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1
SMRKE, Tina, and Vesna ZUPANC. "Deficitni princip namakanja vinske trte (Vitis vinifera L.) – pregled dosedanjih izkušenj in izhodišča za Slovenijo." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 111, no. 3 (December 12, 2018): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2018.111.3.18.
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Deficit irrigation is one of the most researched irrigation water management techniques for vines with many potential benefits for successful grape production. For optimal growth and grape quantity of individual variety, suitable water quantity over growing season should be provided. Due to more frequent droughts vine irrigation will be needed also in Slovenia. The principle of deficit irrigation is affecting vine growth and quality and quantity of the yield by adding smaller amount of water than optimal. Decreased vine growth (reduced growth of shoots, 15.5 % for 'Monastrell, reduced leaf area, reduced pruning mass), smaller berries, and thus yield quantity from 38 % to 57 % for ‘Monastrell’ and 24 % to 27 % for 'Tempranillo', respectively, improved berry composition (higher sugar and antocianin content, lower acid content), better water use efficiency, meaning higher yield per unit of added water, are expected. Most suitable method for deficit irrigation management of vines is by measuring plant water potential. For successful transfer of deficit irrigation in practice, good knowledge of critical growth stages of irrigated vine variety and its behavior in a certain environment is needed. Successful application of this irrigation method in practice will be possible only with financial and expert support.
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Soltekin, O., A. Güler, A. Candemir, A. Altındişli, and and A. Unal. "Response of (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Fantasy Seedless to water deficit treatments: Phenolic compounds and physiological activities." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501001.
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This paper describes an investigation on the effects of deficit irrigation treatments on phenolic compounds and physiological activities of Fantasy Seedless table grape variety. Research was conducted in Viticultural Research Institute of Manisa, located in Aegean Region of Turkey, during two consecutive years (2016–2017). Three irrigation treatments were assayed; namely full irrigation (T-F), deficit irrigations (T-35 and T-65). In T-F, soil water deficit in the 90 cm within the one week intervals was completed to the field capacity. T-35 and T-65 treatments received 35% and 65% of water applied to T-F. Sub-surface drip irrigation system was used in the research and soil water content was measured by MobiCheck probe while vine water status was monitored through midday leaf water potential before the irrigations. Results showed that water deficit treatments (T-35 and T-65) affected berry composition particularly individual phenolics [Gallic acid, (+)(−) Catechine, (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate, (−)-Epicatechin gallate, Caftaric acid, Chlorogenic acid, Caffeic acid, p-Coumeric acid, Ferulic acid, Sinapic acid, Trans-Resveratrol, Myricetin, Quercetin hydrate, Kaempferol, Oenin Chloride, Delphinidin Chloride, Cyanidin Chloride, Malvidin Chloride] differently. The highest Catechine content in the samples was obtained from T-65, T-35 and T-F treatments, respectively. Furthermore it was determined that DI treatments did not change the Myricetin and Quercetin hydrate contents in 2017. On the other hand minimum Ψmd value was observed from the T-35 treatment in both years. Last of all, our findings show a strong relationship between the amount of water and berry composition values especially individual phenolics which are benefical to health.
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Stevens, Rob M., Gordon Harvey, and Gerry Davies. "Separating the Effects of Foliar and Root Salt Uptake on Growth and Mineral Composition of Four Grapevine Cultivars on their Own Roots and on `Ramsey' Rootstock." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 3 (May 1996): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.3.569.
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The effect of foliar salt uptake on potted grapevine growth and ionic composition was investigated in a split plot trial. The main plot was a 2 × 2 factorial consisting of separately irrigating the roots and foliage with nonsaline or saline (25 mm NaCl) solutions. The subplot was a 4 × 2 factorial consisting of four grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars on their own roots or `Ramsey' (Vitis champini) rootstock. Saline foliar irrigation over 27 weeks reduced total vine growth by 14% while saline root irrigation had no effect. Leaf Na and Cl concentrations were elevated by saline foliar and saline root irrigation. The increases in concentrations with saline foliar irrigation were four times those with saline root irrigation. Leaf K concentration was reduced by saline foliar irrigation and increased by saline root irrigation. With saline irrigation of roots and foliage the Cl and Na levels were highest in the leaves of `Shiraz', but with saline irrigation of only the roots `Sultana' had the higher levels of leaf Cl and `Shiraz' the highest leaf Na. Saline foliar irrigation had no effect on the concentrations of Na, Cl, and K in the roots. In `Sultana', saline foliar irrigation did not affect the leaf concentrations of N, NO3-N, P, Mg, Zn, and Cu. It increased the leaf concentration of Fe, and decreased that of Mn. Rootstock modified the effect of salinity on Fe concentrations. The B concentration was decreased by saline irrigation of either the foliage or the roots, but not by saline irrigation of both. In roots, saline foliar irrigation increased B in own-rooted vines, but not in those on `Ramsey' rootstock.
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Ezzahouani, Aziz, Charles Valancogne, Paolo Pieri, T. Amalak, and Jean-Pierre Gaudillère. "Water economy by Italia grapevines under different irrigation treatments in a Mediterranean climate." OENO One 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2007.41.3.845.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: A study was conducted to compare traditional vineyard irrigation (TI) using one drip emitter per vine, and partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) using two drip emitters per vine (one per each vine side), at 2 rates of water application (controlled deficit (TI4 and PRD4) and non limiting (TI8 and PRD8)).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Individual vine transpiration and vine water status were estimated from sap flow measurements by a stem heat balance method and midday stem water potential. The quality of the harvest was not significantly changed by the treatments. However, the vegetative growth was lower for the low irrigation rate treatments (TI4 and PRD4) and the PRD8 (compared to TI8). The total amount of water transpired by the vines during the season was estimated to 147 l/m2 without water limitation. A limiting water supply (TI4) lessened vine water use and improved the fraction of supplied water trapped by the vines (81 % for TI4 and 66 % for TI8). PRD decreased the transpiration of the vines, but also the efficiency of use of irrigation water.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: Limited water supply saved water and improved the water capture efficiency by the roots of the vines. PRD irrigation saved water but the vine water capture efficiency was lower, limiting the practical interest of the method.</p>
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Williams, Larry E. "092 MEASUREMENT OF GRAPEVINE WATER USE WITH A WEIGHING LYSIMETER." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 441c—441. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.441c.
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A weighing lysimeter (with a soil container 2 m wide, 4 m long and 2 m deep) was installed at the University of California's Kearney Ag Center in 1987. Diurnal, daily and seasonal vine water use has been measured yearly since then. Vine water use was 350, 400 and 580 mm the first, second and third years after planting. respectively. Vine water use (from budbreak to October 31) the subsequent four years averaged 815 mm per year. Reference crop ET (ETo) averaged 1172 mm (from budbreak to October 31) over the course of the study. Diurnal vine water use was highly correlated with the diurnal course of solar radiation. Maximum ET averaged 50 L vine-1 day-1 during the middle part of the growing season. Experimental vines surrounding the lysimeter were irrigated at various fractions (from 0 to 140% in increments of 20%) of vine water was measured with the weighing lysimeter. Maximum yields were obtained with the 80% irrigation treatment This study demonstrated the deleterious effects of both over and under irrigation on yield of grapevines.
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Sawaf, H. M., S. Senfaz, S. O. Adam, A. K. Azaga, and M. A. Ansari. "VINE ROOT DISTRIBUTION UNDER IRRIGATION AND RAINFED CONDITIONS WITH SUPPLEMENTARY UNDERGROUND IRRIGATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 158 (May 1985): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1985.158.23.
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Wiedenfeld, Robert, and Robert Stubblefield. "FERTILIZER MOVEMENT AND SALT ACCUMULATION AS AFFECTED BY IRRIGATION METHOD AND GROUND COVER IN MELON PRODUCTION." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1173e—1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1173e.
