFF REGULATION REVIEW." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 2 (2020): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.2-8.
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The distribution of gas and electricity certainly belongs to the strategically important activities, the success of which affects the socio-economic situation in the country. Energy distribution companies not only transport energy to customers, but also balance energy consumption, thus influencing all economic processes. However, the energy sector is characterized by several limiting factors. Companies should optimize their activities through energy supply and reception planning, capacity forecasting, providing the necessary level of flexibility of energy systems and the ability to integrate diversified gas and electricity distribution operators. All this requires a balanced and detailed approach to the formation of tariff policy, which takes into account the cost of maintenance and maintenance of energy networks, justification of the costs of business operations given the possible social response to rising final tariffs for gas and electricity. Therefore, the issue of tariff regulation in the energy sector requires a detailed study and analysis of best practices for setting tariffs for services for energy network operators. To this end, the study provided a review of the scientific literature on tariff regulation of gas and electricity distribution networks. The results of the study did not show significant elaboration of the topic but revealed only differences in views on optimal pricing for energy distribution networks in different countries.
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CHERNAVSKII, S. Ya, N. R. KHACHATURYAN, and Z. N. TSVETAEVA. "CROSS-SUBSIDIZATION IN TARIFF DESIGN FOR ELECTRICITY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3, no. 7 (2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.07.03.004.
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The article highlights one of the unsolved problems of the Russian power industry management. In most of the works, cross-subsidization in the electric power industry is considered in negative connotations. It is shown that in the design of the electricity tariff with cross-subsidization, along with the negative side, there is also a positive side. The article presents views on the problem of people who are active in decision-making, but pas-sive in the public scientific space.
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Pugachevska, Kateryna. "TRADE RESTRICTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF FOREIGN TRADE LIBERALIZATION." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13) (2020): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-51-55.
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Research on the impact of the external component on economic growth shows the prevailing view of the positive impact of foreign trade and its liberalization on economic growth. At the same time, discussions on trends in foreign trade liberalization are part of the issue of contradictory impact of free cross-border movement of goods, capital and labor on the economic development. The majority of sources on endogenous growth contains a range of models for the relationship between trade restrictions and economic growth. Therefore, the aim of the article is to study trade restrictions in the context of foreign trade liberalization. At a high level of economic development, the liberalization of the economy allows to increase the benefits of foreign trade, but the issues related to the opening of national markets in the economic periphery remain controversial. The article considers the essence and classification of foreign trade restrictions. The views of scholars of leading economic schools on the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth have been represented. It has been determined, that the main trends in the liberalization of foreign trade are: expanding the scope of regulatory measures by both national governments and global trade institutions; coordination and intensification of international cooperation in the areas of multilateral liberalization of foreign trade; growing non-tariff barriers to the development of international trade. The results of the study allow to deepen the understanding of the peculiarities of ensuring national economic interests in the conditions of dynamization of foreign trade. Key words: trade restrictions, national economic interests, import regulation, foreign trade liberalization, tariff and non-tariff restrictions.
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Conybeare, John A. C. "Voting for protection: an electoral model of tariff policy." International Organization 45, no. 1 (1991): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300001399.
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The political economy of trade policy has largely neglected popular elections. When legislatures determine protection, politicians supply tariffs that are demanded by their constituents. A model of this political market is specified and tested with data related to the McKinley Tariff of 1890. An index of the extent to which tariff protection accrued to individual congressional districts is applied, along with demand and supply variables, to three questions: Did representatives supply tariffs to their districts as the model predicts? Did they vote in accordance with the district tariff interest in the roll-call vote on the McKinley Tariff? Did electors reward representatives for the district tariff protection in a manner consistent with a political market model? Empirical estimations based on the model provide answers that are generally affirmative and appear to be inconsistent with the traditional view that the Republican defeat in 1890 was a result of the McKinley Tariff.
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ELIJAH, SUNDAY, and Muhammad Usaini. "SMALL BUSINESSES-ECONOMIC GROWTH NEXUS IN POVERTY REDUCTION IN NORTH-WESTERN NIGERIA." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 6, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v6i4.1691.
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This study examines the role of SME in economic growth and poverty reduction in north-western Nigeria from 1987-2017 by employing time series data for Kano state, Nigeria and using ARDL method. All the variables are significant determinants of economic growth (GDP). Turnover of SME return is significant and negative, turnover on SME employment is significant and negative whereas the turnover of SME loan is positive and significant. In overall, the study’s findings are in line with the views of prior studies, therefore, we conclude that the results of the estimates of our ARDL are valid and reliable. Outcomes of the empirical test found link between SME, economic growth and poverty reduction, from our results, the turnover of SME loan is positive and significantly contributes to GDP and reduce poverty. This study recommends: a) The government should stress on promotion of SME because they assist in poverty reduction. b) Government should protect SMEs through tariff increase or banning the goods and services produced by SMEs so as to protect them because they are still infants. c) There is the need to maintain and sustain reasonable family size by SME operators because large family could have negative effect on income.
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Sibbald, Bonnie, Susan Pickard, Hugh McLeod, David Reeves, Nicola Mead, Islay Gemmell, Joanna Coast, Martin Roland, and Brenda Leese. "Moving specialist care into the community: An initial evaluation." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 13, no. 4 (October 2008): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2008.008049.
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Objectives: To assess the likely impact on patients and local health economies of shifting specialist care from hospitals to the community in 30 demonstration sites in England. Methods: The evaluation comprised: interviews with service providers at 30 sites, supplemented by interviews with commissioners, GPs and hospital doctors at 12 sites; economic case studies in six sites; and patient surveys at 30 sites plus at nine conventional outpatient services. Outcomes comprised: staff views of service organization and development, impact on primary and secondary care, and benefits for patients; cost per consultation and cost per patient in new services compared to estimates of the price of services if undertaken by hospitals; patients’ views of waiting time, access, quality (technical and interpersonal), coordination and satisfaction. Results: New services required high initial investment in staff, premises and equipment, and the support of hospital consultants. Most new services were added to existing hospital services so expanded capacity. Patient reported waiting times (6.7 versus 10.1 weeks; p = 0.001); technical quality of care (96.2 versus 94.5; p < 0.001), overall satisfaction (88.2 versus 85.4; p = 0.04); and access (72.2 versus 65.8; p = 0.001) were significantly better for new compared to conventional services but there was no significant difference in coordination or interpersonal quality of care. Some service providers expressed concerns about service quality. New services dealt with less complex conditions and undercut the price tariff applied to hospitals thus providing a cost saving to commissioners. There was some concern that expansion of new services might destabilize hospitals. Conclusions: Moving specialist care into the community can improve patient access, particularly when new services are added to existing hospital services. Wider impacts on health care quality, capacity and cost merit closer scrutiny before rollout.
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Guo, Meixin, Lin Lu, Liugang Sheng, and Miaojie Yu. "The Day After Tomorrow: Evaluating the Burden of Trump's Trade War." Asian Economic Papers 17, no. 1 (February 2018): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00592.
