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Service, Alexandra. "Popular Vikings : constructions of Viking identity in twentieth century Britain." Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13992/.
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Vikings are a vibrant part of modern popular culture. Although the Viking Age ended nearly a millennium ago, today Viking images are everywhere, functioning as tourist attractions, marketing devices, role models, and sources of regional/national pride and identity. This thesis examines the causes of the Vikings' adoption as icons of popular culture, and looks at the various ways in which Vikings are used. Crucial to an understanding of modern Viking constructions are questions of popular culture's roles, and its relations with high culture and academia. As an historical people who have been re-invented by popular legend, Vikings illustrate the problematic relations between scholars and the popular incarnations of those scholars' subjects. Scholars in the Viking field often feel antagonism toward the popular images which they see as distorting their topic. Yet without the popular Viking visions, it would be difficult for academic work on the Vikings to continue. Popular interest is what sells books, brings visitors to venues such as the Jorvik Viking Centre, and attracts many scholars to the Viking field in the first place. The thesis first discusses theories of popular culture, and the development of cultural studies. From there it turns to a chronological overview of political, literary and archaeological developments which have influenced the evolution of Viking images. In the third chapter, attention turns to questions of the popular Vikings' appearance. Viking men, Viking women, Viking ships and Viking helmets are discussed in the context of the physical traits assigned to them by popular imagery, and the various sources of these representations. The fourth chapter examines a central dichotomy of Viking constructions, the question of whether Vikings are good or evil. A discussion of cross-cultural constructions of the word "barbarian", and the interactions between barbarism and civilisation, is followed by an examination of the Vikings in their barbarian interpretation. The chapter also looks at the reverse side of these barbarian images, by which Vikings gain sympathy through their characterisation as a people who have been done wrong by history, and need to be rescued from their barbaric reputation. Chapter Five looks at the Vikings' positive roles, in which they function as models of discipline and skill, industriousness, independence, and adventurousness, and illustrate ways in which "the human spirit reached new heights". Finally, Chapter Six looks in more detail at questions of why the Vikings are important today, attempting to discern what elements of the Viking myth have ensured its survival in modern popular consciousness.
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Ridel, Elisabeth. "Des Vikings et des mots : l'apport des Vikings au lexique de la langue d'oïl." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN1497.
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Les Vikings qui se sont établis, au cours des IXe et Xe siècles, dans une partie de l’ancienne Neustrie carolingienne n’ont pas bouleversé les structures matérielles et politiques de la société franque. En revanche, ils ont laissé des traces linguistiques bien perceptibles dans la toponymie et l’anthroponymie, mais surtout les Vikings ont transmis des mots usuels de leur civilisation, ultimes vestiges de leur langue disparue, l’ancien scandinave. Cette étude se propose d’inventorier, sous la forme d’un glossaire, les mots lexicaux apportés par les Vikings qui ont intégré les parlers d’oïl de Normandie et de les analyser selon une double perspective : historique et linguistique. Les investigations historiques portent aussi bien sur l’origine des faits et des langues, sur la nature des sources qui nous ont transmis les mots d’origine scandinave, que sur la culture des hommes qui ont employé ces mots. Les analyses linguistiques s’attachent à résoudre les problèmes étymologiques rencontrés au cours de cette étude, notamment ceux qui concernent les mots d’origine germanique, à comprendre comment les termes scandinaves se sont intégrés au système phonétique et morphologique de la langue d’oïl, et enfin à les quantifier selon des perspectives synchroniques, diachroniques et géolinguistiques. Cette étude lexicale apporte un complément appréciable aux recherches historiques et archéologiques menées depuis ces dernières années sur le « dossier scandinave » de la Normandie. Comme elles, celle-ci tend à confirmer l’acculturation rapide des Vikings à la société carolingienne, malgré des éléments originaux qui se manifestent dans le domaine maritime
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Borrebæk, Kristian. "Ny ishockeyhall til Tønsberg Vikings." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Fakultet for arkitektur og billedkunst, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26672.
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Carlisle, Timothy. "The walrus in the walls and other strange tales : a comparative study of house-rites in the Viking-age North Atlantic Region." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233115.
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Building offerings, artefacts or bones that had been placed under or within house features, are considered evidence of rites associated with house construction, remodelling or abandonment, and are an archaeological phenomenon that was common throughout European prehistory. This dissertation focuses on interpreting building offerings dating to the Viking Age in Iceland and Scotland. Each find of this type is unique, which poses a challenge for archaeological investigations that often lack the interpretive framework needed to make comparisons between sites. This dissertation critically refines the frameworks of previous studies of similar types of deposits in AngloSaxon Britain and Scandinavia in order to fill this gap in research and discuss the purpose of houserites. The frameworks of behavioural and cognitive archaeology indicate that the performance of house-rites played a role in the construction of the house as the centre of the world-view of Vikingage people. House-rites are situated as prescriptive behaviours that negotiated perspectives of space throughout the residential life-cycle by adding to house materiality. This refined interpretive paradigm is then applied to a comparative survey of Viking-age houses and farmsteads from Iceland and Scotland. In the North Atlantic region, house-rites appear to have been performed in order for Norse people to reimagine their place in the world. The practical elements of the tradition were altered based on the relevant cultural frameworks and specific geo-political contexts to which Norse people were migrating in the Viking Age. In Iceland, people utilised displays of generosity and skills as providers during house-rites to construct an association between social relationships and residential space. The house itself had agency in situating people both within the landscape and the community. In Norse settlements in Scotland, Scandinavian people were relating themselves directly to the symbols used by native peoples through the use of personal objects in the performance of houserites, integrating their new environment into their mentalities. In Scandinavia, house-rites were a long-standing tradition, leading to a well-established, carefully negotiated sense of identity within the landscape. The Norse people who migrated into the North Atlantic region during the Viking Age were leaving this well-established sense of place. This intensified the climate of uncertainty regarding their place in the world, leading to the negotiation of mentalities through the discursive dynamics of house-rites in altered contexts.
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Webb, Oliver David. "An insular perspective on the role of foreign influences in the development of early Viking art : the gripping-beast-motif as a case study." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1992. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26738.
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This study illustrates the wider Insular contact with Viking Scandinavia by the examination of a primary feature of early Viking Art, the Gripping- Beast-Motif. It examines the various theories behind the ‘genesis' of this motif in order to eliminate the most unlikely and assert the role of Insular impulses in this so-called 'parthenogenetic' development. To this end it provides an examination of the various roles and likely paradigms from the different regions of the British Isles and in particular reassesses the role of Ireland in these impulses, on the premise that Insular art was providing the influences which led to the creation of the motif that provide a heuristic overview of what these influences meant in their own context. The result of this is to establish a Scandinavian belief context to determine whether the motifs were being copied to fit into a similar or shared meaning context.
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Andersson, Eva. "Tools for textile production from Birka and Hedeby : excavations in the black earth 1990-1995 /." Stockholm : Produced by the Birka project for Riksantikvarieämbetet, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401470663.
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Texte remanié: Dissertation--Archaeology--Lund university, 1999. Titre de soutenance : The common thread : textile production during the late iron age - viking age.Traduit du suédois par Alan Crozier. Bibliogr. p. 155-165.
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Redmond, Angela Z. "Viking burial in the North of England : a study of contact, interaction and reaction between Scandinavian migrants with resident groups, and the effect of immigration on aspects of cultural continuity /." Oxford : Hedges, 2007. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz263310663inh.pdf.
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Fridriksson, Adolf. "La place du mort. Les tombes vikings dans le paysage culturel islandais." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040215/document.