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Plastic mulch ground cover and drip irrigation have produced substantial increases in yield and earliness of melons. However, such practices affect water movement, and nutrient and salt distribution in the soil. Salt levels in the soil after a melon crop using drip or flood irrigation increased in bare soil but decreased where plastic mulch had been used. Apparently capillary rise of water in response to surface evaporation brought salts up into the root zone. Very little of the applied N was detectable at the end of the study. However, enhanced early vine growth due to N application where drip irrigated but not where flood irrigated indicated that flood irrigation may have caused earlier N losses. Yield responses to N regardless of irrigation method indicated that early availability may have been most important. Yield increases were found for drip vs flood irrigation, and for plastic mulch vs bare soil, both of which may have been earliness effects; but the later treatments did not get the chance to catch up due to the occurrence of vine decline.
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Shellie, Krista C., and Bradley A. King. "Application of a Daily Crop Water Stress Index to Deficit Irrigate Malbec Grapevine under Semi-Arid Conditions." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110492.
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Precision irrigation of wine grape is hindered by the lack of an automated method for monitoring vine water status. The objectives of this study were to: Validate an automated model for remote calculation of a daily crop water stress index (CWSI) for the wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar Malbec and evaluate its suitability for use in irrigation scheduling. Vines were supplied weekly with different percentages of evapotranspiration-based estimated water demand (ETc) over four growing seasons. In the fifth growing season, different daily CWSI threshold values were used to trigger an irrigation event that supplied 28 mm of water. All three indicators of vine water status (CWSI, midday leaf water potential (Ψlmd), and juice carbon isotope ratio (δ13C)) detected an increase in stress severity as the irrigation amount decreased. When the irrigation amount decreased from 100% to 50% ETc, 70% to 35% ETc, or the daily CWSI threshold value increased from 0.4 to 0.6, berry fresh weight and juice titratable acidity decreased, juice δ13C increased, the weekly CWSI increased, and Ψlmd decreased. Under the semi-arid conditions of this study, utilizing a daily CWSI threshold for irrigation scheduling reduced the irrigation amount without compromising the yield or changes in berry composition and remotely provided automated decision support for managing water stress severity in grapevine.
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Reynolds, Andrew G., Amal Ehtaiwesh, and Christiane de Savigny. "Irrigation Scheduling for ‘Sovereign Coronation’ Table Grapes Based on Evapotranspiration Calculations and Crop Coefficients." HortTechnology 19, no. 4 (January 2009): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.4.719.
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Several irrigation treatments were evaluated on ‘Sovereign Coronation’ (Vitis labruscana) table grapes at two vineyard sites in Ontario, Canada in 2003 to 2005 to assess the usefulness of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Penman-Monteith equation for predicting vine irrigation needs. Data (relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and temperature) for calculating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) were downloaded from the Ontario Weather Network. The five irrigation treatments were nonirrigated control plus four based on combinations of one of two ETo values [100% (ET100) or 150% (ET150)] and two crop coefficients [Kc (fixed at 0.75 or 0.5–0.8 based upon increasing canopy volume)] used to calculate the required irrigation water volume. Transpiration (Ts), leaf water potential (ψ), and soil moisture data were collected in all three seasons. Yield components data were collected and berries were analyzed for soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity (TA), anthocyanins, methyl anthranilate (MA), and total volatile esters (TVE). Irrigation typically increased Ts rate and soil moisture; the nonirrigated treatment showed consistently lower Ts and soil moisture over the three seasons. Irrigation also increased leaf ψ, which was lower throughout the three seasons for nonirrigated vines. Irrigation additionally increased yield and its various components (clusters per vine, cluster weight, and berries per cluster) in 2005. Berry weights were higher for irrigated treatments at both sites, and were consistently the main variable leading to yield increases. Soluble solids was highest for the Kc = 0.75 treatments. pH, TA, anthocyanins, and phenols were highest in nonirrigated treatments in 2003 and 2004, but were highest in irrigated treatments in 2005. MA and TVE were highest in the ET150 treatments. The use of irrigation was effective in reducing water stress and for improving yield and fruit composition of ‘Sovereign Coronation’ table grapes in the Niagara region of Ontario. The ET150 treatments were particularly beneficial. Soil and vine water status measurements indicated that irrigation was required for Summer 2003 and 2005 due to dry conditions.
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Calvo-Garrido, Carlos, Aurélie Songy, Ariadna Marmol, Rafael Roda, Christophe Clément, and Florence Fontaine. "Description of the relationship between trunk disease expression and meteorological conditions, irrigation and physiological response in Chardonnay grapevines." OENO One 55, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4548.
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Esca disease and Botryosphaeria dieback are currently considered as serious grapevine diseases which affect vineyard health and induce economic losses. Both of these trunk diseases (GTDs) are caused by a complex of pathogens, and foliar expression is influenced by several factors, including environmental factors such as water stress. To manage water stress in some vine areas, culture practice based on irrigation systems for limiting water stress have been developed; however, little knowledge of the influence of such systems on GTD emergence is currently available. The present paper addresses the impact of irrigation systems and climatic factors (rainfall and temperature) on the expression of GTDs, specifically esca and Botryosphaeria dieback. A field experiment on Chardonnay in North East Spain, a vine growing area where drought is present and which is managed by an irrigation system, was therefore carried out during a 3-year period. The water stress impact on GTD expression was evaluated by measuring the GTD incidence and analysing different physiological parameters at different phenological stages, including principal component analysis and gene expression. The main finding of this study was the significant roles of vine transpiration and water availability, which depend on irrigation volume and rainfall amount; together, they may explain the erratic symptom expression in plants infected by GTD fungi depending on the year. All these parameters are discussed to better understand the relationship between GTD expression, irrigation system and climatic factors.
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Striegler, R. K., G. T. Berg, M. Rothberg, and D. Zoldoske. "Root Distribution of Mature `Thompson Seedless' (Vitis vinifera L.) Grapevines under Aboveground Drip, Subsurface Drip, and Furrow Irrigation." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 662e—662. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.662e.
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Using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is increasing in California vineyards. Reports from growers indicate increased yield, increased water-use efficiency, enhanced soil pest control, and reduced canopy disease pressure for SDI when compared to aboveground drip irrigation (AGDI). However, little information is available in the literature regarding this relatively new irrigation technology for grapes and other perennial crops. A long-term trial was established to evaluate the performance of AGDI and SDI in a mature `Thompson Seedless' raisin vineyard. Portions of a furrow irrigated vineyard block were converted to AGDI and SDI before budburst in 1993. Vine performance, water use, and irrigation system performance data are being collected. As part of this trial, changes in root distribution were examined after harvest in Nov. 1995. Treatments included AGDI, SDI, and furrow irrigation. Root distribution was quantified using the trench profile method. Trenches were opened perpendicular to the row and ≈30 cm from the vine. Roots were mapped along the profile wall using a 1 × 1 m frame, which was divided into one hundred 10 × 10 cm sections. Roots were counted and categorized into four size classes: small (<2 mm), medium (2 to 5 mm), large (5 to 12 mm), and very large (>12 mm). Root distribution differed significantly for AGDI, SDI, and furrow irrigation. The type of irrigation used had the greatest impact on small roots. SDI had more small roots and total roots than AGDI or furrow irrigation. High root densities were observed near the emitter under AGDI and SDI. In addition, both drip irrigation treatments had higher root density near the soil surface than furrow irrigation. Root intrusion was not observed in the SDI treatment.
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Burg, Patrik. "The influence of drip irrigation on the quality of vine grapes." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, no. 1 (2008): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856010031.
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Drip irrigation constitute one of the general factor by viticulture production. Their wide utilization it is possible expect in warm south exposed regions of southern Moravia. Gist is deficienty of rainfall during the vegetation (about 500 mm), which espressivo yield and qualities performance. Principal aim research design solving on constitution horticultural techniques is verify and valorize influence drip irrigation on growth vine guilty and qualities her performance in climatic and soil conditions of southern Moravia. Subsequently formulate valid findings for users of drip irrigation, which enable their efficient utilization behind contemporary reservation regular, high-quality harvest.
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Jester, W. R., M. L. Adams, and G. J. Holmes. "COMPARISON OF CULTURAL PRACTICES AND FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF PHYTOPHTHORA BLIGHT OF WATERMELON." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 519C—519. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.519c.