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During his U.S. presidential campaign Donald Trump threatened China with the imposition of high import tariffs on its exports to the United States. To evaluate the repercussions of such an action, this paper uses Eaton and Kortum's 2002 multi-sector, multi-country general equilibrium model with intersectional linkages to forecast how exports, imports, output, and real wages would change if Trump's threat of 45 percent tariffs is carried out. To view plausible scenarios, we evaluate the case of a unilateral action on the part of the United States, as well as a scenario where China retaliates by imposing an equally high 45 percent tariff on its imports from the United States. In addition, because the high U.S. trade deficit with China is a factor that underpins calls for tariff action, we explore simulations where the trade balance is restored to balance as well as a scenario in which the trade balance is unchanged. In all of the scenarios, the calibration exercise suggests that a trade war triggered by high U.S. import tariffs will lead to a collapse in U.S.–China bilateral trade. In all of the scenarios, the United States will experience large social welfare losses, whereas China may lose or gain slightly depending on the effect of trade war on the U.S.–China trade balance. Globally, some small open economies may experience small benefits, while other countries may suffer collateral damage.
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Kuncová, Martina. "Volba dodavatele elektřiny v ČR v roce 2020 z pohledu nákladů na spotřebu elektřiny pro domácnosti a pro podnikatelský maloodběr – simulační model." Trendy v podnikání 10, no. 3 (2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/jbt.2020.10.3.12_20.
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The situation on the Czech electricity market from the point of view of small customers or households is confusing every year. Although information on electricity consumption prices for households and small businesses is already freely available on the Internet (web pages of the Electricity Regulation Office), understanding the rules for calculating electricity consumption costs is still not easy for ordinary small consumers. For small entrepreneurs, the question often arises as to whether tariffs intended for households can be used for the electricity consumption, or whether it is necessary or appropriate to switch to tariffs for small business consumption. This article is focused on the analysis of the offer of electricity suppliers for the year 2020 in the Czech Republic from the point of view of the distribution rate D25d for households, resp. C25d for entrepreneurs in order to assess differences in the cost of electricity consumption and to select those products and suppliers for which the annual cost of electricity consumption is minimal. Monte Carlo simulation, where the monthly electricity consumption is generated (normal probability distribution), is used for the analysis together with the basics of multicriteria decision making, especially the non-dominance testing principle. The results show that the differences in the annual electricity consumption costs can be around 15% and the tariff rates for households are cheaper than the tariff rates for the entrepreneurs (also here the difference in annual costs can be around 15-20%).
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HUAN-NIEMI, E. "The impact of further tariff reduction on the EU sugar sector in the forthcoming multilateral round." Agricultural and Food Science 12, no. 3-4 (January 3, 2003): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5753.
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This paper indicates the need for reform in the EU sugar sector due to the erosion of "border protection" in the view of further reduction in import tariffs for sugar. Three tariff reduction methods are assessed to project the "border protection" for EU sugar: Swiss formula proposed by the Cairns Group, "Harbinson" Proposal by the World Trade Organization and Uruguay Round formula proposed by the EU. In the assumed forthcoming multilateral round for agriculture, the EU would need to lower the support price for sugar by 67%, if the Cairns Group tariff reduction method is used. However, if the "Harbinson" method is used, the EU would need to lower the support price for sugar by at least 35%. On the contrary, the EU may avoid lowering the support price for sugar with three conditions occurring simultaneously: 1) the Uruguay Round formula is used as the reduction method in the assumed new WTO round and the EU can use the minimum reduction rate of 15% for sugar
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KNEISLER, Olha, and Lesia SHUPA. "OPTIMIZATION PRICING IN THE MARKET FOR VOLUNTARY HEALTH INSURANCE." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 3(52) (2017): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2017.03.007.
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Introduction. The modern market of voluntary health insurance is not able to cover a significant number of insurers. This means that insurance companies seek to attract a client among people at risk lower than the average, and, accordingly, reject the proposals for the insurance coverage of applicants with a risk level that is higher than the average. Purpose. In connection with the stated actual task the question arises the formation of scientifically-based insurance tariffs, which will ensure both the break-even activity of the insurance company, and the availability of insurance services for the largest possible population. Results. The question of the use of reasonable pricing in view of determining the correct and flexible cost of treatment and health rehabilitation, is a complex and important task for each insurer. Tariffs offered by insurers on the market should be calculated both from the actuarial and from the marketing point of view. Formation of optimal, scientifically substantiated and practically verified flexible pricing for voluntary medical insurance will improve the quality of medical care of the population, the creation of guarantees of reliable insurance protection and state interests. Conclusion. In order to optimize pricing a scientific and methodical approach to the formation of a flexible system of insurance tariffs with the use of the reliability theory of computational results modeled by Bülman-Straub is proposed. It is proved that the Bülman-Straub model, based on the determination of the confidence coefficient Z, allows us to assess the reliability of statistical information in the calculations and to determine the optimal amount of the insurance tariff for voluntary health insurance.
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Svjatkovski, Vadim. "Vene valitsuse tollipoliitika 18. sajandi esimesel poolel ja selle rakendamine Narvas [Abstract: Customs Policies of the Russian Government in the first half of the Eighteenth Century and their Implementation in Narva]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 167, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2019.1.02.
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Abstract: Customs Policies of the Russian Government in the first half of the Eighteenth Century and their Implementation in Narva
The 18th century in Northern Europe began with a long war that profoundly altered the correlation of forces in the Baltic Sea region. During the war, the Russian authorities carried out large-scale reforms, the objective of which was to modernise the Russian state. The war and the reforms called for large expenditures, and the areas conquered during warfare were treated as a source of revenue, where customs duties could be imposed and collected. The authorities implemented a set of measures to increase state revenues, and the replacement of the old export customs duty system by a new one was among those measures. Russian authorities extended and imposed these reforms on Narva and Vyborg, which were annexed by the Russian state at the time. Though there is a sufficient number of research papers on the 18th century Russian customs duty system, they mainly focus on the subject of either the duty system in general or its implementation in St Petersburg or Arkhangelsk. Less attention has been paid to Narva in this matter. The subject of this article is the examination of the Russian government customs policy in the first half of the 18th century and its implementation in Narva. The causes of the government’s customs policy measures will be researched and the changes that took place will be noted. The object of this article is to analyse the formulation and introduction of customs tariffs in the first half of the 18th century and also to clarify how consistently Russian customs duty policy was implemented in Narva. Particular cases in relation to the introduced tariffs will be examined and the consequent steps taken by the government to resolve them will be observed. Also, incoming receivables of the city treasury received from half of the portorium duty in periods when different tariffs were in effect will be discussed and compared. In the course of this research, records preserved in the Estonian National Archives were consulted: i.e., orders from the Russian government to the Narva customs office, and statistical data on customs duty income.
It has become evident from this research that the new customs tariff was introduced in Narva in 1724 because the authorities wished to promote the recently built St Petersburg port, while at the same time hindering competition from Narva in trade. By comparison, hitherto existing tariffs from the era of Swedish rule remained in effect nearly throughout the entire 18th century in other Estonian and Livonian trading cities. The Russian authorities consistently extended the subsequent tariffs of 1731 and 1757 to Narva. Thereby the Russian government altered the customs system that had been in effect in the era of Swedish rule, setting Narva apart from other Baltic trading cities. In this way, Russian customs policy affected Narva considerably more than any other Baltic trading city, and these alterations influenced the operations of the Narva customs office and the customs duties collected. The tariff of 1724 was by its nature protectionist and therewith high rates were set up.
