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Kolman, Rachel. "Trade Secrets." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5382.
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Trade Secrets is a collection of fourteen short stories that explores characters falling in and out of relationships and coping in unusual and even comedic ways. These characters are often obsessive and do not trust one another. They think life is funny, and discover that love is funny, and yeah, sex can be funny too. They don't feel the right things when they're supposed to. They find love, and lose love. They find hope, and lose hope. They escape sometimes, but more often are unable to go anywhere. These stories consider relationships through the disconnection between reality and fantasy, exploring how the lines between illusion and actuality can become blurred. A young boy fantasizes about running on the wind; teenagers pretend to be werewolves; twenty-somethings obsess about potential love affairs, dreams, and the possibility of escape. There is a driving curiosity behind these characters, a desire to figure one another out—a desire to learn the other's secret. Trade secrets are insider information after all, and must be earned. These characters are all earning the right to hold their own trade secrets and, when the time is right, sharing that information with whomever is willing to listen.ID: 031001419; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Includes reading list (p. 147-150); Adviser: Susan Hubbard.; Title from PDF title page (viewed June 18, 2013).; Thesis (M.F.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.
M.F.A.
Masters
English
Arts and Humanities
Creative Writing
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Sosa, Huapaya Alex. "Unfair competition and the safeguard of trade secrets." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108071.
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The Law of Supression of Unfair Competition, approved by Legislative Decree 1044, tries to avoid confusions about what is protected as a trade secret and what cases of misappropriation should be sanctioned.In this article, the author questions the interpretation and application that has beenconsistently employed, in many cases, to some of the terms contained in the aforementioned law.For that purpose, the author explains the meaning of the trade secret and other related terms, such as prohibited competition and concurrent purposes. He then proceeds to elaborate an analysis about the economic function of protecting trade secrets and what should be the correct application of the Law of Supression of Unfair Competition.La Ley de Represión de la Competencia Desleal, aprobada por el Decreto Legislativo 1044, trata de evitar confusiones acerca de qué se protege comosecreto empresarial y qué supuestos de apropiación indebida deberían sancionarse.En el presente artículo, el autor cuestiona la interpretación y aplicación que se le ha venido dando, en muchos casos, a algunos de los términos contenidos en dicha ley. Para ello, explica el significado del secreto empresarial, y de otros términosrelacionados como la competencia prohibida y la finalidad concurrencial. Luego, pasa a elaborar un análisis sobre la función económica de proteger los secretos empresariales y de cuál debería ser la correcta aplicación de la Ley de Represión de la Competencia Desleal.
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Malik, Choudhry Muhammad Zaki. "Enforcing Trade Secrets among Competitors on the Semantic Web." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34636.
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In this thesis, we present a novel approach for the preservation of trade secrets in a Business-to-Business (B2B) environment that involves trade among competitors. The Web provides a low cost medium for B2B collaborations. Information exchange may take place during such a collaboration. The exchanged information may be of a sensitive nature, forming a business trade secret. The open nature of the Web calls for techniques to prevent the disclosure of trade secrets. The emerging Semantic Web is expected to make the challenge more acute in terms of trade secret protection due to the automation of B2B interactions. In this thesis, the different businesses are represented by Web services on the envisioned Semantic Web. We propose a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) approach for preserving trade secrets in B2B interactions. We introduce a set of techniques based on data perturbation for preserving data privacy. The techniques presented in our thesis are implemented in WebBIS, a prototype for accessing e-business Web services. Finally, we conduct an extensive performance study (analytical and experimental) of the proposed techniques.Master of Science
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Hannah, David Ramsay. "An investigation of the effects of trade secret protection procedures and psychological contract violations on employees' tendencies to divulge trade secrets /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Searle, Nicola C. "The economics of trade secrets : evidence from the Economic Espionage Act." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1632.
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This thesis reports on the economic analysis of trade secrets via data collected from prosecutions under the U.S. Economic Espionage Act (EEA.) Ratified in 1996, the EEA increases protection for trade secrets by criminalizing the theft of trade secrets. The empirical basis of the thesis is a unique database constructed using EEA prosecutions from 1996 to 2008. A critical and empirical analysis of these cases provides insight into the use of trade secrets. The increase in the criminal culpability of trade secret theft has important impacts on the use of trade secrets and the incentives for would-be thieves. A statistical analysis of the EEA data suggest that trade secrets are used primarily in manufacturing and construction. A cluster analysis suggests three broad categories of EEA cases based on the type of trade secret and the sector of the owner. A series of illustrative case studies demonstrates these clusters. A critical analysis of the damages valuations methods in trade secrets cases demonstrates the highly variable estimates of trade secrets. Given the criminal context of EEA cases, these valuation methods play an important role in sentencing and affect the incentives of the owners of trade secrets. The analysis of the lognormal distribution of the observed values is furthered by a statistical analysis of the EEA valuations, which suggests that the methods can result in very different estimates for the same trade secret. A regression analysis examines the determinants of trade secret intensity at the firm level. This econometric analysis suggests that trade secret intensity is negatively related to firm size. Collectively, this thesis presents an empirical analysis of trade secrets.
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Santos, Júlio César dos. "Propriedade intelectual com ênfase em trade secrets: criptologia e performance econômica." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2003. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6003.
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Trata-se de uma abordagem teórica sobre Propriedade Intelectual com ênfase em Trade Secrets como barreira à entrada. Os avanços em criptologia no campo da matemática podem vir a se somar aos esforços teóricos desenvolvidos em Microeconomia em Organização Industrial. Neste contexto, a criptologia é resgatada historicamente e são apresentadas suas principais funções na Propriedade Intelectual, em especial no Trade Secrets. Questiona-se aqui: Por que as empresas criptografam seus processos produtivos? A propriedade intelectual em especial os Trade Secrets tem desempenhado importante papel, enquanto barreira à entrada na economia contemporânea? Como a criptologia e seus respectivos desenvolvimentos na matemática podem contribuir para o fortalecimento do segredo industrial? Percebe-se que apesar da presença marcante da criptografia e dos bens incorpóreos na Economia Contemporânea, ainda são escassas as análises teóricas, os estudos de caso e os bancos de dados sobre Propriedade Intelectual e principalmente, sobre Trade Secrets. Contribui ao explicitar seus conceitos e alertar para a importância de intensificação de pesquisa científica sobre o tema possibilitando, dessa forma, uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica econômica empresarial na atualidade.
This work presents a theoretical approach on intellectual property with emphasis in trade secrets as entry barriers. Progress in cryptology in the field of the mathematics can be added to the theoretical efforts developed in microeconomics in industrial organization. In this context, cryptology is rescued historically and its main functions are presented in the intellectual property, especially in trade secrets. This research questions: Why do the firms cryptograph their productive processes? Has intellectual property, especially trade secrets, been playing an important role as a barrier to entry in the contemporary economy? How can cryptology and its respective developments in mathematics contribute to the strengthening of the industrial secret? It is noticed that in spite of the outstanding presence of cryptography and of the incorporeal goods in the contemporary economy, the theoretical analyses are still scarce, as are case studies and databases on intellectual property and mainly, on trade secrets. This research contributes to explication of its concepts and warns about the importance of intensification of scientific research on this topic, in order to reach a better understanding of managerial economical dynamics at the present time.
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Petroiu, Marius. "Forms of trade secret protection : a comparative analysis of the United States, Canada, the European Union and Romania." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99150.
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This thesis is as an attempt to overview the forms of trade secret protection presently in place in the United States, Canada, the European Union and Romania. These jurisdictions were selected because they present a diversity of legal background and a variety of forms of trade secret protection.The introductory chapter deals with the historical and economic backgrounds of the trade secret protection. An overview of trade secret protection at international scale is also provided. The thesis compares the forms of trade secret protection available in each jurisdiction. Based on the survey, the thesis comes to an answer of the question of "What is the most appropriate form of trade secrets protection?".
The final chapter provides a number of conclusions and recommendations.
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Ansari, Dina. "The EC Essential Facilities Doctrine, the Microsoft Case and the Treatment of Trade Secrets." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-52777.
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One of the main objectives of the European Community (EC) is to avoid the distortion of competition in the internal market. This aim is to be achieved through the application of the more detailed competition provisions in the EC Treaty, namely the Articles 81 and 82. Article 82 states that any abusive conduct of a dominant undertaking which may affect trade between Member States is prohibited. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has, through a wide stream of judgements, set the frame for which conducts that may be considered as abusive. These judgements have also led to the development of the so called “essential facilities doctrine” in EC law, which concerns the grant of access to a facility or resource controlled by a dominant firm. The central concept of the essential facilities doctrine is that a dominant firm's refusal to provide access to something it owns or controls, to which the access for other firms is essential in order for them to provide products or services to customers, may be held as abusive and therefore also prohibited. This means that a dominant undertaking may have a duty to share its facilities – which it many times has developed during many years – with competitors. A broad application of the essential facilities doctrine could therefore risk removing incentives for research and innovation, as it would become less fruitful for undertakings to invest in such facilities. On the other hand, if the essential facility is a monopoly asset of a dominant undertaking, a non-application of the essential facilities doctrine could allow the undertaking to set abusively high access prices or to permanently exclude competition on the related market by refusing to share the facility. The essential facilities doctrine was first developed in cases where a dominant firm refused to supply a physical facility to other firms. In more recent cases, however, the European courts have also held a dominant firm's refusal to license intellectual property (IP) rights as infringing Article 82.6 The reason for such an approach has mainly been that exclusive rights, such as IP rights, give the right-holder a temporary monopolistic position and that a refusal to license therefore may lead to the elimination of all competition on the market as it will be impossible for competitors to enter that market without a license. Thus, in exceptional cases, the exercise of exclusive rights, in means of a refusal to license, has been prohibited by Article 82. One particular area of refusal to license concerns “interface information” within the information technology sector. Interface information is such information that providers of software need in order to create products which can operate with other programs and systems. This information is many times either protected by IP rights, such as patent or copyright, or kept as a non-patented know-how and thus only protected by its secret nature. In a recent judgement of the European Court of First Instance (CFI) Microsoft was held to infringe Article 82 by refusing to license secret interface information. This case is highly interesting not only because it may clarify the relation between EC competition law and IP rights in essential facilities cases, but also because of the way the CFI equalled secret information – know-how – with other IP rights in its judgement by stating that “… there is no reason why secret technology should enjoy a higher level of protection than, for example, technology which has necessarily been disclosed to the public by its inventor in a patent-application procedure.” As mentioned above, one of the main reasons for competition rules to interfere with exclusive rights is that such rights may give the owner a legally protected monopolistic position for a longer period and that it is feared that the exercise of exclusive rights may eliminate all competition in that area from the market. This is however not the case with trade secrets which, once they are revealed, cannot be protected from other's exploitation. One may therefore question if trade secrets in reality endanger competition to the same extent than IP rights.