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The experiment was conducted at the Cunningham Research Station in Kinston, N.C. (coordinates: N35 18.372; W77 34.937), on Goldsboro loamy sand. Three cultural systems (bare ground + overhead irrigation bare ground + drip irrigation, black plastic + drip irrigation) and seven fungicide treatments were evaluated in a split-plot design with cultural system as the main plot and fungicide treatments as subplots. The cultivar used was `Mickey Lee'. The trial was installed 18 July. Soil moisture was monitored in each of the cultural regimes using soil moisture sensors (Spectrum Technologies, Inc, Plainfield, IL) and rain gauges. The cultural systems using drip irrigation were irrigated to 10 cb starting when soil moisture reached 40 cb. Overhead irrigation was used to maintain at least 2 inches per week total precipitation beginning 12 Aug. Cultural systems and fungicide treatments were replicated 4 times. To prevent gummy stem blight and powdery mildew, Pristine (14.5 oz/acre) and Quintec (6 oz/acre) were alternated with Bravo Weather Stik (2 pt/acre) and Flint (4 oz/acre) on a 7-day interval, beginning 16 Aug. Experimental fungicide treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a 3-nozzle (19-inch spacing) handheld boom with hollow cone nozzles (TXVS-26) delivering 40 gal/acre at 45 psi. Treatments were initiated when the largest fruit were about 6 inches in diameter. All treatments were applied on a 7-day interval with applications on 25 Aug. and 2, 9, 16, and 23 Sept. Plots were inoculated on 12 and 19 Sept. by hand-scattering 0.5 lb of 1-cm cubes of naturally P. capcisi-infected acorn squash fruit per plot. Disease severity was evaluated on 26 Sept. as fruit rot incidence and percent foliar necrosis. Captan was most effective in suppressing fruit rot regardless of cultural regime. Captan and NOA-446510 were both effective in reducing vine collapse across all cultural regimes. Incidence of fruit decay was significantly greater in the bare ground + overhead irrigation (overhead) cultural regime while plasticulture (plastic) and bare ground + drip irrigation (drip) resulted in similar levels of fruit decay and vine collapse. No interaction of cultural regime with treatment was detected. Watermelon stems and foliage are typically very resistant to Phytophthora blight, but significant vine collapse occurred in many plots. P. capsici was consistently isolated from diseased foliage and stems and is considered the primary cause of vine collapse.
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Hamman, Richard Allen, and Imed Eddine Dami. "Effects of Irrigation on Wine Grape Growth and Fruit Quality." HortTechnology 10, no. 1 (January 2000): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.1.162.
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Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of three drip irrigation regimes on grapevine growth, juice and wine quality, soil moisture, cold hardiness of bud and cane tissues and soluble sugar content of cortical cane tissues of Vitis vinifera, Linnaeus `Cabernet Sauvignon'. This study was developed to help provide some irrigation management strategies that would improve fruit quality and reduce excessive vigor. Irrigation treatments of 192, 96, and 48 L (51, 25, and 13 gal) per vine per week were initiated at bud break until veraison (initiation of berry color) and then reduced by 25% through harvest. Significant differences of fruit weight per vine, crop load, soil moisture, average berry and cluster weight, shoot length and pruning weight per meter of canopy row were observed among treatments. Juice and wine compositions and wine color were also significantly different; however, cold hardiness and soluble sugar contents did not differ between treatments.
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Pagay, Vinay, and Catherine M. Kidman. "Evaluating Remotely-Sensed Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Water Stress Responses Across a Viticultural Region." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110682.
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The evolving spatial and temporal knowledge about vineyard performance through the use of remote sensing offers new perspectives for vine water status studies. This paper describes the application of aerial thermal imaging to evaluate vine water status to improve irrigation scheduling decisions, water use efficiency, and overall winegrape quality in the Coonawarra viticultural region of South Australia. Airborne infrared images were acquired during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons in the region of Coonawarra, South Australia. Several thermal indices of crop water status (CWSI, Ig, (Tc-Ta)) were calculated that correlated with conventional soil and vine water status measures (Ψpd, Ψs, gs). CWSI and Ig could discriminate between the two cultivars used in this study, Cabernet Sauvignon (CAS) and Shiraz (SHI), as did the conventional water stress measures. The relationship between conventional vine water status measures appeared stronger with CWSI in the warmer and drier season (2016) compared to the cooler and wetter season (2017), where Ig and (Tc-Ta) showed stronger correlations. The study identified CWSI, Ig and (Tc-Ta) to be reliable indicators of vine water status under a variety of environmental conditions. This is the first study to report on high resolution vine water status at a regional scale in Australia using a combination of remote and direct sensing methods. This methodology is promising for aerial surveillance of vine water status across multiple blocks and cultivars to inform irrigation scheduling.
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Mansour, Ramzi, Fatma Youssfi, Kaouthar Lebdi, and Salah Rezgui. "Imidacloprid Applied Through Drip Irrigation as a New Promising Alternative to Control Mealybugs in Tunisian Vineyards." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0054-9.
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Imidacloprid Applied Through Drip Irrigation as a New Promising Alternative to Control Mealybugs in Tunisian VineyardsMealybugs are serious insect pests in Tunisian vineyards where they can cause major production losses. Thus, a management program of these insects is a priority for grape growers. A summer pesticide trial was conducted in a vineyard, located in the Cap-Bon Region of Tunisia. The trial was carried out to assess the use of imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide, against mealybugs on vine. Imidacloprid was applied through the drip irrigation system for each vine and was then compared to methidathion, a contact insecticide. Imidacloprid was found to be more effective than methidathion on all mealybug developmental stages. In addition to its outstanding, up to 100% efficiency, imidacloprid provided an interesting long-term control of mealybugs. No significant difference was found between the two imidacloprid rates (1 and 2 ml/vine). Methidathion generated an overall low to intermediate efficacy on mealybugs and was more effective on both first instar nymphs and adult females than on the other mealybug developmental stages. Thus, imidacloprid applied through a drip irrigation system is a new promising option to control mealybugs in vineyards. For this reason it can be employed in an integrated management program against these pests in the Tunisian grape-growing area.
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Balint, Gabriel, and Andrew G. Reynolds. "Effect of different irrigation strategies on vine physiology, yield, grape composition and sensory profiles of Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet-Sauvignon in a cool climate area." OENO One 48, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.4.1695.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: The efficacy of partial root zone drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on vine physiology, yield components, fruit composition and wine sensory profiles of ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’ was investigated in a cool climate region in Ontario, Canada.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Field experiments were conducted in a Cabernet-Sauvignon block in Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON Canada between 2006 and 2008. There were five treatments : non-irrigated control, PRD, full irrigation [100 % of crop evapotranspiration (ET<sub>c</sub>)] and two levels of RDI (50 and 25 % ET<sub>c</sub>). Treatments started immediately after fruit set and continued until post-veraison. Soil and vine water status were apparently controlled not only by the amount of water but also by the irrigation strategy used. In the PRD treatments, soil moisture, leaf water potential, and transpiration rate were generally lower than in 100 % ET<sub>c</sub> but higher than non-irrigated and RDI treatments. Almost all treatments were different than in non-irrigated vines in fruit composition and wine sensory attributes. Wine sensory attributes differed considerably due to the amount of irrigation water applied in 2007. RDI strategies were more consistent than the PRD treatments in their effect on vine water status, grape composition and wine sensory profiles. Inconsistent patterns across seasons for some variables indicated that besides soil and vine water status, there were other factors that impacted vine physiology, yield components and berry composition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: RDI treatments improved wine quality when compared with full or either non-irrigated treatments. Overall, use of RDI irrigation or PRD during dry and warm years can improve grape composition in cool climates.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of PRD and RDI on Cabernet-Sauvignon in a cool humid climate. It suggests that although RDI strategies are more effective, PRD also has value, particularly in dry seasons.</p>
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Schreiner, R. Paul, and Jungmin Lee. "Effects of Post-véraison Water Deficit on ‘Pinot noir’ Yield and Nutrient Status in Leaves, Clusters, and Musts." HortScience 49, no. 10 (October 2014): 1335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.10.1335.
