Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'VIH (virus) – Épidémiologie – Cameroun'
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Mbiaga, Cyrille. "Contributions méthodologiques à une analyse de la dynamique socio-spatiale des infections à VIH en Afrique centrale : régions de Batouri (Cameroun), Berberati (Centrafrique)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30088.
Full textLaurent, Christian. "Spécificités de l'infection par le Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine en Afrique subsaharienne et conséquences pour la prise en charge : à propos d'étude menées au Sénégal et au Cameroun entre 1996 et 2002." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR21002.
Full textVessière, Aurélia. "Caractérisation virologique des doubles infections et des formes recombinantes par les VIH-1 du groupe M et du groupe O au Cameroun : conséquences épidémiologiques, diagnostics et thérapeutiques." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T062.
Full textHIV-1 is divided into 4 groups: M (major), O (outlier), N (non-M non-O) and P. Among these groups, recombination is an extremely frequent phenomenon, playing a major role in the diversification of the HIV epidemic. Recombination results from strand switching between the two viral RNA molecules during the reverse transcription step. Thus, multiple infections, by generating heterodiploïd virions, are the prerequisite to recombination. In Central Africa and in Cameroon in particular, all HIV-1 groups circulate and M+O dual infections have been reported. Despite the great genetic divergence between the two groups, three cases of M/O recombinants were described in Cameroonian patients with no epidemiological link. For two of them, recombination involved the vpr gene that could represent a preferential site for M/O intergroup recombination. The transmission and circulation capacities of such forms, that appear to be extremely rare, are unknown. The objective of this work was to develop and validate serological and molecular tools for the detection of M/O recombinants in the vpr gene in patients dually infected by HIV-1 group M (HIV-M) and HIV-1 group O (HIV-O) in Cameroon. Dual infections were screened using a serotyping strategy bases on two gp120/V3 antigens representative of groups M and O. For dually reactive samples, a competitive assay (GSEIA) was developed to eliminate non specific cross-reactivities. Presence of HIV-M and O genomes was confirmed with group specific PCRs targeting the pol and env regions. Finally, a group specific PCR flanking the vpr gene was developed to detect recombinants. This algorithm implemented at Centre Pasteur du Cameroun allowed us to identify 5 M/O recombinants, with a vpr breakpoint for 4 of them. Three vpr recombinants were associated with a HIV-M+O dual infection or a HIV-M infection. Some M/O recombinants were detected in the absence of associated dual infections, of which one in a Cameroonian patient living in France, suggesting transmitted cases. This work underlines the complexity of the detection of M/O recombinants that requires the combination of serological and molecular tools targeting different regions of the genome, in particular for transmitted recombinants. Our results confirm the importance of the vpr gene in M/O recombination phenomena. The great genetic variability of HIV-O strains could have consequences on therapeutic management of patients infected with a M/O recombinant. The risk for emergence of M/O circulating recombinant forms has to be evaluated through an epidemiological surveillance in Cameroon but also in countries having a link with this region
Ndziessi, Gilbert. "Impact des traitements antirétroviraux sur le risque de transmission sexuelle du VIH en Afrique Subsaharienne : le cas du Cameroun." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5016/document.
Full textTo evaluate the evolution and factors associated with sexual behavior among PLWHA exposed to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. Data collected as part of a randomized trial conducted in nine rural district hospitals in Cameroon. 459 PLWHA eligible for treatment included and followed for 24 months. Mixed effects logistic regression used to analyze factors associated with different response variables studied. Proportion of patients sexually active increased from 32% at baseline to 56% after 24 months of treatment. An additional 6 months increase of the time since initiation of treatment increase in 30% the probability of reporting sexual activity. Proportion of patients with sexual risk behavior (SRB) decreased significantly from 76% at baseline to 66% at 24 months and patient obervants to treatment were less likely to report CSR. Proportion of patients likely to transmit HIV through sexual intercourse (STVIH) decrease from 76% at baseline to 27% after 24 months of HAART. Analyses shown that increasing in 6 months of time since initiation of treatment reduced STVIH by 66%. My dissertation show a positive impact of ART on sexual activity, CSR and STVIH among PLWHA, suggesting a positive effect of exposure to HAART on the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV. However, the potential risk of transmission of HIV persists requiring strengthening risk reduction interventions in HAART access programs
Tagnouokam, Ngoupo Paul Alain. "Fréquence et profil génétique des doubles infections VIH-1/M+O et formes recombinantes VIH-1/MO au Cameroun." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUENR11.
