Journal articles on the topic 'Villa Valeria'

El yacimiento arqueológico del Pou de la Sargueta (Riba-roja de Túria, Valencia) constituye uno de los mejores ejemplos de asentamiento rural en el territorio de la Valentia romana. Conserva la planta íntegra de una explotación agropecuaria, con todos los elementos que la componen, desde su parte residencial hasta las instalaciones de producción y almacenamiento. Su cronología se sitúa entre los siglos I y V d.C.

Valencia, a principios de 1930, era una ciudad llena de contrastes con una gran oferta cultural y de ocio. Hubo una colonia flamenca valenciana, una afición y un interés empresarial por los espectáculos flamencos. El flamenquismo arraigado en la urbe se sintió diferente al andaluz como arte y reivindicación social (aunque se dio el debate interno entre los estilos puros y los importados). La creación del Café Cantante Villa Rosa y la breve estancia en él de los hermanos Borrull (1931-1934) fue muy significativa. El objetivo es rescatar esa Valencia flamenca olvidada, descubrir la colonia flamenca valenciana y centrar el interés en el Café Cantante de los hermanos Borrull, y muy especialmente en Concha Borrull, su Capitana. Valencia, at the beginning of 1930, was a city full of contrasts with a great cultural and leisure offer. There was a Valencian flamenco colony, a business interest in flamenco shows. The flamenquismo rooted in the city felt different to the Andalusian flamenco as art and social claim (although there was the internal debate between pure and imported styles). The creation of Café Singer Villa Rosa and the brief stay there of the Borrull brothers (1931-1934) was very significant. The final objective is to rescue that forgotten Flamenco in Valencia, to discover the Valencian flamenco colony and to focus the interest in the Café of the Borrull brothers, and especially in Concha Borrull, its Captain.

El presente artículo estudia la conquista cristiana de los castillos de Castielfabib y Ademuz en 1210 por Pedro el Católico, suceso mal tratado y marginado en las historiografías valenciana y aragonesa. Este episodio se estudia a través de la búsqueda de antecedentes de esta campaña militar, así como de las consecuencias que tuvo. Por otro lado, se analiza el encaje territorial que tuvieron las villas de Castielfabib y Ademuz desde la creación del reino cristiano de Valencia en 1240 con la promulgación del Costum por Jaime el Conquistador, hasta la redacción de los fueros romanceados en 1261, donde se incorpora explícitamente estas villas en el reino de Valencia.

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 12, Number 2   Alina Badulescu, University of Oradea, Romania Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, Iran Anna Paola Micheli, Univrtsity of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Antonio Usai, University of Sassari, Italy Ashford C Chea, Benedict College, USA Aurelija Burinskiene, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania Celina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland Chokri Kooli, International Center for Basic Research applied, Paris, Canada Claudia Isac, University of Petrosani, Romania Cristian Marian Barbu, “ARTIFEX” University, Romania Cristian Rabanal, National University of Villa Mercedes, Argentina Dionito F. Mangao, Cavite State University – Naic Campus, Philippines Farouq Altahtamouni, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Fisal University, Jordan Federica Caboni, University of Cagliari, Italy Giuseppe Granata, University of Cassino and Southen Lazio, Italy Guy Baroaks, Ruppin academic center, Israel Haldun Şecaattin Çetinarslan, Turkish Naval Forces Command, Turkey Hanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Henrique Fátima Boyol Ngan, Institute for Tourism Studies, Macao, Macao Hung-Che Wu, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, China Imran Riaz Malik, IQRA University, Pakistan Janusz Wielki, Opole University of Technology, Poland L. Leo Franklin, Bharathidasn University, India Lee Yok Yong, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Marcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil Maria-Madela Abrudan, University of ORADEA, Romania Maryam Ebrahimi, Azad University, Iran Miriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, Slovakia Miroslav Iordanov Mateev, American University, Dubai, UAE Modar Abdullatif, Middle East University, Jordan Mohamed Abdel Rahman Salih, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia Mohsen Malekalketab Khiabani, University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia Muath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USA Murat Akin, Omer Halisdemir University FEAS – NIGDE, Turkey Pascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UK Rafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, Australia Razana Juhaida Johari, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Riaz Ahsan, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Riccardo Cimini, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy Roxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USA Serhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, Ukraine Tariq Tawfeeq Yousif Alabdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq Valeria Stefanelli, University of Salento, Italy Wanmo Koo, Western Illinois University, USA Wejdene Yangui, Institute of High Business Studies of Sfax _ Tunisia (IHEC), Tunisia Wing- Keung Wong, Asia University, Taiwan, China Yasmin Tahira, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, UAE Zi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA

SummaryChristianity spread out in Pannonia, too, and in the 3rd century there are proofs of its existence in the southern part of both Pannonias. Christianity became stronger in consequence of placing the officium praesidis of Valeria to Sopianae at the end of the 3rd century. The flourishing of ancient Christianity in Sopianae and in the surrounding villas was in the second half of the 4th century. The bronze casket mounts recently found in Bakonya support this historical reconstruction and offer new evidence for the presence of rich Christians in that era.