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‘Pinot noir’ grapevines were grown in a pot-in-pot system using a red-hill-soil where volumetric soil water content (θv) was carefully controlled. Four-year-old vines were supplied with one of two irrigation regimes (wet or dry) between véraison and fruit maturity and the experiment was repeated over 2 years. From véraison to harvest, vines in the wet treatment received irrigation whenever θv approached ≈15% maintaining leaf water potential (Ψleaf) above –1.0 MPa. Vines in the dry treatment received irrigation when θv approached 11% to 12% and experienced significant water stress (Ψleaf ≈–1.4 MPa) before water was re-supplied. Vines were destructively harvested at véraison and at fruit maturity to determine biomass and nutrient content in the current season’s above-ground tissues. Fruit yield, maturity indices, and must nutrient composition were measured at maturity. Irrigation did not influence vine growth in either year nor did it influence yield or fruit maturity indices. Irrigation also had no influence on leaf, whole cluster, or must mineral nutrient concentrations. Vine growth, yield, and nutrient status in leaves and musts varied by year. Vegetative growth was greater in 2007 than 2008, whereas yield and cluster weights were greater in 2008. Also in 2008, whole clusters obtained a greater proportion of dry matter and nutrients after véraison when differing irrigation treatments were imposed. Nonetheless, irrigation did not affect must chemical composition. These findings suggest that periodic post-véraison water deficits that are moderate to severe have little effect on berry nutrient and sugar accumulation in ‘Pinot noir’ cropped at typical levels for this variety.
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Garrot, D. J., M. W. Kilby, and R. D. Gibson. "THE RESPONSE OF TABLE GRAPE GROWTH AND RIPENING TO WATER STRESS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1093b—1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1093b.
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Arizona is currently experiencing an explosion in the commercial cultivation and production of table grapes. Decreasing water supplies, increasing water cost, and recent groundwater legislation are forcing Arizona growers to be more water efficient if they are to remain competitive with other markets. Research was conducted to determine the effect of water stress on vine growth and berry ripening. “Flame Seedless” table grapes (4th leaf) were subjected to increasing water stress levels based upon infrared canopy temperatures and the crop water stress index (CWSI). A lower water stress level (CWSI = 0.18 units at irrigation) promoted earlier berry sizing, increased berry weight, and increased cluster weight over drier treatments. Significantly higher growth (P= 0.01), based on pruning weights, also was attained at the lower water stress level. However, highest production (grade 1 and 2 packed boxes) was attained when irrigations were scheduled at 0.30 CWSI units. Total applied water to maintain the wet, medium, and dry treatments was 1136 mm (CWSI = 0.18), 775 mm (CWSI = 0.30), and 669 mm (CWSI = 0.33), respectively.
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Patel, DB, TU Patel, HH Patel, DD Patel, HM Patel, and MJ Zinzala. "Irrigation scheduling and weed management in rabi greengram (Vigna radiata)." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i3c.9224.
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Düzdemir, Oral, Ali Ünlükara, and Ahmet Kurunç. "Response of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to salinity and irrigation regimes." New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 37, no. 3 (September 2009): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140670909510273.
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Esperanza Valdés, María, Daniel Moreno, Esther Gamero, David Uriarte, María Del Henar Prieto, Raquel Manzano, Joaquín Picón, and Diego Sebastiano Intrigliolo. "Effects of cluster thinning and irrigation amount on water relations, growth, yield and fruit and wine composition of Tempranillo grapes in Extemadura (Spain)." OENO One 43, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2009.43.2.799.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: The effects of cluster thinning and irrigation regime on vine performance and grape and wine quality of Tempranillo grapevines were studied in a field experiment carried out in Extremadura in Spain.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Treatments were combinations of two irrigation doses (25% and 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration) and two crop levels (thinned and unthinned vines). Cluster thinning was performed just before veraison to retain five clusters per m2 of vine leaf area. Results showed that irrigation amount produced important differences in stem water potential, leaf area index and berry growth but cluster thinning did not significantly affect these parameters. However, cluster thinning independently of the irrigation amount, advanced by seven days grape maturity and largely affected the main grape quality parameters, increasing total soluble solids concentration, pH, total anthocyanins and phenolic content and reduced must yield. Wines made from grapes of the thinned treatments also had higher contents of anthocyanins, tanins and colour index. This increasing effect was more noticeable in the lower irrigation dose. Similarly, the higher irrigation amount reduced phenolic content of wines.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Both, lower irrigation rates and cluster thinning, despite decreased yield, improved wine composition. Overall thinning had a larger impact on grape and wine composition than irrigation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: In the semi-arid environment of the Extremadura region of Spain, irrigation in Tempranillo is important to obtain economically sound yield. However, the irrigation dose to apply might vary depending on the desired wine style. Irrigation to replace potential evapotranspiration should be avoided for premium wine production and, in these cases; deficit irrigation is probably preferred as a tool to increase yields but minimizing the negative effects on fruit and wine quality. Cluster thinning, performed just before veraison, can be also applied to accelerate ripening improving the overall fruit phenolic composition.</p>
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Yunusa, I. A. M., P. Lu, D. Eamus, and R. R. Walker. "MATCHING IRRIGATION TO VINE WATER-REQUIREMENTS: LIMITATIONS OF USING SAP-FLOW TECHNOLOGY FOR SCHEDULING IRRIGATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 694 (October 2005): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.694.27.
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Gautam, Deepak, Bertram Ostendorf, and Vinay Pagay. "Estimation of Grapevine Crop Coefficient Using a Multispectral Camera on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132639.
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Crop water status and irrigation requirements are of great importance to the horticultural industry due to changing climatic conditions leading to high evaporative demands, drought and water scarcity in semi-arid and arid regions worldwide. Irrigation scheduling strategies based on evapotranspiration (ET), such as regulated deficit irrigation, requires the estimation of seasonal crop coefficients (kc). The ET-driven irrigation decisions for grapevines rely on the sampling of several kc values from each irrigation zone. Here, we present an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based technique to estimate kc at the single vine level in order to capture the spatial variability of water requirements in a commercial vineyard located in South Australia. A UAV carrying a multispectral sensor is used to extract the spectral, as well as the structural, information of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines. The spectral and structural information, acquired at the various phenological stages of the vine through two seasons, is used to model kc using univariate (simple linear), multivariate (generalised linear and additive) and machine learning (convolution neural network and random forest) model frameworks. The structural information (e.g., canopy top view area) had the strongest correlation with kc throughout the season (p ≤ 0.001; Pearson R = 0.56), while the spectral indices (e.g., normalised indices) turned less-sensitive post véraison—the onset of ripening in grapes. Combining structural and spectral information improved the model’s performance. Among the investigated predictive models, the random forest predicted kc with the highest accuracy (R2: 0.675, root mean square error: 0.062, and mean absolute error: 0.047). This UAV-based approach improves the precision of irrigation by capturing the spatial variability of kc within a vineyard. Combined with an energy balance model, the water needs of a vineyard can be computed on a weekly or sub-weekly basis for precision irrigation. The UAV-based characterisation of kc can further enhance the water management and irrigation zoning by matching the infrastructure with the spatial variability of the irrigation demand.
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Aslam, Muhammad. "Maize (Zea mays) Intercropping with Legumes Enhances Growth, Dry Matter and its Forage Yield under Deficit Irrigation." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1642.
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Climate change is one of the serious threats to agriculture and livestock. Climate change induced and reduced water shortage lowers production of food and fodder crops. In order to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation on forage yield of maize (Zea mays L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) grown as sole or intercropping of maize with cowpea and guar, the fields experiments were conducted during spring 2016 and 2017 in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement. These crops were further exposed to water deficit by skipping irrigation at crop stages following maize growth scale at 15 days (V4), 30 days (V6), 45 days (V9), and 60 days (V12) after sowing along with normal irrigation. Maize intercropped with guar had maximum leaf area, plant height land equivalent ratio and monetary advantage index at normal irrigation but did not differ significantly under deficit irrigation. Thus, maize intercropped with guar was found more productive and beneficial with respect to sole under deficit irrigation. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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GOMES, F., M. K. V. CARR, and G. R. SQUIRE. "EFFECTS OF WATER AVAILABILITY AND VINE HARVESTING FREQUENCY ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SWEET POTATO IN SOUTHERN MOZAMBIQUE. IV. RADIATION INTERCEPTION, DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND PARTITIONING." Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 1 (January 2005): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002352.