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Soga, Kazumasa. "The legal protection of trade secrets in Japan : a comparative study of English and German law." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395501.
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Kaushik, Arun Kumar <1987>. "A Law and Economics Analysis of Trade Secrets: Optimal Scope of Law, Misappropriation and Alternative Damages Regimes." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6831/.
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This thesis is primarily based on three core chapters, focused on the fundamental issues of trade secrets law. The goal of this thesis is to come up with policy recommendations to improve legal structure governing trade secrets. The focal points of this research are the following. What is the optimal scope of trade secrets law? How does it depend on the market characteristics such as degree of product differentiation between competing products? What factors need to be considered to balance the contradicting objectives of promoting innovation and knowledge diffusion? The second strand of this research focuses on the desirability of lost profits or unjust enrichment damage regimes in case of misappropriation of a trade secret. A comparison between these regimes is made and simple policy implications are extracted from the analysis. The last part of this research is an empirical analysis of a possible relationship between trade secrets sharing and misappropriation instances faced by firms.
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Trallero, Ocaña Teresa [Verfasser]. "The Notion of Secrecy : A Balanced Approach in the Light of the Trade Secrets Directive / Teresa Trallero Ocaña." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1233109340/34.
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Tiranutti, Vilailuk. "Farmers and free trade : views from the rice and soybean farmers in Thailand." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437944.
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Bitho, Théodore-Alexandre de Nika. "La protection des secrets commerciaux dans l'arbitrage commercial international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D001.
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L'importance des secrets d'affaires dans l'essor de l'économie mondiale n'est plus à démontrer. Ils sont, selon les indicateurs les plus fiables, la partie la plus importante du patrimoine des sociétés qui détiennent les plus grandes fortunes du monde. Mais force est de constater que leur protection dans l'arbitrage commercial international est peu effective. Ils sont victimes de divulgations licites ou illicites qui les exposent. Pour une meilleure protection des secrets d'affaires durant une procédure arbitrale, des mesures correctives sont nécessaires. Ces mesures doivent concourir à redéfinir un cadre juridique pratique dont le fondement et la justification est la protection de l'information qui a une valeur commerciale et économique. Pour ce vaste chantier, la contribution des usagers et praticiens de l'arbitrage commercial international est indéniable mais celle des États est indispensableThe importance of trade secrets in the development of the global economy is well established. They are, according to the trusted indicators, the most important part of the asset of the companies that hold the greatest fortunes in the world. However it is important to note that their protection during litigation proceedings in the international commercial arbitration is highly inefficient. They are victims of legal or illegal disclosures that expose them. For a better protection of the trade secrets during an arbitration proceeding in international arena, corrective measures are necessary. These measures must contribute to redefining a practical legal framework, a basis and justification of the protection of information of commercial and economic value. For this vast project, the contribution of users and practitioners of international commercial arbitration is undeniable but that of States is indispensable
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Söderberg, Johan. "Information som självständigt objekt : ett alternativt skydd för företagshemligheter?" Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2143.
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Vi lever idag i vad som populärt brukar kallas för ett informationssamhälle, vilket innebär att det i många företag förekommer en avsevärd mängd företagsspecifik information. Det kan röra sig om specialutvecklad källkod, om affärsplaner, kunddatabaser, organisationslösningar med mera. Sådan företagsspecifik information kan skyddas både genom immaterialrättsliga regler och genom de regler om skydd för företagshemligheter som finns införda i svensk lagstiftning. Dessa regelverk är i svensk rätt intimt förknippade med en syn på information som något abstrakt och icke-fysiskt, något som i sig självt inte kan ägas på samma sätt som lös egendom med fysisk substans. Trots att information därmed inte kan ägas, i ordets traditionella betydelse, har lagstiftaren ansett att det i vissa fall är berättigat att inte se information som allmän egendom, utan att det finns anledning att skydda informationens rättighetshavare från obehörigas tillgrepp. Det är denna funktion som immaterialrätten och reglerna om skydd för företagshemligheter skall fylla.
Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om ett bättre skydd för information kan uppnås genom att behandla viss information som ett självständigt objekt samt att belysa några av de konsekvenser som ett sådant synsätt på information skulle medföra. Den övergripande frågeställningen konkretiseras och exemplifieras i uppsatsen med hjälp av reglerna kring skydd för företagshemligheter. Författaren konstaterar slutligen att en objektifiering av företagshemligheter skulle resultera i ett många gånger bättre skydd för företagshemligheter än dagens reglering. Det skulle öka dels den allmänpreventiva effekten hos skyddsreglerna, dels angripna näringsidkares möjligheter att få ersättning.
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劉璐. "中國大陸與巴西商業秘密法律保護制度之比較研究 =Comparative study on the legal system protecting trade secret between mainland China and Brazil." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3952161.
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Schmidt, Rebecca. "Skydd för information i know-howlicenser: skyddet av kommersiellt viktig information efter licensavtalets upphörande." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-131763.
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Beltran, Daniela, and Sardor Djurabaev. "Influence of free labour and services movement in integration of EU : Swedish trade unions and business society views." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5910.
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The expansion of European union has posed vital changes in the European community as countries have erased their borders for their eastern neighbours and actively involved themselves in mutual business activity. Free movement of labour and service has taken place,and though some Western countries have posed obstacles for the further integration, the trend is currently occurring. In this paper we will try to take a closer look at the labour and service
movement in Sweden and cover different views from different parties – EU, Swedish tradeunions, business companies that would share their perspectives on the issue.
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Zheng, Shucui. "EARRNINGS MANAGEMENT AND PATENTING DISCLOSURES." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1661.
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Conventional wisdom suggests that firm’s patenting choice is largely due to strategic considerations such as industry competition and the prominence of the invention. We explore this issue from a managerial discretion perspective, suggesting that patenting choice facilitates managerial discretion via earnings management. On the one hand, not filing patents generates a more opaque information environment for market scrutiny, suggesting higher chance of earnings management. On the other hand, stewardship theory indicates that managers use trade secrets to protect their intellectual property. We find that non-patenting firms do not engage in financial earnings management while their real activity based earnings management is lower than patenting counterparts. On average, non-patenting choice does not lead to harmful opaqueness.
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Ferreira, Noemy Stracieri [UNESP]. "Proteção jurídica da inovação tecnológica no comércio internacional e no direito comparado: internalização destes institutos jurídicos pelo direito brasileiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89908.
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ferreira_ns_me_fran.pdf: 944621 bytes, checksum: 91408d4cbdc2c71559c6cc703fa6c91f (MD5)O presente estudo iniciou-se com análise de legislações domésticas que contribuíram para a formação do Primeiro Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual, inaugurado com a Convenção de Paris de 1883. Tal fase objetivou extrair os verdadeiros paradigmas que sustentam os Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, bem como apontar a importância da inovação tecnológica enquanto bem juridicamente valorado pela sociedade. Após tal análise, passou-se ao estudo do Primeiro Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual, onde foram abordados todos os Tratados, Acordos e Convenções Internacionais que objetivaram proteger o potencial criativo e as inovações tecnológicas sob os auspícios da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual (OMPI). Em seguida, sob uma perspectiva histórica, foram analisados os fatores sociais, políticos e econômicos que contribuíram para o fim do Primeiro Regime e o início do Novo Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual. Dentre os denominadores apontados, recebeu destaque o fenômeno de internacionalização do comércio, o qual passou a gerar efeitos a partir de meados dos anos 70 (setenta). Finda tal etapa, analisou-se o Novo Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual, cujo marco inicial é o Anexo 1.C. do Acordo Constitutivo da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) de 1994. Tal Anexo é conhecido pelo nome de TRIPS (Treaty Related Aspects of Intellectual Property). A mudança de Regime foi estudada sob a perspectiva da modificação dos princípios sob os quais se estruturou o Primeiro Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual. Neste ponto, concluiuse que o principal marco de ruptura foi a inserção dos princípios de livre-concorrência dentre os princípios que disciplinavam a matéria desde a Convenção de Paris de 1883. Outro fator de ruptura foi a inclusão do tema “Propriedade Intelectual” nas matérias...
El presente estudio se inició con análisis de legislaciones domésticas que contribuyeron para la formación del “Primer Régimen Internacional de Propiedad Intelectual”, inaugurado con lo Convenio de Paris de 1883. Dicha fase tuvo como objetivo extraer los verdaderos paradigmas que sostienen los Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, bien como apuntar la importancia de la innovación tecnológica como un bien juridicamente valorado por la sociedad. Después de este análisis, se pasó al estudio del Primer Régimen Internacional de Propiedad Intelectual, donde fueron abordados todos los Tratados, Arreglos y Convenciones Internacionales que tenían como objetivo proteger el potencial creativo y las innovaciones tecnológicas bajo los auspícios de la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI). En seguida, bajo una perspectiva histórica, fueron analizados los hechos sociales, políticos y económicos que contribuyeron para el fin del Primer Régimen y el início del Nuevo Régimen Internacional de Propiedad Intelectual. Entre los denominadores apuntados, recibió especial atención el fenómeno de internacionalización del comércio, el cual pasó a generar efectos a partir de mediados de los años 70 (setenta). Terminada tal etapa, se analisó el Nuevo Régimen Internacional de Propiedad Intelectual, cuyo marco inicial es el Anexo 1.C. del Acuerdo Constitutivo de la Organización Mundial del Comércio (OMC) de 1994. Tal Anexo es conocido por el nombre de ADPIC (Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio). El cambio de Régimen fue estudiado bajo la perspectiva de la modificación de los princípios bajo los cuales se estructuró el Primer Régimen Internacional de Propiedade Intelectual. En este punto, se concluyó que el principal marco de ruptura fue la inserción de los princípios de libre competencia entre los princípios que disciplinaban la materia desde lo Convenio de Paris de 1883...