A field experiment involving the cultivation of common valerian was conducted on loess soil in Abramów (Lublin region) in the period 2007-2009. Qualitative parameters of herbal raw material obtained from this plant as well as in-crop weed infestation were evaluated depending on the protection method and forecrop. Hand-weeded plots, in which a hand hoe was used, were the control. In the other treatments, weeds were controlled using various herbicides and a mechanical implement (brush weeder). Potato and winter wheat + field pea cover crop were the forecrops for common valerian crops. A hypothesis was made that the use of a brush weeder and herbicides not registered for application in valerian crops would have a positive effect on this plant's productivity and weed infestation in its crops. It was also assumed that the introduction of a cover crop would allow the elimination of differences in the forecrop value of the crop stands in question. The best quantitative and qualitative parameters of common valerian raw material as well as the largest reduction of incrop weed infestation were recorded after the application of the herbicides which were not type approved. The use of the brush weeder in the interrows also had a beneficial effect on productivity of the plant in question, but secondary weed infestation at the end of the growing season of common valerian turned out to be its disadvantage. Traditional crop protection methods used in common valerian crops were less effective in weed infestation reduction and they resulted in lower plant productivity and raw material quality. Potato proved to be a better forecrop for common valerian than winter wheat + field pea; however, this positive effect was not confirmed statistically. The following annual weeds: <i>Chenopodium album</i>, <i>Galinsoga parviflora</i>, <i>Stellaria media</i>, were predominant in the common valerian crop. Traditional weed control methods resulted in the dominance of some dicotyledonous weeds, such as <i>Viola arvensis</i>, <i>Galium aparine</i>, <i>Capsella bursa-pastoris</i>.

Resumen La Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales de Madrid premió la obra Aves de España. (Un dato más), presentada a concurso público correspondiente al año 1882. Escrita por José Arévalo Baca, el ornitólogo español del siglo XIX más reconocido a escala europea, catedrático desde 1877 en la Universidad de Valencia. En el proceso de revisión, la Sección de Ciencias Naturales de la Academia, evaluadora de la Memoria, indicó en su informe que el autor se había aprovechado de los trabajos inéditos de dos profesores ya fallecidos de Málaga y Valencia, sin citarlos: Higinio Aragoncillo del Villar y Rafael Cisternas Fontseré. Conclusiones que fueron refutadas por Arévalo con argumentaciones y datos inéditos que aportamos en este trabajo, pero que no impedirían que tras la publicación de su memoria ornitológica (1887), fuera en diversas ocasiones ninguneada en las dos acepciones del vocablo. Analizamos también distintos posicionamientos adoptados por miembros del colectivo científico decimonónico en relación a esa monografía y a su autor, finalizando con la valoración de la misma. Abstra ct The Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of Madrid awarded the work titled Aves de España. (Un dato más), submitted it to public tender in 1882. The report was written by José Arévalo Baca, the 19th century Spanish ornithologist most recognized on a European scale and Head Professor at the University of Valencia since 1877. During the review process, the Natural Sciences Section of the Academy, referee of the Memory, indicated that the author had used the unpublished works of two professors from Malaga and Valencia, both deceased, without citing their names: Higinio Aragoncillo del Villar y Rafael Cisternas Fontseré. These criticisms were refuted by Arévalo with arguments and unpublished data that show here. However, in spite of his defense, Arévalo’s ornithological memory published in (1887) was, in several occasions willfully ignored. Likewise, we analyze stance of members of the 19th century scientific collective towards Arévalo’s monograph and Arévalo himself. We finish our study with a current, assessment of the Arévalo’s work.

Los weblogs tienen un gran potencial como herramienta en el ámbito de la enseñanza, ya que se pueden adaptar a cualquier disciplina, nivel educativo y metodología docente. En este trabajo se da cuenta de la experiencia educativa con blogs en el Instituto de Educación Secundaria La Serranía de Villar del Arzobispo, Valencia (España). El núcleo de las actividades formativas tiene como protagonista el edublog de profesores para alumnos y otras aplicaciones de la web 2.0. De la experiencia pedagógica derivamos, entre otras consecuencias, sus similitudes y diferencias, así como sus logros y aspectos de mejora.

Una de las principales dificultades con las que se enfrentan los que estudian el judaísmo valenciano es conocer la demografía de las aljamas. Nuestro objetivo es dar unos breves apuntes sobre la población de la judería de Sagunto, la segunda en importancia del reino de Valencia, a partir de las listas conservadas del impuesto del morabatí, de 1379 y 1445, completadas con otras noticias dispersas. Frente a un despegue demográfico del siglo XIII y principios del XIV, contrasta la crisis que se produjo a raíz de la peste de 1348 y, sobre todo, de la guerra con Castilla, la de los dos Pedros. La judería se salvó de las violencias de 1391 y en el siglo XV su población siguió creciendo con relación a 1379, en contraste con el descenso de casi un 50 % de la población cristiana de la villa. En 1492, con motivo de la expulsión, partieron hacia el exilio setecientos judíos saguntinos.

This paper analyses the figure of Vincenzo Vincenzi on the basis of documents that place him in Valencia in 1635 as engineer and geometer to Cardinal Gaspar de Borja y Velasco. Vincenzi, who was born in the Urbino region, worked as a hydraulic engineer at the Villa d’Este in Tivoli. In Rome he made his name as the inventor of the wind gun and the mobile fountain, inventions that were disseminated through the works of Benedetto Castelli and, above all, those of Giovanni Faber who also served as an intermediary, recommending Vincenzi’s services to cardinals such as Emmanuele Pio di Savoia and taking it upon himself to find buyers for the wind gun. Vincenzi worked for the Bentivoglios on the bonifica del Gualtieri, and the Venetian Republic expressed its desire to purchase a number of his inventions, after which he travelled to Spain at the request of Borja in order to drain a salt marsh on the cardinal’s estates.