Depending on the capability of Russian enterprises to supply the state with commodities, the import rate amounted to 37.5, 25 and 12.5 kopecks from a rouble ad valorem. At the same time it was necessary to pay customs duties in standard weight thalers at the compulsory exchange rate of 50 kopecks for a thaler. Nonetheless, the actual price of a thaler was higher than the price of a rouble; consequently the real import rate corresponded to 75, 50 and 25 per cent ad valorem. The required payment of the duty in thalers stemmed from the Russian government’s need for silver. The fact that imported commodities came from the west, where roubles were not in use, also contributed to this requirement.
After the death of Peter I, the government’s point of view changed. The ruling circles realised that Russian industry was not yet sufficiently advanced and was unable to completely satisfy the state’s needs. Moreover, the privileges granted to entrepreneurs did not always contribute to the development of enterprises because their owners abused the rights they had obtained and produced defective products. Additionally, such measures hindered trade by also depriving Russian consumers of the opportunity to buy essential products. On the whole, this also proved harmful for the state, since it furnished favourable conditions for the development of smuggling. The written petitions of foreign and Russian merchants to the Collegium of Commerce, the Senate and Empress Catherine I show that customs duties rates were too high. Therefore it became a necessity to decrease the tariff rate that had been introduced in 1724. In 1726, the Supreme Privy Council decided to establish a trade committee to improve commerce and work out a new customs tariff. As a result of the committee’s activity, the new customs tariff was published in 1731. This tariff considerably reduced the import rate. The previous 75, 50 and 25 per cent import rates were decreased to 20, 10 and 5 per cent, respectively. The first rate was to be levied on commodities that were produced sufficiently in Russia, the second rate was for goods that were produced in relatively small quantities, and the latter rate was for goods that were in short supply in Russia. The customs tariff of 1731 was in force until 1757, when it was replaced with a new one that was also protectionist, similarly to the tariff of 1724.
During the era of Swedish rule, Narva was granted the right to half of the portorium duty, i.e. the accrued revenue of the port duty. The Russian authorities preserved this privilege of Narva; however, the portorium was allotted according to different principles than before. Thus, in the era of Swedish rule, Narva received half of the portorium from all articles of commerce, whereas under Russian rule, the portorium from only a certain portion of commodities was allotted to the city.
Customs tariffs, particularly in 1724, were implemented in haste, without the respective preliminary notification. As a result, merchants could not prepare the necessary documents or modify contracts in time. For that reason, the authorities admitted numerous exceptions and gave in to merchants, replacing trade prohibitions with temporary permissions.
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SHINOZAKI, Tsuyoshi. "Aid by Tariff Reduction: Reconsideration from Dynamic View Points." Chiikigaku Kenkyu (Studies in Regional Science) 36, no. 1 (2006): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2457/srs.36.101.
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BOUET, ANTOINE, and David Laborde. "Assessing the potential cost of a failed Doha Round." World Trade Review 9, no. 2 (April 2010): 319–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745609990267.
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AbstractThis study offers new conclusions on the economic cost of a failed Doha Development Agenda (DDA). We assess potential outcome of the Doha Round as well as four protectionist scenarios using the MIRAGE Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. In a scenario where applied tariffs of World Trade Organization (WTO) economies would go up to currently bound tariff rates, world trade would decrease by 9.9% and world welfare by US$353 billion. The economic cost of a failed DDA is here evaluated by the difference between a cooperative scenario (DDA) and a protectionist one (US$412 billion in terms of welfare). Another point of view is to compare a resort to protectionism when the DDA is implemented with a resort to protectionism when the DDA is not implemented. The findings show that this trade agreement could prevent the potential reduction of US$809 billion of trade and, therefore, acts as an efficient multilateral ‘preventive’ scheme against the adverse consequences of trade ‘beggar-thy-neighbor’ policies.
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Stozhko, Dmitriy K., and Konstantin P. Stozhko. "D. I. MENDELEEV AS THE ECONOMISTS (to the 150th Anniversary of the Periodic Table)." Economic History 15, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.044.015.201901.023-033.
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Introduction. In 2019 the 150th anniversary of the famous Periodic Table of the great Russian scientist, chemist and economist D. I. Mendeleev will be celebrated. The idea of polymorphism, laid down in the basis of the periodic law discovered by him, has not been practically considered in application to the market economy system, although the practical relevance and perspective of such analysis are becoming more evident in the conditions of modern globalism. The appeal to the little explored aspects of the economic heritage of D. I. Mendeleev makes it possible in many ways to take a fresh look at the prospects for the development of the Russian economy. Materials and Methods. The research uses methods of analysis, synthesis, generalizations and axiology, as well as historical-retrospective, historical-genetic and hermeneutic methods of studying problem questions in the history of economic science. The research is based on the original sources: the economic works of D. I. Mendeleev and his contemporaries – economists. Results. The article reveals little-studied aspects of socio-economic views of D. I. Mendeleev. Among his most significant theoretical and economic achievements, the idea of polymorphism applied to markets, the theory of the territorial distribution of productive forces, the law of advanced development of the production of means of production, the concept of incentive taxation, the protectionist draft of the customs tariff and the concept of value determination of economic activity are highlighted. The attitude of D. I. Mendeleev to the economic concepts of S. Yu. Witte, F. Liszt, K. Marx, I. G. von Thünen, as well as his idea of the main directions of the development of the Russian economy are shown. Discussion and Conclusions. The authors characterized special and general studies of foreign and domestic authors on various aspects of the economic heritage of D. I. Mendeleev. Conclusions are made about the urgency of the idea of polymorphism proposed by D. I. Mendeleev in analyzing the morphology of the market economy, the principle of protectionism in the context of the current aggravation of international competition, and his judgment on the need for priority development of innovative industries of domestic industry, taking into account the modern industrial revolution and the transition to a new technological order.
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Homaei, Shabnam, and Mohamed Hamdy. "Quantification of Energy Flexibility and Survivability of All-Electric Buildings with Cost-Effective Battery Size: Methodology and Indexes." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102787.
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All-electric buildings are playing an important role in the electrification plan towards energy-neutral smart cities. Batteries are key components in all-electric buildings that can help the demand-side energy management as a flexibility asset and improve the building survivability in the case of power outages as an active survivability asset. This paper introduces a novel methodology and indexes for determining cost-effective battery sizes. It also explores the possible trade-off between energy flexibility and the survivability of all-electric buildings. The introduced methodology uses IDA-ICE 4.8 as a building performance simulation tool and MATLAB® 2017 as a post-processing calculation tool for quantifying building energy flexibility and survivability indexes. The proposed methodology is applied to a case study of a Norwegian single-family house, where 10 competitive designs, 16 uncertainty scenarios, and 3 dynamic pricing tariffs suggested by the Norwegian regulators are investigated. The methodology provides informative support for different stakeholders to compare various building designs and dynamic pricing tariffs from the flexibility and survivability points of view. Overall, the results indicate that larger cost-effective batteries usually have higher active survivability and lower energy flexibility from cost- effectiveness perspective. For instance, when the time of use tariff is applied, the cost-effective battery size varies between 40 and 65 kWh (daily storage). This is associated with a cost-effective flexibility index of 0.4–0.55%/kWh and an active survivability index of 63–80%.