Full textFrequency and genetic profile of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/1V10 recombinant forms circulating in Cameroon Despite the great genetic divergence between the pandemic HIV-1/M and non pandemic HIV-1/0, four HIV-1/MO intergroup recombinants have been reported in 1999 and 2010. In Cameroon, the co-circulation of two groups (M and 0) provides an ideal environment for HIV-1/MO recombination to occur. In a previous work, we reported new dual infections and six HIV-LIMO putative recombinant forms, associated to or not to dual infections. However, this study had some epidemiological and technical limitations. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the frequency and to characterize genetic profiles of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections, as well as HIV-11M0 recombinant forms in Cameroon. From March 2013 to June 2015, 275 HIV infected patients from Centre Pasteur of Cameroon were included in the study, based on serotyping test, enabling to distinguish HIV serotypes M, 0 and M+0. HIV-1/M and HIV-1/0 specific PCR were further performed in the pol and env genes, in order to confirm serological reactivities, and to detect pollenv discordance, characteristic of putative recombinants. In the likelihood of M+0 dual infections and/or presence of MO recombinant, a breakpoint in the vpr gene, considered a hotspot of recombination was investigated. Finally, full length genomes of recombinants were characterized and genetic link with previous recombinants was investigated by phylogenetic analyses. Among the 275 patients, 199 (72. 4%) were HIV-1/M mono-reactive, 47(17. 1%) HIV-1/0 mono-reactive, and 29 (10. 5%) were M+0 dual reactive. HIV-1/M+0 dual infections were identified in 4 patients (1. 4%), and the presence of recombinants forms in 3 patients (1. 1%). The first recombinant form was detected in a husband and his wife, and was not associated to dual infection, and the second recombinant form was associated to a parental HIV-1/M virus. Full length genomes characterization identified recombinant breakpoints in the vpr gene and the LTR region for the first recombinant form, and in the vpu gene and the LTR region for the second form. No link between these recombinants and previous recombinants was found. HIV-1/M subtypes and HIV-1/0 sub-groups were concordant with the present molecular epidemiology of HIV infection in Cameroon, that is, the predominance of CRF02_AG and HIV-1/0 sub-group H. Geographical origins of patients with HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/M0 recombinants showed that they were from five administrative regions of Cameroon. In this study, we described seven new cases of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/MO recombinants, thus confirming the co-circulation of these forms in Cameroon. Even though their frequency remains low, these forms are found in different geographical regions of Cameroon, pointing out their diffusion potential. We also characterized full length genomes of two new HIV-1/MO recombinants, and identified breakpoints in vpr and vpu genes as well as LTR regions. No link between these recombinants and previous recombinants was found, showing the circulation of multiple URFs, and the great dynamic evolution between HIV-1/M and HIV-1/0. It is therefore, necessary to improve the surveillance of HIV-11M0 recombinant forms in Cameroon, in order to detect potential emergence of a CRF_MO, and to further study their virological and phenotypic properties
Sobesky, Milko. "Epidémiologie de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 en Guyane française." Rennes 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN1B028.
Full textAghokeng, Fobang Avelin. "Diversite génétique des lentivirus humains et simiens au Cameroun : implication pour la santé publique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20008.
Full textVan, Heuserswyn Fran. "Diversité génétique, prévalence et distribution géographique des lentivirus de chimpanzés et gorilles sauvages au Cameroun : implications pour l'origine de VIH-1." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20098.
Full textChimpanzees and SIVsmm infecting sooty mangabeys, are considered to be the immediate source of HIV-1 and HIV-2 respectively. However, information about the prevalence, distribution and genetic diversity of SIVcpz in their primate hosts in the wild was very limited, and evidence for the existence of a virus reservoir was lacking. In this thesis, we aimed to identify and characterize SIVs circulating among great ape species in Cameroon and to identify the natural reservoirs of HIV-1. Using non-invasive sampling methods, we identified the West central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) as the natural reservoir of HIV type 1. We traced the origin of HIV-1 M (pandemic) and HIV-1 N (non-pandemic) to geographically isolated chimpanzee communities in southeast and south central Cameroon respectively. For the first time, we identified viruses closely related to HIV-1 group O, designated SIVgor, in wild Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Phylogenetic analyses, however, indicated that chimpanzees are likely to be the original reservoir of these gorilla viruses. In spite of the close relationship between the identified SIVgor strains and HIV-1 group O, they are still too divergent to represent the immediate precursor of this group of HIV-1. These data show that chimpanzees and also gorillas in Cameroon represent a potential source of human infection. The non-invasive survey of wild ape populations was therefore not only indispensable for identifying the primate origin of HIV-1, but also for ensuring that additional reservoirs of human immunodeficiency viruses are not missed. The V3 peptides of the newly identified SIVcpz and SIVgor strains will be of particular use to investigate whether additional SIVcpz and SIVgor transmissions to humans have occurred but have gone unrecognized
Rabaud, Christian. "La toxoplasmose au cours de l'infection par le Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine : épidémiologie descriptive et facteurs prédictifs." Nancy 1, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0305_RABAUD.pdf.
Full textLang, Sylvie. "Les facteurs de risque de l’infarctus du myocarde chez les sujets infectés par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066027.
Full textMauclere, Philippe. "Séroépidémiologie, diversité génétique et transmissions interespèces des infections rétrovirales HTLV/STLV et VIH/SIV au Cameroun." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N098.
Full textThe sub region of Central Africa is currently considered as the cradle of the retroviral genetic diversity for primates. In Cameroon in the year 1991, the awareness of the HTLV-1 endemic was based on preliminary seroprevalences, and no case of HTLV-2 was still identified. As HIV/AIDS epidemics started out its starling growth, the major variants of HIV-1 were not known as circulating strains in the country, and no research on SIV were conducted on primates. The aim of the study, which was carried out in Cameroon between 1991 and 1997, and in Pasteur Institut in Paris in 1997 and 1998, is to introduce a technical process for the genetic diversity human retroviruses exploration, to characterize retroviral human and simian variant strains
Parseval, Aymeric de. "La glycoprotéine CD4 féline : structure et rôle possible dans l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience féline." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P203.