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La place du mort est une étude topographique des sépultures païennes de l'âge de fer en Islande. Le but de ce travail est d'étudier la localisation des tombes et d'en déterminer le sens. Les résultats se fondent sur une révision critique de toutes les données disponibles en matière de site funéraire en Islande, et sur la fouille de chaque sépulture répertoriée. Les données obtenues permettent l'élaboration d'un modèle de localisation des tombes qui les situe a) loin des fermes, mais près des frontières et des routes, b) à proximité des fermes et à une courte distance de leur zone d'activité principale et c) au carrefour entre la route principale et l'allée menant au corps de ferme. Ces résultats ont été testés et confirmés par d'autres explorations de terrain et des fouilles récentes. La comparaison des tombes situées en a) et en b) met en évidence une différence intéressante : près des fermes, les tombes sont souvent orientées nord-sud, les sépultures sont en petit nombre et d'une variété limitée, et la population des défunts est majoritairement constituée d'hommes adultes ou âgés. Les tombes éloignées des fermes quant à elles sont le plus souvent orientées est-ouest, présentent une variété plus importante de biens funéraires, et contiennent des hommes et des femmes de tous âges. Les spécificités topographiques sont interprétées comme reflétant les différentes étapes du processus de la colonisation humaine de l'Islande, qui a eu lieu à la fin du IXe siècle : au stade initial, les sépultures sont placées près de l‘unique endroit important aux yeux des premiers colons : leur habitation. Puis la croissance de l'immigration entraîne de nouvelles règles, dont l'élaboration de frontières entre les propriétés agricoles, frontières signifiées entre autres par les cimetières qui y sont établis. Vers la fin de la colonisation, les démarcations sont nettes et convenues. Les frontières sont désinvesties et les lieux d'importance sont alors déplacés aux carrefours entre route principale et allée conduisant au nouveaux corps de ferme construits au sein d'établissements prééxistantsThe Place of the Dead. Viking Pagan Burial in Icelandic Cultural LandscapeLa place du mort is a topographical study of pagan burials from the late Iron Age in Iceland. The aim of this work is to investigate where burials are located, and explain the reason behind the choice of place. The results are based on a critical revision of all available data on known burial sites in Iceland, and a survey of each site in the field. The main results are presented as a model of burial location, which shows that graves were placed either a) away from farmhouses, on boundaries and by roads, or b) close to farms, and a short distance outside the main activity area of the farm, or c) at the crossroads between the main road and the home lane leading to the farm. These results were tested – and confirmed - by further field survey and excavation. When the details of each grave at the two extreme locations were compared, and interesting difference became apparent: At locations near farms, the graves are frequently orientated N-S, the grave-goods are in small numbers and of a limited variety, and the population are predominantly adult or old men. The graves far away from the farm, are most often oriented E-W, there is a greater number and a greater variety of gravegoods, and there are male and female graves of people of all ages.The differences between locations are explained as different stages of the process of the human colonisation of Iceland which occurred in the late 9th century : at the initial stage, burials were located near to the only significant place of the first settlers, the habitation. With growing immigration, people establish boundaries between farms by placing cemeteries there. Towards the end of the colonisation, where boundaries have been agreed upon, the most significant location shifts again, from boundaries, to the junction between the main road and the home track, leading to the farm which has been located between two already established settlements
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Whitehead, Gudrun Drofn. "Vikings, the barbaric heroes : exploring the Viking image in museums in Iceland and England and its impact on identity." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28829.
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Vikings: a term so well known that it instantaneously evokes an image of bloodthirsty warriors, weapons, hoards, burning monasteries and heroic battles. Despite growing academic knowledge about the limitations of this stereotype of Vikings, it is nevertheless strongly rooted within popular culture. How can visitors to museums help us to understand the role of Vikings in constructing, maintaining and modifying collective, national and personal identities? This research explores the image of Vikings in English and Icelandic society and in two museums, Víkingaheimar in Reykjanesbær, Iceland and Yorkshire Museum in Yorkshire, England. The aim of this thesis is analyse visitor responses to museum representations of the Vikings. Its findings demonstrate the role of collective memory in the meaning creation process within museums and the use of the Viking stereotype as a trope in order to construct collective, national and individual identities. Furthermore, by exploring individual responses to history, the research advances understanding of the impact within modern society of the Viking image and its representation within museums. It also shows how history, in particular, history beyond living memory, is used in order to make sense of present social issues. Fieldwork conducted at Víkingaheimar and Yorkshire Museum is analysed using theories on historical distancing, collective social memory, nationalism, otherness and representation within museums. These theories are discussed in relation to identity formation and collective memory to examine the role and influences of the Vikings and their age upon modern Icelandic and English society. The results show that participants in the study used the collective social past in order to rationalise present social issues and events. This enabled a positive interpretation and fluid formations of their various identities within the museum exhibition. Additionally, participants made the past more personal by reflecting on their own identity through history. Participants in this study are shown to interpret the past based upon collective memory, ignoring the museum’s historical exhibition narrative in favour of their pre-existing ideas on history.
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Gardela, Leszek. "Entangled worlds : archaeologies of ambivalence in the Viking age." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=207460.
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When all available sources on the Viking world are combined, there is a strong sense that the Scandinavians of the late Iron Age (8th-11th centuries AD) recognised no clear distinctions between the profane and the sacred. The latter could manifest itself in different ways, in places, beings or objects, and it often aroused ambivalent feelings of both fear and awe. This thesis explores these entanglements and the notion of ambivalence in relation to a particular group of Viking-Age individuals involved in the practice of magic (e.g. seiðr). Chapters 1-3 form the background for the considerations on ritual specialists' lives, tools of trade and ways of burial. After a detailed review of Viking-Age funerary practices, focus shifts towards the corpus of so-called ‘deviant burials', which in recent years have often been interpreted as belonging to ritual specialists. Chapter 4 compares the written and archaeological evidence for the funerary treatment of ritual specialists. Particular attention is devoted to graves where the deceased are covered with stones, since in the written sources execution by stoning is often employed as a punishment for malevolent magic. Nonetheless, caution is suggested in labeling all of them as belonging to ritual specialists and the necessity of a more individual, contextual approach is proposed. Chapter 5 examines a specific group of Viking-Age artefacts that usually take the form of iron rods, which have recently been interpreted as magic staffs. These items are discussed in the light of Old Norse texts and comparative materials from other areas of the world. Ultimately, the thesis embraces the notion of ambiguity in Viking attitudes to the supernatural, viewing this not as an obstructive problem but as an active component of interpretation. This combines an appropriate caution in approaching a difficult aspect of past societies, with a sensible refusal to introduce more rigid definitions than those used by the Vikings themselves.
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Hermanns-Auðardóttir, Margrét. "Islands tidiga bosättning : studier med utgångspunkt i merovingertida-vikingatida gårdslämningar i Herjólfsdalur, Vestmannaeyjar, Island /." Umeå : Umeå universitet, Arkeologiska institutionen, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376041071.
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Cooke, Siobhan. "How the Vikings inhabited Scotland : a social zooarchaeological approach." Thesis, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=236075.