Herbarium specimens collected by F. K. Meyer in Albania have been studied and revised. As a result of the revisions of the holotype specimens – Campanula latifolioides should be treated as synonym of Campanula trichocalycina, Chamaecytisus mitrushii as synonym of Chamaecytisus purpureus, Euphorbia cikaea as synonym of Euphorbia herniariifolia, Genista albanica as synonym of Anthyllis hermanniae, Medicago coerulescens as synonym of Medicago disciformis and Seseli angustum as synonym of Carum graecum. Twenty-one taxa are erroneously reported from the country (Acer opalus, Allium pallens subsp. tenuifolium, Anchusa arvensis subsp. orientalis, Arbutus ×andrachnoides, Arum longispathum, Brachypodium phoenicoides, Bupleurum baldense and subsp. gussonei, Cardamine chelidonia, Carex appropinquata, Carex hispida, Dianthus biflorus, Glyceria arundinacea, Lonicera glutinosa, Onosma halacsyi, Orobanche aegyptiaca, Orobanche oxyloba, Plantago maritima subsp. serpentina, Stachys parolinii, Stipa endotricha and Valeriana crinii subsp. epirotica), including Bupleurum baldense, Carduus carduelis, Erysimum diffusum, Salix serpillifolia, Senecio gallicus and Stellaria palustris which have preceding reports also. Two species are erroneously reported or questionable (Orchis militaris and Thymus leucotrichus) and 12 taxa are proposed to treat as questionably occur in Albania (Achillea seidlii, Chamaecytisus supinus, Dianthus giganteus, Echinops spinosissimus, Euphorbia villosa, Jovibarba globifera, (and subsp. hirta), Koeleria pyramidata, Saxifraga scardica, Sideritis scardica, Viola alba and Viola epirota).

Le commerce génois à Valence a été considéré historiquement com­me une des activités les plus dynamiques de l'économie locale. Jusqu’à maintenant on estimait que le trafic ligure, qui avait établi des maisons co­mmerciales dans la ville de Valence, de même que le trafic local étaient énormes. Cependant, on ne disposait pas d'un paramètre assez ajusté pour évaluer la véracité de cette affirmation. Grâce à la confiscation des biens génois, qui eut lieu en 1472, en raison des soupçons du roi Juan de Nava­rre concernant l'appui ligure aux rebelles catalans pendant la Guerre Civile, nous avons pu avanceroune estimation, partielle mais significative, de l'im­portance commerciale des maisons génoises établies à Valence au XVème siècle. Au contraire de l'opinion générale, le trafic génois ne devait pas être aussi puissant qu'il a été pretendu dans les études historiques citées, tant sur le plan des marchandises disponibles que sur celui du nombre de maisons commerciales établies à Valence.

El presente artículo pretende abordar la trayectoria vital de un miembro de la minoría judeoconversa en la capital del sur valenciano durante los primeros años del siglo XV. Pere Tomàs, alfaqueque de la villa hasta 1418, revela en su devenir personal parte del destino colectivo de una minoría que hubo de renunciar a su religión y adoptar la confesión cristiana dominante tras las persecuciones de 1391. Miembro de esta clase subalterna con una cierta capacidad económica pudo integrarse dentro de los grupos dirigentes urbanos de Orihuela y acceder al oficio de alfaqueque que, con posterioridad a él, heredó su hijo Daniel quien, ya en 1449 cuando comenzaba a arreciar la persecución a los cristianos nuevos, fue nombrado obrer como representante del brazo menor al que fueron relegados los conversos. A partir de los datos que presenta la documentación municipal oriolana, podemos elaborar hipótesis de trabajo que nos permitan aproximarnos a la realidad del proceso que debieron afrontar, tanto de forma individual como colectiva, aquellos hebreos que obligados por las circunstancias abjuraron de su fe. Seres humanos que nunca dejaron de arrastrar la sospecha de una conversión interesada o de la práctica secreta de su antigua religión como elementos discursivos para justificar el rechazo al que eran sometidos, debido a recelos económicos y de poder generados en la sociedad cristiana a raíz de su propio ascenso social.

Gli eventi che "travolsero" Roma dal 1870 sono stati oggetto d'indagine a vari livelli e il fenomeno č stato studiato, sotto diversi aspetti, da architetti, urbanisti, archeologi, economisti, sociologi, tanto da rendere disponibile una vastissima bibliografia su "Roma Capitale". Meno noto e indagato č invece il dibattito che interessň, in quegli anni, il destino della grande cinta muraria della cittŕ. Nello stesso anno in cui Roma divenne capitale d'Italia, la fortificazione aveva svolto il proprio ruolo per l'ultima volta. La perdita della funzione originaria segnň l'avvio, per le mura urbane, di un lento declino, che ne provocň il degrado materialmente ma, soprattutto, la perdita di significato. Esse divennero, per la societŕ romana nel suo complesso, con poche ma rilevanti eccezioni, un mero intralcio allo sviluppo e al progresso. La distruzione di alcune importanti porzioni di cinta muraria fu conseguente alla lottizzazione della Villa Boncompagni Ludovisi e delle aree, esterne al circuito, immediatamente adiacenti. A causa della forte pressione demografica che ne derivň, si iniziň a dibattere sulla necessitŕ di demolire alcuni tratti della cinta per migliorare la mobilitŕ nella zona. Il dibattito circa la sorte delle mura, si inserisce a pieno titolo nel piů ampio contesto della disputa apertasi sulla salvaguardia di Roma dalla speculazione edilizia all'indomani del 1870 e che ebbe valenza nazionale ed internazionale.

Dans ce travail nous voulons faire connaître un exemplaire de la Bible sacra en un seul volume, conservée dans la Hispanic Society of America de New York (ms. HC 397/344), provenant de l'ancienne bibliothèque de la Cartuja de Portaceli, près de la ville de Valencia. Son intérêt n’est pas tellement artistique, sinon documentaire, puisque dans le premier folio apparaît une inscription caligrafiée datant du XVIIè siècle, qui spécifie qu'elle fut donnée en cadeau par le Pape schismatique Bénédict XIII à Bonifacio Ferrer, général de la Chartreuse et frère de Saint Vincent. Personnages singuliers, tous deux, dans le panorama politique contemporain de la Couronne d' Aragon, et intéressants promoteurs artistiques. Pedro de Luna (Bénédict XIII) maintint un scriptorium actif dans la forteresse de Peñíscola jusqu’à 1413. La Bible de Portaceli se détacherait des fonds de la Chartreuse immédiatement après la désamortisation et vente publique des biens monastiques. Elle a subi le même sort que d'autres exemplaires originaires de ce monastère: nous faisons allusion à la Bible valencienne et à la deuxième partie des Annales de la Cartuja de Portaceli (ms. 81141), ocuvres gardées ensemble dans la Hispanic Society of America.