Full textVallée, Patrick. ""Malassezia furfur" et dermite séborrhéique du sujet VIH-positif." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P201.
Full textKamla, Vivient Corneille. "Un modèle stochastique pour la propagation du VIH/SIDAUne approche individuelle-centrée." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3017.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to develop an individual-based model of the population dynamics of HIV/AIDS in a heterosexual population that includes polygamous and clients-sex worker relationships. Each individual has a certain number of attributes concerning his/her sexual behaviour, infectivity, and fertility. The model attempts to be more realistic than existing models by incorporating a number of relevant demoepidemiologic parameters. The model incorporates various forms of heterogeneity and can easily be extended. The duration between partnerships and the duration of long-term partnerships have a small effect on the spread of the disease. The peak probability of transmission during the early high infectivity period and the monthly number of prostitute visits have a large effect on the spread. If each client visits one prostitute per month the disease cannot spread. If this number doubles to two, then 80% of prostitutes, 40% of clients, and 14% of the population at large become infected. With a maximum probability of transmission of 0. 018, the disease disappears, even with two visits per month. Our work highlights the importance of the probability of transmission and of the client-sex worker relationship
Njouom, Richard. "Infection par le virus de l'hépatite C au Cameroun : prévalence, divesité génétique et transmission mère-enfant." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30055.
Full textSchwoebel, Valérie. "L'impact de l'infection a VIH sur la tuberculose en France entre 1988 et 1998." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T052.
Full textHIV infection emerged in the world in the early 1980s and has been rapidly recognized as a major risk factor for the progression of tuberculosis infection to disease. In France, where tuberculosis mortality and morbidity has regularly decreased since the beginning of this century, a peak in tuberculosis notifications was observed in 1992-1993. The impact of HIV infection on these epidemiological changes has been analysed using surveillance data. At least one third of the excess in notified tuberculosis cases could be attributable to HIV infection, although other factors (social deprivation, immigration) could also have played a role. Around 5 to 6% of the tuberculosis cases in 1993-1994 occurred as an AIDS-defming disease. Risk factors for AIDS-associated tuberculosis were: male sex, being a blue collar worker or unemployed, origin from a sub-Saharan country, HIV infection through drug use or heterosexual contact and residence in the Paris region. A study on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis confirmed that HIV-infected persons are at specifie risk for nosocomial transmission. The epidemiological impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis has been quite limited and does not reverse the continuously decreasing trend in the transmission of tuberculosis in France. Al measures which can prevent tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons should be applied. However, the gradual discontinuation of generalised BCG vaccination could be considered, provided the quality of treatment is maintained and the surveillance improved
Sakarovitch, Charlotte. "Estimation de l'incidence de l'infection par le VIH en Afrique : application à la Côte d'Ivoire." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21321.
Full textThe HIV/AIDS epidemic have been fast growing for more than two decades in Africa. It is a major issue for HIV surveillance to know the incidence of HIV infection (speed of acquisition of new infections). The objective of this work is to propose effective methods to estimate HIV incidence in the African context. We developped a method for estimating HIV incidence among women using serial HIV prevalence data from pregnant women, and studied the performance on African subjects of tests recent infections (TRI) developed among Caucasian. We showed that our method estimated correctly incidence time trends by age groups, but that quantitative values have to be interpreted with caution. We also showed that TRIs were not adapted to estimate HIV incidence in Africa and we gave several research leads to improve it
Boullé, Charlotte. "Prise en charge des personnes vivant avec le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine en zone décentralisée au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T027/document.
Full textHIV infection remains a major public health concern, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Scaling up antiretroviral treatment is a major challenge, and requires a genuine cascade of care, i.e. a continuum between infection, diagnosis, care, clinical and laboratory follow-up and achievement of an undetectable viral load – the proxy for infection control -. Decentralization of programs is a prerequisite to widen access to this continuum of care. In this thesis, we will explore some of the pitfalls encountered in the context of decentralization of antiretroviral treatment, through the analysis of data retrieved from 2006 to 2013 in studies performed in the Center Region of Cameroon. In a first article, the impact of task shifting from doctors to nurses is assessed using data from the cohort of patients followed in the nine rural district hospitals of the Stratall trial. Our analysis shows that this solution to address the shortage of physicians preserves the clinical and biological outcomes of patients in the first two years of antiretroviral treatment. In a second article, the accuracy of several criteria for identifying treatment failure is assessed for predicting the onset of HIV drug resistance. Notwithstanding the difficulties of deploying biological monitoring tools, our results highlight the importance of evaluating viral load to predict the emergence of resistance, and particularly rapid re-testing after the first notion of detectability to switch patients to second line in a timely manner. The third part of the thesis handles individual issues, and more specifically the gender issue. Our results show that men and women followed in decentralized areas reach similar levels of adherence, but that men's vulnerability under treatment - especially through higher failure rate- is independent of adherence. Finally, the fourth part focuses on routine care provided in the District Hospital of Mfou, Cameroon. Our results add to the growing body of evidence to enable the formulation of public health recommendations on task shifting and definition of treatment failure. They also raise research perspectives as they impair the paradigm of adherence to explain a difference in treatment efficiency between men and women
Dupré, Thierry. "Immunité humorale cervicovaginale des femmes au stade asymptomatique des infections par le VIH de type 1 ou par le VIH de type 2." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P128.