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The field of human-animal relations is a growing area of research, and with regard to the Viking Age the majority of this research has concerned the Scandinavian homelands. Scotland has been recognised as important in the widespread migration of the Vikings, yet subject to little theoretical enquiry. This thesis represents the first in-depth social zooarchaeological evaluation of the Scottish material to determine to what extent animals played a structuring role in the settlement of Scotland, and the ways in which the Vikings in Scotland understood and negotiated their world. A further aim was to assess the potential of a social zooarchaeological study in understanding Viking identity in Scotland, and to determine the use of animals as social expression in the context of the wider socio-political climate of Scotland. A review of faunal assemblages from published and unpublished settlement sites across the Norse inhabited regions of Scotland was conducted and a comprehensive database of Viking burials compiled, to characterise the nature of human-animal relationships in Scotland, comparable to the Scandinavian homelands and Late Iron Age Scotland. Data analysis highlighted the complexity of human-animal relationships, illustrating that such relationships were transported, acquired and developed, and for which there was regional variation. Through applying a theoretical approach, it is concluded that human-animal relations functioned in strategic ways. Thus, this thesis addresses wider questions concerning continuity, interaction, disruption and the importation of tradition into Scandinavian Scotland whereby animals were a means of negotiating and defining human-human relations.
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Johansson, Albin, and Max Rikardsson. "Vikingar, handelsmän eller plundrare? : En undersökning av hur vikingar gestaltas i läromedel för årskurs 4–6 under åren 1969–2010." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100616.
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The meaning with this essay is to study and analyze the figuration of vikings in Swedish educational books during a period between 1969-2010, together with how the Swedish government's curriculums during the same time period have shaped the content of the educational books regarding the content of vikings. In order to be able to answer these questions a set criterion was formed before the writing started on the essay to form a foundation for the conclusions that were later formulated in the essay. In the essay it emerged that the earliest curriculum had a big focus on teaching the students national history whilst the two later curriculums had a bigger focus on a broader teaching on European history and other nationality groups and their views and a smaller focus on only national history. The results showed that although the curriculums in the Swedish school had changed, the educational books view on vikings remains similar with small changes present throughout the texts. Most notably the change in perspective from only a national view to several perspectives from both the vikings point of view but also the view from ethnic groups around Europe.
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Raffield, Ben. "Landscapes of conflict and control : creating an archaeological atlas of Scandinavian occupied England, AD 878-954." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202947.
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This study re-analyses and re-interprets the Scandinavian occupation of England during the period AD 878-954, which has hitherto been dominated by traditional interpretations based on partial and at times unreliable historical sources. Interpretations of the area commonly referred to as the ‘Danelaw' largely focus on the role of the City of York and the ‘Five Boroughs' of Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford. The reliance on inevitably sparse Anglo-Saxon texts, whilst providing a chronological framework within which to work, has “streamlined” history, producing only a partial picture of the period. Many aspects of this traditional history have been challenged in recent years. Indeed, even terminology traditionally used, such as the word ‘Danelaw', has been subject to investigation and revision. Our archaeological knowledge, however, has not always been applied to these advances and a number of long-established interpretational models and frameworks remain unmodified or unchallenged. This project addresses the Scandinavian occupation through the study of conflict, warfare and power in Viking Age England. A wide range of data was studied, with the integration of this into GIS allowing evidence to not only be analysed within individual topographic contexts, but also on a landscape-wide scale. The study not only provides a re-analysis of the Viking Age English landscape, but highlights new and exciting bodies of evidence from which future research may derive. The data revealed that whilst some aspects of conflict, such as battle, are thus far not represented archaeologically, territorial consolidation, socio-political and religious changes within a context of endemic warfare can be identified. The study suggests a number of potential avenues of research through which our knowledge of the Viking Age might be augmented.
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Larsson, Mats G. "Runstenar och utlandsfärder : aspekter på det senvikingatida samhället med utgångspunkt i de fasta fornlämningarna /." Stockholm : Almqvist och Wiksell, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355170402.
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Tillquist, Christopher. "Voyages of the Vikings: Human haploid variation in northern Europe." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279948.
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Europe is a region characterized by a long history of both settlement and resettlement. This study uses information from the haploid systems of the human genome in order to investigate the presence of population structure in Europe and discuss the mitigating effects of shared population history and the impact of evolutionary forces. By means of two kinds of data from the Y chromosome, the study first establishes patterns of diversity across the entirety of Europe. More in-depth analyses investigate the evolutionary effects of settlement and colonization on overall genetic diversity of populations. Finally, considering data from the entire control region sequence, an effort is made to estimate patterns of mitochondrial diversity and compare their import to that of the Y chromosome.
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Fjäll, Madeleine. "Vikingars representation i spel : En studie om hur spelare uppfattar vikingar beroende på dess utseende." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för speldesign, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354008.
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Kulturell representation har länge varit ett ämne som tagits upp i diskussioner, i denna uppsats kommer vi ta upp om hur vikingar är representerade i spel. Frågeställningen är: På vilka sätt är spelares förväntningar av vikingar annorlunda mot verkligheten? För att kunna svara på denna fråga har vi först gjort en förstudie där vi använde en tematisk analys för att få fram åtta bilder med olika varianter på vikingar som går från ”spelviking” till ”historisk viking” i fyra olika steg. Fyra manliga bilder och fyra kvinnliga bilder skapades, dessa bilder visades sedan i par till deltagarna i en enkät för huvudstudien. Detta för att se vilka av vikingabilderna som de trodde var mest ”vikingalik”. Deltagarna tyckte rent generellt att de historiska vikingarna var mer vikingalika än de vikingabilderna som var baserade på spelen under förstudien.Cultural representation has long been a subject of discussion, and in this thesis we will bring up how Vikings are represented in games. The question we will ask ourselves is: In what ways are players expectations of Vikings different from reality? To answer this question we have first done a preliminary investigation where we used a thematical analysis to come up with eight pictures with different variants of Vikings going from “game-Viking” to “historically accurate Viking” in four steps. Four male pictures and four female pictures were made, these pictures were then shown in pairs to participants in the survey during the main investigation. This was done to see which Viking depictions they thought were most “Viking-like”. People generally thought that the historically accurate Vikings were more Viking-like than the Viking pictures based on the games chosen during the pre-investigation.
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Olsson, Caroline. "L’époque des Vikings et de la conversion dans le roman historique suédois." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040102.
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La naissance du roman historique en Suède, traditionnellement située en 1828, coïncide avec un mouvement national-romantique vouant un véritable culte à la figure de l’ancien Scandinave. Mais dans cette première moitié du XIXe siècle, le genre historique est encore en mal de reconnaissance et les auteurs désireux d’évoquer le Haut Moyen Âge septentrional semblent avoir préféré se tourner vers des formes littéraires plus prestigieuses, telles que la poésie ou le théâtre. Dès le début du XXe siècle, les romans situés à l’âge des Vikings se multiplient. Une étude thématique de ces œuvres révèle que de nombreux écrivains ont été fascinés par des personnages types censés incarner la période : la figure de l’ancêtre et ses différents avatars (héros civilisateur, pionnier, patriarche) et celle de l’aventurier, dont la personnification la plus emblématique est le navigateur viking. Par souci de réalisme historique et pour rompre avec une tradition de glorification sans retenue, ces personnages vont subir une désidéalisation importante au cours du XXe siècle. D’autres romanciers ont choisi de s’intéresser à l’époque viking, car il s’agit d’une période de grands bouleversements religieux et politiques dans l’Histoire des pays scandinaves. Ces auteurs s’attachent à dépeindre le processus de christianisation et les conflits religieux entre païens et convertis. Dans une moindre mesure, ils évoquent aussi les mutations sociales et politiques. De façon générale, les représentations du Haut Moyen Âge nordique et de ses habitants trahissent les prises de position des romanciers suédois. Ceux-ci dévoilent leur vision du passé et n’hésitent pas à se livrer à une véritable relecture de l’HistoireThe birth of the historical novel in Sweden, traditionally dated from 1828, coincides with a national-romantic movement exalting the figure of the ancient Scandinavian. But in this first half of the nineteenth century, the historical novel is still in want of recognition and authors wishing to recount the Nordic Early Middle Ages seem to favour more prestigious literary forms, such as poetry or theatre. In the beginning of the twentieth century, works depicting the Viking Age become more numerous. A thematic study of these novels reveals that many writers are fascinated by typical figures seen to embody this period: the figure of the ancestor and its different forms (the civilizing hero, the pioneer, the patriarch) and the one of the adventurer, the most illustrative personification of which is the Viking navigator. Yearning for historical realism and for emancipation from a tradition of unlimited glorification, their characters will undergo a significant de-idealization during the twentieth century. Other novelists take an interest in the Viking Age because it is a period rife with religious and political changes in the History of Scandinavian nations. These authors attempt to depict the process of Christianization and the ensuing religious conflict between pagans and converts. To a lesser extent, they also deal with the social and political transformations. Generally speaking, the representations of the Nordic Early Middle Ages and their inhabitants disclose the Swedish novelists’ views and stances. These authors hence reveal their vision of the past and do not shy away from reinterpreting history
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Grundy, Stephan Scott. "The cult of Odin : god of death?" Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272994.