O artigo tem como objetivo coligir questões da historiografia regional relacionadas aos escravos carmelitas da Fazenda Capão Alto (PR), apontar ações cooperativas entre os escravos carmelitas de Castro (PR), contextualizar o arrendamento e a posterior venda dos cativos para o interior de São Paulo e indicar as comunidades de remanescentes de quilombos (CRQs) na região de Castro (PR). O referencial direcionou-se para artigos, dissertações, teses e livros que se valeram de documentos compostos por listas nominativas de habitantes, registros de batismos e casamentos, processos judiciais e cartoriais, jornais e correspondências oficiais. Os escravos carmelitas administraram a Fazenda Capão Alto entre 1770 e 1867. O arrendamento dos escravos, em 1864, causou revolta e resistência. A saída definitiva dos cativos para o interior de São Paulo foi dividida em dois grupos, provavelmente em 1867. No primeiro grupo, 50 escravos foram levados para trabalhar na construção da ferrovia que ligava a cidade de Jundiaí a Campinas. No segundo grupo, foram comercializados 186 escravos da Fazenda Capão Alto ao comendador Francisco Teixeira Vilela, de Campinas (SP). Das comunidades de remanescentes de quilombos (CRQs), na região de Castro (PR), três apresentam descendência de escravos fugidos da Fazenda Capão Alto.

Forty-seven taxa, 35 native and 12 introduced, are reported as new to the flora of Yukon and nine taxa previously reported are deleted. The new native taxa are: Artemisia arctica ssp. comata, Botrychium alaskense, Botrychium minganense, Bromus richardsonii, Calamagrostis holmii, Carex incurviformis, Carex mackenziei, Carex microchaeta ssp. nesophila, Carex ramenskii, Carex rariflora var. androgyna, Carex tahoensis, Carex xerantica, Carex × flavicans, Deschampsia sukatschewii, Eleocharis erythropoda, Eleocharis macrostachya, Eleocharis mamillata, Erigeron ochroleucus, Impatiens noli-tangere, Limnorchis huronensis, Nymphaea tetragona, Polygonum douglasii ssp. douglasii, Potamogeton natans, Potentilla crebridens ssp. hemicryophila, Puccinellia tenella ssp. langeana, Rumex beringensis, Salix farriae, Salix glauca ssp. Stipuli fera, Saussurea nuda, Saxifraga hyperborea, Saxifraga rivularis ssp. arctolitoralis, Silene soczavana var. macrosperma, Symphyotrichum subspicatum, Taraxacum hyparcticum, and Zannichellia palustris. The new introduced taxa are: Acer negundo, Avena fatua, Camelina microcarpa, Crepis capillaris, Hippophae rhamnoides, Lamium amplexicaule, Linaria dalmatica, Medicago lupulina, Prunus padus, Rumex pseudonatronatus, Valeriana officinale, and Viola tricolor. Deleted taxa are: Aster laevis var. geyeri, Carex athrostachya, Elatine triantha, Camelina sativa, Erysimum cheiri, Galium palustre, Impatiens capensis, Platanthera hyperborea, and Sonchus oleraceus. Vouchers are cited and general notes on distribution and identification are provided. Four of the native taxa reported here are new to Canada: Botrychium alaskense, Carex microchaeta ssp. nesophila, Potentilla crebridens ssp. hemicryophila and Rumex beringensis.

Sweet cherries are self-incompatible, which is determined by a gametophytic self-incompatibility system (GSI). The self-incompatibility is controlled by a multi-allelic S-locus. Knowledge about the S-allele constitution of the cultivars is essential for fruit growers and breeders. Recently, molecular PCR-based methods have been developed to distinguish all S-alleles in sweet cherries. In our work, we analysed S-locus genotypes by 13 universal and allele-specific PCR primer combinations within 117 registered, old and local sweet cherry cultivars from the Czech genetic resources of the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy, the Czech Republic. We confirmed the previous S-genotyping for 66 accessions except for Drogans Gelbe, Hedelfinger, Erika, Meckenheimer Frühe, Badeborner, Bing, Alfa, Gamma, Huldra, Rivan, Valerij Tschkalov, Viola and Winkler’s Frühe. It could be due to either mislabelling or mistakes in the previous analyses. Newly, S-genotyping was determined for 51 accessions in which we found 4 new S-loci combinations. We detected the S-locus combinations in 19 incompatibility groups. The most frequent incompatibility groups were III (S₃S₄), II (S₁S₃), IV (S₂S₃), and VI (S₃S₆) with 22, 20, 12 and 12 genotypes, respectively.

A pesar del predomino de la pequeña explotación campesina en el mundo rural valenciano a fines de la Edad Media, existían amplios sectores del campesinado que se veían forzados a orientarse hacia el mercado a fin de proveerse de cereales para el consumo y la siembra. La insuficiencia de tierra y la falta de liquidez causada por el ciclo estacional de las cosechas hacía necesario recurrir al crédito a corto plazo, que era registrado en la corte del justicia local bajo la forma legal de «obligaciones». El objeto de este estudio es analizar la función económica de este mercado del crédito, identificando las variedades del cereal comercializado, la estacionalidad de las compras y de los pagos, la evolución de los precios y el perfil socioprofesional de los compradores (deudores) y de los vendedores (acreedores). De esta manera, se estudia cómo, en un contexto de desigualdad económica, este mercado cerealista permitía la supervivencia de las explotaciones campesinas más precarias y, al mismo tiempo, transfería rentas hacia los burgueses y campesinos ricos que poseían excedentes de grano.