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In Mozambique, the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is grown both as a leafy vegetable, the terminal shoots or vines being progressively harvested during the season, and as a root crop. It is produced in the dry season, in areas with a high water table or with irrigation, and in the rainy season. This paper reports the results of measurements made during the 1995 dry season to evaluate the effects of water availability and the frequency of vine harvesting on the processes of radiation interception, dry matter production and partitioning. An irrigated crop (cv. TIS 2534) with a single, end of season vine-harvest (H1) intercepted 71% of the total solar radiation, reducing to 52% with weekly (H4) harvests. The corresponding values for a rain-fed crop were 33 and 20% respectively. When the leaf area index (L) exceeded 3–4, virtually full interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) occurred, except when frequent vine-harvests modified the architecture of the leaf canopy. The extinction coefficient (k, PAR) was highly variable: at a given leaf area, interception was greatest earlier in the season, with infrequent harvests and with irrigation. Total dry matter production (vines, foliage and storage roots), over a period of 161 days, reached 23 t ha−1 in the single harvest (H1), irrigated crop, less when the vines were harvested weekly (H4). The corresponding value for the rain-fed crop, which was able to resume active growth immediately after a rainfall event, following a prolonged dry period, was 7 t ha−1. The efficiency of conversion of PAR into dry matter (εs) was 2.74 g MJ−1 in the irrigated treatments combined, decreasing to around 73% of this without irrigation. The value of εs appeared not to be influenced by dry air or high temperatures. The reduction in εs due to drought was less than the corresponding reduction in intercepted PAR. Increasing the frequency of vine harvests increased the partitioning of assimilates to vines. Irrigation had similar effects early in the season, but afterwards it encouraged preferential growth of the storage roots. The end of season harvest index (h) for vines increased with harvesting frequency from, for example, 0.08 (H1) to 0.38 (H4) in the irrigated crop. By comparison, irrigation increased ‘h’ for storage roots from 0.24 (rain-fed) to 0.57 in the H1 treatment. The total harvest index (vines plus roots) increased with the number of vine harvests from 0.32 (H1) to 0.55 (H4) in the rain-fed crop, and from 0.62 (H1) to 0.72 (H4) in the irrigated crop. Clearly, ‘h’ is not a conservative parameter in the sweet potato, but is sensitive to crop management practices and to soil water availability.
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Greven, M., S. Green, S. Neal, B. Clothier, M. Neal, G. Dryden, and P. Davidson. "Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) to save water and improve Sauvignon Blanc quality?" Water Science and Technology 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0002.
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With a fast change of land use in Marlborough from extensive pastoral farming to intensive irrigated viticulture, a need has risen to investigate the sustainable use of the available water. In 2001 a 5 ha irrigation research project was installed in a Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc vineyard. Irrigation treatments installed were control (compensate 100% for crop evapotranspiration (ETO)), 80%, 70% and 60% of ETO. During the two years that the Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) trial has run so far, very different climatic conditions created much greater differences in yield and vegetative growth, than up to 40% reduction in irrigation, none of which were significant. The use of sap flow in the vines has been fine-tuned and is now giving reliable results on which to base vine water need.
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Laroche-Pinel, Eve, Mohanad Albughdadi, Sylvie Duthoit, Véronique Chéret, Jacques Rousseau, and Harold Clenet. "Understanding Vine Hyperspectral Signature through Different Irrigation Plans: A First Step to Monitor Vineyard Water Status." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030536.
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The main challenge encountered by Mediterranean winegrowers is water management. Indeed, with climate change, drought events are becoming more intense each year, dragging the yield down. Moreover, the quality of the vineyards is affected and the level of alcohol increases. Remote sensing data are a potential solution to measure water status in vineyards. However, important questions are still open such as which spectral, spatial, and temporal scales are adapted to achieve the latter. This study aims at using hyperspectral measurements to investigate the spectral scale adapted to measure their water status. The final objective is to find out whether it would be possible to monitor the vine water status with the spectral bands available in multispectral satellites such as Sentinel-2. Four Mediterranean vine plots with three grape varieties and different water status management systems are considered for the analysis. Results show the main significant domains related to vine water status (Short Wave Infrared, Near Infrared, and Red-Edge) and the best vegetation indices that combine these domains. These results give some promising perspectives to monitor vine water status.
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Zaballa, O., E. García-Escudero, J. B. Chavarri, H. Medrano, and M. C. Arroyo. "INFLUENCE OF VINE IRRIGATION (V. VINIFERA L.) ON POTASSIUM NUTRITION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 448 (October 1997): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.448.33.
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Beam, Shawn C., Sushila Chaudhari, Katherine M. Jennings, David W. Monks, Stephen L. Meyers, Jonathan R. Schultheis, Mathew Waldschmidt, and Jeffrey L. Main. "Response of Palmer Amaranth and Sweetpotato to Flumioxazin/Pyroxasulfone." Weed Technology 33, no. 1 (November 29, 2018): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.80.
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AbstractStudies were conducted to determine the tolerance of sweetpotato and Palmer amaranth control to a premix of flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone pretransplant (PREtr) followed by (fb) irrigation. Greenhouse studies were conducted in a factorial arrangement of four herbicide rates (flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone PREtr at 105/133 and 57/72 g ai ha–1, S-metolachlor PREtr 803 g ai ha–1, nontreated) by three irrigation timings [2, 5, and 14 d after transplanting (DAP)]. Field studies were conducted in a factorial arrangement of seven herbicide treatments (flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone PREtr at 40/51, 57/72, 63/80, and 105/133 g ha–1, 107 g ha–1 flumioxazin PREtr fb 803 g ha–1S-metolachlor 7 to 10 DAP, and season-long weedy and weed-free checks) by three 1.9-cm irrigation timings (0 to 2, 3 to 5, or 14 DAP). In greenhouse studies, flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone reduced sweetpotato vine length and shoot and storage root fresh biomass compared to the nontreated check and S-metolachlor. Irrigation timing had no influence on vine length and root fresh biomass. In field studies, Palmer amaranth control was≥91% season-long regardless of flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone rate or irrigation timing. At 38 DAP, sweetpotato injury was≤37 and≤9% at locations 1 and 2, respectively. Visual estimates of sweetpotato injury from flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone were greater when irrigation timing was delayed 3 to 5 or 14 DAP (22 and 20%, respectively) compared to 0 to 2 DAP (7%) at location 1 but similar at location 2. Irrigation timing did not influence no.1, jumbo, or marketable yields or root length-to-width ratio. With the exception of 105/133 g ha–1, all rates of flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone resulted in marketable sweetpotato yield and root length-to-width ratio similar to flumioxazin fb S-metolachlor or the weed-free checks. In conclusion, flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone PREtr at 40/51, 57/72, and 63/80 g ha–1 has potential for use in sweetpotato for Palmer amaranth control without causing significant crop injury and yield reduction.
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Cogato, Alessia, Lihua Wu, Shaikh Yassir Yousouf Jewan, Franco Meggio, Francesco Marinello, Marco Sozzi, and Vinay Pagay. "Evaluating the Spectral and Physiological Responses of Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) to Heat and Water Stresses under Different Vineyard Cooling and Irrigation Strategies." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101940.