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Burström, Mats. "Arkeologisk samhällsavgränsning : en studie av vikingatida samhällsterritorier i Smålands inland /." Stockholm : Stockholm universitet, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37062291r.
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Borg, Johan, and Emelie Klang. "Från Lindisfarne till Uppsalablotet : En analys av stereotypisering i tv-serien Vikings." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39461.
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Tv-serien Vikings har blivit väldigt populär sedan den först sändes i mars 2013. Vi undrar dock hur de olika folken (nordbor och engelsmän) i serien framställs i de religiösa kontakter och konflikter som uppstår under den första säsongen. Den här uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka stereotypisering av religiösa skillnader mellan fornnordiskt religiösa nordbor och kristna engelsmän i tv-serien Vikings. Vi vill också besvara frågor om hur nordbor och engelsmän framställs i tv-serien, samt hur lärare kan använda sig av mediet tv-serier och specifikt tv-serien Vikings i undervisningen för att lyfta frågor om kulturella skillnader i dåtiden och elevernas samtid med utgångspunkt i LGr 11. Teorin om stereotypisering grundar sig boken Histories on screen - The past and present in Anglo-American cinema and television (Edwards, Sayer och Dolski 2018). I boken beskrivs tv-serien The last kingdom, som hade sitt första avsnitt 2015. I The last kingdom får publiken se hur nordbor, ur engelsmännens perspektiv, anlände till England under början av medeltiden. Författarna berättar hur nordborna i serien framställs som blodtörstiga vildar som plundrade och våldtog allt i sin väg. Författarna menar på att detta följer en stereotyp i tidigare populärkultur, ViciousVikings (1994), där nordbor framställs på liknande sätt. Undersökningen gjordes med grund i Andersson och Hedlings (1999) metod för filmanalys och utgår från Hedlings fyra principer. Vi har valt att ge en presentation av varje avsnitt blandat med löpande analys för att underlätta för läsare att förstå vilken del av de åtta avsnitten som analyseras istället för att ge en lång analys efter beskrivningen av empirin. Efter att ha analyserat de första åtta avsnitten i den första säsongen av tv-serien Vikings kom vi fram till att huvudkaraktärerna i serien inte passar in i den stereotypa bilden av vikingar. Däremot kunde vi se att många bikaraktärer och namnlösa karaktärer passar in i den stereotypa bilden genom deras handlingar. Vi kom även fram till att användningen av Vikings i undervisningssyfte kan vara fördelaktigt om det kombineras med övrig undervisning kring historia eller religionsämnet. Att visa bitar ur serien för att förstärka det man går igenom med eleverna kan hjälpa dem att lättare förstå en möjlig tolkning av hur fornnordisk religion utövades. Vikings kan även användas för att visa på stereotypisering inom medieprodukter inom svenskämnet i kombination med religionsundervisning. Att undervisa elever om stereotypisering av religiöst utövande i olika medieprodukter kan hjälpa elever att bättre förstå hur komplext religion kan vara. Utifrån denna analys har vi lärt oss på en fördjupad nivå om hur vi kan använda oss av filmmediet i det undervisade klassrummet, samt hur vi kan använda filmmediet för att nå en djupare kunskap inom det aktuella ämnet.The TV series Vikings has become very popular since it was first broadcast in March 2013. However, we wonder how the various peoples (Norsemen and Englishmen) in the series are portrayed in the religious contacts and conflicts that arise during the first season. This paper aims to investigate stereotyping of religious differences between old norse religious Norsemen and christian Englishmen in the TV series Vikings. We also want to answer questions about how the Norsemen and Englishmen are presented in the TV series, and how teachers can make use of the media TV series and specifically the TV series Vikings in the teaching to raise issues about cultural differences in the past and the pupils' time based on LGr 11. The theory of stereotyping is based on the book Histories on screen - The past and present in Anglo-American cinema and television (Edwards, Sayer and Dolski 2018). The book describes the television series The last kingdom, which had its first episode in 2015. In The last kingdom, the audience can see how the Norsemen, from the English perspective, arrived in England in the early Middle Ages. The authors explain how the Norsemen in the series are portrayed as bloodthirsty savages who plundered and raped everything in their path. The authors argue that this follows a stereotype in earlier popular culture, Vicious Vikings (1994), in which the Norsemen are produced in a similar way. The survey was based on Andersson and Hedling's (1999) method for film analysis and is based on Hedling's four principles. We have chosen to give a presentation of each episode mixed with ongoing analysis to make it easier for readers to understand which part of the eight episodes is analyzed instead of giving a long analysis after the description of the empirical data. After analyzing the first eight episodes of the first season of the TV series Vikings, we came to the conclusion that the main characters of the series don’t fit into the stereotypical image of Vikings. However, we could see that many side characters and unnamed characters fit into the stereotypical image through their actions. We also found that the use of Vikings for educational purposes can be beneficial if it’s combined with other teaching on history or religion. Showing pieces from the series to reinforce what a teacher teaches his or her students can help them understand a possible interpretation of how Old Norse religion was practiced. Vikings can also be used to demonstrate stereotyping in media products within the Swedish subject in combination with religious education. Teaching students about the stereotyping of religious practice in various media products can help students better understand how complex religion can be. Based on this analysis, we have learned at an in-depth level about how we can use the film media in the taught classroom, and how we can use the film media to reach a deeper knowledge within the current subject.
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Theander, Danni. "Vikingatida sjöslag." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper, KV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18464.
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This essay have its main focus on understanding how the usual naval battle under the viking agelooked like. The timeline in question is the year 793 to the middle of 11th century. The main sourceof information are taken from the sources that have the runes and scaldic verses as their referecepoint. The study will take a brief look at the viking ships used in those battles and the weapons andarmor the soldiers would use. And then try to understand their part on the battlefield.
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Amorim, Suenia de Sousa. "Mito, magia e religião na volsunga saga Um olhar sobre a trajetória mítica do heroi sigurd." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4224.
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The epics are universal masterpieces, relentless expressions of the people‟s soul. In this way, we elected the Völsunga saga as a platform for apprehension of the Norse pre-Christian religious phenomenon essential aspects, since it presents elements such as: magic, belief in a inevitability of fate, constancy of premonitory dreams and the intervention of the mythical figure of Óðinn in its composition. As inherent to mythological construction, we identify the Hero aspect as fundamental component of this Scandinavian oral tradition.