RESUMENCon el presente trabajo se pretende, sobre el soporte bibliográfico que registra la trayectoria del gremio sartorial, aportar un enfoque inédito proporcionado por las fuentes archivísticas y documentales para la época: la identificación, relación y análisis de la función ejercida por los sastres de los reyes y de aquellos vinculados al estamento nobiliario en la horquilla cronológica seleccionada, comprendida entre los años 1450 y 1615, fecha del primer y último documento trabajados en este sentido. Esta línea de investigación nos permitirá descubrir desde individuos con deseos de medrar en la escala social, como los sastres andantes y estantes en corte, hasta un subgrupo más consolidado marcado por la continua insatisfacción de las deudas por parte de la nobleza. Secciones archivísticas como el Registro General del Sello, Cámara de Castilla, Registro de Ejecutorias o Consejo de Estado, pertenecientes a variados archivos estatales españoles, nos servirán para proporcionar una nutrida nómina, en relación diacrónica, de los sastres vinculados a la Corona castellana en este periodo. Por otro lado, se destacará el proteccionismo regio hacia la figura de este artesano cercano a las élites de poder, ejemplificándolo en figuras concretas. Finalmente se apuntarán las posibilidades de la documentación analizada para conocer en profundidad, y de la mano de fuentes históricas primarias, aspectos de la historia del vestido regio y del de los empleados de la corte.PALABRAS CLAVE: sastres, reyes, nobles, Corona de Castilla, 1450-1615ABSTRACTThe aim of the present work is, on the basis of the literature that records the trajectory of the sartorial profession, to offer a new approach provided by the archival and documentary sources of the time: the identification, relation and analysis of the function exerted by tailors to kings and to those linked to the nobility. This line of research will allow us to discover people ranging from individuals seeking to climb the social ladder, such as tailors living at the court, to a more consolidated subgroup marked by the continued non-payment of debts by the nobility. Archival sections such as the General Registry of the Seal, Chamber of Castile, Registry of Executives or Council of State, belonging to various Spanish state archives, will provide us with a long list, in diachronic terms, of the tailors linked to the Castilian Crown between 1450 and 1615, the dates of the first and last documents used for this purpose. Furthermore, I shall highlight royal protectionism vis-à-vis the figure of this craftsman close to the elites, offering specific examples. Finally, I shall refer to the potential of the documentation analysed to explore in depth, and via primary historical sources, aspects of the history of royal attire and that of court employees.KEY WORDS: tailors, kings, nobles, Crown of Castile, 1450-1615 BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlcega, J. de, Tratado de Geometría, Práctica y Traza, el cual trata de lo tocante al oficio de sastre…, Valladolid, Maxtor, 2009.Alvar Ezquerra, A., El nacimiento de una capital europea: Madrid entre 1561 y 1609, Madrid, Turner, 1989.Baleztena Abarrategui, J., “Ordenanzas contra los sastres que tuvieren paños faltosos (1533)”, Cuadernos de etnología y etnografía de navarra, 74 (1999), pp. 563-570.Bello León, J. M., y Hernández Pérez, M. 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Sociales del Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses, 113 (2003), pp. 315-328.González Arce, J. D., “De la corporación al gremio. La cofradía de sastres, jubeteros y tundidores burgaleses en 1485”, Studia historica. Historia medieval, 25 (2007), pp. 191-219.González Arce, J. D., La casa y corte del príncipe don Juan (1478-1497): economía y etiqueta en el palacio del hijo de los Reyes Católicos, Sevilla, Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales, 2016.González Marrero, M. del C., “Un vestido para cada ocasión: la indumentaria de la realeza bajomedieval como instrumento para la afirmación, la imitación y el boato. El ejemplo de Isabel I de Castilla”, Cuadernos del CEMyR, 22 (2015), pp. 155-194.Haldón Reina, J. F., “Aproximación histórico-artística a la antigua Hermandad de Nuestra Señora de los reyes del gremio de sastres”, en Roda Peña, J. (coord.), II Semana de estudios Medievales, Nájera, 2009, pp.155-190.Juárez-Almendros, E., “Don Quijote y la moda: El legado de Carmen Bernis”, Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America, 24.1 (2004), pp. 137-142.López García, J. M., El impacto de la corte en Castilla: Madrid y su territorio en la época moderna, Madrid, siglo XXI de España, 1998.Marchant Rivera, A., “Los sastres en los Procesos de fe del tribunal de distrito de la Inquisición de Toledo (1483-1597)”, Documenta & Instrumenta, 12 (2014), pp. 95-116.Martínez Carreño, A., “Sastres y modistas: notas alrededor de la historia del traje en Colombia”, Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico, vol. 28, n. 28 (1991), pp. 61-76.Mediero Velasco, M. I., “El impacto de la corte sobre la villa de Madrid”, Pasea por Madrid: historia, turismo cultural y tiempo libre, 7 (2015), pp. 39-57.Monner Sans, R., De sastres: entretenimiento paremiológica, Talleres de la Casa Jacobo Peuser, 1909.Nieto Sánchez, J. A., “La conflictividad laboral en Madrid durante el siglo XVII: el gremio de sastres”, en Actas del I Congreso de jóvenes Geógrafos e Historiadores, 1995, pp. 283-289.Nieto Sánchez, J. A., Artesanos y mercaderes: una historia social y económica de Madrid (1450-1850), Madrid, Fundamentos, 2006.Nombela Rico, J. M., Auge y decadencia en la España de los Austrias: la manufactura textil de Toledo en el siglo XVI, Toledo, Ayuntamiento, 2003.Puerta Escribano, R. de la, “Los avatares del asociacionismo de los artífices del vestir en la Valencia Moderna”, en Prats, L. (coord.), Estudios en homenaje a la Profesora Teresa Puente, vol. 2, Valencia, 1996, pp. 481-495.Puerta Escribano, R. de la, Historia del gremio de sastres y modistas en Valencia: del siglo XIII al siglo XX, Valencia, Ayuntamiento, 1997.Puñal Fernández, T., Los artesanos de Madrid en la Edad Media (1200-1474), Madrid, UNED, 2000.Reguera Ramírez, R., “Costureras versus sastres. También una cuestión de género”, El Pajar: Cuaderno de etnografía canaria, 25 (2008), pp. 110-116.Rodríguez Plaza, M. Á., “Ordenanzas del gremio de sastres de Plasencia. Año 1795”, Revista de estudios extremeños, vol. 71, n. 2 (2015), pp. 1115-1136.Salazar y Castro, L., Pruebas de la historia de la casa de Lara sacadas de los instrumentos por…, Madrid, Imprenta Real, 1694, p. 102.Sanchís Llorens, R., “El offici de sastres y calcetters de Alcoy”, en Primer Congreso de Historia del País Valenciano: celebrado en Valencia del 14 al 18 de abril de 1971, vol. 3, Valencia, 1976, pp. 201-208.Vaamonde Lores, C., “La cofradía de los sastres de Betanzos”, Boletín de la Real Academia Galega, 46 (1911), pp. 244-251.Zofío Llorente, J. C., “Reproducción social y artesanos. Sastres, curtidores y artesanos de la madera madrileños en el siglo XVII”, Hispania: Revista española de Historia, 71/237 (2011), pp. 87-120.Zofío Llorente, J. C., Gremios y artesanos en Madrid, 1550-1650: la sociedad de trabajo en una ciudad cortesana preindustrial, Madrid, CSIC, 2005.