Full textLoenzien, Myriam de. "Connaissances, opinions et attitudes relatives au sida en milieu rural africain (Sénégal, Cameroun et Burundi)." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H079.
Full textGiretti, Eric. "Infections à campylobacter chez le sujet VIH+ : épidémiologie et apport de l'électrophorèse en champ pulsé." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P217.
Full textKenmoe, Sebastien. "Prévalence et diversité génétique des virus respiratoires au Cameroun." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC417/document.
Full textBackground: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are recognized as an important cause of morbidity, mortality and hospitalization among children in developing countries. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the main cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children and the elderly. Identified in 2001, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a new paramyxovirus. Studies have shown the co-circulation of the subgroups of these two viruses with domination of one of the sub-groups according to the geographical zones and according of years. These two viruses encode two major surface glycoproteins, the highly conserved fusion F protein and the highly variable attachment G protein. Data are still limited in sub-Saharan African countries on prevalence, seasonality and genetic characterization of these two respiratory viruses. In Cameroon, these two viruses have been described only once (5.7 and 5% for HRSV and HMPV respectively) in patients with influenza-like illness in 2012.Objective: This study reports the prevalence, seasonality and the genetic variability of HRSV and HMPV strains in Cameroonian children for 3 consecutive epidemic seasons (September 2011-October 2014). Moreover, the genetic diversity of other respiratory viruses detected during this work is presented as a secondary objective.Methods: A prospective surveillance was conducted to identify inpatient and outpatient children less than 15 years with respiratory symptoms ≤ 5 days. The nasopharyngeal samples were tested for 17 respiratory viruses using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Viral distribution and demographic data were analyzed statistically. Positive samples for HRSV and HMPV were amplified by semi-nested polymerize chain reaction and then partially sequenced at the G gene. Phylogenetic analyzes were performed on the partial nucleotide and protein sequences of the G gene.Results: From September 2011 to October 2014, 822 children under 15 years were enrolled in the study. At least one virus was identified in each of 72.6% (577/822) of children, 31.7% (189/597) of whom were co-detections; 28.5% (226/822) were positive for human adenovirus, 21.4% (176/822) for influenza virus, 15.5% (127.822) for rhinovirus/enterovirus, 9.4% (77/822) for bocavirus, 9% (74/822) for HRSV, 8.2% (67/822) for human coronavirus, 6.2% (50/822) for human parainfluenzavirus, and 3.9% (32/822) for HMPV. HRSV infection was more frequent in children under 2 years (70.3%, 52/74) and hospitalized participants (70.3%, 52/74). While HRSV showed a seasonal pattern with circulation from September to December, sporadic cases of HMPV were detected throughout the year. HRSV-A (19.1%, 9/47) and HRSV-B (17%; 8/47) were observed relatively at the same frequency with (63.8%, 30/47) codetections of HRSV-A/HRSV-B. HMPV-A (71.4%; 10/14) was predominant compared to HMPV-B (28.6; 4/14). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HRSV strains of the study are grouped within subgroup NA-1 (for HRSV-A) and BA-9 (for HRSV-B). Cameroonian HMPV strains are grouped among the members of genotype A2b (for HMPV-A), B1 and B2 (for HMPV-B).Conclusion: This study suggests that about 70% of ARI recorded in children in Cameroon are caused by viruses. The present study is also the first report on the genetic variability of the G gene of HRSV and HMPV strains in the region. Although this work partially fills gaps for some information, additional studies are required to clarify the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary pattern of respiratory viruses in sub-Saharan Africa in general and more particularly in Cameroon
Jean, Kévin. "Mise à l’épreuve de la stratégie de prévention du VIH « Tester et traiter » : l’exemple de la Côte d’Ivoire." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0031.
Full textIncreasing evidence suggests that early antiretroviral treatment (ART) of HIV-infected people is beneficial at individual level and may also present benefits at population level. Thus, the potential of the Test and Treat strategy to curtail the HIV epidemic seems promising, especially in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. This strategy relies on universal HIV testing combined with immediate initiation of ART among those diagnosed HIV-positive and raises many issues, especially regarding socio-behavioural aspects. Relying on two studies conducted in Côte d’Ivoire, the objective of this thesis was to understand some of the socio-behavioural issues of expanding HIV testing and treatment. Based on an intervention trial, we studied the impact of an early ART initiation on sexual behaviours and on HIV transmission risk among adults engaged in various types of partnerships. Besides, the analysis of a nationally-representative survey identified the main socio-behavioural and contextual barriers to uptake of HIV testing among the general population of Côte d’Ivoire. The results of this thesis provide some insights on the preventive benefits of the Test and Treat strategy, on its impact in the real world and on the conditions of its success in the context of West-Africa
Lasky, Mariama. "Etude des caractéristiques moléculaires et virologiques de l'infection à VIH-1 survenue outre-mer." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20234.
Full textBoyd, Anders. "Clinical epidemiology of multi-viral hepatitis infection among HIV-HBV infected patients." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066618.