Os épicos são obras primas universais, expressões inexoráveis da alma dos povos. Neste sentido elegemos a Völsunga Saga como plataforma para apreensão de aspectos essenciais do fenômeno religioso nórdico pré-cristão, uma vez que esta apresenta elementos tais como: magia, crença na inexorabilidade do destino, constância de sonhos premonitórios, além da intervenção constante da figura mítica de Óðinn em sua composição. Conforme inerente às construções mitológicas, identificamos aqui a figura do herói enquanto componente fundamental dessa tradição oral escandinava.
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Miranda, Pablo Gomes de. "Guerra e identidade: um estudo da marcialidade no Heimskringla." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16982.
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The goal of our dissertation is to study how the Scandinavian writings produced a Norwegian identity of warlike ideals in a compilation of Icelandic sagas known as Heimskringla and has parts of its content focused on storytelling about a troubled time of Scandinavian monarchies rising between the 8th and 11th centuries, which is called the Viking Age. The Heimskringla, also known as The Circle of the World is a set of writings based on Icelandic oral memory about the Norwegian kings and the conception of a Norwegian territory. While we investigated the relationship between the members of royalty, their companions and the Scandinavian people, we delineate the relationship between memory, identity and war. Our study points out how the Scandinavian war produces, in its storytelling, proper spaces, in socio-political relations among the participants, in the organization of its conflicts or the location of war activities, where places are transformed into essential points in these narratives. The war is both a place of identity statements and a space of practices, necessary for the strengthening of royal power
O objetivo de nossa disserta??o ? estudar como os escritos escandinavos produziram uma identidade da Noruega em ideais b?licos dentro de uma compila??o de sagas islandesas chamada Heimskringla e que tem parte de seu conte?do voltado para narrativas de um momento conturbado do surgimento das monarquias escandinavas entre o s?culo VIII e XI, a chamada Era Viking. O Heimskringla, tamb?m conhecido como O C?rculo do Mundo , ? um conjunto de escritos baseados na mem?ria oral islandesa sobre os reis noruegueses e a forma??o do territ?rio noruegu?s. Na medida em que investigamos a rela??o entre os membros da realeza, seus companheiros e os povos escandinavos, passamos a delinear as rela??es de mem?ria, identidade e guerra. Nosso trabalho pontua a maneira como a guerra escandinava produz, em suas narrativas, espa?os pr?prios, seja nas rela??es pol?tico-sociais entre seus participantes, na organiza??o de seus conflitos ou na localiza??o das atividades guerreiras, sendo que os lugares transformam-se em pontos essenciais dessas narrativas. A guerra ? ao mesmo tempo um lugar de afirma??es identit?rias e um espa?o de pr?ticas necess?rias para o fortalecimento do poder real
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Meier, Dietrich. "Die wikingerzeitliche Siedlung von Kosel (Kosel-West), Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde /." Neumünster : Wachholtz, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37062599b.
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Gillberg, Åsa. "Gothia : dansk/engelskt skattland : ett exempel på heterarki omkring år 1000 /." Göteborg : Göteborgs univ., Institutionen för arkeologi, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39906814h.
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McCullough, David Alexander. "Investigating portages in the Norse maritime landscape of Scotland and the Isles." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325300.
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Ellis, Caitlin. "The identity and international relations of Orkney and Dublin in the long eleventh century." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275327.
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This thesis investigates the concept of ‘diaspora’ as it applies to the Scandinavian settlements of Orkney and Dublin in the eleventh century. Comparative analysis identifies how key differences in the settlements’ location and make-up affected their dynamic, and even opportunistic, set of relationships with their Scandinavian ‘homelands’ and with their Insular neighbours. Drawing on archaeological and written evidence, and adopting an interdisciplinary approach, produces a more sophisticated and holistic examination of Orkney and Dublin’s political, ecclesiastical, economic, and cultural connections, while helping to reveal when our source information is concentrated in a particular area, or lacking in another. As regards politics in Chapter One, Norwegian kings were only occasionally able to exert control over Orkney, but Scandinavia had even less direct political influence on Dublin. In the ecclesiastical sphere, explored in Chapter Two, it is shown that Dublin was the site of various cults but often looked to England for episcopal matters, while Orkney was influenced by both Scandinavia and northern Britain. Turning to economics in Chapter Three, little evidence of direct trade between the international commercial hub of Dublin and Scandinavia can be found, whereas Orkney’s very location guaranteed economic interaction with Norway. When it comes to cultural matters in Chapter Four, it is argued that a hybrid urban identity may have been more significant and more prevalent than a Scandinavian one in Dublin. Unlike Dublin, Orkney remained, in many respects, on a cultural axis that stretched from Norway to Iceland. The definitions of ‘diaspora’ set out by Lesley Abrams and Judith Jesch in relation to Scandinavian settlements abroad are used as a point of reference. The findings of this thesis suggest that ‘diaspora’ is not a one-size-fits-all label, as diasporic features were not always transmitted directly in a straightforward fashion. Some Scandinavian features may have reached Dublin via England, with which it had strong connections. Even if Orcadians and Dubliners were aware of their shared Scandinavian heritage, this does not seem to have played a particularly important part in their foreign policy and decision-making. Being part of a diaspora does not necessarily mean that this was their primary affiliation.
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Leduc, Celine. "Interprétation d'artéfacts anthropomorphiques féminins de l'époque des Vikings en fonction de la mythologie islandaise." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28129.
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Cette thèse tente de fournir de nouvelles avenues pour interpréter les figures féminines scandinaves d'avant l'an mil. L'étude décrit en premier lieu les images et leur contexte archéologique, culturel, social, politique et religieux pour ensuite les interpréter à la lumière des textes qui nous sont parvenus: l'Edda de Snorri Sturluson, l'Edda poétique, le Gragas et quelques sagas. Après avoir analysé le pendentif en forme de femme, trouve à Aska (Suède), l'étude se penche sur le cas des "valkyries" et, enfin, sur celui des guldgubber à figures féminines et à figures doubles (couples). Alors que l'image du pendentif d'Aska peut être identifiee a Freyja sans aucune ambiguïté, le cas des "valkyries" et des guldgubber est plus complexe, dépendant probablement en grande partie des propriétaires originaux des artéfacts en question.
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Risley, Kristin Ann. "Vikings of the midwest : place, culture, and ethnicity in Norwegian-American literature, 1870-1940 /." Columbus, Ohio Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1056041378.
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Björndahl, Peter. "Trälarnas ekonomiska roll i det vikingatida Skandinavien." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451922.
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The purpose of this thesis is to address key questions concerning the status and roles of enslaved groups (thralls) in Viking-Age Scandinavia. The thesis focuses on the lives of thralls at two levels; first within the local context of the household and farm (described here as the ‘microenvironment’), and second within the wider ‘macroenvironment’ of Scandinavian society. In particular, the study seeks to uncover the different practical and economic roles that were fulfilled by thralls within these contexts, and in doing so to explore how slaveholding communities benefitted from the exploitation of these people. In order to address these issues, the thesis critically examines the archeological material associated with thralls and discusses the various issues associated with the interpretation of this evidence. Given the inherent difficulty of identifying thralls in the archaeological record, this study also utilizes a range of contemporaneous and later medieval textual sources, including the Icelandic sagas and the earliest surviving Scandinavian law codes, as a means of contextualizing the discussion of material evidence. In exploring the diverse range of archaeological evidence and textual sources available to us, the author concludes that thralls played a significant role among Scandinavian communities as a source of both domestic and economic labor. Through this, they also involuntarily helped Scandinavian communities to mount and sustain trading, raiding and settlement activity in Europe and beyond. In reaching this conclusion, the author draws upon a number of sources pointing to a significant need for (unfree?) labor, for example in tasks such as textile production. When combined with a high-level of access to slaves through raiding and trading activity, it seems logical that Viking-Age communities would have exploited thralls in this way. Given the regular appearance of thralls in both the early Scandinavian law codes and sagas, furthermore, it is likely that these people represented a prominent social group within both social and labor-related contexts.