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Al, Allaf Yamen. "La confidentialité de l'arbitrage." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1093.
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Étant le mode naturel de règlement des litiges dans le commerce international, l’arbitrage a pour avantage de maintenir le secret des affaires. D’abord, les débats arbitraux sont tenus à huis clos. La contractualisation de l’arbitrage traduit la volonté des parties d’un débat privé. Ensuite, les éléments produits au cours du procès sont couverts par la confidentialité. Enfin, la sentence arbitrale ne doit être publique qu’avec le consentement des parties. La confidentialité s’oppose notamment à un principe fondamental du droit processuel : la publicité des débats. La confidentialité, pourtant enracinée dans l’esprit des acteurs de l’arbitrage, est aujourd’hui remise en cause par des préconisations qui élèvent la voix pour ouvrir les portes des tribunaux arbitraux afin de répondre aux besoins de transparence jaillie de l’ordre public, et pour s’harmoniser avec l’époque de mondialisation et de technologie omniprésente. Compte tenu de la judiciarisation, juridictionnalisation, et la marchandisation auxquelles s’expose l’arbitrage actuel, la pondération entre ces impératifs enchevêtrés est-elle possible ? A la lumière de tous ces défis, nous mènerons l’étude sur la confidentialité d’un arbitrage de nature mixte (juridictionnelle et contractuelle), afin de savoir si cette confidentialité est l’essence même de ce mode si particulier de résolution des litigesArbitration is the natural dispute settlement mechanism of the international business as it presents the advantage of binding commercial secrecy. The contractualisation of the Arbitration reflects the parties’ willingness to keep the proceedings private. Firstly, arbitral discussions are heard in closed session. Then, any evidences produced during the trial are covered by the confidentiality. At last, the arbitral award may not be public without the consent of the parties. The confidentiality goes against the open-court principle which is a basic rule of Procedural law. Confidentialy is deeply rooted in the Arbitration community. However, this principle is nowadays questioned. Some are raising their voice to open the doors of the Arbitration Courts to submit those jurisdictions to transparency, globalization and ubiquous technology. Considering that modern Arbitration is going through judicialisation, jurisdictionalisation and commoditisation, the question is now raised of a balance between those new tangled and inter-related imperatives. In the context of all these challenges, we are going to undertake a study on the confidentialy of an Arbitration having a hybrid nature (jurisdictional and contractual) in order to know if that confidentialy is the very essence of that peculiar dispute settlement mechanism
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Andersson, Frida. "Lojalitetsplikt i uthyrningsbranschen : - En uppsats om lojalitetsförhållandet mellan kundföretag och inhyrd arbetskraft." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-33654.
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During the last part of the 20th century many companies has started to build their organizations on knowledge and information instead of manufacturing of products. Today it is easier to communicate and spread information. At the same time the numbers of untraditional employments like temporary employments and workers from staffing agencies are increasing. Many organizations have higher employee turnover now than before. This allows more people to have access to confidential information, whose spreading might cause great damage for the employer. This essay aims to look into the protection of confidential information for the client against offenses from staffing agency workers that are working within the clients’ organization. Protection of confidential information is included in the duty of loyalty in terms of confidentiality, protection of trade secrets and competition clauses. Duty of loyalty lies within the employment contract between the agency employer and the staffing agency. Therefore the agency employer has no duty to be loyal against the client. For the agency worker to be able to perform the required work duties he or she might be provided with confidential information. Spreading of this information could cause damage for the client. Can the rules of justice that regulates duty of loyalty be applied on the relationship between the client and the agency worker? What are the consequences of the rules that exist today? This essay is written with a juridical method and with sociology of law perspective. Other parts of the duty of loyalty is not included as well as the duty of loyalty for the employer. The conclusion is that the staffing agency is responsible for indemnity towards the client if an agency employer reviles confidential information about the clients’ organization. Some rules of justice can be interpreted as an expression that duty of loyalty lays between the client and the agency worker. For example, the agency worker is bound by confidentiality in terms of the conditions at the clients’ organization. Suggestions of changes in the regulations about protection of confidential information will force the agency worker to pay indemnity to the client if he or she reviles confidential information. In staffing agencies there are twice as many immigrants than in the regular labor market. The rules of duty of loyalty can contribute to a holdback for immigrants that are working in staffing agencies. Immigrants will be at bigger risk of standing outside the general labor market than people born in Sweden because of static discrimination.Företag har under senare delen av 1900-talet gått från traditionell varuproduktion till att allt mer bygga sin verksamhet på information och kunskap. Den tekniska utvecklingen har gjort det lättare att överföra och sprida kunskap i samhället vilket ökar sårbarheten hos företagen. Icke- traditionella anställningar såsom tidsbegränsade anställningar och inhyrd arbetskraft ökar och företag har en högre personalomsättning nu än tidigare. Fler personer får tillgång till företagsspecifik information och spridning av den skulle kunna skada arbetsgivaren. I min uppsats undersöker jag skyddet av hemlig information för arbetsgivare som hyr in arbetskraft från ett personaluthyrningsföretag. Skydd för hemlig information ingår i den så kallade lojalitetsplikten i form av tystnadsplikt, skydd för företagshemlighet och konkurrensklausuler. Lojalitetplikt föreligger i anställningsavtalet mellan uthyrd arbetstagare och uthyrningsföretaget men arbetstagarens arbetsprestation utförs hos kunden. Kan regleringar kring lojalitetsplikt tillämpas på förhållandet mellan kund och inhyrd arbetstagare? Vad blir konsekvenserna av de regler som finns idag? Uppsatsen är skriven med juridisk metod som har sin utgångspunkt i rättskälleläran samt med rättssociologisk angreppssätt. Andra delar av lojalitetsplikt såsom upplysningsskyldighet, bisysslor eller kritikrätt behandlas inte i uppsatsen, ej heller lojalitetsplikt för arbetsgivaren. Slutsatsen är att uthyrningsföretaget står för den uthyrde arbetstagarens handlingar mot kundföretaget eftersom det föreligger lojalitetsförpliktelser i uthyrningsavtalet mellan kund och uthyrare. Uthyraren står för exempelvis skadestånd om en arbetstagare röjer eller utnyttjar en företagshemlighet hos kunden. Vissa regleringar ger uttryck för att det föreligger lojalitetsplikt mellan kund och inhyrd arbetstagare. Exempelvis är den uthyrda arbetstagaren bunden av tystnadsplikt vad det gäller förhållanden hos kunden. I ett förslag från regeringen på kommande ändringar i lagstiftningen kommer den inhyrde arbetstagaren bli direkt skadeståndsansvarig vid röjande eller utnyttjande av företagshemlighet hos kunden. I uthyrningsbranschen finns dubbelt så stor andel utlandsfödda arbetstagare som på arbetsmarknaden generellt. På grund av hur regleringen kring lojalitetsplikt ser ut idag kan den bidra till inlåsningseffekter för utlandsfödda arbetstagare som arbetar i uthyrningsbranschen. Skilda villkor för svensk- och utlandsfödda såsom statisk diskriminering på arbetsmarknaden gör att utlandsfödda arbetstagare löper större risk än svenskfödda arbetstagare att få stå utanför den traditionella arbetsmarknaden.
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Feng, Xiangnan. "How will RFID influence the retail environment in New Zealand? an investigation of the views of the retail sector : a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Computer and Information Sciences (MCIS), 2009 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/782.
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Nabuco, de Araujo Rodrigo. "Conquête des esprits et commerce des armes : la diplomatie militaire française au Brésil (1945-1974)." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690336.
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Les relations internationales du Brésil sont marquées par l'omniprésence états-unienne. Nous proposons ici de déconstruire en partie cette perspective, à l'appui d'archives inédites issues des ministères français des Affaires étrangères et de la Défense. Durant les années 50, 60 et 70, la France a envoyé ses plus grands spécialistes du renseignement au Brésil. Issus d'horizons politiques très différents, ces hommes ont assuré le transfert des doctrines coloniales de l'armée française vers l'armée brésilienne mais ils ont aussi créé des débouchés pour les industries françaises reconstituées dans l'après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En moins de vingt ans, l'armée française a entièrement remodelé la perception que les militaires brésiliens avaient de leur rôle. La technologie exportée n'était pas uniquement matérielle ; politique, elle a permis la construction d'un nouvel édifice militaire, fondé sur le principe de la guerre anti-subversive, sur l'action des services de renseignement et sur l'hégémonie des groupes industriels liés à l'armement. En ce sens, la France a largement contribué à ce que l'armée brésilienne atteigne son autonomie stratégique. Pourtant, sa technologie n'a pas apporté que des résultats positifs. Bien au contraire, à l'instar des guerres menées par l'armée française dans les colonies, la guerre anti-subversive au Brésil a refondu la société brésilienne.
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Ferreira, Noemy Stracieri. "Proteção jurídica da inovação tecnológica no comércio internacional e no direito comparado : internalização destes institutos jurídicos pelo direito brasileiro /." Franca : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89908.