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Heat stress (HS) and water stress (WS) pose severe threats to viticulture, and effective management solutions to counter their effects on grapevine performance must be examined. In this study, we evaluated the physiological and spectral responses of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc to individual (HS) and combined (HS + WS) stress under four different cooling and irrigation strategies. The treatments were: standard drip irrigation (SI), extra drip irrigation (SI+), extra sprinklers irrigation (SPRI), and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI; 50% of SI). Compared to the other treatments, in the early stages after the occurrence of HS, the vine water status of SPRI and SI+ improved, with high stomatal conductance (gs) (SPRI) and stem water potential (Ψstem; SPRI and SI+). All the physiological indicators measured were significantly lower after the end of HS in the SDI treatment. We also identified the spectral response of grapevine to HS and combined HS and WS (resulting from SDI). Consistent with the physiological analysis, the proximal spectral responses of leaves identified SPRI and SI+ as putative cooling strategies to minimize vine HS. The vines undergoing combined stress (SDI) showed greenness amelioration 10 days after stress, as revealed by the greenness vegetation indices (VIs), i.e., Green Index (GI), Normalized Difference Greenness Vegetation Index (NDGI), and Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI). However, their physiological recovery was not achieved within this time, as shown by the Simple Ratio Index (SRI), Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (TCARI), and TCARI/Optimized Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (TCARI/OSAVI). A three-step band selection process allowed the identification of the spectral traits’ responsive to HS and combined stress, i.e., 1336–1340 nm, 1967–1971 nm, and 600–604 nm.
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Balint, Gabriel, and Andrew G. Reynolds. "Irrigation Strategies Impact Baco noir Grapevines in Ontario. I. Vine Physiology, Vine Size, and Yield Components." American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 68, no. 3 (March 23, 2017): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2017.16093.
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Croce, F., J. R. Pollara, R. L. Oliveri, M. V. Torregrossa, and L. Valentino. "The Carini Experimental Station for Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture – Preliminary Indications." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0801.
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A two year experiment, to study the feasibility of wastewater reuse for a safe irrigation in the Sicilian context, has been initiated. Eight plots in two fields, totalling 629 m2, were planted with cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), the irrigation water being supplied by a pilot plant treating 22 m3/day of municipal wastewater. The plant consists of an extended aeration biological system followed by rapid sand filtration and a choice of disinfection systems. Analyses performed on all waters used in the experiment indicate that safe irrigation water, virtually pathogen-free, can be produced if careful operational techniques are adopted. Despite all possible care, however, soil samples taken throughout the growing season revealed cross-contamination problems, even in the plots irrigated with city water. Analyses were also performed on plants and beans collected over 17 successive harvests.
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Souza, Claudia Rita de, Luís Henrique Bassoi, José Moacir Pinheiro Lima Filho, Fabrício Francisco Santos da Silva, Leandro Hespanhol Viana, Barbara França Dantas, Maiane Santos Pereira, and Paula Rose de Almeida Ribeiro. "Water relations of field-grown grapevines in the São Francisco Valley, Brazil, under different rootstocks and irrigation strategies." Scientia Agricola 66, no. 4 (August 2009): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162009000400002.
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There is an increased demand for high quality winegrapes in the São Francisco Valley, a new wine producing area in Brazil. As the grape quality is closely linked to the soil water status, understanding the effects of rootstock and irrigation management on grapevine water relations is essential to optimize yield and quality. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of irrigation strategies and rootstocks on water relations and scion vigour of field-grown grapevines in Petrolina, Pernambuco state, Brazil. The cultivars used as scions are Moscato Canelli and Syrah, both grafted onto IAC 572 and 1103 Paulsen rootstocks. The following water treatments were used: deficit irrigation, with holding water after veraison; and partial root-zone drying, supplying (100% of crop evapotranspiration) of the water loss to only one side of the root system after fruit set, alternating the sides periodically (about 24 days). In general, all treatments had values of pre-dawn leaf water potential higher than -0.2 MPa, suggesting absence of water stress. The vine water status was more affected by rootstock type than irrigation strategies. Both cultivars grafted on IAC 572 had the highest values of midday leaf water potential and stem water potential, measured on non-transpiring leaves, which were bagged with both plastic sheet and aluminum foil at least 1 h before measurements. For both cultivars, the stomatal conductance (g s), transpiration (E) and leaf area index (LAI) were also more affected by roostsotck type than by irrigation strategies. The IAC 572 rootstock presented higher g s, E and LAI than the 1103 Paulsen. Differences in vegetative vigor of the scion grafted onto IAC 572 rootstocks were related to its higher leaf specific hydraulic conductance and deeper root system as compared to the 1103 Paulsen, which increased the water-extraction capability, resulting in a better vine water status.
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Knipper, Kustas, Anderson, Alsina, Hain, Alfieri, Prueger, Gao, McKee, and Sanchez. "Using High-Spatiotemporal Thermal Satellite ET Retrievals for Operational Water Use and Stress Monitoring in a California Vineyard." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182124.
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In viticulture, deficit irrigation strategies are often implemented to control vine canopy growth and to impose stress at critical stages of vine growth to improve wine grape quality. To support deficit irrigation scheduling, remote sensing technologies can be employed in the mapping of evapotranspiration (ET) at the field to sub-field scales, quantifying time-varying vineyard water requirements and actual water use. In the current study, we investigate the utility of ET maps derived from thermal infrared satellite imagery over a vineyard in the Central Valley of California equipped with a variable rate drip irrigation (VRDI) system which enables differential water applications at the 30 × 30 m scale. To support irrigation management at that scale, we utilized a thermal-based multi-sensor data fusion approach to generate weekly total actual ET (ETa) estimates at 30 m spatial resolution, coinciding with the resolution of the Landsat reflectance bands. Crop water requirements (ETc) were defined with a vegetative index (VI)-based approach. To test capacity to capture stress signals, the vineyard was sub-divided into four blocks with different irrigation management strategies and goals, inducing varying degrees of stress during the growing season. Results indicate derived weekly total ET from the thermal-based data fusion approach match well with observations. The thermal-based method was also able to capture the spatial heterogeneity in ET over the vineyard due to a water stress event imposed on two of the four vineyard blocks. This transient stress event was not reflected in the VI-based ETc estimate, highlighting the value of thermal band imaging. While the data fusion system provided valuable information, latency in current satellite data availability, particularly from Landsat, impacts operational applications over the course of a growing season.
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Van Leeuwen, Cornelis, Philippe Pieri, Mark Gowdy, Nathalie Ollat, and Jean-Philippe Roby. "Reduced density is an environmental friendly and cost effective solution to increase resilence to drought in vineyards in a contexte of climate change." OENO One 53, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2019.53.2.2420.
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Aims: Climate change imposes increasingly warm and dry conditions in most winegrowing regions. Mediterranean vineyards are particularly vulnerable and have registered, in most situations, declining yields over the past years. Although a majority of Mediterranean vineyards are still dry-farmed, yields can be increased by the implementation of irrigation. However, irrigation has an impact on increasingly affected water resources. An alternative solution to irrigation can be the adaptation of training systems. As can be shown by water balance modeling, low density non-irrigated vineyards are much less vulnerable to climatic drought compared to medium or high density vineyards. And while yields tend to be lower in low density vineyards, so are production costs. The aim of this study is to investigate to what extent low density vineyards can be a sustainable and cost effective adaptation for grape growing in dry climates.Methods and results: A water balance model was applied to conceptual vineyards with different soil water holding capacities and different planting densities over recent past (1981-2010) and near future (2041-2070) climatic conditions for two winegrowing scenarios (Cabernet-Sauvignon in Bordeaux and Grenache in Avignon, Côtes du Rhône). Row spacings of 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 m were investigated for vineyards with 100, 200 and 300 mm total transpirable soil water (TTSW), while inter-vine spacing, vine architecture, and canopy height were kept similar. Projected yields were estimated to vary according to vine density and water deficit based on a meta-analysis of data published in the literature. Production costs were calculated according to an operation-based costing methodology and compared among the different scenarios on a cost per hectare basis. Gross profit per hectare, defined as grape sales revenue minus production costs, was then computed for two grape sale revenue scenarios (1 €/kg and 3 €/kg). The modeled average fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) varied across the different winegrowing scenarios, climate periods (recent past or near future), and TTSW and row spacing assumptions. In soils with 200 or 300 mm TTSW, the 30-day average FTSW prior to modeled grape harvest roughly doubled when 4.0 m versus 2.0 m spacing was assumed in both the recent past and near future climate scenarios. In soils with 100 mm TTSW, water deficit was more severe overall and the effect of row spacing on average FTSW was less pronounced. Changes in projected yields were estimated as a function of vine density and FTSW based on relationships published in the literature. Yields decreased with decreasing vine density and increasing water deficits, while production costs decreased with decreasing vine density. When the assumed revenue from grape sales was lower (1 €/kg), the effect of reduced production cost savings outweighed the loss in revenue caused by reduced yields, leading to increased gross profit per hectare. On the other hand, when higher grape revenue was assumed (3 €/kg), the effect of reduced yield on revenue outweighed the associated reduction in production costs, leading to reduced gross profit per hectare.Conclusions: Lower density, dry-farmed vineyards will experience less water deficit under warmer and drier climate conditions, although this difference is less pronounced in soils with less water holding capacity. When considering differences in yields, revenues, and production costs, lower density vineyards producing lower value grapes (1 €/kg) may also experience an associated increase in gross profit, while such vineyards producing higher value grapes (3 €/kg) might experience a decrease in gross profit.Significance and impact of the study: The implementation of dry-farmed, low density vineyards provides a sustainable solution for grape growing by reducing the need for irrigation water. It allows maintaining vineyards in very dry areas where water is not readily available for irrigation and where other crops (except possibly olive trees) cannot be grown. Modeling of yield, revenue, and production costs shows that this solution is also economically viable, particularly for vineyards producing lower value (€/kg) grapes. Unlike goblet trained bush vine, low density trellised vineyards are perfectly adapted for mechanization.