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Xiong, Wei, Yu Zou, and Shi Wei Su. "AHP Analysis in the Step Tariff of Electricity Program in Decision-Making in Research." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.771.
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Step tariff of electricity as an important technique in the electric power demand side management, can smooth the load curve, and can also realize the rational allocation of resources. In view of the scheme designing step tariff of electricity price, at the same time considering residents' per capita income and the average household electricity consumption, using AHP, research steps user cost of electricity pricing schemes. And on the basis of the step tariff of electricity implementation project of Hubei province data, combined with the local consumption were analyzed, and for the further development of step tariff and the price offer certain reference basis in the future.
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Thorp, Rosemary. "A Reappraisal of the Origins of Import-Substituting Industrialisation 1930–1950." Journal of Latin American Studies 24, S1 (March 1992): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0002383x.
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The current enthusiasm for trade liberalisation in Latin America, and indeed for a broad-ranging return to the market, has as its backdrop the widespread disillusion with the protectionist model of the 1950s and 1960s. Import substituting industrialisation (ISI) is seen as having used tariff barriers and controls to generate an extremely inefficient industry, suffering under a weight of state bureaucracy, with often inappropriate direct state participation. Its excessive import needs, for all its import-substituting origin, are directly related to the generation of the debt crisis.1 The high and poorly-structured tariffs brought tariff-hopping foreign investment on inappropriate terms. Repressed domestic interest rates allowed such firms to borrow locally at negative real rates and crowd out locals who then borrowed abroad. This inefficiency, plus the overvalued exchange rates implicit in heavy protection, made exports of manufactures unthinkable, and thus condemned the incipient industry to severe limitations of market size as well as condemning the economies to growing balance of payments non-viability. This in turn severely affected industrial progress by limiting growth and exposing firms to stop-go policies.In turn, ISI policies themselves are seen as having originated with the turning point of the 1929 depression, when the export-led growth mechanism essentially broke down and at least the more sizeable Latin American economies turned fatally inwards. The trajectory from 1930 to the ‘fully-fledged’ ISI model of the 1950s and 1960s is typically left vague.This article will attempt to show that recent research now allows us a much fuller and more nuanced view of the evolution from the export economy model of the early century through to the later ISI model.2
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Singh, S. N. "Household’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Supply Services in Mettu Town: An Assessment." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 4, no. 1 (2020): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.4(1).86-99.2020.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze and determine the willingness of citizens to pay for improving the quality of water services (the income derived from the consumption of water services does not cover the costs of providing such services). The study focuses on Ethiopia’s metropolitan areas (including households in town Mettu), as it is the problem of financial scarcity in Ethiopia that is particularly relevant and access to water services is a key component in calculating the human poverty index for most developing countries. Based on a survey of 79 Mettu town households, it is justified that residents view water not as a public good but as an economic good, as they are prepared to pay for it. The survey concluded that an average of 69% of Mettu households is willing to pay for improved water quality, with household income, water supply satisfaction, and supply price having a strong impact on households’ willingness to pay for improved water services. In particular, the older the locals are and the higher their income level, the more they are willing to pay for improved water quality and security of water supply. At the same time, rising levels of education in Mettu residents reduce their willingness to incur additional financial costs, more educated people view water services as a boon to the authorities. The results of the study proved that while providing local authorities with high-quality water supply services, more than 80% of households are ready and able to pay for services at a price that exceeds the tariff rate for water supply costs. The article stated that increasing the quality of water supply services by increasing the number of tariffs for water use will contribute to the growth of the financial revenues of local authorities, which will ensure the provision of water supply in the required quantity and on a stable basis. Keywords: improved water supply services, willingness, bidding Prices and tariff structure.
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ÖNER YALÇIN, Sibel, and Funda Gülay KADIOĞLU. "Syringe: An Evaluation from View Point of History of Medicine." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History 28, no. 3 (2020): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/mdethic.2020-74522.
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Васильева and Elena Vasileva. "Contemporary remuneration systems of companies." Economics of the Firm 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2012): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/234.
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Considered basics of wages — current state of the tariff system and the forms of wages. Covered such advanced forms of wages as the tariff free of wages system, categorization of managerial staff with a view to determine the level of their wages, form of liberal staff stimulation, in particular participation in the profits. Presented characteristics of evaluation of the effectiveness of wages organization on the factories.
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KISHORE, PALLAVI. "A Critical Analysis of Conditionalities in the Generalized System of Preferences." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 54 (July 18, 2017): 98–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cyl.2017.8.
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AbstractThis article examines conditionalities in the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in light of the European Communities – Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries (EC – Tariff Preferences) case at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The article largely undertakes this examination from the point of view of developing countries. It mainly examines the issue of discrimination in conditionalities since this was the principal question raised in the EC – Tariff Preferences case and makes suggestions regarding the regulation of conditionalities. In doing so, the article follows two trajectories: first, it makes suggestions for the WTO panels and Appellate Body, and, second, it makes suggestions for GSP donors, by analyzing the new European GSP + Scheme and by drawing inspiration from conditionalities in the loans granted by the World Bank.
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Achmadi, Tri, Firmanto Hadi, Hasan Iqbal Nur, Irwan Tri Yunianto, and Christino Boyke. "Study of Port Tariff Structure and Port Pricing Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 862 (January 2017): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.862.226.
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In order to support National Logistics System continuity there are at least three (3) main components that should synergize well, namely the sea side (sea transport), the land side (hinterland transport) and the part that connects between the two (port). Port performance will greatly affect the performance of the national logistics system as a whole. One of the indicator of a country's logistics performance evaluation is the ease of arranging shipments of goods at competitive prices (shipment). One of the components of logistics costs which become concern of many parties is the port costs, in order to support the national high logistics cost reduction, study related to the port tariff structure and its associated regulations is needed, especially a matter to formulate and determining policy related to pricing port services. The survey and analysis will be carried out in an attempt to identified the port tariff structure as basis to determining the port pricing model. Port tariff structure analysis include the Identification of port services and cost component (user and port operator point of view). Based on the analysis of transport logistics cost, the shipping cost contribute 48%, port cost 40% and hinterland cost 12%. The port cost on the container terminal, the stevedoring costs contribute 42%, followed by the cargodoring cost 58%. It takes further analysis for stevedoring tariff and tariff lift-on / lift-off container given a large contribution to the overall cost of loading and unloading at the port. Port pricing formulation problem associated with cost (competitiveness), performance (level of services) and value added (value added to the customer), so that the best approach for determinining port cost and tariff are: (1) the first best pricing approach is MC = MR = P, (2) the second best pricing approach is LRMC. We suggest that the pricing policy for ports where tariff formulation needs to consider the external factors (currency, rates, fuel price, minimum salary and etc) and differentiated based on the level of port service. Relevant quality level of port service factors are the time in port, and the punctuality of handling the vessel and its cargo. Port Tariff = f (Cost of Goods Manufactured (production unit cost), Margin, Level of Service (LS)) and Maximum Port Tariff = 1.25 % ofproduction unit cost .