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Orientador: Jete Jane FioratiBanca: Elisabete Maniglia
Banca: Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura
Resumo: O presente estudo iniciou-se com análise de legislações domésticas que contribuíram para a formação do Primeiro Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual, inaugurado com a Convenção de Paris de 1883. Tal fase objetivou extrair os verdadeiros paradigmas que sustentam os Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, bem como apontar a importância da inovação tecnológica enquanto bem juridicamente valorado pela sociedade. Após tal análise, passou-se ao estudo do Primeiro Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual, onde foram abordados todos os Tratados, Acordos e Convenções Internacionais que objetivaram proteger o potencial criativo e as inovações tecnológicas sob os auspícios da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual (OMPI). Em seguida, sob uma perspectiva histórica, foram analisados os fatores sociais, políticos e econômicos que contribuíram para o fim do Primeiro Regime e o início do Novo Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual. Dentre os denominadores apontados, recebeu destaque o fenômeno de internacionalização do comércio, o qual passou a gerar efeitos a partir de meados dos anos 70 (setenta). Finda tal etapa, analisou-se o Novo Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual, cujo marco inicial é o Anexo 1.C. do Acordo Constitutivo da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) de 1994. Tal Anexo é conhecido pelo nome de TRIPS (Treaty Related Aspects of Intellectual Property). A mudança de Regime foi estudada sob a perspectiva da modificação dos princípios sob os quais se estruturou o Primeiro Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual. Neste ponto, concluiuse que o principal marco de ruptura foi a inserção dos princípios de livre-concorrência dentre os princípios que disciplinavam a matéria desde a Convenção de Paris de 1883. Outro fator de ruptura foi a inclusão do tema "Propriedade Intelectual" nas matérias...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Resumen: El presente estudio se inició con análisis de legislaciones domésticas que contribuyeron para la formación del "Primer Régimen Internacional de Propiedad Intelectual", inaugurado con lo Convenio de Paris de 1883. Dicha fase tuvo como objetivo extraer los verdaderos paradigmas que sostienen los Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, bien como apuntar la importancia de la innovación tecnológica como un bien juridicamente valorado por la sociedad. Después de este análisis, se pasó al estudio del Primer Régimen Internacional de Propiedad Intelectual, donde fueron abordados todos los Tratados, Arreglos y Convenciones Internacionales que tenían como objetivo proteger el potencial creativo y las innovaciones tecnológicas bajo los auspícios de la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI). En seguida, bajo una perspectiva histórica, fueron analizados los hechos sociales, políticos y económicos que contribuyeron para el fin del Primer Régimen y el início del Nuevo Régimen Internacional de Propiedad Intelectual. Entre los denominadores apuntados, recibió especial atención el fenómeno de internacionalización del comércio, el cual pasó a generar efectos a partir de mediados de los años 70 (setenta). Terminada tal etapa, se analisó el Nuevo Régimen Internacional de Propiedad Intelectual, cuyo marco inicial es el Anexo 1.C. del Acuerdo Constitutivo de la Organización Mundial del Comércio (OMC) de 1994. Tal Anexo es conocido por el nombre de ADPIC (Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio). El cambio de Régimen fue estudiado bajo la perspectiva de la modificación de los princípios bajo los cuales se estructuró el Primer Régimen Internacional de Propiedade Intelectual. En este punto, se concluyó que el principal marco de ruptura fue la inserción de los princípios de libre competencia entre los princípios que disciplinaban la materia desde lo Convenio de Paris de 1883...
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Pool, Estelle. "Insider trading : has legislation been successful?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6172.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research report reviews South African and international legislation aimed at preventing insider trading and provides an overview of the successful criminal and civil proceedings taken against insiders. It highlights the possible preventative measures South African companies and legislature can take to reduce insider trading. The United States of America is one of the few countries that had successfully implemented legislation prohibiting insider trading prior to the 1990s. Most countries, including South Africa, only implemented legislation prohibiting insider trading in the late 1990s. Due to apartheid and sanctions against South Africa, the JSE has built up a legacy of being an insider's haven. The Directorate of Market Abuse has the task of transforming this legacy to restore investors' confidence in the market in order to promote economic growth. The success of the legislation is firstly measured by the knowledge the market has gained relating to insider trading since the implementation of the legislation. According to the South African market, insider trading is unethical, but 22% of the participants in the G:cnesis survey still believe that it is an acceptable practice in the South African market. South African companies therefore need to educate their employees and take preventative measures to reduce insider trading in order to erode this culture. Insider trading can only be prevented and reduced if legislation is enforced. Globally, few legal criminal proceedings have been successful, therefore legislation in most countries makes provision for civil remedies. As the burden of proof in a civil legal proceeding is only on "a balance of probabilities", civil proceedings against insiders have been successful. In South Africa, the majority of cases referred for civil legal action have been settled out of court by the alleged insider without admitting guilt to a criminal offence. The South African legislation regulating insider trading in the market is aligned with legislation globally. South Africa's future challenges are to maintain the initial success achieved in reducing insider trading. The establishment of a specific court specialising in financial crime and monitoring specific changes to legislation could increase the possibility of future success.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die projek ondersoek die Suid-Afikaanse en internasionale wetgewing teen binnehandel. Verder word die suksesvolle kriminele en siviele verrigtinge teen diegene wat hulle aan binnehandel skuldig maak onder die soeklig geplaas. Die projek beklemtoon die moontlike voorkomingsmaatreels wat Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappye en regslui kan implementeer om moontlike toekomstige binnehandel te bekamp. Die Verenigde State van Amerika is een van die min lande wat reeds voor die 1990s wetgewing teen binnehandel suksesvol geimplementeer bet. Ander lande, insluitend Suid-Afrika, het eers in die laat 1990s wetgewing teen binnehandel geproklameer. Apartheid en sanksies teen Suid-Afrika het 'n nalatenskap van vrye binnehandel op die JSE gelaat. Dit is die taak van die Direktoraat van Markmisbruik om hierdie nalatenskap uit te wis, sodat beleggersvertroue in die mark herstel kan word, wat weer tot ekonomiese groei sal lei. Een van die maatstawwe om die sukses van die wetgewing te meet, is om te bepaal hoeveel kennis die finansiele gemeenskap sedert die implementering van die nuwe wetgewing ingewin het. Volgens die finansiele gemeenskap is binnehandel oneties, maar 22% van die deelnemers aan die G:encsis-opname glo dat binnehandel wel in Suid-Afrika aanvaarbaar is. Daarom moet Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappye hulle werknemers se kennis oor binnehandel verbreed en ander voorkomende maatreels in plek stel om die kultuur van binnehandel te elimineer. Binnebandel kan slegs voorkom en verminder word indien wetgewing geimplementeer word. Relatief min kriminele sake teen binnehandel lei tot skuldigbevinding, maar plaaslike en internasionale wetgewing maak voorsiening vir siviele aksies. In 'n siviele hofsaak moet ingediende bewyse slegs na alle waarskynlikheid die skuld van die oortreder bewys, wat suksesvolle siviele vervolging moontlik maak. Die meerderheid siviele sake in Suid-Afrika word buite die bar geskik sonder dat die aangeklaagde skuld aan 'n kriminele daad erken. Die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing is in lyn met internasionale standaarde. Suid-Afrika staar verskeie uitdagings in die gesig ten opsigte van die handhawing van die huidige suksesvolle bekamping van binnehandel. Die moontlike totstandkoming van 'n spesiale hof, wat slegs finansiele verwante oortredings aanhoor en veranderings aan die wetgewing kontroleer, kan bydra tot die toekomstige sukses van die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing.
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Yücel, Aysun. "Balansgången mellan skydd av personlig integritet och skydd för företagshemligheter : Med särskilt fokus på forskning om AI-teknik inom sjukvård." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-171563.
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Sammanfattning Vi lever i en alltmer digitaliserad värld där utvecklad teknik kan bidra till att lösa flertalet samhällsproblem. Till exempel är intresset av avancerad AI-teknik inom sjukvård alltmer efterfrågat. AI-teknik har stor potential att stödja sjukvårdspersonal och individer, förkorta köer och förbättra vården. Tekniken bygger på insamlandet av stora mängder data som ska programmeras till att härma intelligent beteende. Åtskilliga känsliga personuppgifter behandlas i och med insamlandet av denna data. Inom ramen för den pågående debatten om personlig integritet skapas samtidigt en potentiell konfliktyta där företagshemligheter riskerar att avslöjas när information lämnas ut vid utövandet av enskildas dataskyddsrättigheter. Konfliktytan aktualiseras till exempel om registerutdraget inkluderar delar av företags affärsplaner, arbetsmetodik och teknikens uppbyggnad. Ett annat exempel rör systematiskt utlämnande av personuppgifter efter begäran från en mängd registrerade, där sammanställningen i sig kan betraktas som företagshemligheter. Hur ser gränsdragningen ut för dessa motstående intressen? Hur förhåller man sig till balansgången mellan skydd av personlig integritet och skydd för företagshemligheter? En adekvat intresseavvägning möjliggör för företag att skydda företagshemligheter samtidigt som enskildas personliga integritet inte äventyras. Hur denna intresseavvägning ska se ut är dock fortfarande oklart, vilket ligger till grund för denna uppsats.Abstract We live in an increasingly digitized world where technology can help solve many societal challenges. For example, the interest in advanced AI technology in healthcare is increasingly in demand. AI technology has great potential to support healthcare professionals as well as individuals, shorten queues and improve healthcare. The technology is based on the collection of large amounts of data to be programmed to mimic intelligent behaviour. A great number of sensitive personal data are processed when such data is collected. Within the framework of the ongoing debate on personal integrity, a potential conflict area arises at the same time, where trade secrets risk being disclosed while information is provided as individual data protection rights are exercised. The conflict area is raised, for instance, in cases where the register extract includes parts of the company’s business plans, work methodology and the structure of the technology. Another example concerns systematic disclosure of personal data upon request from a great number of registered persons, where the compilation itself can be regarded as trade secrets. What will the boundaries of these opposing interests be like? How does one relate to the balance between the protection of privacy and the protection of trade secrets? An adequate balance of interests enables companies to protect trade secrets while not compromising individual privacy. However, how this balance of interests should be framed is still unclear, which has given rise to this thesis.
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Zacher, Benedikt. "Risikobewusstes Wissensmanagement in Technologiekooperationen : theoretische Grundlagen und Realisierungsmöglichkeiten /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/ilmenau/toc/559215711.PDF.
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Sanderson, Ellinor. "Arbetsgivares skydd mot arbetstagares utnyttjande av företagshemligheter från tidigare anställning." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-24024.