Comité EditorialDra. (e). Eva Chacón LunaUniversidad Estatal de Milagroachaconl1@unemi.edu.ecMilagro, Ecuador Dr. Mario Pérez-MontoroUniversidad de Barcelonaperez-montoro@ub.eduBarcelona, EspañaDr. David Benavides CuevasUniversidad de Sevillabenavides@us.esSevilla, España Dr. Oriol Lordán GonzálezUniversidad Politécnica de Catalunyaoriol.lordan@gmail.comMadrid, España Dr. (e). José Díaz MontenegroUniversidad Estatal de Milagrojdiazm@unemi.edu.ecMilagro, EcuadorDr. Simón Pérez MartínezUniversidad Estatal de Milagro, UNEMIsimonpm2006@gmail.comMilagro, EcuadorMSc. Javier Benítez AstudilloUniversidad Estatal de Milagro, UNEMIjbeniteza@unemi.edu.ecMilagro, Ecuador Dr. Thiago Duarte PimentelUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Forathiagodpimentel@gmail.comMinas Gerais, BrazilDr. Rodrigo Romo MuñozUniversidad del Bio-Biorromo@ubiobio.clConcepción, ChileMSc. Ángela Laguna CaicedoUniversidad Tecnológica de Panamáangela.laguna@utp.ac.paPanamá, PanamáDra. Beatriz CarvajalUniversidad Centro Occidental “LisandroAlvarado”, UCLAbecar777@yahoo.esBarquisimeto, Venezuela Dra. Linda Gil de FuentesUniversidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica “Antonio José de Sucre” UNEXPOlindaegil@gmail.comPuerto Ordaz, VenezuelaDr. (e). Omar Franco AriasUniversidad Estatal de Milagro, UNEMIofrancoa@unemi.edu.ecMilagro, Ecuador Dra. Xiomara Zúñiga SantillánUniversidad Estatal de Milagro, UNEMIxzunigas@unemi.edu.ecMilagro, EcuadorDr. Nelson Garza Montes de OcaUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leónnelson.garza@gmail.comSan Nicolás de Los Garza, MéxicoDr. José León SosaUniversidad Central de Venezuelajose.leon@ucv.veCaracas, Venezuela Comité de Evaluadores ExternosDra. Tania Valeria Carpio AriasDoctora en NutriciónGrupo de Investigación en Alimentación yNutrición Humana (GIANh)Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazoval_carpio@yahoo.esRiobamba, EcuadorMSc. Luis Buchelli CarpioMáster(c) en Automatización y Control IndustrialDiplomado Superior en Seguridad IndustrialDocente Universidad Estatal de Milagrolbuchelic@unemi.edu.ecMilagro, EcuadorDr. Jesús Aranguren CarreraDoctor en EducaciónMagíster en EcologíaDocente investigadorInstituto Pedagógico de Caracasjesusaranguren.ipc@gmail.comCaracas, VenezuelaDra. Liliana Cortez SuárezDoctora en Bioquímica y FarmaciaMagíster en Gerencia de SaludDocente InvestigadorUniversidad Técnica de Machalalcortez@utmachala.edu.ecMachala, Ecuador Dr. Álvaro Sáenz AndradeDoctor en AdministraciónMaestría en SociologíaCatedrático universitario e investigadorasaenzandrade@gmail.comQuito, EcuadorMSc. Giovanni Freire JaramilloMSC. En Desarrollo de la Inteligencia y EducaciónDocente e InvestigadorUniversidad Laica Vicente Rocafuertegfreire@hotmail.esGuayaquil, Ecuador MSc. Edwin Santamaría FreireMáster en Gestión de la producción agroindustrialDocente de la Universidad Técnica de Ambatoec.santamaria@uta.edu.ecAmbato, EcuadorMSc. Banesa Mena GarcíaDoctora en Psicología del Trabajo y las OrganizacionesMáster en Dirección de Recursos HumanosProfesor Universidad Complutense de Madridbmena@psi.ucm.esMadrid, EspañaMSc. Carmita Ramírez CalixtoMagister en Educación y Gerencia SuperiorDocente investigadoraUniversidad de Guayaquilcarmita.ramirezc@ug.edu.ecGuayaquil, EcuadorMSc. Enrique Colon Ferruzola GómezMáster en Gerencia de Tecnologías de la InformaciónConsultor Externo de Seguridad de la Información. Investigador Digitaleferruzola@peritoinformatico.ecMilagro, Ecuador MSc. Fernando Veloz NavarreteMáster en Dirección de EmpresasDocente investigadorEscuela Superior Politécnica deChimborazoferveloz@yahoo.esRiobamba, EcuadorDr. Oscar ParadaDoctor en Ciencias EconómicasDocente investigadorEscuela Superior Politécnica deChimborazoospg2012@gmail.comRiobamba, EcuadorDra. Gina Àlvarez ReyesMáster en Administración AmbientalEscuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazogalvarez101@yahoo.esRiobamba, EcuadorDr. Rolando Rafael Calero MendozaDoctor en química ambiental y fundamentalDocente investigadorrcalero@upse.edu.ecGuayaquil, EcuadorDr. Luis Josè VelásquezUniversidad Politécnica Antonio José de Sucreljvunexpo@gmail.comPuerto Ordaz, Venezuela Dr. José Ángel Rivera OrtegaUniversidad Autónoma de Puebladr-jose-angel-rivera@hotmail.comPuebla, PUE, MéxicoMSc. Vilma Álvarez IntriagoMáster en Administración de EmpresasUniversidad Espíritu Santovkalvarez@uees.edu.ecGuayaquil, EcuadorDra. Rosa del Pilar López RualesDoctora en BioèticaUniversidad Técnica del Norterosa-lopez-r@hotmail.com Dr. Luis Chávez GuzmánDoctor en Ciencias de la AdministraciónUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leónl5chavez@yahoo.com.mxSan Nicolás de los Garza, MéxicoDr. Salomón Barrezueta UndaDoctor en investigación agrícola y forestalUniversidad Técnica de Machalasabarrezueta@utmachala.edu.ecMachala, Ecuador