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Rashid, Md Mamun Ur, Majed A. Alotaibi, Abdul Hasib Chowdhury, Muaz Rahman, Md Shafiul Alam, Md Alamgir Hossain, and Mohammad A. Abido. "Home Energy Management for Community Microgrids Using Optimal Power Sharing Algorithm." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041060.
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From a residential point of view, home energy management (HEM) is an essential requirement in order to diminish peak demand and utility tariffs. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) together with battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and central battery storage system (CBSS) may promote energy and cost minimization. However, proper home appliance scheduling along with energy storage options is essential to significantly decrease the energy consumption profile and overall expenditure in real-time operation. This paper proposes a cost-effective HEM scheme in the microgrid framework to promote curtailing of energy usage and relevant utility tariff considering both energy storage and renewable sources integration. Usually, the household appliances have different runtime preferences and duration of operation based on user demand. This work considers a simulator designed in the C++ platform to address the domestic customer’s HEM issue based on usages priorities. The positive aspects of merging RESs, BESSs, and CBSSs with the proposed optimal power sharing algorithm (OPSA) are evaluated by considering three distinct case scenarios. Comprehensive analysis of each scenario considering the real-time scheduling of home appliances is conducted to substantiate the efficacy of the outlined energy and cost mitigation schemes. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm to enable energy and cost savings up to 37.5% and 45% in comparison to the prevailing methodology.
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Podoba, Z., and V. Gorshkov. "Japan’s Special Tariff System: Practice of Administration." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2015): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-5-81-91.
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This paper examines Special Tariff System (tokubetsu kanzei seido) and its role in the system of trade remedies in Japan. By particularly focusing on measures of anti-dumping, countervailing, emergency, and retaliatory duties the authors implement a comprehensive analysis on both theoretical background and empirical case studies of application of the Special Tariff System and identify peculiar features of its regulation by government authorities. This paper argues that the specificity of Japan’s Special Tariff System is mainly expressed in its institutional context, comprising of salient state regulation, lack of legal transparency and dispersion of the regulating acts on trade remedies in the system of Japanese legislation, pluralism of regulatory authorities and overlapping of their jurisdiction in managing the application of such measures. In addition, this paper provides a systematic view of current legislation on trade remedies in Japan and aims to identify the reasons of infrequent practical application of the Special Tariff System. The authors conclude that bureaucratic barriers, low integrity of the legislation on trade remedies, lack of cooperation between regulatory authorities, resource-based structure of Japanese import are the factors accountable for the infrequency of practical application of the System. Nevertheless, due to the increased import of goods from emerging economies in recent years, namely from China, Republic of Korea, and Taiwan, there is a high probability that the sphere of application of Japan’s Special Tariff System might be extended. Acknowledgments. The paper is prepared in the framework of Saint Petersburg State University’s projects №13.39.327.2014 “Trade remedies in the contemporary international trading system: applicability of international experience for the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan” and №13.54.1140.2014 “Scholarship program of JTI and Saint Petersburg State University”.
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Manger, Mark S. "The Economic Logic of Asian Preferential Trade Agreements: The Role of Intra-Industry Trade." Journal of East Asian Studies 14, no. 2 (August 2014): 151–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800008894.
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Are preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in the Asia-Pacific region merely a political phenomenon with no economic basis, as some critics say? I challenge this interpretation; in this article I present an explanatory model based on intra-industry trade to indicate what economic interests should drive Japanese and South Korean PTAs with ASEAN partners, and derive specific predictions. An analysis of the actual tariff barrier elimination in the agreements suggests important, but highly specific, economic benefits. First, preference margins are substantively greater for intra-industry trade, and second, intra-industry trade is much less likely to be excluded from tariff reductions when imported into Japan or South Korea. This indicates that PTAs help firms specialize their production throughout the region, and provides an economic rationale for these agreements. A qualitative case study of the Japan-Malaysia PTA and a statistical analysis of tariff liberalization in the PTAs of Japan and South Korea with the ASEAN countries support this view.
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Li, Wenjin, Bingkang Li, Rengcun Fang, Peipei You, Yuxin Zou, Zhao Xu, and Sen Guo. "Risk Evaluation of Electric Power Grid Enterprise Related to Electricity Transmission and Distribution Tariff Regulation Employing a Hybrid MCDM Model." Mathematics 9, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9090989.
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In China, a new-round marketization reform of electricity industry is in progress, and the electricity transmission and distribution tariff reform is the core and important task. Currently, the electricity transmission and distribution tariff regulation has gone to the second round in China, and the electric power grid enterprises are facing a closed-loop regulatory system and an increasingly strict regulatory environment. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate the risk of electric power grid enterprise that is related to electricity transmission and distribution tariff regulation, which can aid the electricity regulators and electric power grid enterprise operators to manage risk and promote the sustainable development of electric power industry. In this paper, a hybrid novel multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method combining the fuzzy Best-Worst method (FBWM) and improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on a vague set is proposed for the risk evaluation of electric power grid enterprise related to electricity transmission and distribution tariff regulation. The risk evaluation index system is built. Subsequently, the FBWM is utilized to determine the optimal weights of electric power grid enterprise risk criteria, and the improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method that is based on vague set is employed to rank the comprehensive risk grade of electric power grid enterprise related to electricity transmission and distribution tariff regulation. The risk of a province-level electric power grid enterprise that is located in Northern China is empirically evaluated using the proposed MCDM method, and the result indicates that the overall risk of this province-level electric power grid enterprise belongs to ‘High’ grade, but it is very close to ‘Very High’ grade. The results indicate that the proposed hybrid novel MCDM method in this paper is effective and practical. Meanwhile, it provides a new view for the risk evaluation of electric power grid enterprise that is related to electricity transmission and distribution tariff regulation.
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Bailey, Michael A., Judith Goldstein, and Barry R. Weingast. "The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy: Politics, Coalitions, and International Trade." World Politics 49, no. 3 (April 1997): 309–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0007.
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The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA) changed the structure of the making of U.S. trade policy and made possible a dramatic reduction in tariffs. The authors demonstrate that the key institutional innovation in the RTAA was its mandate to lower tariffs through reciprocal agreements with foreign nations. The expansion of exports under the RTAA enhanced political support for increasingly lower U.S. tariffs. Evidence that export interests were positively associated with congressional votes for free trade supports this view.
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Orlova, L. N., and D. A. Vasilyev. "The Development of Competition and Raising Efficiency in Electric Engineering Complex." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2020-3-83-96.
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The high degree of monopolization of the power complex in the Russian Federation, on the one hand, and state regulation, on the other hand, can cause a decline in the efficiency of entrepreneurial structures’ functioning in electric engineering. From the point of view of theory and methodology the research studies possibilities to shape competitive relations in electric engineering and analyzes regular risks in electric engineering companies’ work. In practical view the lines in raising the efficiency of entrepreneurial structures are investigated. The authors show feasibility of using DEA methods and the standard method for raising the efficiency of electric engineering companies’ work and fixing a grounded tariff on electric power. As a scientific tool for conducting the research the authors chose such general academic and specific methods as the method of system analysis, the method of retrospective analysis, analytical methods of data research. Empiric materials of the research are presented by information of the Federal Service of State Statistics, public data of monitoring the adopted tariff solutions provided by the Federal Antitrust Service.