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I ett kunskapsföretag besitter anställda kunskap om företagets hemligheter genom sin anställning. Denna kunskap utgör en väsentlig tillgång i företaget och stärker företagets konkurrensförmåga på marknaden, vilket ökar behovet av ett starkt skydd för företagshemligheter. Problematiken uppstår när anställda lämnar sin anställning och tar med sig den hemliga informationen till sin nya arbetsgivare och utnyttjar den där. När anställda konkurrerar med sin tidigare arbetsgivare får den arbetsrättsliga lojalitetsplikten väsentlig betydelse. Utgångspunkten är att anställda inte är bundna av lojalitetsplikten när anställningen upphör, vilket innebär att anställda är fria att utnyttja kunskap, erfarenhet och skicklighet som förvärvats under anställningen. Detta innebär att anställda inte kan ställas till ansvar efter anställningens upphörande, förutom i vissa fall då det enligt lagen (1990:409) om skydd för företagshemligheter (FHL) föreligger ”synnerliga skäl”. Avtal mellan parterna kan därför få en avgörande betydelse för arbetsgivares skydd. En godtroende ny arbetsgivare kan själv bli skadeståndsansvarig om en nyanställd, i sin nya anställning, missbrukar tidigare arbetsgivares företagshemligheter. Frågan som uppsatsen behandlar är huruvida den nya arbetsgivaren kan skydda sig mot detta. Slutsatsen är att FHL:s sanktionssystem och den arbetsrättsliga lojalitetsplikten är en ny arbetsgivares främsta skydd. Risken för en ny arbetsgivare att drabbas av skadestånd enligt FHL är överhängande när en anställd missbrukat tidigare arbetsgivares företagshemligheter i den nya verksamheten. I förebyggande syfte kan en ny arbetsgivare vidta åtgärder, t.ex. klargöra för anställda om sanktionssystemets innebörd och om arbetsgivarens egen inställning. Med anledning av KOM(2013) 813 och lagrådsremissen den 12 december 2013 kan en ny arbetsgivares skydd komma att förstärkas.In a knowledge based company employees possess knowledge of the company’s secrets through their employment. This knowledge constitutes an essential asset of the company and strengthens its competitive position on the market, which increases the need for strong protection of trade secrets. The problem arises when employees terminate their employment and bring trade secrets to their new employer and exploit it there. When employees compete with their previous employer, the labour law duty of loyalty is essential. The starting point is that employees are not bound by the duty of loyalty when the employment is terminated, which implies that employees are free to utilize the knowledge, experience and skills acquired during their employment. This means that employees can not be held liable under the Act on the Protection of Trade Secrets (“the Act”) after the termination of the employment, except from “extraordinary reasons”. Contracts may therefore be vital for employers’ protection. A new employer in good faith can be held liable for damages if the new employee during the new employment abuses the previous employer’s trade secrets. The question that this thesis addresses is whether the new employer can protect himself/herself against this. The conclusion is that the Act’s system of sanctions and the labour law duty of loyalty is a new employer’s primary protection. The risk for a new employer to suffer damages under the Act is imminent when an employee has abused previous employer’s trade secrets in the new business. The new employer can take measures for preventive purposes, for example to clarify to employees the meaning of the system of sanctions and the employer’s own position. COM(2013) 813 and the proposal for new legislation referred to the Swedish Council on Legislation (December 12, 2013) may enhance a new employer’s protection.
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Bredeby, Rickard. "Analysis of Copula Opinion Pooling with Applications to Quantitative Portfolio Management." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168200.
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In 2005 Attilio Meucci presented his article Beyond Black-Litterman: Views on Non-Normal Markets which introduces the copula opinion pooling approach using generic non-normal market assumptions. Copulas and opinion pooling are used to express views on the market which provides a posterior market distribution that smoothly blends an arbitrarily distributed market prior distribution with arbitrarily chosen views. This thesis explains how to use this method in practice and investigates its performance in different investment situations. The method is tested on three portfolios, each showing some different feature. The conclusions that can be drawn are e.g. that the method can be used in many different investment situations in many different ways, implementation and calculations can be made within a few seconds for a large data set and the method could be useful for portfolio managers using mathematical methods. The presented examples together with the method generate reasonable results.
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張雯吉. "論企業商業秘密權與自由擇業權的衝突與平衡 :以競業禁止為研究視角 = A discussion on the conflicts and balances between the right of the commercial secrets and the right of freedom in choosing a job : based on the "non compete aggrement"." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3950703.
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Estrada, Cuadras Albert. "Dogmática jurídica de los delitos de violación de secreto empresarial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/323082.
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El objetivo de la investigación es determinar las conductas penalmente típicas de violación de secreto empresarial de forma axiológicamente coherente, comprensible y verificable. Por ello, en primer lugar, se hacen explícitas las premisas metodológicas y político-criminales de las que se parte, así como el concepto material de delito que se deriva de ellas. Seguidamente, se determina el bien jurídico-penal considerado protegido por los tipos estudiados, el concepto jurídico-penal de secreto empresarial y los criterios de reconocimiento jurídico-privado de pretensiones de exclusión sobre el mismo. A continuación, se procede a la concreción de las conductas penalmente relevantes de espionaje industrial, de disposición desleal y de extensión desleal de secreto empresarial. Por último, se determinan las consecuencias penológicas de los diferentes grados de lesividad que presentan, desde una perspectiva ex post, las conductas penalmente típicas de violación de secreto empresarial.This work aims at establishing the scope of the Spanish trade secret crimes in an axiological coherent, understandable and verifiable manner. Therefore, first of all, the methodological and criminal policy premises are made explicit, as well as the substantive concept of crime that the author assumes. After that it is determined the legal interest which, according to those premises, those crimes would harm. The definition of the criminal concept of trade secret and the identification of the criteria to allocate confidentiality rights come next. After that it is established the kind of behaviour that constitutes the spionage crime, the unfair disclosure crime and the unfair spreading of the former trade secret violation crime. Finally, it is proposed that the punishment imposed reflects the amount of harm caused with the particular trade secret violation, taking into account an ex post perspective.
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Garinot, Jean-Marie. "Le secret des affaires." Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOD007.
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En dépit de son importance pratique, le secret des affaires n’est guère pris en compte par le droit français. Bien que mentionné par quelques textes épars, il ne peut être qualifié de notion juridique. Face aux lacunes de notre législation, les tribunaux sont contraints d’appliquer le droit commun pour protéger les informations économiques sensibles : or, l’article 1382 du Code civil, comme les textes réprimant le vol et le recel, ne sont pas adaptés. Pourtant, comme en témoignent certains systèmes juridiques étrangers, la protection du secret est nécessaire ; il convient donc d’en rechercher les fondements. Bien que justifiée, la sauvegarde des renseignements confidentiels doit toutefois être conciliée avec les autres intérêts en présence, tels que les droits particuliers à l’information, les principes directeurs du procès, la transparence financière ou encore la liberté du travail. Le but de cette étude est donc de cerner la notion de secret des affaires, puis de proposer des modalités de protection, en respectant les intérêts des tiersDespite its practical relevance, business secrecy remains barely recognized under French law. Even if various texts refer to that concept, it cannot be considered as a legal concept under French law. In order to face the defects of our law, courts are bound to apply ordinary law to guarantee the protection of sensitive business information. However, applying article 1382 of the French civil code (torts) as well as referring to the concepts of robbery or handling (criminal law) are inappropriate solutions. Nevertheless, some foreign legal systems have demonstrated that protecting business secrecy was necessary. Therefore, our study will seek the grounds of that need for protection. Protecting confidential data, although justified, must be compatible with other key principles: individual rights to information, civil trial practice standards, financial transparency or freedom of work. Thus, the purpose of that study is to delimitate the concept of business secrecy before suggesting new measures to protect it while preserving third parties beneficiaries
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Rouquié, Salomé. "Étude comparative de la lutte contre la contrefaçon en droit français et anglais." Thesis, Paris 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA020007.
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D’après le rapport 2019 de l’OCDE et de l’OUEPI, la contrefaçon représente 3,3 % du commerce international et 6,8% des importations de l’Union européenne. Cette activité illicite infiltre l’ensemble de l’économie mondiale, en n’épargnant aucun secteur d’activité et ses bénéfices constituent la première source de revenus des organisations criminelles. Face à ce fléau, une amélioration du dispositif juridique national et européen s’impose. Une démarche comparatiste, menée à partir d’une analyse approfondie des droits français et anglais, conduit à porter un regard critique sur les règles actuelles en matière de lutte contre la contrefaçon, ainsi qu’à proposer des pistes d’amélioration. Au stade de l’identification des éléments constitutifs de ce délit civil, s’inspirer du modèle anglais pour abandonner la classification traditionnelle des droits de propriété intellectuelle proposée par la doctrine française ouvre la voie à de nouveaux rapprochements et permet de renforcer l’objectivité des qualifications juridiques. Cette méthode d’analyse met aussi en lumière les stratégies procédurales des justiciables afin d’accroître leurs chances de succès devant les tribunaux. Elle conduit à en dénoncer les dérives dans la jurisprudence française. Ainsi, le concept de parasitisme, tel qu’il est mis en œuvre par nos juridictions, apparaît délimité de façon moins rigoureuse que le « tort of passing off » élaboré par les magistrats anglais. La comparaison franco-britannique invite enfin à envisager le secret des affaires comme un instrument privilégié de lutte contre la contrefaçon, auquel les entreprises françaises devraient être incitées à recourir, en association ou en substitution aux droits privatifs. Alors que les droits français et anglais convergent sur le rôle central dévolu aux douanes au stade de la sanction de la contrefaçon, ils divergent sur l’organisation judiciaire. La comparaison entre les deux systèmes nous incite à proposer, sur le modèle anglais, des juridictions spécialisées dans la défense des droits de propriété intellectuelle, la création d’un corps de magistrats dédié, une nouvelle répartition des dépens entre les parties et l’introduction des dommages et intérêts punitifs. Par ailleurs, convaincue de l’importance de l’harmonisation européenne pour l’instauration d’un dispositif efficace de sanction et de dissuasion à l’encontre des contrefacteurs, nous nous interrogerons sur les conséquences du Brexit. Toutefois, pour les juristes anglais et français, on doit constater la complexité de contrer la contrefaçon et ses conséquences économiques. Nous rechercherons les raisons essentielles de ces difficultés en envisageant la contrefaçon de chaque droit de propriété intellectuelle. Notre objectif est de mettre en exergue le caractère polymorphe de ce phénomène qui rend d?autant plus difficile l'appréhension de l'élément matériel par les magistrats français et anglaisA 2019 report by the OECD and the EUIPO estimates that counterfeiting accounts for 3.3% of world trade and 6.8% of European Union imports. Today, this illicit activity pervades the entire lawful economy, sparing no sector, and its profits are the primary income source for criminal organisations. In light of this, it is essential that improvements are made to the national and European legal framework. By taking a comparative approach to French and English law, a critical eye can be cast on the current regulations and proposals can be developed. When identifying the main components of this tort, by not retaining – like English jurists – the doctrinal classification of intellectual property rights, it is possible to draw new parallels and strengthen the objectivity of the classifications presented. This proposition also makes it possible to highlight the procedural strategies of litigants and to denounce certain tendencies by comparing the concept of parasitism with the tort of passing off. Based on the English approach, trade secrecy will also be considered as a privileged instrument, leading companies to favour it or to combine it with private rights. Similarly, during the presentation of the means of combatting counterfeiting, and having underlined the central role of the customs authorities, we will draw from the English judicial structure to propose a specialisation of our jurisdictions, the creation of a body of magistrates specialising in private law, a new allocation of costs and the introduction of punitive damages. Furthermore, convinced of the importance of European harmonisation in establishing an effective mechanism for sanctioning and deterring counterfeiters, we will examine the consequences of Brexit
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Quiniou, Matthieu. "Le contentieux du transfert de connaissances dans les relations entre l'Union européenne et la Chine." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020049.