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De, Roo Tessa Frances. "The Viking sea from A to B : charting the nautical routes from Scandinavia in the early Viking Age." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709070.
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Adams, D. A. F. "The Vikings in the East : a Survey of Settlement, Trade and Military Activity c.700 - 1100." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1923.
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This thesis surveys three principal Scandinavian
activities during the period from 700 to 1100 - those of
settlement, trade and military activity - in the regions east
of the Baltic Sea. As secondary sources debate the origin
and ethnicity of the people known as the Rus mentioned by the
primary literary sources and identified with Swedish Vikings,
the philological arguments for the derivation of the name and
the source material supporting the Scandinavian identity of
the Rus are initially discussed. In examining colonising
activities, much attention has been paid to the
archaeological evidence (supported by literary sources)
indicating Scandinavian settlement in the region of North
Russia. This is essentially an examination of burial sites
and Norse burial practices and rituals. The tradition of the
foundation of the first Russian State by Varangian warriors
centred initially at Novgorod and shifting to Kiev in the
ninth century is also discussed. The development of commerce
from the pre-Viking period deals with trade-routes, wares and
modes of travel. There is a division along the lines of
trade with the Muslims and that with the Byzantines. To some
extent, this is divided by the source material, numismatic
evidence for Muslim commerce and literary for trade with the
Byzantines. My final chapter examines the Norse warrior
tradition, their weapons and tactics. A discussion of the
great raids on Constantinople and in the Caspian region based
primarily on the written accounts of Byzantine and Muslim
authors forms the basis of the last chapter. A brief account
of the development of the Varangian Guard and some of the
personalities associated with it completes that chapter. My
overall conclusions then follow.
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Ouellet, Hélène. "Les transformations de la représentation du Viking en Angleterre (VIIIe-XIe s.) : bilan de l'historiographie anglaise du XXe siècle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19875.
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Eilbracht, Heidemarie. "Filigran- und Granulationskunst im wikingischen Norden : Untersuchungen zum Transfer frühmittelalterlicher Gold- und Silberschmiedetechniken zwischen dem Kontinent und Nordeuropa /." Köln : Bonn : Rheinland-Verl. ; R. Habelt, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb414639749.
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Moosburger, Théo de Borba. "Brennu-njáls saga." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2014. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/132415.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução, Florianópolis, 2014.Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-29T21:02:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 332917.pdf: 7718237 bytes, checksum: 78ded34d2ad536c0e3f72c9a9c9425b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
A tese contém a tradução completa para o português da Brennu-Njáls saga (Saga de Njáll), obra islandesa anônima da segunda metade do séc. XIII, considerada a mais importante das sagas de islandeses (Íslendingasögur) e um dos expoentes da literatura escandinava medieval. Inicia-se com uma apresentação geral sobre a obra e seu contexto literário, salientando alguns aspectos relevantes de sua recepção moderna, e então, servindo-se de ideias de Lawrence Venuti e Antoine Berman, faz uma proposta de tradução estrangeirizante que almeja, por meio da escolha do texto-fonte e de estratégias tradutórias, desviar-se de algumas tendências constatáveis no contexto de recepção da tradução. Para tal, serve-se o tradutor da noção de horizonte de expectativa formulada por Hans Robert Jauss e da concepção de que o tradutor, além de mediador entre línguas e culturas, é também um autor cujo trabalho envolve elementos intuitivos e criativos. A exposição do projeto tradutório busca manifestar a posição tradutiva e o horizonte do tradutor, salientando a responsabilidade crítica envolvida no ato tradutório. A tradução estrangeirizante é aqui definida como tradução desviante de preconcepções correntes acerca da cultura-fonte e da literatura-fonte no contexto de recepção, de modo que a tática de tradução estrangeirizante coloca-se como uma estratégia de ação crítica na recepção de uma literatura estrangeira.
Abstract : The thesis contains the complete translation into Portuguese of Brennu-Njáls saga (Njal?s saga), an anonymous Icelandic work from the second half of the 13th century and considered to be the most important of the sagas of Icelanders (Íslendingasögur) and one of the landmarks of Medieval Scandinavian Literature. It beggins with a general presentation of the work and its literary context, pointing out some relevant aspects of its modern reception, and then proposes a foreignizing translation, making use of Lawrence Venuti?s and Antoine Berman?s ideas. This translation aims, through the choice of the source-text and translation strategies, to deviate from some observable tendencies in the reception context for the translation. Thus, the translation employs the notion of ?horizon of expectation? formulated by Hans Robert Jauss. It also suggests that a translator, besides being a mediator between languages and cultures, is also an author whose work involves creative and intuitive elements. The exposition of the translation project aims to manifest the translator?s position and the translator?s horizon, pointing out the critical responsibility involved in the act of translating. Foreignizing translation is here defined as a translation that deviates from current preconceptions about the source-culture and the source-literature within the reception context, so that the tactics of the foreignizing translation may be seen as a critical action in the reception of a foreign literature.
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Humbert, Benoît. "La circulation des Scandinaves dans la Rus' aux IXe-XIe siècles : perspectives comparées avec les fondations scandinaves occidentales : Normandie et îles anglo-saxonnes." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE4045/document.
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La pénétration des Scandinaves en Russie, qui s’insère dans un vaste mouvement d’échanges qui entre les VIIIe et XIIe siècles fait circuler hommes et biens, apparaît à bien des égards comme un stimulant économique et politique d’envergure dans l’émergence d’organisations politiques et sociales qui aboutirent au développement de centres proto-urbains et du premier État russe. L’objectif de cette étude est donc de s’attacher à travers le traitement des sources historiographiques scandinaves et leur croisement avec les corpus slavon, byzantin et arabo-persan, à l’appréhension des modalités de transport de ces Scandinaves qui empruntèrent la voie de l’Est. Ce traitement nous permettra alors en plus de mesurer la variété et la richesse des contacts et des types de voyages entrepris, de redessiner des itinéraires, et d’appréhender plus en détail de quelle manière l’historiographie envisageait la géographie russe ainsi que le voyage en ces régionsThe penetration of the Scandinavians in Russia, which takes place in this vast movement of exchanges between the eighth and twelfth centuries where men and goods where circulating around Europe, appears in many respects as a political and economic stimulus in the emergence of political and social organizations that led to the development of proto-urban centers and to the creation of the first Russian state. So the aim of this study is through the analyze of the Scandinavian historiography and its crossing with the Slavonic, Byzantine and Arabo-persian corpuses, to focus on the transport modalities of these Scandinavians who took the road to the East. This treatment will allow us to underline the wide variety of contacts and journeys undertaken, and in addition to reconstruct itineraries, and to understand in a better way how historiography dealt with Russian geography and with the journey across those regions as a pattern
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Grydehøj, Adam. "Historiography of Picts, Vikings, Scots, and Fairies and its influence on Shetland's twenty-first century economic development." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=159220.