Full textMorlat, Philippe. "Epidémiologie clinique et infection par le VIH 1 de l'adulte en France." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR28410.
Full textLevy, Sylvia. "L'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine : surveillance du SIDA région Corse." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P065.
Full textLe, Vu Stéphane. "Estimation de l'incidence de l'infection par le VIH en France à l'aide d'un test biologique d'infection récente." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T013.
Full textKnowledge of HIV incidence is essential to provide a timely picture of the HIV epidemie, in arder to target and evaluate prevention efforts. However, current methods of HIV incidence estimation can hardly provide data on current transmission patterns. A new approach based on biological procedures that discriminate recent from long-standing HIV infection has been developed since the mid 1990s. Its major advantage is that it can provide incidence estimates from a single population sample without the need for a longitudinal follow-up. The French national HIV/AIDS case reporting system has included aroutine testing for recent infection since its debut in 2003. The objective of this PhD thesis is to estimate population-based HIV incidence in France by using HIV case reporting data and results from recent infection testing. Its first part is a review of laboratory-based methods for HIV incidence estimation. The second part is dedicated to the calibration of the test for recent infection used in France using a reference sample of population. The third partis giving estimates of population-based HIV incidence in France. Based on this new method applied at a national scale, HIV incidence will be tracked over time in arder to monitor the HIV transmission dynamics in the various risk groups of the population and to better target prevention
d'Almeida, Kayigan Wilson. "Changement de paradigme dans le dépistage du VIH : intérêt d’un dépistage systématique de la population générale dans les urgences hospitalières françaises. Exemple d’une intervention dans 29 services d’urgences hospitalières d’Ile-de-France." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0032.
Full textIn the era of highly effective antiretroviral therapies, late presentation for HIV infection is one of the main barriers for controlling the epidemic. To encourage early testing, national health authorities in developed countries have recommended HIV screening for all patients in health-care settings. Such guidelines were issued in France in 2009. The aims of this thesis were to examine the acceptability, feasibility and public health impact of universal HIV screening in French emergency departments and to assess the correlates of late presentation for HIV infection in France, in order to question the relevancy of universal screening guidelines. Analysis of data from the ANRS 95008/Sidaction study showed a modest public health impact of emergency department-based universal HIV screening. Patients’ acceptance of HIV screening in emergency departments (EDs) was high while the feasibility varied across EDs and was associated with diverse contextual barriers. Data from the ANRS-VESPA2 study was used to assess the correlates of late presentation for HIV infection. We found that late presentation was high not only among traditional high risk groups but also among non-African heterosexual men and those diagnosed over 40. Our results suggest that in France, the recommendations for non-targeted HIV testing should be reformulated to reach both populations at high risk of HIV infection and those at low risk of HIV infection with high risk of late diagnosis. Moreover, we underline the limits of ED-based HIV universal screening and the barriers to its implementation while bringing insights into the potential role of such healthcare settings in the French HIV screening strategy
Klopfenstein, Vincent. "Incidence de l'introduction des anti-protéases sur la pathologie VIH à La Réunion (à propos de 31 cas)." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON11012.
Full textCarré, Nicolas. "Déterminants de la progression de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (vih-1) vers le syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA11T039.
Full textMeyer, Laurence. "Délétion CCR5-delta 32 et progression de la maladie VIH-1." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T021.
Full textThe role of the Δ32 deletion on the gene coding for the CCR5 receptor for beta chemokines on HIV-1 disease progression was studied in HIV-infected patients followed in several prospective multicenter cohorts. Around 17% of patients with a known date of infection from the SEROCO cohort were heterozygous for the deletion : these patients progressed less rapidly since infection to AlDS or death than the other patients. Ln a collaborative study with the Amsterdam cohort study, this protective effect was observed independently of two other mutations on genes coding for the CCR2 receptor and the SDF-1 ligand. Early serum viral load was 0. 25 log lower in Δ32 heterozygous patients than in wild-type patients; this lower viral load explained partiy. The protective effect of the deletion in the Cox multivariate analysis. This study allowed us to describe an HIV-infected subject who was homozygous for the deletion, which confirms that homozygous patients are not totally protected from HIV infection. The relationship between the Δ32 deletion and the occurrence of several opportunistic infections was studied in 1657 patients followed in the SEROCO, HEMOCO and SEROGEST cohorts. The risk of toxoplasmosis as a first AIDS-defining illness since inclusion was significantly reduced in heterozygous patients, even after adjustment for age, CD4 cell count and primary specifie prophylaxis. Since most patients who are still followed in these cohorts are now treated by highly active antiretroviral therapy, we are going to study whether the deletion affects the response treatment. The relationship between pathophysiology of primary HIV-1 infection and the Δ32 deletion will be studied in the PRIMO cohort which has recruited since 1996 recently infected patients
Léonard, Guy. "Les infections par les virus HIV-1 et HIV-2 en Afrique de l'Ouest : Etudes épidémiologiques, sérologiques et détection génomique après amplification génique." Limoges, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIMO0169.
Full textLaborde-Balen, Gabrièle. "Au-delà du traitement du sida : une anthropologie de l’échec thérapeutique au Cameroun." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3116/document.