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Leng, Loh Wei. "The Colonial State And Business: The Policy Environment in Malaya in the Inter-War Years." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 33, no. 2 (June 2002): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463402000127.
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The focus of the article is on the policy perspectives of the colonial state in Malaya vis-à-vis business, Western and Chinese. It touches on the policy outlook of the periods preceding the inter-war years before exploring various related topics (the question of industrial development, tariff policy, private sector initiatives) with a view to ascertaining the relationship between state and business.
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Əliş qızı Əliyeva, Tərlan. "Opportunities to use historical comments in teaching morphology." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/45-48.
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Our language reflects the historical memory, traditions, ethnic and moral views of our people and so on. it is our invaluable spiritual wealth that always lives in us. One of the main tasks of the Azerbaijani language is to educate the young generation in the spirit of love for our national and spiritual resources, ancient history, loyalty to our people and, most importantly, knowledge of the subtleties of the language, using these inexhaustible opportunities. When using historical comments as a tool in the process of teaching the morphology of the Azerbaijani language in the acquisition of grammatical forms regulated by a number of intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic events that are difficult to comprehend, students gain more information about the morphological structure of our language. The use of historical comments in Azerbaijani language lessons should be done systematically. The advantages of referring to its ancient and rich history in the study of the modern state of language are reflected in the correct definition of the morphological structure of the language. We can even point out the importance of commenting on the history of writing in the teaching of the alphabet. In the process of teaching morphology, we can note the importance of commentary in the deep mastery of individual speech senses. The study of morphological features of the Azerbaijani language is based on the principle of history. Because the goal is to instill in today's young generation some information about the history of our language. Key words: Azerbaijani language, morphology, history, modern state of language, derivations, word creation, suffixes, historical commentary
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Rauf, Tamkinat, and M. Wasif Siddiqi. "Price-setting for Residential Water: Estimation of Water Demand in Lahore." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 893–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.893-906.
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The population of Lahore has roughly doubled over the past twenty years, and an increase of two million is expected by the year 2020 [UN (2005)]. This has important implications for city planning as demand for housing, electricity, water, sanitation, public health, education, and infrastructure grows accordingly. Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA), the city’s official water supplier, has often responded to the growing demand by offering the supply-side solution: augmenting supply capacity by exploiting new water resources.1 Such investments are costly, but in view of the public good nature of water, WASA has kept tariffs well below the costrecovery level, relying on heavy loans and subsidies. While this arrangement may have worked in the past, it is now becoming increasingly unsustainable, because (1) WASA is facing severe financial constraints and which has led to poor service and underinvestment, and (2) the environmental cost of extracting water is increasing. With its low tariff rates and continually increasing costs, the WASA Lahore is unable to meet even its operation and management (O&M) costs [WASA (2007)]. WASA has been receiving financial assistance from the provincial and Lahore district governments as well as international donors in the form of grants and loans with the grant element gradually diminishing over the passage of time. In 2007, WASA currently owed Rs 5.6 billion to these agencies [WASA (2007)]. Deteriorating financial situation has also led to short-term planning, reactive operational strategy, and underinvestment in asset maintenance, future capacity, IT equipment, management and accounting information system, and training [IFC (2005)]. Consequently, WASA has shown suboptimal performance: low pressure and irregular supply, leakages, poor customer service, etc.
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Babu, R. Rajesh. "On the Legality of the United States Action of Terminating India’s GSP Status." Foreign Trade Review 55, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519886795.
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Since the US Presidential Proclamation terminating India status as a Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) beneficiary with effect from 5 June 2019, questions are raised on the WTO legitimacy of such an action. The US measure, which appears to have a punitive element—a move precipitated by lack of reciprocity from India by not providing ‘equitable and reasonable access’ for US products in Indian markets—challenges the fundamentally premise of the GSP schemes. Since the GSP schemes are established to provide economic and developmental opportunities for developing countries, and once established must be administered as per the 1979 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Enabling Clause, meaning it must be on a ‘generalised’, ‘non-reciprocal’ and ‘non-discriminatory’ basis, can India raise a legitimate challenge against the US action at the WTO Dispute Settlement Body? Or can the GSP schemes, being voluntary and unilaterally administered, be structured by developed countries as trade policy tools with stringent trade and non-trade conditionalities? The decision of the Appellate Body in European Communities—Tariff Preferences, the contested nature of the Enabling Clause and the heterogeneous nature of developing countries at the WTO makes the interpretation knotty. In this context, this article provides a brief comment on the legal basis of the Enabling Clause in the WTO framework and the legitimacy of the US action of termination of India from the beneficiary status. Keeping aside the legal question, the author is also of the view that time is ripe for India to consider ‘graduating’ itself from such preferential arrangements and engage in binding obligations that are reciprocal and sustainable. JEL Codes: K33, O24
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Arfanuzzaman, Md. "Regional Co-Operation and Economic Prosperity in South Asia: Challenges of Unfair Trade and Transboundary Deadlock." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2019-0001.
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SummarySubject and purpose of work: The study attempts to examine the trade unfairness and transboundary bottlenecks between Bangladesh and India with a view to prosper a balanced trade and sustained water cooperation.Materials and methods: The study is based on secondary data and statistical information. Mixed research methods such as qualitative, quantitative and data visualization techniques are adopted in this study to assess the political economy of river basin management, loss and damage assessment and trade situation assessment.Results: Due to upstream intervention, the North-Western region of Bangladesh has lost 4254218 metric tons of rice production during 2006-2014 cropping years which value is $1036 million. During the same period, the trade deficit of Bangladesh stood at $5.58 billion with India due to the diverse tariff and non-tariff barriers which triggers tension between this close neighbor.Conclusions: The trade and water co-operation should be extended among the South Asian countries including India and Bangladesh without delay to obtain the maximum benefit and economic prosperity.
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van Vuuren, Chantelle Y. Janse, Hendrik J. Vermeulen, and Matthew Groch. "A statistical Time-Of-Use tariff based wind resource clustering approach using Self-Organizing Maps." Wind Engineering 45, no. 4 (July 6, 2021): 807–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x211028754.
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The optimized siting of grid-scale renewable generation is a viable technique to minimize the variable component of the electricity generation portfolio. This process, however, requires simulated meteorological datasets, and consequently, significant computational power to perform detailed studies. This is particularly true for countries with large geographic areas. Clustering is a viable data reduction technique that can be utilized to reduce the computational burden. This work proposes the use of Self-Organizing Maps to partition high-dimensional wind speed data using statistical features derived from Time-Of-Use tariff periods. This approach is undertaken with the view towards the optimization of wind farm siting for grid-support objectives where tariff incentivization is the main driver. The proposed approach is compared with clusters derived using Self-Organizing Maps with the temporal wind speed data for the input feature set. The results show increased cluster granularity, superior validation results and decreased execution time when compared with the temporal clustering approach.
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Rea, J. E. "Presidential Address: A View From the Lectern." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031025ar.