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Making use of knowledge from a wide range of disciplines, this thesis analyses the interactions of culture and economy, particularly regarding the influence of nineteenthcentury historiography, on Shetland’s present-day economic development. Shetland’s local identity concept is strongly influenced by this North Sea archipelago’s Norse history. This is in part the result of the islands’ late nineteenth- and early twentiethcentury national romantic literature, which was inspired by Continental and mainland British trends in anthropology and philology. The theories of fairy origins proposed in the 1890s by the Edinburgh anthropologist David MacRitchie exerted a great influence on Shetland writers. His theories – since shown to be incorrect – led to the historiographic dehumanisation of the islands’ pre-Norse population and permitted the complete valorisation of the Vikings, most notably in the work of the Shetland author Jessie Saxby. Since the 1930s, a variation of MacRitchie’s theory has been repeated in nearly every local book concerning Shetland folk belief. These conceptions of history continue to inform the sense of local identity felt by many Shetlanders. This has come into conflict with the local government’s efforts at place brand, tourism, heritage, and economic development, all of which tie into a broader struggle between fostering Shetland’s national awareness and expanding Shetland’s jurisdictional capacity. Particular attention is paid to how history is used variously by the community to express exclusivity and by the local government to promote inclusivity.
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Bryant, Jody M. "Pursuing West: The Viking Expeditions of North America." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2508.
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The purpose to this thesis is to demonstrate the activity of the Viking presence, in North America. The research focuses on the use of stones, carved with runic inscriptions that have been discovered in Oklahoma, Maine, Rhode Island and Minnesota. The thesis discusses orthographic traits found in the inscriptions and gives evidence that links their primary use to fourteenth century Gotland. Also connecting the stones to Gotland, is the presence of an unusual rune dubbed the Hooked X. This single rune has been the center of controversy since it was first discovered in Minnesota, 1898. Since that time, it has been discovered in connection with two of the other North American Rune Stones, Christopher Columbus and the Cistercian -Templars of Gotland. As of this year (2015), more of the Hooked X symbology has been discovered in Templar churches in Scotland and Portugal.
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Harding, Christian. "Community, cult and politics : the history of the monks of St Filibert in the ninth century." Thesis, St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/915.
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Harrison, Jane. "Building mounds : Viking-Late Norse settlement in the North Atlantic, c. AD800-1200." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f5aa50e8-ace0-49fd-9065-c0c94187ffc6.
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The subject of this study is Viking-Late Norse settlement (c. AD800-1200) in the North Atlantic, focusing on Orkney and on longhouse complexes constructed on mounds. For the first time these mound settlements are investigated as a group and as deliberately constructed mounds. Settlement mounds in Orkney are also closely associated with nearly 40 Skaill ON skáli ('hall') place-names, which place-names linked the sites with the social and economic networks of Orkney's peripatetic leaders. This association is examined more closely. The analysis also demonstrates that constructing settlements on mounds required particular building techniques, which relied heavily on the use of midden-type material. Those techniques are examined using new and freshly analysed material from published and grey literature-published excavations and surveys of sites from the Viking-Late Norse period in Orkney and elsewhere. Three core data-sets were established to provide the evidential basis: the first, also drawing on site-visits, looking broadly at mound landscapes and skáli-areas in Orkney; the second at the building techniques and materials used on settlement mounds; and the third, also requiring site-visits, at all the skáli place-name sites. The possible origins of settlement mound living in the settlers' Scandinavian homelands are investigated, then the extent to which mound living was also followed in Shetland, Caithness and the Western Isles, and finally in previously unoccupied lands, using Iceland as a case study. The mound-sites, their archaeology, mound architecture, place-names and landscape setting are also analysed in a new theoretical framework to reach fresh understandings of Viking-Late Norse settlement in Orkney. The analysis thus considers the wider cultural significance of constructing and living on settlement mounds, and what that communicated about Viking-Late Norse society. The thesis argues that Viking-Late Norse groups chose prominently-placed sites for their visual dominance and commanding views, but also that the rebuilding of mound structures in one spot, and building out and up of the mound itself using midden material, set strong cultural messages about stability, continuity and association with the surrounding landscape. The mounds were complex features of culturally meaningful architecture.
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Leduc, Céline. "Le seidr des anciens Scandinaves et le noaidevuohta des Sâmes : aspects chamaniques et influences mutuelles." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32297.
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La thèse analyse le rituel du seidr (pratique utilisée entre autres pour la divination, la guérison et la guerre sur des plans surnaturels) des anciens Scandinaves et celui du noaidevuohta (rituel chamanique pratiqué par les Sâmes) chez les Sâmes. Le seidr était pratiqué surtout par des femmes qui se déplaçaient d’une ferme à l’autre. Il était directement lié au dieu Ódinn, tel que décrit dans l’Ynglinga saga. Quant au noaidevuohta, apparemment l’apanage des hommes, il participait au complexe circumpolaire des chasseurs/éleveurs du renne ou du caribou. Les deux complexes rituels ont été intégrés dans leur culture respective, tout en possèdant des différences. Il est impossible, dans l’état actuel de la recherche, de déterminer s’il y a eu des emprunts de part et d’autre. Selon les conclusions de nos recherches, les deux rituels sont de nature chamanique, s’inscrivant au nouveau paradigme circumpolaire des études contemporaines. En revanche, il n’existe pas de consensus au sujet de la nature chamanique ou non, ni au sujet de l’origine, des rituels en question. Il y a très peu de recherches en langue française sur le sujet, la majorité des études ont été réalisées en langue anglaise ou dans des langues scandinaves. Les textes originaux ne sont d’ailleurs pas tous traduits en français. Notre thèse contribuera de manière significative à la recherche. Nous avons établi un lexique des catégories « prêtre », « sorcier » et « chamane » de la Scandinavie préchrétienne. De plus, nous avons remis dans leur contexte culturel les textes et les objets de la culture matérielle, en utilisant des méthodes de l’anthropologie culturelle et de l’histoire, tout en intégrant les recherches archéologiques pertinentes et l’étude des textes. L’objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer 1) que le seidr et le noaidevuohta sont apparentés et de nature chamanique, et 2) qu’il est impossible de déterminer la direction (des anciens Scandinaves vers les Sâmes ou le contraire) des échanges et des influences pour chacun des deux rituels.
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Einarsson, Bjarni F. "The settlement of Iceland : a critical approach : Granastaðir and the ecological heritage /." Reykjavik : Hið islenskabókmenntafélag, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366896748.
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Arwill-Nordbladh, Elisabeth. "Genuskonstruktioner i nordisk vikingatid : förr och nu /." Göteborg : Department of archaeology, University of Göteborg, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392727882.
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Amlé, Anton. "Black Pool : Hiberno-Norse identity in Viking Age and Early Medieval Ireland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227470.
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This paper is aimed at mapping important traits in a Hiberno-Norse identity. This is the main focus of the essay, but another important part is to problematize this using several theoretical approaches of which the main are identity, creolization and hybridization. The Hiberno-Norse culture being primarily an urban phenomenon, the thesis is delimited to the Hiberno-Norse towns with occasional comparisons to Scandinavia to see how the native Irish population influenced the invaders and how they gradually evolved into the Hiberno-Norse. Early on the Norse show signs of creolization that would ultimately lead to the creation of the Hiberno-Norse hybrid culture known from history and archaeology – an urban culture that show blended Norse and Irish features.Denna uppsats är till för att sammanställa viktiga uttryck I en Iro-Skandinavisk identitet. Detta är huvudsyftet med uppsatsen, men en annan viktig del är att problematisera detta genom flera teoretiska begrepp, där de främsta är identitet, kreolisering och hybridisering. Då den Iro-Skandinaviska kulturen framför allt var ett urbant fenomen har uppsatsen avgränsats till de Iro-Skandinaviska städerna, med sporadiska jämförelser med Skandinavien för att se hur den inhemska Irländska befolkningen influerade angriparna och hur de skulle komma att utvecklas till Iro-Skandinaverna. Tidigt uppvisar nordborna tecken på kreolisering, som till slut skulle leda till uppkomsten av den Iro-Skandinaviska hybridkulturen känd från historian och arkeologin – en urban kultur som uppvisar blandade nordiska och irländska drag.