Full textWhen antiretroviral treatment becomes widespread in countries in the Global South, the emergence of viral resistance related to treatment failures is a threat for individuals and the general public. In Cameroon, various constraints hinder the prevention, detection and case management of treatment failures. Through an anthropological approach, this dissertation explores the context and determinants of treatment failures. Nonadherence is the main cause of their onset. Medical and psychosocial teams must face a lack of suitable guidelines and procedures. Also, notification of the failure is often associated with placing blame on patients, on whom caregivers assign sole responsibility for the failure. Adaptation in facilities is limited. Medical and psychosocial care is focused on starting treatment and making changes in treatment, but long-term follow-up does not exist. Patients’ perceptions of antiretrovirals are hampered by failures. The failure redefines power relationships and trust between caregivers and patients. Caregivers’ attitudes vacillate between compassion and condemnation, while the failure reinforces the patients’ dependence. This dissertation aims to contribute to the anthropological discussion on medicines, the health system and the caregiver-patient relationship as well as to improve care for patients with treatment failure to ensure the continued effectiveness of antiretroviral therapies that underlie any hopes of one day eradicating the epidemic
Bossuet, Patrick. "Bilan de quatre ans d'activité dans la surveillance des patients infectés par le VIH à la clinique médicale et des maladies infectieuses (C. H. R. De Bordeaux) : 1er juillet 1985 - 30 juin 1989." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25170.
Full textBarrios, Ginart Jorge. "Modèles dynamiques décrits par Inclusions différentielles en épidémiologie : le cas de la dengue et le cas du VIH." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0413.
Full textLn this work we present two mathematical models that simulate the dynamics of an epidemic outbreak of dengue disease in Cuba. The i first model is described by a system of ordinary differential equations with the purpose of estimaling some essential parameters in the evolution of the epidemie. The second model uses a differential inclusion in order to simulate the dynamic under uncertainties. Also, we review a family of ordinary differential equations models of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cuba and one of these models is reformulated as a differential inclusion. In addition, to analyze the behavior of these two epidemies and the effect of intervention, we develop a practical algorithm for the computation of the reachable sets of the differential inclusions, providing a mathematical framework allowing us to make suitable predictions of aII state variables of the models at a future time
Msellati, Philippe. "Infection par le VIH chez l'enfant et vaccinations de routine : une étude de cohorte menée à Kigali, Rwanda." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23104.
Full textMichel, Philippe. "Éléments d'épidémiologie et de physiopathologie de deux rétrovirus humains endémiques en Afrique de l'Ouest : VIH-2 et HTLV-I." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE19010.
Full textColson, Philippe. "Infection par le VIH-2 dans la région de Marseille : caractéristiques épidémiologiques et étude de la résistance génotypique aux antirétroviraux." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX20682.
Full textKabore, Nongodo Firmin. "Analyse épidémio-génétique de la fonction rénale chez les personnes d’Afrique sub-Saharienne vivant avec le VIH." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT070.
Full textNearly 500 million people worldwide suffer from chronic kidney disease (CKD) and about 80% of them live in low- and middle-income countries. Paeople living with HIV (PLHIV) are at increased risk of renal disease, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This situation is probably related to genetic susceptibility conferred by variants of the apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1). These variant highly prevalent in Africa, and particularly in West Africa, have been identified as being strongly implicated in the occurrence of serious renal diseases experienced by PLHIV.The aim of this thesis was to provide data about the long-term evolution of renal function in sub-Saharan African PLHIV treated for HIV infection and assess the risk of kidney complications associated with APOL1. We analyzed the medical and genetic data of several cohorts of PLHIV followed in different health care facilities in West and Central Africa.The prevalence and incidence of CKD in the different cohorts and estimated according to the recommendations of the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative are low to moderate and contrast with the observations made in some countries of the region with prevalence reaching 30%.The frequencies of the 2 risk variants of the APOL1 gene are also lower than expected, with only 3 to 5% of carriers of the high-risk genotype. The observation of higher frequencies in West Africa than in Central Africa is, however, confirmed.Due to the low number of carriers of the high-risk genotype and the low prevalence of CKD, we were unable to demonstrate a significant effect of APOL1 variants on the risk of kidney complications.However, our work confirms the role of other risk factors such as age, immunosuppression, hypertension and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate exposure. These observations led us to evaluate the performance of a prediction score of CKD initially developed for Western PLHIV. We show that this score can be used in sub-Saharan Africa to identify people at risk of developing a CKD and provide them with targeted monitoring and prevention intervention.These findings provide reassuring information about the evolution of renal function in West African PLHIV followed and treated for their HIV infection. However, given that management of severe kidney disease is a major challenge is these settings, the implementation of screening and prevention strategies must be a public health priority
Drevet, Pierre-Henri. "Approche géographique des risques d'émergence de maladies virales en Afrique forestière équatoriale : le VIH-1 au sud-est du Cameroun." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR30083/document.