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 12, Number 4 &nbsp; Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, Iran Anna Paola Micheli, Univrtsity of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Antonio Usai, University of Sassari, Italy Ashford C Chea, Benedict College, USA Aurelija Burinskiene, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania Bazeet Olayemi Badru, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Nigeria Bruno Ferreira Frascaroli, Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil Celina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland Christopher Alozie, Tansian University, Nigeria Cristian Rabanal, National University of Villa Mercedes, Argentina Francesco Ciampi, Florence University, Italy Francesco Scalera, University of Bari &quot;Aldo Moro&quot;, Italy Haldun Şecaattin &Ccedil;etinarslan, Turkish Naval Forces Command, Turkey Hanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Henrique F&aacute;tima Boyol Ngan, Institute for Tourism Studies, Macao, Macao Herald Monis, Milagres College, India Hillary Odor, University of Benin, Nigeria Imran Riaz Malik, IQRA University, Pakistan L. Leo Franklin, Bharathidasn University, India Ladislav Mura, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia Leow Hon Wei, SEGi University, Malaysia Luisa Pinto, University of Porto School of Economics, Portugal M- Muzamil Naqshbandi, University of Dubai, UAE Manuel A. R. da Fonseca, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil Marcelino Jos&eacute; Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil Marco Valeri, Niccol&ograve; Cusano University, Italy Marta Joanna Zi&oacute;lkowska, Warsaw School of Economics (Szkoła Gł&oacute;wna Handlowa), Poland Michele Rubino, Universit&agrave; LUM Jean Monnet, Italy Mohamed Abdel Rahman Salih, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia Mohsen Malekalketab Khiabani, University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia Muath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USA Nicoleta Barbuta-Misu, &ldquo;Dunarea de Jos&rdquo; University of Galati, Romania Ozgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey Pascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UK Radoslav Jankal, University of Zilina, Slovakia Razana Juhaida Johari, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Riaz Ahsan, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Roxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USA Serhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, Ukraine Slavoljub M. Vujović, Economic Institute, Belgrade, Serbia Stephen Donald Strombeck, William Jessup University, USA Sumathisri Bhoopalan, SASTRA Deemed to be University, India Wejdene Yangui, Institute of High Business Studies of Sfax _ Tunisia (IHEC), Tunisia Yan Lu, University of Central Florida, USA