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Abstract This paper explores the relationship among teaching, research, and publications for, the author argues, a good teacher must carry out advanced historical research and >report results to a wider academic audience. This observation leads to an examination of three kinds of questions which challenge the historian as teacher: the first, questions to which the primary and secondary literature provide no answer; the second, questions to which standard works offer no adequate response but which inspire research and rethinking and thereby lead to a new understanding of the issue; and the third, questions which can be fully answered only by informed speculation. The paper then illustrates the challenge posed by each type of question by looking at important incidents in twentieth-century Canadian history: the first, why Prime Minister Borden on 1 January 1916 doubled Canada's manpower in the Great War to five hundred thousand; the second, why did the tariff disappear as an issue from elections after 1935; and the third, why did the Cabinet accept the forced resignation of J. L. Ralston as Minister of National Defence in November of 1944? The specialised knowledge required to respond to such questions necessarily enriches our overall understanding of the past.
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Wallace, William E. "Miscellanea Curiositae Michelangelae: A Steep Tariff, a Half Dozen Horses, and Yards of Taffeta." Renaissance Quarterly 47, no. 2 (1994): 330–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2862916.
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There is such an abundance of documentary information about the life of Michelangelo Buonarroti that we necessarily are selective in our use of the primary sources: nearly 1,400 letters to and from the artist, more than three hundred published pages of his personal and professional ricordi, and an extensive correspondence among members of his immediate family. In addition to what they tell us about the artist and his commissions, these primary sources offer a rich and detailed picture of everyday life in Renaissance Italy. The following miscellany is offered as diverse glimpses into the world and work of Michelangelo, a sort of micro-historical view of a major historical figure.
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Arnaz, Muhammad Zulfizal. "The Aggregate and Residential Electricity Demand in Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 26, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jep.26.1.2018.1-20.
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This paper presents an empirical analysis on electricity demand in Indonesia applying a double-log demand equation for aggregate and residential. This proposes static and dynamic models employing fixed effects and bias-corrected least square dummy variable estimators, respectively. Particular attention is paid to the effects of income, price, and the numbers of customers. The paper concludes that all regressors function as the determinants of electricity consumption. Price elasticities are inelastically negative as expected, and further, profound inelastic for residential. Meanwhile, income level and the number of customers are quite elastic for both models. In addition, interregional analysis reports the differential impacts of the price on energy consumption between Java Bali and non-Java Bali regions, showing less responsiveness of consumption to price in Java Bali. The long-run estimates give information on modest values of price elasticities for aggregate and residential. From an energy policy point of view, electricity price would be moderately effective in achieving efficiency and conservation programs. On the other hand, it gives an economic rationale for tariff adjustment and region-based tariff restructuring.
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Khan, Arshad. "Technical and financial analysis of combined cycle gas turbine." Thermal Science 17, no. 3 (2013): 931–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci110206039k.
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This paper presents technical and financial models which were developed in this study to predict the overall performance of combined cycle gas turbine plant in line with the needs of independent power producers in the liberalized market of power sector. Three similar sizes of combined cycle gas turbine power projects up to 200 Megawatt of independent power producers in Pakistan were selected in-order to develop and drive the basic assumptions for the inputs of the models in view of prevailing Government of Pakistan?s two components of electricity purchasing tariff that is energy purchase price and capacity purchase price at higher voltage grid station terminal from independent power producers. The levelized electricity purchasing tariff over life of plant on gaseous fuel at 60 percent plant load factor was 6.47 cent per kilowatt hour with energy purchase price and capacity purchase prices of 3.54 and 2.93 cents per kilowatt hour respectively. The outcome of technical models of gas turbine, steam turbine and combined cycle gas turbine power were found in close agreement with the projects under consideration and provides opportunity of evaluation of technical and financial aspects of combined cycle power plant in a more simplified manner with relatively accurate results. At 105 Celsius exit temperature of heat recovery steam generator flue gases the net efficiency of combined cycle gas turbine was 48.8 percent whereas at 125 Celsius exit temperature of heat recovery steam generator flue gases it was 48.0 percent. Sensitivity analysis of selected influential components of electricity tariff was also carried out.
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Meyiwa, Ayanda, and Mihalis Chasomeris. "Restructuring Port Governance in South Africa." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 9, no. 3 (December 3, 2016): 854–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v9i3.74.
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South Africa’s (SA) ports do not have a clearly defined port doctrine. They have certain elements resembling the Anglo-Saxon port doctrine, others the Continental doctrine and still others the Asian port doctrine. Thus, SA encounters conflicting port objectives: it runs a complementary ports system where costs are not reflective of prices charged, and the revenues and costs allocated to various commodity types remain unjustified. This is against the backdrop of intra-port, inter-port and multimodal cross-subsidisation, which found justification in SA’s developmental objectives but has been viewed as unjustifiable under current economic conditions, giving rise to dissatisfaction among various port stakeholders regarding Transnet as a state-owned enterprise and Transnet National Ports Authority’s (TNPA) governance and pricing practices that have not been adequately addressed. Using content analysis, 18 stakeholders’ submissions on the 2013-2014 TNPA tariff application, 15 stakeholders’ submissions regarding the multi-year tariff application, and 16 submissions regarding the 2014-2015 tariff application were assessed. The focus was on finding links between challenges faced by stakeholders and whether solutions would be found through SA adopting a different port doctrine. The findings show that while the Asian doctrine is more aligned with SA’s developmental objectives, adoption of it may prove premature in view of the current and foreseeable economic conditions. The study shows that the local port system may not find a perfect fit into any of the known port models and established port doctrines, but, instead, that SA needs to articulate its own port doctrine.
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Bronsard, Camille, and F. Kalala Kabuya. "La tarification douanière dans un optimum de compromis." L'Actualité économique 52, no. 4 (June 25, 2009): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800693ar.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to integrate into a general model of an open economy the study of optimal wedges on domestic and foreign transactions. While it has been customary in the literature to link the analysis of domestic taxes to the provision of public goods, the model presented here views the imposition of taxes and tariffs in the general context of internal and external monopolies. As such, the paper begins with the idea of a compromised optimality. This means essentially that a modern society, while maximizing the welfare of its members, is constrained by other internal objectives such as the fact that the State shares its monopoly power with several other economic entities (for instance employers' federations, trade-unions). Thus, the mere fact of levying taxes gives a State some monopoly power which, in a sense, is similar to that of a Cournot-type monopolist who "imposes" private taxes. On the other hand, given the possibility that a country with some monopoly power in international trade could improve its situation by imposing tariffs, the analysis lends itself to the study of tariffs and taxes in the broad context of optimal wedges. To allow for this characterization, the paper incorporates into the model of normalization. As a by-product of this, a) it establishes, in terms of generalized inverses of the Slutsky matrix, a link between domestic marginal relative revenues and foreign ones; b) it defines two concepts of optimal tariffs evaluated from f.o.b. prices and c.i.f. prices; c) it suggests some further extensions such as the analysis of transactions costs, the incorporation of market retaliations and cultural characteristics of goods.
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Hernández-Sancho, F., M. Molinos-Senante, R. Sala-Garrido, and S. Del Saz-Salazar. "Tariffs and efficient performance by water suppliers: an empirical approach." Water Policy 14, no. 5 (May 11, 2012): 854–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.154.