Full textAbstract:
Face à la mutation des modalités des échanges internationaux et à l'accentuation du commerce de biens intellectuels entre entreprises de traditions différentes, des réajustements des modèles contractuels et un réordonnancement des modes de règlement des différends semblent inévitables. La nature juridique incertaine des connaissances secrètes, en Chine et dans l’Union européenne est un obstacle à la formalisation de leur transfert et par conséquent à la définit ion d’un cadre de résolution des différends adapté. Si les propositions de lois et de direct ive se multiplient pour définir cette notion et son régime, l’approche retenue est souvent limitée à la dimension délictuelle de la divulgation de la connaissance. La recherche menée, tout en tenant compte des atteintes portées au secret, se focalise principalement sur le transfert volontaire de connaissances. Pour répondre aux besoins des acteurs du commerce international, ces opérations ne peuvent plus être limitées aux seuls contrats de « communication de savoir - faire ». Si les notions de « bien intellectuel » et de « possession intellectuelle »permettent de justifier théoriquement d’autres formes contractuelles, les droits chinois et européen se réfèrent aux cessions et licences de connaissances. Ces opérations, souvent insérées dans un ensemble contractuel complexe et réalisées entre parties de cultures différentes,peuvent engendrer des différends variés. Lorsque ces différends apparaissent,le degré de confidentialité assuré devant les juridictions nationales étudiées ne permet pas de répondre aux attentes légitimes des parties. Les différences de cultures processuelles des parties et la culture chinoise du règlement amiable des différends invitent aussi à éviter le recours aux juridictions nationales. Les combinaisons entre médiat ion et arbitrage, par leur grande flexibilité procédurale, peuvent fournir un cadre de résolut ion adapté aux exigences tant économiques que culturelles des parties. Dans cet esprit, la thèse propose la mise en place d’un Règlement de M²arb avec un médiateur–expert, garant de la confidentialité du processus de résolut ion des différendsFacing the evolution of international trade and the development of intellectual proper ty trade between companies from different backgrounds, contractual model readjustments and a reordering of dispute resolution systems seems unavoidable. The unsettled legal status of secret knowledge in China and in the EU can be an obstacle to the formalization of their transfer and therefore inhibits the definition of a suitable framework for resolving disputes. Legislators and scholars are currently debating proposals of laws and directives to elaborate this concept and its regime, but only address issues liketor t and disclosure of secret information. Legal scholarship to date has mainly been focused on the voluntary transfer of knowledge and has taken intoaccount the damage caused to secrets. To meet the needs of business operators, these operations should not be limited to "know-how communication contracts” (contrats de communication de savoir - faire). The concepts of “ intellectual good” and " intellectual ownership" theoretically justifyother types of contracts, while Chinese and European laws refer to assignment and license of trade secret . These operations, often provided for in a complexs et of contracts between parties from different cultural backgrounds, can lead to a wide variety of disputes. When disputes occur, national courts do not always provide a level of protect ion of confidential information that meets parties’ expectations. Differences in procedural cultures as well as the Chinese culture of amicable dispute settlement prevent the parties from relying on national courts. The combinations between mediation and arbitration, by their procedural flexibility, can provide a suitable dispute resolution framework taking into account economic and cultural considerations. Therefore, this thesis proposes M² arb Rules that introduce a mediator-expert with a mission of securing knowledge confidentiality during the dispute resolution process
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Lin, Hui Jung, and 林慧蓉. "Trade Secrets on Internet." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79273397813398817126.
Full text
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Hsu, Wen-Ching, and 徐文慶. "A Study on Protection of Trade Secrets in Taiwan - Focusing on Trade Secrets Act." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mbe5ye.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
管理學院高階主管管理碩士學程
105
The domestic industry has gradually emerged from labor-intensive and transformed into capital and technology-intensive industries. The acquisition, accumulation, use and protection of intellectual property rights have been gradually improved. In intellectual property rights, the economic value of trade secrets depends on its own secret. Once the trade secret is leaked, the damage to the enterprise is irreversible. This shows the importance of trade secrets. However, the protection of trade secrets has its particular requirements. In order to understand the legislative spirit of the trade secret law and the whole picture of the relevant laws, this paper takes the trade secret law as the center to compare the development of the trade secret law of the advanced countries such as the United States, Germany and Japan. And to explore whether the legal environment in Taiwan is complete for the protection of trade secrets and whether the existing trade secrets law is sufficient to protect domestic enterprises. Early trade secrets must be based on a clear confidentiality contract; the trade secret owner can claim its power to protect the trade secret. This is the so-called contract law theory. With the continuous development of the concept of trade secret protection, and a new theory was put forward. Penalties are made by improper means of obtaining, possession, disclosure, and the use of the law of the tort of others. And then to the development of economic market competition to improve the starting point. Trade secrets to protect the object is not just to protect the owner of the trade secret itself, but for the public interest and limit the unfair way to undermine the object of fair competition to protect the business because of the secrets of business and the competitive advantage, the so-called unfair competition theory. And finally to the property theory that recognizes those trade secrets belong to intangible property or intellectual property rights and must have the same economic value and legal significance as tangible property, and thus should give trade secret property rights and ensure that the owner's trade secrets are legally guaranteed. In addition to discussing the trade secret law, this article also discusses other domestic laws and regulations related to the protection of trade secrets, including civil law, labor benchmark law, criminal law, fair trade law and corporate law, a comprehensive way to inventory the domestic protection of trade secrets Objective environment. Keywords: Trade Secrets Act, Economic Espionage Law, Non-competition, Civil Code, Criminal Code, Labor Standards Act, Fair Trade Act, Company Act, Leakage of Trade Secrets, Breach of Trust, Penalty for damages
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Wang, Yi-Yun, and 王怡云. "Trade Secrets and Unfair Competitions." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46654375539915259963.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
102
For protecting trade secrets, most countries with civil law system set special chapters for it in the antitrust law, and others with common law system have the independent law or act. Taiwan, as the country with the civil law system, had learned the Uniform Trade Secret Act of United States to establish the independent Trade Secrets Act because of the pressure from the negotiation with United States at that time, although there was already the Fair Trade Act enforced. The Trade Secrets Act was then added the criminal penalties on January 30, 2013. The situation that the Fair Trade Act and the Trade Secrets Act are both enforced makes so many problems to be solved. To summarize this thesis, I think it is not proper for Taiwan to have the independent Trade Secrets Act and even have added the criminal penalties. To be more detailed, the Amendment of the Trade Secrets Act with criminal penalties in Taiwan is referred to the Economic Espionage Act of United States. The Economic Espionage Act was legislated in 1996 to protect the intellectual properties of privacy enterprises by the governmental right. It was amended on 2012 and also 2014 to expand the protection categories and increase the limited amount of the fines, and the amendments were showed the determination of the US government. The Amendments of Trade Secrets Act in Taiwan was not just to add the criminal penalties, but also have the rules that would be punished more if using other enterprises’ trade secrets outside the Taiwan. The articles in the Amendment were designed following the Economic Espionage Act of United States, but the models and the legislation meanings were not similar to it. Moreover, the wordings in the Amendment are not accurate. Comparing to the existed regulations in the civil law system, there may be disputes when using the articles. Now for solving this odd situation that the similar protecting trade secrets content is booth in the Trade Secrets Act and the Fair Trade Act because of the maybe wrong legislation in the beginning, the Fair Trade Commission has proposed and the proposal is already passed the first reading in the Legislation Yuan to remove the Paragraph 5 of Article 19 in the Fair Trade Act about the protection of trade secrets. This is the only way trying to avoid this strange parallel acts situation and go back the regulations about protecting trade secrets only in the Trade Secrets Act.
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Morgado, João Miguel Calhó Freire. "Trade secrets and advertising : how does the uniform trade secrets act affects companies' advertising expenditure?" Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/13830.
Full textAbstract:
This study analyzes the impact of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) on firm
advertising expenses. From a theoretical point of view, UTSA may have both positive and
negative effects on advertising expenditure. To understand which effect prevails, I
estimated a difference-in-difference model with data for public companies from 1979 to
2000 retrieved from the Compustat database. I find the negative effect to be predominant.