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CARVALHO, JOSÉ FRANCISCO DE, ÊNIO FARIAS DE FRANÇA E. SILVA, GERÔNIMO FERREIRA DA SILVA, MÁRIO MONTEIRO ROLIM, and ELVIRA MARIA REGIS PEDROSA. "PRODUCTION COMPONENTS OF Vigna unguiculata (L. Walp) IRRIGATED WITH BRACKISH WATER UNDER DIFFERENT LEACHING FRACTIONS." Revista Caatinga 29, no. 4 (December 2016): 966–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n422rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the production components of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) subjected to irrigation with brackish water and different leaching fractions. The experiment was conducted in a lysimeter system of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife campus. The treatments, consisting of two water salinity levels (ECw) (1.2 and 3.3 dS m-1) and five leaching fractions (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), were evaluated using a completely randomized design in a 2x5 factorial arrangement with four replications. The variables evaluated were: number of pods per plant, 100-grain weight, number of grains per pod, grain and shoot dry weight, grain yield and harvest index. The soil salinity increased with increasing salinity of the water used for irrigation, and reduced with increasing leaching fraction. The salinity of the water used for irrigation influenced only the variables number of pods per plant and grain yield. The estimated leaching fractions of 9.1% and 9.6% inhibited the damage caused by salinity on the number of pods per plant and grain yield, respectively. Therefore, the production of V. unguiculata irrigated with brackish water, leaching salts from the plant root environment, is possible under the conditions evaluated.
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Agamalian, Harry S. "THE EFFECTS OF WEED INTERFERENCE: IN NEWLY PLANTED VINEYARDS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1145a—1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1145a.
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Initial weed competition in newly planted grapevines can delay vine development, resulting in reduced first harvest. The experiments were conducted over a three year period on three wine grape varieties: Chardonnay, Semillon, and Napa Gamay.Dormant rooted plants were winter planted and subjected to soil applied preemergence herbicides. The experiment was conducted on a Greenfield sandy loam under sprinkler irrigation. Major weeds were little mallow (Malva pariflora), hairy nightshade (Solanum sarachoides), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), and Russian thistle (Sasola iberica).Vine growth was evaluated on cane weights, cane diameter, and cane length. Weed interference over the three year period resulted in 50% reduction in vine growth the first year. Yield data obtained from the third year resulted in significant differences between the weed free vines compared to the non-weeded treatments.
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Bravdo, B., and Y. Hepner. "IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT AND FERTIGATION TO OPTIMIZE GRAPE COMPOSITION AND VINE PERFORMANCE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 206 (April 1987): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.206.3.
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Hornbuckle, J. W., E. W. Christen, D. Smith, O. Mounzer, and R. D. Faulkner. "INVESTIGATION OF VINE AND VINEYARD EVAPOTRANSPIRATION UNDER DRIP AND FLOOD IRRIGATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 792 (June 2008): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.792.40.
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Green, S. R., A. Hodson, M. Barley, M. Benson, and A. Curtis. "CROP IR LOG - AN IRRIGATION CALCULATOR FOR TREE AND VINE CROPS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 951 (June 2012): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.951.33.
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Chow, Y. N., L. K. Lee, N. A. Zakaria, and K. Y. Foo. "Phytotoxic effects of trivalent chromium-enriched water irrigation in Vigna unguiculata seedling." Journal of Cleaner Production 202 (November 2018): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.144.
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Salih, Hemn Othman. "Effect of salinity level of irrigation water on cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) growth." IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 6, no. 3 (2013): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-0633741.
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Owen, Nancy P., Michael J. Raupp, Clifford S. Sadof, and Brenda C. Bull. "Influence of Entomophagous Nematodes and Irrigation on Black Vine Weevil in Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hard. Mazz. Beds." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 9, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-9.3.109.
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Abstract Entomophagous nematodes were applied to beds of Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hard. Mazz. in an urban park to evaluate their potential for controlling black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius). Although no significant difference was attributed to nematode treatments, weevil damage in non-irrigated beds was lower than in irrigated beds. Irrigation management may be helpful for controlling this pest.
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Felix, Joel, Clinton C. Shock, Joey Ishida, Erik B. G. Feibert, and Lamont D. Saunders. "Irrigation Criteria and Sweetpotato Cultivar Performance in the Treasure Valley of Eastern Oregon." HortScience 50, no. 7 (July 2015): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.7.1011.
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In the United States, sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)] is predominately grown in the southeastern states and in California, but production farther north is limited. To determine if sweetpotato could be successfully produced in semiarid Pacific North West, four sweetpotato cultivars (Covington, Beauregard, Diane, and Evangeline) were subjected to four soil water tension (SWT) irrigation criteria treatments (40, 60, 80, 100 kPa in 2011 and 25, 40, 60, and 80 kPa in 2012) using drip irrigation at Ontario, OR. The four SWT criteria were maintained by an automated irrigation system. Sweetpotato cultivars were evaluated for the percentage of early groundcover, number of vines per hill, vine length, and yield. The total applied water decreased with the increase in the targeted SWT. The highest amount of water was applied at the 25 kPa criterion (1184 mm) and the least amount at the 100 kPa SWT criterion (146 mm). Cultivars varied in the average number of vines per hill, with ‘Covington’ having the fewest at 6 vines per hill compared with ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Evangeline’ that averaged 10 vines and ‘Diane’ averaging 11. The average vine length increased with the decrease in SWT criteria during both years. The total, marketable, and U.S. No. 1 sweetpotato yield was influenced by cultivars and varied among irrigation criteria and years. In general, the sweetpotato yield decreased with the increase in SWT, with the highest yield attained at the lowest SWT tested, 40 kPa in 2011 and 25 kPa in 2012. For ‘Beauregard’ grown with irrigation onset criteria of 40 and 25 kPa, the marketable yields were 49 and 87 Mg·ha−1 and U.S. No. 1 yields were 35 and 27 Mg·ha−1 in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The results suggested that sweetpotato could be grown in eastern Oregon and would be capable of producing yields comparable to those obtained in California. However, yearly weather variations could delay transplanting and early harvest could be necessary to avoid frost damage.
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Collins, Marisa J., Sigfredo Fuentes, and Edward W. R. Barlow. "Partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation increase stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit in anisohydric grapevines." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 2 (2010): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09175.