Full textThrough a geographical approach, we propose to contribute to the study of viral disease emergence in the equatorial African forestry by focusing on the probable original causes of the HIV-Aids virus. The Human immunodeficiency virus, responsible for the current Aids pandemic has zoonotic origins. Born from the recombination of several forms of simian retroviruses, the human virus (HIV) comes from the crossing of the inter-species barrier by viral agents carried by the primates (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - VIS) and which have over time been selected and following multiple exposures and extended to the human organisms.The subject of this work is treating the viral diseases emergence process as a system within which spatial dynamics, human aspects and environmental parameters interact. This requires exploring the origins of the emergence of HIV-aids, through the prism of a geographical study: migration, territorial, and domestic patterns of east Cameroonian forestry can create perilous situations in terms of exposure, diffusion and propagation of viral diseases
Le, Monnier Alban. "Epidémiologie de la résistance aux antirétroviraux au cours de la primo-infection par le VIH-1 à Paris." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P154.
Full textElenga, Narcisse. "L’épidémiologie de l’infection VIH chez l’adulte en Guadeloupe : étude à partir de la base de données hospitalière sur l’infection VIH (1988-2009)." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0786/document.
Full textWith an accumulated incidence rate of 56 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, Guadeloupe is the second French region most affected by HIV. Most of the publications on HIV/AIDS were essentially descriptive, stemming from annual reports. The Guadeloupean Hospital Database on HIV was scarcely exploited for research. The objective of this work was to estimate the fundamental aspects of HIV/AIDS in Guadeloupe. So late presentation for care, delay between HIV diagnosis and first specialised consultation, follow-up interruption, incidence of depression, opportunistic infections and deaths were studied as well as their predictive factors. We were able to highlight the following points: first, the very late HIV diagnosis (CD4< 200 / mm3) concerned 40, 12 % of HIV- infected adults followed in Guadeloupe. 36 % of patients had delays between HIV diagnosis and first specialised consultation. However, more than 22 % of patients were permanently lost to follow-up and never seen again. The first three classifying affections were oesophageal candidiasis, HIV-wasting syndrome and pneumocystosis. The causes of deaths reported in the literature were similar to those observed in our study. AIDS-related infections were the first cause of deaths.This thesis work thus tried to generate, in one of the most HIV-affected French regions, some indicators from the French Hospital Database on HIV. This database often did not contain all the desired informations, but the important number of observations allowed to have high power for the studied variables. These results, although often confirming the clinicians' empirical knowledge, may help understand some aspects of the HIV epidemic in Guadeloupe
Reynes, Jacques. "Etude des candidoses résistantes au fluconazole observées au cours de l'infection à VIH : épidémiologie clinique et moléculaire, données expérimentales, stratégie thérapeutique." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON1T006.
Full textParriault, Marie-Claire. "Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques vis-à-vis du VIH et des IST parmi les travailleuses du sexe en Guyane et à Oiapoque, Brésil." Thesis, Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015YANE0006/document.
Full textThe HIV epidemic in French Guiana is often described as generalized. However, some vulnerable groups appear particularly affected. Among these groups, female sex workers hold a special place because of the frequency of transactional relationships in the region. These sexual‐economic exchanges go beyond the borders since many customers from French Guiana solicit female sex workers in Oiapoque, the Brazilian border town. Despite the potential importance of sex work in the HIV epidemic, there is scarce data on the subject in the area.The main objective of this study was to address this knowledge gap and to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices among female sex workers in French Guiana and Oiapoque in order to optimize and subsequently evaluate prevention.The results of the survey conducted in French Guiana and Oiapoque in 2010 and 2011 highlighted a number of events promoting the spread of the epidemic among female sex workers, but also promoting the spread of the epidemic in the general population. Thus, condom use was not always adequate. Although it was consistent with the customers, it was much less with intimate partners, in a common multiple sexual partnerships context. The HIV screening rate was particularly low in Oiapoque as well. Beyond the individual aspect, the structural framework clearly impacted the vulnerability of female sex workers. Thus, the non‐availability of treatment in Oiapoque, the precariousness in which people live and the legislative framework of the two countries are major barriers to female sex workers’ support.Different levels of understanding are necessary to disentangle the complexity of behaviors facing the risk of transmission of HIV among female sex workers. Prevention must be considered at each level, not only at the individual level, to be effective. Furthermore, prevention must be considered more generally to provide an efficient response to the HIV epidemic by combining behavioral, biomedical and structural prevention elements
Ngouana, Kammalac Thierry. "Diversité génétique d'isolats de Cryptococcus et Candida issus des patients VIH positifs à Yaoundé et étude de leur sensibilité aux antifongiques et aux extraits de plantes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13512/document.