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Lin, Yi-Min, and 林益民. "Damages for the Misappropriation of Trade Secrets." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/eb8vr5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
106
Owing to the intangibility and non-exclusivity, the misappropriation of trade secrets does not necessarily accompany the tranfer of property or benefits of use. Therefore, the damages could not be easily calculated. The calculating methods stipulated in Article 13 of Trade Secrets Act seem to be definite at first glance, however, the relation between each method is not clear. Furthermore, the Article stipulates that “party may choose any of the following provisions”, and there is no method reasonable royalty, both of which lead to questions in the application. Trade secret are not registered in public domain as patent, and thus it is hard to identify the causation between the misappropriation and damages. The practice in our country rarely discussed the aforesaid problems either. By comparing the trade secrets regulations in the United States, this thesis aims to point out the problem in our legal system. Furthermore, by studying trade secrets cases in Taiwan, this thesis exams the issues in our courts’ practice, and further integrate the theory into practice. At last, this thesis also interviews professionals in the industry, and provide useful and practical suggestions for future law amendment to protect trade secrets, maintain industrial ethics and order in competition.
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Tsai, Yu-Tai, and 蔡雨泰. "Non-competition and Preliminary Injunctions in view of Trade Secret Infringement." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mcyg9z.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
事業經營法務碩士在職學位學程
107
Taiwan develops high-tech industry for decades. High-tech industry is a research and development-intensive industry, so it costs a lot of money for investment. The product life of high-tech products is short, and the market is highly competitive. For protecting Taiwan economic development, we should focus on protecting trade secrets. It’s not uncommon that many companies get trade secrets illegally in high-tech industry. When the trade secrets are used in an improper way by the others, the trade secrets owners will get huge losses. In addition, the economic value of the trade secrets is often difficult to calculate, and it takes long time to sue for reasonable damages. We should focus on taking some preventive measures against misappropriating trade secrets. For example, by signing non-disclosure agreements and non-competition clauses, and taking security measures etc.. Even if it is unfortunately that the trade secrets owner involved in the dispute of trade secrets, they should carry the burden of proof, and confirm what kind of information is a trade secret, whether the enterprise has done reasonable and reasonable security measures, and the evidence of the violations to improve the chances of winning the lawsuit. However, in dealing with the validity of the non-competition clause, it’s necessary to consider about the company''s own business interests, and the right to work of the labor. It should be considered to balance the trade secrets of the employer with the labor rights. Therefore, in such cases, it is necessary to rely on the judge''s judgment to find the most appropriate balance point. In this thesis, we focus on the introduction of laws and regulations related to the protection of trade secrets in Taiwan, the legislative examples of trade secrets in other countries, the essence of non-competition clause and injunctions maintaining a temporary status, and the application in judicial practice. We use the journals and papers of scholars as the research argument to find the inadequacy of the current laws, the suggestions of how to amend laws, and find out the more effective method to protect trade secrets in high-tech industry.
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Cheng, Chieh-Hao, and 鄭介豪. "A Study on Corporate Fraud and Trade Secrets." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vzbp2a.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南臺科技大學
財經法律研究所
104
Over the past two years, the media exposed the different levels of professional managers and staff-level fraud, the amount of loss caused due to fraud also increased steadily in. From ACFE 2014 Global Fraud Study global survey of 1,483 cases found three common types of fraud risk, the risk of misappropriation of assets classes still tied for first place. "Corporate fraud and misconduct survey" survey in 2014 conducted by KPMG Taiwan also found that respondents company the next two years for fraud risks that may occur, steal confidential information or violation of a funding method (40%) and infringement of intellectual property rights (20%) Total more than 60 per cent, how to actively prevent fraud or a trade secret leakage seems to have become an important risk management issue one. This study analyzed, aggregated by major companies in recent years, incidents of fraud, fraud cases induction type, and focus on the protection of trade secrets, business secrets when analyzing risk management encountered. Extensive discussions whistleblower system, trade secret protection, insights and digital evidence related to the rule of law at home and abroad of judicial decisions. Meanwhile, to further explore the digital evidence relevant characteristics, evidence capability, and trade secret protection connected. And in 2013 against the former manager of Foxcom trade secrets case as an example of digital evidence organize court offense and defense, and made digital evidence and trade secret infringement remedies, and finally make recommendations for the gaps in the existing practice surface, for our government, business, academic, firms and other institutions related to fraud as a preventive, the detection, investigation and the responses and other information.
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Liao, Yi-Chun, and 廖奕淳. "Protection of Trade Secrets in Taiwan:Challenges and Breakthrough." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10524165837427916562.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
104
From perspective of substantive law, the difficulties for trade secret protection can be viewed from three aspects, that is, a trade secret subject matter, trade secret misappropriation, and liability of the perpetrator for trade secret infringement. First of all, elements of trade secrets are indefinite legal concepts. Moreover, whether information is qualified as a “trade secret” by courts is a question of fact. This thesis begins with a discussion of cases and legal theories in U.S in an attempt to provide as references of our practice. Secondly, it compares the Economic Espionage Act and the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, with Trade Secret Act amended in 2013 to impose criminal liability to trade secret infringement. Thus we can understand what kind of violations should regulate in the statutory law. Finally, it also discusses the liability for wrongfully perpetrating corporate competitor’s trade secrets. Illegal business who encourages or entices another to misappropriate other’s trade secrets, and then profits from the use, can be viewed as a primary wrongdoer, and is directly liable, not secondarily liable, for unlawful use. Through the discussion mentioned above, the purpose of the thesis is to construct responsibilities of theft of trade secret, and thereby to improve trade secret protection.
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Liang, WenChung, and 梁文中. "The Study of Trade Secrets and Non-competition." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63799771785750231672.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
法律學系
101
Our country, ROC, adopts special legislation to protect trade secrets and Trade Secrets Act has so far been implemented for more than 10 years (announced on January 17, 1996). What about its development in practice? Meanwhile, under the circumstances that our country hasn’t legislated particular laws for non-competition, what about the development of the relevant theories and practices? What are the relationship between trade secrets and non-competition? While studying the issue of trade secrets protection or non-competition, we can find that both of them seem can’t be separated completely, and can’t be treated as different issues. With the development tendency of society towards knowledge-based economy, enterprises use various methods to ensure the competitive advantage and to enhance or protect their own interests. The protection of trade secrets shall be one of them. Through the protection of trade secrets, companies can avoid any infringement of technical or commercial secrets, which they spend efforts, time and money on, caused by others to ensure their dominance in the field. In addition to the protective means for the trade secrets, enterprises may restrict employees’ rights and interests to achieve the purpose of restrictive competition, and non-competition clause is one of the examples. Enterprises impose restrictions on employees’ right-to-work to avoid the investment easily used by employees or others, such restrictions imposed by private law cause conflict with the constitution relating to the guarantee of the intention of the people's right-to-work, and it causes controversy over the practice and increases disputes between employers and employees. This paper mainly introduces the subjects of trade secrets and non-competition. It also counts the number of cases involving trade secrets and non-competition in recent years through the query system upon the web of Judicial Yuan, and tries to make an objective analysis. In addition to above method, the quantitative analysis of cognition and acceptance on the trade secret and non-competition of the general public will be investigated from questionnaire. Finally, the article will discuss and compare the above two groups of data. The last article will focus on the current improvement of legislation and practices and provide relevant recommendations after investigating the relationship between trade secrets and non-competition and its quantitative analysis.
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LEE, SZU-EN, and 李思恩. "LEGAL COVERAGE ON HI-TECH INDUSTRY TRADE SECRETS PROTECTION." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5ns3pc.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
105
The high-tech industry features intensive knowledge, intensive capital, high sunk cost, short product life cycle, high profit return, high growth rate and high risk, hence, it will be difficult to estimate the relevant loss once its trade secret is infringed or obtained by the competitors in improper means. In the Chapter 5, the statistics shows it was even lower proportion for the criminal judgments related to trade secret in favor of the plaintiffs in the second trial, after adding the criminal articles no. 13.1 to 13.4 in the Amendment of Trade Secret Act in 2013. Moreover, in recent years there have been more than 10 cases of commercial espionage or infringement of trade secrets to be prosecuted, the cases numbers did not reduce by compared with the numbers before this Amendment. Although this Amendment advantages the prosecution and investigation system to be involved in the infringement of trade secret as well as the evidence collection and protection, it was not much beneficial on reducing the infringement of trade secret. Owing to the Amendment of the Labor Standards Act in 2015, the norms of non-competition agreement are more specific. However, based on those cases indicated in the Chapter 5, even the leaving staff did not violate the non-competition agreement, it still existed the risk of leakage trade secret to the competitors by the staff after resignation. This situation reduces the function of the non-compete agreement. In this regard, the Chapter 6 suggests that criteria of the non-compete agreement should be judged with not only the "formality" but also the "substantiality” to proactively prevent the leaving staff from escaping the compliance with the non-competition agreement. According to the analysis in this thesis, it finds that the benefit of legal protection was limited in comparison with the financial loss due to the trade secret leakage to the competitors. The compensation from laws was not often enough to recover the loss of economic interests or market advantages. In order to protect the industry’s trade secret and reduce the business damage, the Chapter 7 provides the effective measures to help the industry clarifying the necessary measures, arranging the proper priority and further building an entire protection network. As such, the industry’s effort will not be in vain due to the leakage of trade secret; the innovation research and development results can be protected, and the marketing competitive advantage also can be promoted.