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The aim of this study was to investigate how alternative irrigation strategies affected grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) stomatal response to atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD). In two sites, application of partial rootzone drying (PRD) at 90–100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) increased stomatal sensitivity of Shiraz (Syrah) grapevines to high VPD compared with control vines irrigated with the same amount of water but applied on both sides of the vine. PRD significantly reduced vine water use (ESF) measured as sap flow and in dry conditions increased the depth of water uptake from the soil profile. In both experiments, PRD reduced vine water use by up to 50% at moderate VPD (~3 kPa) compared with control vines irrigated at the same level. In the same vines, the response to PRD applied at 100% ETc and deficit irrigation applied at 65% ETc was the same, increasing stomatal sensitivity to VPD and decreasing sap flow. Hydraulic signalling apparently did not play a role in changing stomatal sensitivity as there was no difference in stem water potentials between any of the treatment (PRD and DI) and control vines. This suggests that a long distance root-based chemical signal such as ABA may be responsible for the changes in stomatal behaviour. Shiraz grapevines have previously been classified as anisohydric-like, but application of PRD and DI increased stomatal closure in response to conditions of high evaporative demand making the vines behave in a more isohydric-like manner.
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Stubblefield, Robert, and Robert Wiedenfeld. "EFFECTS OF GROUND COVER, PLANTING METHOD AND IRRIGATION LEVELS ON CANTALOUPE PRODUCTION." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 488b—488. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.488b.
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A field study was conducted in south Texas in the spring 1990 to determine the effects of ground cover, planting method and drip irrigation rates on cantaloupe growth, yield and quality. Transplanting vs. direct seeding enhanced early vine growth with earlier yields, although direct seeding later caught up resulting in comparable final cumulative yields. Black polyethylene mulch also improved earliness but at the loser irrigation rate total yields were reduced due to deflection of rainfall by the mulch. Irrigation at .1, .3, .5, .7 and .9 times pan evaporation had little effect on final cumulative yields with exception to the .1 and .3 rates. Melon sugar content was highest for transplants with direct seeded melons becoming comparable only at mid to final harvest. The combined practices of transplanting and black polyethylene mulch resulted in a 14 day earliness advantage over the treatments that were direct seeded on bare soil although final yields were unaffected. No appreciable increase in soil salinity were found as a result of drip irrigation usage.
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Balint, Gabriel, and Andrew G. Reynolds. "Effect of different irrigation strategies on vine physiology, yield, grape composition and sensory profile of Sauvignon Blanc (Vitis vinifera L.) in a cool climate area." OENO One 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2013.47.3.1547.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: The impacts of partial root zone drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on soil moisture, vine water status, yield components, fruit composition and wine sensory profile of Sauvignon blanc were studied in a cool climate region.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Field experiments were conducted in a commercial Sauvignon blanc block in Ontario, Canada between 2006 and 2008. Treatments were: non-irrigated control, PRD, full irrigation [100% of crop evapotranspiration (ET<sub>c</sub>)] and one level of RDI (25% ET<sub>c</sub>). Treatments began immediately after fruit set and continued until the beginning of September. Reference evapotranspiration (ET<sub>o</sub>) was calculated using the Penman–Monteith equation. Soil moisture and vine water status (leaf water potential and transpiration rate) in the PRD treatments were generally less than in 100% ET<sub>c</sub> but higher than in non-irrigated and 25% ET<sub>c</sub> treatments. Almost all treatments were different than non-irrigated vines in fruit composition and wine sensory attributes. RDI strategies were more consistent across vintages than the PRD treatments in their effect on vine water status, grape composition and sensory profiles.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Use of RDI or PRD in cool climates during dry and warm years can improve grape composition. In very dry and hot seasons, like that of 2007, irrigation improved grape composition and wine aroma typicity. RDI enhanced fruity aroma attributes, which suggests that this could be a viable strategy to improve grape and wine quality in cool areas. However, due to high climatic variation over the period studied, no consistent pattern of irrigation effects was found for berry composition, suggesting that plant water status was not the only factor that controlled fruit and wine quality.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first evaluation of PRD in a cool, humid climate, and highlights the potential value of both RDI and PRD irrigation techniques in cool climate regions, particularly during dry growing seasons.</p>
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Sousa, Leonardo Vieira de, Rayanne Maria Paula Ribeiro, Manoel Galdino dos Santos, Fernando Sarmento de Oliveira, Hugo Ferreira, Francisco Rafael Rodrigues Gerônimo, Antônio Genilson Rodrigues Araújo, Toshik Iarley da Silva, and Aurélio Paes Barros Júnior. "Physiological Responses of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Under Irrigation With Saline Water and Biostimulant Treatment." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p24.
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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of the world’s main crops, and it is a fundamental source of protein for semiarid regions population. In these regions, the use of high salts concentration water in irrigation systems is one of the major factors that contributes to reduced cowpea yield. One way to alleviate the negative effects of salinity is through the biostimulants application, which is a product that has beneficial substances to the plants metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of biostimulant in cowpea cultivars under irrigation with saline water. The study was carried out in the Agrarian Sciences Center, of the Department of Agronomic and Forest Sciences of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, in the city of Mossoró, RN. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The treatments were arranged in 5 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with five doses of biostimulant (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mL L-1), two electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (0.5 and 5.0 dS m-1), and two cowpea cultivars (IPA-206 and BRS Guariba). The evaluated characteristics were: chlorophyll content index, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, internal CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, shoot height, stem diameter and shoot dry mass. The biostimulant application was not efficient in attenuating the salinity stress effect on the development of cowpea cultivars. The higher biostimulant concentrations along with the use of saline water increased the negative effects of salinity on the cowpea plants physiology. There was no difference between the cultivars regarding the tolerance to saline stress and the application of biostimulant.
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Lima, Gianini Peixoto Bezerra, José Vanglesio de Aguiar, Raimundo Nonato Távora Costa, and Vital Pedro da Silva Paz. "RENDIMENTO DE CULTIVARES DE CAUPI (Vigna unguiculata L Walp.) SUBMETIDAS À DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO." IRRIGA 4, no. 3 (August 20, 1999): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.1999v4n3p139-144.
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RENDIMENTO DE CULTIVARES DE CAUPI (Vigna unguiculata L Walp.) SUBMETIDAS À DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO1
Gianini Peixoto Bezerra Lima
José Vanglesio de Aguiar
Raimundo Nonato Távora Costa
Universidade Federal do Ceará – Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola. Campus do Pici. Bloco 804. CEP 60455-760 – Fortaleza-CE
Vital Pedro da Silva Paz
Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz – Departamento de Engenharia Rural, bolsista da FAPESP. Av. Pádua Dias, 11 – Caixa Postal 11. 13418-900 – Piracicaba-SP
1 RESUMO
O caupi é um dos cultivos mais tradicionais do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, constituindo alimento básico nestas regiões. Com este trabalho foi possível estabelecer relações entre a quantidade de água aplicada e produtividade de grãos, para três variedades de feijão caupi submetidas a diferentes lâminas de água. Para caracterização das lâminas de água foi utilizado um sistema de irrigação por aspersão convencional em linha. O controle da irrigação foi realizado a partir de tensiômetros instalados à 15 cm de profundidade. Os resultados mostraram que: i) a cultivar João Paulo II apresentou melhores resultados de produtividade para as lâminas de água aplicadas que variaram de T1 = 291,8 mm a T5 = 141,2 mm; ii) sob condições de reduzida disponibilidade de água, ou seja, menor lâmina aplicada, não ocorreu diferença estatística para a produtividade entre as cultivares estudadas; e iii) para as condições do estudo, a cultivar Setentão apresentou a menor taxa de redução do produto marginal.
UNITERMOS: caupi, irrigação, função de produção
LIMA, G. P. B., AGUIAR, J. V., COSTA, R. N. T., PAZ, V. P. S. Responses OF cowpea cultivars (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) at differents irrigation deficits
2 ABSTRACT
The caupi is one of the most traditional cultivation of the north and northeast - Brazil, constituting a basic food in these areas. With this work it was possible to establish relationships between the amount of water applied and productivity of grains, for three caupi varieties submitted to different irrigation sheets. To diferentiate water depths in the irrigation system, the aspersion in line was used. The control of the irrigation was accomplished using tensiometers installed to 15 cm of depth. The results showed that: i) the João Paulo II variety presented better productivity for the applied water depths; ii) under reduced conditions of water avai lability for study conditions, these was no significant difference in the productivity reached among the cultivars studied; and iii) for the conditions of the study, the variety Setentão presented the smallest rate of reduction of the marginal product.
KEYWORDS: cowpea, irrigation, production function