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Water leaks are an environmental and sustainable issue as well as an economic issue. The objective of this paper is to analyse the efficiency of a sample of Spanish urban water systems by considering water leaks in a network as undesirable outputs. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), an analytical benchmarking methodology, is used to calculate technical and economic efficiency. We also discuss the possible relationship between efficiency and tariffs charged to users. Results show that the possibilities for reducing water leaks in networks are high, thus demonstrating that there is room for savings from an economic and environmental point of view. The assessment of efficiency performance could usefully assist local authorities and water suppliers in the task of optimising urban water management.
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Hosanna, Derrick, and Erica Hennessey. "The Death of the Tariff: A Review of the Tax Court's Discretionary Approach to Costs Awards." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 68, no. 2 (July 2020): 409–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2020.68.2.hosanna.
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The traditional objective of a costs award in general civil litigation was to indemnify the successful party for the legal and other costs incurred to defend an unproven claim or pursue a valid legal right. However, Canadian courts have recognized that the traditional view of costs is outdated and that an additional and more important use of costs awards is promotion of the efficient and orderly administration of justice. Costs awards at the Tax Court of Canada have generally followed a similar path of development, but at a slower pace. Historically, costs were awarded only in accordance with the tariff annexed to the Tax Court of Canada Rules (General Procedure) unless "reprehensible, scandalous, or outrageous conduct" was present. More recently, however, Tax Court judges have expressed concerns about the inadequacy of the tariff. These concerns have led the court to adopt a "principled" approach to costs, similar to that used in modern general civil litigation, by applying specific factors set out in rule 147(3) ("the 147(3) factors") rather than relying solely on the tariff. This article reviews the recent jurisprudence relating to costs awards at the Tax Court, with a particular focus on the manner in which the 147(3) factors have been interpreted and how the application of those factors could evolve to further promote the new objectives of costs awards recognized in general civil litigation. The authors argue that costs awards by the Tax Court could be used more effectively to promote the efficient and orderly administration of justice by (1) taking into consideration the unique features of a tax dispute, and (2) placing additional emphasis on the purposes of costs awards adopted in general civil litigation.
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Rustagi, T. R. "Indirect Tax Reforms in the Indian Economy." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 23, no. 1 (January 1998): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919980107.
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Several expert committees have examined India's indirect tax structure in the past and made valuable recommendations. More recently, the Tax Reform Committee (Chelliah Committee) laid down the agenda for gradual reduction in tariffs and rationalization of customs and excise duty structures. On this basis, significant progress has been made since 1992. Tariffs have been brought down from a peak rate of over 300 to 40 per cent with a view to bring down costs and make the Indian industry more competitive. Excise duty rates have been significantly reduced, procedures simplified, and exemptions pruned. Yet, according to Rustagi⁄ the excise system is far away from modernity. While he agrees that whatever has been done so far is no mean achivement, more needs to be done.
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Akopyan, A. V., and N. G. Lubimova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MOTIVATIONAL COMPONENT OF THE INDUSTRY-OUTPUT TARIFF AGREEMENTS IN THE INDUSTRIES OF FUEL & ENERGY COMPLEX." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 4 (May 27, 2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-4-43-49.
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Industry tariff agreements have been studied from the point of view of the motivational component of staff labor in organizations of the fuel and energy complex. Criteria of comparison have been selected and the optimal labor motivation strategy in the oil, gas, coal and electric power industries has been revealed. Features and similar approaches in the organization of the motivation of the industries of the fuel and energy complex have been identified. World experience of the labor motivation in the fuel and energy industries, such as in the USA, Japan and in Europe has been examined in comparison with domestic practice in these sectors.
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Bąkowski, Wojciech. "Problems of effectiveness of implementation of the public transport integration process at a regional level." Transport Economics and Logistics 80 (December 31, 2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etil.2018.80.03.
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It is generally established that the integration of collective transport in several counties brings benefits to the passenger as to the price of the service, quality and travel time. The aim of the article is, basing on the premise of the theory of economics and organization, to present the view that the integration process encounters barriers limiting its positive effects. Barriers are on the side of the characteristics of the public transport sector itself, the organization, the tariff-ticket system, and the approach of local government authorities (local politicians) and the role of intellectual capital. The article indicates the difficulties in measuring the effectiveness of the integration process.
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Sivachandran R. Perumal, Faizal Baharum, Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi, and Mohd Faizal Omar. "Photovoltaic Potential Analysis - Fuel Cell Hybrid Energy System for General-Purpose Building of Laboratory and Offices Using HOMER Software." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 84, no. 2 (July 17, 2021): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.84.2.6381.
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This paper presents a performance analysis of the potential study in complementing grid utility supply with the renewable energy system. A general-purpose building consisting of office and laboratory facility has been chosen as a test case with a hybrid system of fuel cell and solar photovoltaic cells installed in addition to the existing grid power supply. HOMER simulation software was used to run the simulations, and the results showed that only the photovoltaic system is more economical to be integrated into the system. Cost-saving from the feed-in-tariff point of view was observed spanning over several years after the initial capital cost was returned.
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Phillips, Emir. "Lincoln’s well-considered political economy (the ‘American System’) trumped the Free Trade British System." Cambridge Journal of Economics 43, no. 6 (April 10, 2019): 1439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bez008.
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Abstract The Whigs could legitimately emphasise what Hamilton’s Report had not touched upon: urban labourers made unemployed by import competition could not shift to ‘collateral employments’ with the presumptive ease asserted by Free Trader Democrats. More than anything, it was the structural cyclical instability (Minsky moments) that engendered a new party (Republican) to exert political pressures for government involvement in the management of the economy (mercantilism). Economic beliefs played the most fundamental role in Lincoln’s career, and his mercantilist views, in conformity with Hamilton, Clay and the economist Carey, were key determinants in effectuating the Industrial Revolution within the United States through tariffs, government-supported macro-projects and structurally stimulating aggregate demand through a national currency. Permeating Lincoln's political economy was a fierce non-neutral view of money wherein banks created the funds to ignite the American System. Henry Clay, Henry Carey and Abraham Lincoln were seeking to supplant the Ricardo–Malthus long-term model of economic growth (emphasising distribution within a relatively stagnant economy) with one of expanding productive powers and rising wage levels. These interventionist issues are still quite relevant since US economics students are taught modernised versions of the doctrines of Ricardo and Malthus which were controverted more than a century ago by the American School, and more specifically by Abraham Lincoln.
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SHAEV, BRIAN. "Liberalising Regional Trade: Socialists and European Economic Integration." Contemporary European History 27, no. 2 (April 13, 2018): 258–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000073.
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The socialist contribution to the creation of the European Economic Community has long been overlooked and misunderstood. Existing scholarship emphasises short-term considerations in explaining why the French Socialist and German Social Democratic Parties supported a European Common Market in 1956–7. This article offers a new perspective by placing these parties’ decisions within a longer context of socialist views on free trade, tariffs and regional economic organisation. Based on fresh archival materials, this article explores how socialist proposals for securing an economic peace after the First World War continued to influence socialist policies on European economic integration in the 1950s.
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Dempsey, P. "News Comment: View from Washington. Trade - What is the battle of the tariffs intended to achieve?" Engineering & Technology 13, no. 7 (August 1, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2018.0711.
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