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CHEN, YU-LING, and 陳泑伶. "Application of the Elements of Stealing Digital Trade Secrets." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/edpt8w.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
107
Due to the rapid development of information technology, modern enterprises are able to store business secrets in computers, mobile storage devices and even the cloud by digitizing large amounts of data in order to achieve high efficiency, high convenience and low cost business operations. However, it is accompanied by the fact that these digital business secrets are under extremely high risk of leakage. Therefore, The Trade Secret Act of Taiwan added Article 13-1 in 2013 to regulate the behavioral patterns of four kinds of infringements of business secrets that may exist in the practice and to use criminal responsibility. It is hoped that this can be used to fill the gaps in the criminal law and achieve deterrence. The effect of the violation of business secrets. Although this amendment helps to fill the gaps in criminal law to regulate such crimes, it is based on the foreign law legislations such as the United States, Germany, and Japan at the beginning of the legislation, and it does not clarify the protection of criminal liability under the business secret law. There are many confusions about the requirements or the doubts about stacking the bed. In view of this, this article starts from the basic theory of protecting legal interests, and based on the nature of business secrets and the punitive nature of infringement of business secrets, it is considered that Article 13-1 of the Trade Secret Act should protect the personal property interests of individuals and accordingly Taiwan's practice discusses and analyzes the application of law in the case of stealing the digital business secret law, as a reference for the review and revision of the criminal norms of the Trade Secret Act of Taiwan.
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Rao, Jhuo-Ya, and 饒倬亞. "Research on the Criminal Norms of Trade Secrets Trespassing." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32268607804891518061.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
104
Trade secret law had been added criminal norm at 1 of Article 13 in 2013. Although there have more comprehensive protection of trade secrets, but it arised some new problems. For instance, what’s the criminal norm’s legally protected interest? Whether the scope of the elements of the crime are too excessive﹖what are the differences between trade secret law §13-1 and criminal law §317﹖ This article will focus on a basic question in the beginning: what’s secret? what are the differences among secret、private and the right to privacy? After the discussion about the differences between secret and privacy, We could conclude that the most important element of secret is based on “intentional hidden behavior”.After that, this article will set up the confidentiality system to analyse trade secret. The Confidential Secrets are professional、collective and have pledge of silence. The most different between Confidential Secrets and Pivacy is the personality element. Privacy is based on personality matters, but Confidential Secret could expand to All matters other than personality. When it comes to the “Reasonable Efforts to Maintain Secrecy”, it is one of the element of the trade secret. But it is very difficult to judge in the judicial practice. This article conclude that the “Reasonable Efforts to Maintain” must be complied with：intentional hidden behavior and Pledge of Silence. At last, this article analyzes the trade secret law Article 13of 1, and compares with Criminal Law Article 217。Trade Secret must have Competition System, it does not require current profit, as long as the future of, potential economic benefits can be.
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Chuang, Shu-chun, and 莊淑淳. "The Management of Trade Secrets in Business Organization:An Exploratory Study." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54583699904007056669.
Full textAbstract:
碩士靜宜大學
企業管理學系
90
In order to promote the competitiveness, the enterprises in the Republic of China recently concentrate their attention on the creation of technology and investment of R&D. The achievements and results, tangible or intangible, obtained from the process of R&D, are so called intellectual property. Patent Law, Trade Mark Law, IC Layout Protection Law and Copy Right Law protect the intellectual property. Some technology and information, however, are beyond the scope of the said Laws. For the purpose of rendering full and complete protection with respect to various types of intellectual property, the Republic of China enacted the “Trade Secret Act” on January 17, 1996 to cover the insufficiency and inadequacy of the existing legal system. Pursuant to the “Trade Secret Act”（hereinafter referred to “the Act”）,any information with three specific requirements, which are “non-generally knowing”, “with economic value” and “confidentiality” shall be defined as trade secrets. In this regard, the Act provides legal protection for important technology or industrial information in the event that the owner would not be willing to disclose the same to any party. The research concludes that, regarding the recognition and understanding of the concept of trade secrets, people in manufacturing industry are mush more aware of trade secrets than those in service industry. Further, based on the different characteristics and nature of industries, general electronic industry has the highest recognition of trade secrets and, on the contrary, the general service industry has the lowest; Regarding the type of existence of trade secrets, it could be divided technology secret and business secret consisting of six classifications and 54 items total. In addition, the factors such as “the characteristic and the attribute of industry”, “the business trade secrets” and “the technology trade secrets” will affect the consideration of type of existence and the management of trade secrets.
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WU, PEI-JUNG, and 吳佩蓉. "A Study on Criminal Conviction Rates of the Trade Secrets." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fq2dyk.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
智慧財產權研究所
107
Due to the rise of the concept of intellectual property, the Trade Secrets Acts in many countries have been amended many times. The Republic of China Trade Secret Act (hereinafter referred to as this Act) was promulgated in 1996. Some offenses are only punishable by criminal liablilties, such as Offenses of Larceny, breach of trust, or Against Privacy. In recent years, there are several cases which resigned employees are involved in trade secret infringements with their original companies. These trade secret infringement cases will affect important research and development achievements of industries and disrupt fair competitive orders, which are related to economic improvements and creation abilities, and case seriously damages to international competitiveness of our country. In order to strengthen trade secrets protections, maintain economic developments, fair competition orders and public interests, the Legislative Yuan amended this Act on January 30, 2013 and added provisions on criminal liabilities for infringements of trade secrets and aggravating criminal liabilities for extraterritorial uses. Although there are criminal penalties in this Act, the definition of the trade secrets elements is still unclear. It results in many disputes.Prosecutors Offices have difficulties in investigating and prosecuting and also make difficulties in trials. These make conviction rates for trade secret infringements that are not high enough to deter violations effectively. In this thesis, we will analyze the reasons for low conviction rates of the criminal penalties in this Act by evaluating trade secrets of other countries about legal norms and practices of criminal laws, and by analyzing the results of actual judgments with quantitative method in Taiwan. Finally, we will discuss how to improve criminal trade secret infringement conviction rates and propose adjustments of legal policies in Taiwan.
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Lai, Kuang-hao, and 賴光晧. "Legal Research on the Protection of Trade Secrets in China." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3b6d96.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
96
Since People’s Republic of China (PRC) became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), it has been demanded to abide by the legal restraints under Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which indicates that PRC shall commit itself to strictly complying with the rules of economic globalization. Therefore, PRC has no excuses but strengthening its protection to maintain a reasonable market economic order. Moreover, due to increment of economic globalization and intensification of market competition, trade secrets protection becomes more and more important in protecting enormous economic interests and maintaining core competence by various companies. Under the background of rules of WTO in this aspect and rapid economic development, trade secrets protection is gaining its attention by lots of people and companies. A thorough regime for protection of trade secrets is thus becoming a very important topic and theme in the PRC legal professional no matter in theory or in practice. The legal regime for protection of trade secrets in the PRC is based on the “Law of the People's Republic of China Against Unfair Competition”, together with relevant substantive and procedural aspects of civil, criminal, administrative laws, governmental regulations and judicial interpretation, forming a legal network of trade secrets protection. Hence, this essay tries to analyze systematically by collecting different laws and regulations stipulated in relation to trade secrets protection in order to help readers to understand the whole picture of PRC’s current trade secrets law regime. However, due to the fact that PRC does not have a specific trade secrets protection law in current stage, it is hard to avoid that there are some inconsistency and incompleteness of the laws and regulations in terms of protecting trade secrets. This essay not only recommends PRC to consider setting up an unified “Trade Secrets Protection law” in order to uniformly regulates legal issues on the protection of trade secrets, but also refers to Taiwanese and foreign legislations proposing some solid comments and suggestions, i.e. in terms of substantive laws, modification of compensation criteria and establishment of punitive damages in civil law, categorization of different types of misappropriation of trade secrets in criminal law; in terms of procedural laws, establishment of injunctive relief mechanism, or a similar confidentiality preservation order mechanism referring from Intellectual Property Case Adjudication Act of Taiwan, and establishment of compensation for trade secrets proprietors in administrative procedural laws, etc.. The purpose of this essay focuses on helping readers to understand PRC’s current legal regime on trade secrets protection and to point out the weakness and incompleteness of its legal framework by analyzing, comparing, commenting on trade secret protection laws of different regimes. This essay wishes to contribute its research works to legal professional of both academic and practical field, especially when academic researches on trade secrets and investment in the PRC of Taiwanese enterprises become more and more intensive.
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CHIU, CHUN-KAI, and 邱俊凱. "The Criminal Liabilities of Departing Employees with Trade Secret Misappropriation- Focus on Trade Secrets Act." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3n6yeg.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
105
Departing employees are often among the actors of trade secret misappropriation. With innovation in technologies and commerce, departing employees can easily jeopardize the competitive edge of the owner of trade secrets (for example, by using a flash drive to store trade secrets), and even harm the industry nationwide. Although the criminalization of trade secret theft began in 2013, and the Trade Secret Act of R.O.C has added criminal provisions for almost five years, such crime committed by departing employees has never stopped. Changes of the legal policy have been proposed by the Administration in 2017. For instance, as the industries advised, prosecution for extraterritorial misappropriation of trade secrets maybe instituted only upon a complaint, instead of as indictable crime. And the Prosecution Section shall also abide orders to preserve confidentiality of trade secrets. It has now become clear that the private sector has been a severe victim of trade secret theft. However, the criminalization efforts do not seem to deter such acts. Trade secret misappropriation is investigated by the Prosecution Section. However, under the principle of In Dubio Pro Reo, the injured party is burdened with providing evidence which may disclose trade secrets, and such burden is no lighter than that of civil cases. In merely proving the infringed object as the criminal object, the law requires: (a) It is not known to persons generally involved in the information of this type; (b) It has economic value, actual or potential, due to its secretive nature; (c) Its owner has taken reasonable measures to maintain its secrecy. This has been the primary sticking point to investigate, prosecute or rule cases of trade secret misappropriation. Moreover, the pressing need of the legal protection for trade secrets may have sacrificed a more thorough consideration on the criminal elements of such acts. The possibility of facing criminal charges may deter trade secret misappropriation, but it may not be powerful in protecting the leading edge of businesses. The aim of this thesis is to emphasize the protection of economic order and social legal interest as the core of criminal regulation in punishing impediment of fair competition. In terms of protecting trade secrets as personal possession, the legal provision of confidentiality and the non-competition clause shall play efficient roles. Furthermore, Article 11 of Trade Secret Act, which in practice can well serve as injunction, can be more effective in protecting trade secrets than criminal prosecution.