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Price, Neil S. "The Viking way : religion and war in late Iron Age Scandinavia /." Uppsala : Dept. of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2002. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/24659.
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Samson, Vincent. ""De furore Berserkico" : les guerriers-fauves dans la Scandinavie ancienne : de l'âge de Vendel aux Vikings : VIème-XIème siècle." Lille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL30007.
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L'auteur se propose d'établir l'historicité du phénomène des "guerriers-fauves", attesté dans la société scandinave ancienne du VIème au XIème siècle. L'expression "guerrier-fauve", empruntée à Georges Dumézil, correspond au terme norrois bersekr (plur. Berserkir). Dans les textes médiévaux, ce mot désigne un combattant d'une vigueur exceptionnelle, redouté pour ses accès de fureur irrépressibles (berserksgangr). D'après Snorri Sturluson, le comportement des guerriers-fauves repose sur les pouvoirs attribués dans la mythologie du Nord au dieu Odin. L'examen des sources écrites, corroboré par le témoignage du matériel archéologique, permet de relier cette tradition martiale aux croyances religieuses répandues dans les milieux aristocratiques. L'auteur aborde en premier lieu les questions étymologiques, avant d'étudier l'ensemble de la documentation historiographique, juridique et littéraire. La lecture critique du Haraldskvœđi ("Chant [en l'honneur] de Harald"), considéré comme une source primaire, revêt alors une importance particulière. L'enquête vise à produire une interprétation cohérente du phénomène, assez différente des stéréotypes répandus dans la littérature islandaise (où le guerrier-fauve se trouve fréquemment décrit comme un bandit de grands chemins) : la date de rédaction des premières sagas s'avère largement postérieure aux faits décrits. L'étude de l'iconographie germanique et de la documentation épigraphique vient confirmer les conclusions de cette analyse : le phénomène des berserkir s'inscrit dans le cadre du compagnonnage guerrier de l'époque païenne, et présente des liens étroits avec les aspects sacrés de la fonction souveraineThe aim of this study is to establish that the tradition of "wild warriors" (French "guerriers-fauves") belonged to the historical reality of old Scandinavian society from the VIth to the XIth century. The term "guerrier-fauve" has been used some seventy years ago by Georges Dumézil to tranlate the old Norske berserkr (plural berserkir). In the medieval literature, this word describes a warrior endowed with an uncommon strength, especially feared for its irrepressible outburste of battle rage (berserksgangr). According to Snorri Sturluson, the behaviour of the berserkir must be related to the mythical powers attributed to the god Okin. The examination of old Norse sources, joined to the evidence of the archaeological materials, leads to link these warlike tradition with the religious beliefs of the ancient Nordic aristocracy. This thesis is dealing with etymological interpretation before investigating carefully the whole spectrum of old Norse sources (skaldic and eddic poetry, sagas, laws). A particular attention has been given to the critical review of Haraldskvœđi ("Song for Harald"), which must be seen as a primary source. These analysis results in an interpretation which differs to some extents from the stereotypical pattern displayed by the Icelandic literature (where berserkir are frequently depicted as outlaws) : even the oldest sagas have been written a long time after the events they are referring to. The early medieval Germanic iconography and the runic inscriptions are both providing a strong support to this conclusion : the tradition of the berserkir is intimately connected with the sacral kingship and the institution of warlord's retinue
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Josefsson, Bernhardsdotter Eva. "Vikings’ demise on foreign soil – a case of ethnic cleansing? : The discovery of two mass graves containing the remains of Scandinavians in Anglo-Saxon England." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1502.
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The discovery of two mass graves in England in 2010 containing the remains of Scandinavian men in their prime from the Viking age against the historical backdrop of Anglo-Saxon England has elicited questions as to whether or not they were victims of ethnic cleansing. Literature studies combined with the results from the post-excavation analyses render the conclusion that the victims in the grave, most likely, were not subjected to ethnic cleansing. It is more plausible that they were Scandinavian mercenaries who were executed during an intense period where a failing England was desperately paying for its own conquest with the Danegeld. The historical documents give the impression that a nation-wide genocide against Danes took place, however the archaeological material and analyses do not fully support this scenario.Mot bakgrunden av den anglosaxiska perioden i England har upptäckten 2010 i England av två massgravar innehållande kvarlevor av vikingatida skandinaviska män väckt frågor om huruvida offren var utsatta för etnisk rensning. Resultat från analyser av materialet från utgrävningarna i kombination med litteraturstudier leder till slutsatsen att individerna i graven sannolikt inte var offer för etnisk rensning. Det förefaller mer troligt att männen var legosoldater vilka avrättades under den intensiva period då det skuldtyngda England betalade stora summor danagäld till vikingarna. I de historiska källorna beskrivs hur massmord av daner ägde rum över hela landet, dock finns det inget i det arkeologiska materialet eller i analysresultaten som stöder en sådan händelseutveckling.
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Stern, Ida. "Borta bra men hemma bäst? : Vikingatida båtgravar i Norge och på Orkney." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69977.
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There is a boat burial in Scar, on Sanday, Orkney that was excavated in 1991. This undergraduate thesis compares Scar with 5 other boat burials from Norway, to determine if the burial custom is uniform or if there are regional differences. The 6 burials are presented individually and then the type and typology of the finds is compared. The conclusion is that the boat itself and the rivets in the boat burial in Scar are very similar to the burials in Norway, and there are strong similarities between the finds in Scar and the corresponding type of finds in the Norwegian burials. However, they are not uniform in their collections of finds, and this could be due to regional differences. Other potential causes, such as dating of the burials, are discussed as well.
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Wallace, Brian. "Warriors and warfare : ideal and reality in early insular texts." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6434.
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This thesis investigates several key aspects of warfare and its participants in the Viking Age insular world via a comparison of the image which warriors occupy in heroic literature to their concomitant depiction in sources which are primarily nonliterary in character, such as histories, annalistic records, and law codes. Through this method, the thesis seeks to add to the scholarship regarding organized violence in this era in two principle manners. First, this study will depart from nearly all previous studies of warriors by moving beyond a single cultural milieu and treating them in a ‘pan-insular’ context. Second and perhaps more importantly, in choosing to address the heroic literature as a genre distinct from other contemporary texts, this thesis will allow progress beyond the bulk of pre-existing ‘warfare scholarship’ for this era, which tends to utilize any and all manner of sources as a reflection of historical reality. In considering the context of heroic poetry and sagas, the thesis will allow one to make conclusion regarding its likely authorship and intended audience, as well as the goals of the former and expectations of the latter. Studies of warfare are always of particular relevance, due to their intersection with many areas of history long studied, such as constitutional and legal history, as well as those which have only recently received their due attention, such as questions of group cohesion, violence, and community. This thesis was largely inspired by the attempt by Stephen S. Evans to study the institution of the war-band in a crosscultural reference in his 1997 book Lords of Battle. Evans provided a good analysis of this body in its fifth- through eighth-century Anglo-Saxon and British manifestation but failed to achieve his primary stated goal – a comparison of the image and reality of the war-band. His decision to limit his research to the Anglo- Saxon and Welsh cultural spheres in the era predating the first Viking invasions led him to omit much relevant Irish and Insular Norse material, as well as a great deal of later heroic literature. It was with these two shortcomings in mind that I set out to write a more thorough treatment of the war-band. Yet, what began initially as an attempt to remedy the shortcomings of Lords of Battle soon grew into a slightly more wide-ranging study that has moved beyond focussing solely upon the war-band to look at attitudes about warfare and its participants amongst contemporary audiences and authors during the Viking age insular world.