Full textCryptococcus neoformans and Candida species are the main causative agents of yeast opportunistic infections among HIV infected persons. However, information on molecular their epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility are scarce in Cameroon. The main objective of this work was to study the genetic diversity and the antifungal susceptibility against antifungal drugs and plant extracts of C. neoformans and Candida isolates from Yaoundé HIV patients. C. neoformans (25) and Candida (317 among which 113 C. albicans) Isolates were obtained, from 171 and 402 HIV patients at the Yaoundé Central Hospital respectively. They were identified by phenotypic and biochemical characters, by mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR. The genetic diversity of 150 C. neoformans isolates (25 initial isolates and 125 colonies) was carried out by serotyping, microsatellite length polymorphism and PCR-RFLP. The genetic diversity of the 113 C. albicans isolates was performed by genotyping and microsatellite length polymorphism. The identification of C. albicans complex species was achieved by PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene. The antifungal susceptibility testing of C. neoformans against posaconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine was carried out by the broth microdilution test using the « Sensititre YeastOne® » kit. The CLSI M27-A3 protocol was used for the determination of the C. albicans isolate's susceptibility against amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole which are frequently used in Cameroon. The antifungal activity of extracts from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa and Monodora tenuifolia was performed by a preliminary screening with the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts. Selected extracts were therefore submitted to the bio-guided fractionation. Selected subfractions were submitted to combination assays. C. neoformans var grubii was the lonely Cryptococcus species isolated in cerebrospinal fluids. Fifteen Candida species were isolates from mucosae with C. albicans remaining the most frequent. C. africana has been isolated for the first time in Cameroon. C. neoformans and C. albicans provided 14 and 65 major molecular types respectively. It was also found that a patient can be infected by 2 different molecular types of C. neoformans. C. albicans genotype A was the most frequent. The PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene allowed the identification of a novel molecular profile among the C. albicans complex and named H (H1-H6). C. neoformans isolates were susceptible to the tested drugs. However, one isolate exhibited reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and one another to 5-fluorocytosine. C. albicans isolates expressed various susceptibility profiles similar to what described in the literature. Furthermore, there was a relationship between the H-typing and the antifungal susceptibility of C. albicans isolates against itraconazole (p-value<0.05). T. mantaly, T. catappa and M. tenuifolia extracts exhibited antifungal activity against tested yeasts. Bioguided fractionation allowed improves of the antifungal activity from crude extracts to subfractions. Synergism was observed, and the most active combination from T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia was also fungicidal on tested yeasts. Conclusively, the present work brings new tools for the comprehension and the better management of C. neoformans and Candida infections among Yaoundé HIV positive patients. The antifungal resistance emergence of yeasts isolates could be compensated by the development of a new antifungal medicine from subfractions combinations of T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia
Ndawinz, Jacques Deval Armstrong. "Estimation de l'Incidence de l'Infection par le VIH et autres Indicateurs de Surveillance de l'Épidémie du VIH : le cas de la France et du Cameroun." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066179/document.
Full textA possible solution to eliminate the spread of the HIV epidemic is that people living with HIV (PLHIV) unaware of their HIV status (the hidden epidemic) are diagnosed and that all PLHIV have timely access to antiretroviral treatment (ART). That is why it is now recommended to put in place interventions combining early diagnosis of HIV and early initiation of ART. The objective of this thesis is to develop statistical methods to estimate indicators to identify, monitor and evaluate these interventions in different epidemic settings. Thus, a first back-calculation model combining HIV diagnosis data and changes in access to HIV screening is developed - with an application in France -to estimate the incidence of HIV infection, the duration between infection and HIV diagnosis and the size of the hidden epidemic. A multilevel analysis is implemented to identify risk factors associated with late ART initiation in Cameroon. A method based on multilevel models is proposed - with an application to Cameroon - to estimate two new indicators, the time between seroconversion and ART initiation and the delay between the theoretical time of ART eligibility and the effective time of ART initiation. A second back-calculation model more adapted to Africa countries is developed from data on PLHIV initiating ART - with an application in Cameroon - to estimate the incidence of HIV infection. This thesis proposes original methods to estimate the incidence of HIV infection and the time to HIV diagnosis or ART initiation
Vaillant, Caroline. "Activité cytotoxique des lymphocytes induites par des vaccins préventifs contre l'infection à VIH-1, administrés chez le volontaire sain." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P199.
Full textNéel, Cécile. "Epidémiologie du virus de l'immunodéficience simienne chez les gorilles : prévalence et transmission du SIVgor chez les gorilles en milieu naturel au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20095/document.
Full textSIV infecting chimpanzees and gorillas are the precursors of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1. The four groups of HIV-1 are the results of four different viral transmissions from apes to humans. Using non invasive methods we discovered the reservoir of HIV-1 M and N in two communities of chimpanzees (Ptt) in Cameroon and found that Gorillas (Ggg) are infected by a SIV close to HIV-1 O and P. While SIVgor has not yet been detected in chimpanzees, phylogeny shows that Ptt transmitted this virus to Ggg. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we studied the characteristics of the infection in wild living gorillas. We prospected 13 sites in Cameroon and 3 in CAR. 2120 fecal samples of gorillas and 442 of chimpanzees were collected. SIVgor infection was detected in 3 sites in Cameroon and the prevalence ranges from 3.2% to 4.6%, lower than in chimpanzees. Several social groups of gorillas with overlapping home-ranges were infected and the prevalence within group could exceed 25%. Viruses of the same group are genetically close, showing epidemiologic links. In a follow up study between 2004 and 2009 on one site, we discovered a focus of infection with 2 cases of seroconvertion and we re-sampled one infected female 5 years after. In this site, the prevalence of SIVgor is stable and the number of infected females is higher than the males. The social structure of gorillas and their behavior can partly explain for the repartition and prevalence of SIVgor, as well as the differences with the infection in chimpanzees. This multidisciplinary study proves the feasibility of a follow up study in wild living gorillas. If SIVgor turns out to be pathogenic, a follow up will be essential for this endangered species
Cazein, Françoise. "Prévalence du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine chez les femmes enceintes en Europe (1990-1996)." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P009.
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