Reseñas del número 14 de Barataria. Para acceder a la reseña deseada, descargar el PDF completo. ÍNDICE de reseñas: D. Dueñas I Cid, p. 185 François DUBET La experiencia sociológica Barcelona: Gedisa. 2011. 141 pp. Mª L. Gallardo García-Saavedra, pp. 186-187 Rafael SUMOZAS GARCÍA-PARDO Patrimonio monumental y minero de Almadén Biblioteca de Autores Manchegos, Ciudad Real: Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real. 2012. 144 pp. Mª I. Morán Morán, pp. 187-188 Luis GONZÁLEZ SEARA La metamorfosis de la ideología. Ensayos sobre el poder, la justicia y el orden cosmopolita Madrid: Editorial Centro de Estudios Ramón Areces. 2011. 574 pp. R. Pérez Redondo, pp. 188-189 Álvaro RODRÍGUEZ DÍAZ Los universitarios y el deporte Sevilla: Wanceulen Editorial Deportiva. 2010. 162 pp. P. Madrigal Barrón, pp. 189-190 Jordi FRANCH PARELLA Economía Madrid: Unión Editorial. 2012. 399 pp. A. Martín Cabello, pp. 190-192 Tomás Pedro GOMARIZ ACUÑA Los soportes del debate público. El desarrollo del escenario cívico de discusión de la extranjería y la inmigración Madrid: Dykinson. 2011. 170 pp. G. Tardivo, p. 192 Stefano CAVAZZA y Emanuela SCARPELLINI La rivoluzione dei consumi. Societá di massa e benessere in Europa Bologna: Il Mulino. 2010. 368 pp. J.L. Palacios Gómez, pp. 192-194 Eguzki URTEAGA y Andoni EIZAGIRRE El nuevo entorno de la innovación: sostenibilidad y legitimación social Oviedo: Universidad de Oviedo. 2011. 252 pp. R. Pérez Redondo, pp. 194-195 Ramón ADELL ARGILÉS Tu voz es tu voto. Publicidad política en España 1976-2010 Valencia: Diputación de Valencia y UNED. 2011. 114 pp. J. L. Martínez Sanz , pp. 195-196 Julio ESCRIBANO HERNÁNDEZ Historia viva en las cartas de Pedro Sainz Rodríguez 1897-1986. El ministro de Franco que quiso restaurar a don Juan Prólogo de Luis Mª Ansón, Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. 2011. 571 pp. P. Madrigal Barrón , p. 197 Manuel FLORES CABALLERO La gran crisis financiera internacional del siglo XXI. La ruptura del modelo productivo español Huelva: Fundación Juan Manuel Flores Jimeno. 2011. 261 pp. S. Donoso García, pp. 198-199 Gerardo MEIL LANDWERLIN Individualización y solidaridad familiar Barcelona: Colección de Estudios Sociales nº 32, Caixa. 2011. 219 pp. J. Garrido Gallego, pp. 199-201 José Antonio CASTELLANOS LÓPEZ Transición democrática y cambio político en Ciudad Real: de las Cortes Orgánicas al Parlamento democrático (1967-1982) Ciudad Real: Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real. 2011. 264 pp. M. I. Menéndez Menéndez, pp. 201-202 María Antonia GARCÍA DE LEÓN Cabeza moderna/corazón patriarcal (un diagnóstico social de género) Barcelona: Anthropos. 2011. 144 pp. P. A. García Bilbao , pp. 202-204 Ángel VIÑAS, (Ed.) En el combate por la historia. La República, la guerra civil, el franquismo Barcelona: Pasado & Presente. 2012. 1.200 pp. L. Díe Olmos, pp. 204-205 Roland TERBORG y Laura GARCÍA LANDA (Coords.). Muerte y vitalidad de las lenguas indígenas y las presiones sobre sus hablantes México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). 2011. 285 pp. P. Sánchez Vera, pp. 205-208 Francisco CHACÓN y Joan BESTARD (Dirs.) Familias. Historia de la sociedad española (del final de la Edad Media a nuestros días) Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra. 2011. 1.247 pp. S. Giménez Rodríguez, pp. 208-209 Ministerio de Defensa (Ed.) La importancia geoestratégica del África Subsahariana Monografías del CESEDEN. Prólogo de D. Octavio Uña Juárez, Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa. 2010. 306 pp. R. Pérez Redondo, pp. 209-211 Antonio MARTÍN CABELLO Sociología de la cultura. Una breve introducción Madrid: Editorial Universitas. 2011. 292 pp. P. Madrigal Barrón , pp. 211-212 Santiago DONOSO GARCÍA Cambio social, cambio institucional. Años 1212, 1712, 2012. III centenario de otorgamiento del real título de villa a favor del pueblo de Granátula Ciudad Real: Diputación de Ciudad Real. 2012. 327 pp. A. García Manso, p. 212 Eduardo CORDEIRO GONÇALVES (ed.) Dinâmicas de rede no turismo cultural e religioso Porto (Portugal): ISMAI. 2010. Volumen I: 450 pp. y Volumen II: 409 pp.

Objetivo: verificar o comportamento da incidência da tuberculose na população privada de liberdade e estimando sua tendência. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal com análise de tendência da incidência da tuberculose na população privada de liberdade. Utilizou-se de dados secundários provenientes do Sistema de Informações e Agravos de Notificação. A população foi composta por todas as notificações de Tuberculose da população privada de liberdade de unidades masculinas e femininas no período de 2007 a 2016. Na análise de tendência temporal foi realizada através da criação de modelos de regressão polinomial e testados os modelos linear; quadrático; exponencial. Resultados: A tendência da incidência na população privada de liberdade geral e no sexo masculino foi considerada estável, ambas com (p=0,180), e no sexo feminino decrescente (p= 0,040). Conclusão: É necessário avanços na condução do controle da tuberculose nas unidades prisionais. Descritores: Tuberculose; Epidemiologia; Prisioneiros; Incidência; Saúde Pública. Referências Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Manual de recomendação para o controle da tuberculose no Brasil. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde. 2018. World Heatlh Organization. 2017 Fer.Disponívelem: http://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/population-groups/prisons-facts/en/. Acesso em : 20 Jan. 2017. Kayomo MK, Hasker E, Aloni M, Nkuku L, Kazadi M, Kabengele T, et al. Outbreak of Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Mbuji-Mayi Central Prison, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(11):2029-35. Schwitters A, Kaggwa M, Omiel P, Nagadya G, Kisa N, Dalal S. Tuberculosis incidence and treatment completion among Ugandan prison Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(7):781-86. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Boletim epidemiológico. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2018;49(8). Alinaghi SAS, Farhoudi B, Najafi Z, Jafari S. Comparing Tuberculosis incidence in a prison with the society, Tehran, Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2018;E60247:1-3. Sacramento DS, Gonçalves MJF. Situação da tuberculose em pessoas privadas de liberdade no período de 2007 a 2012 . J Nurs UFPE on line. 2017;11(1):140-51. Valença MS, Possuelo LG, Cezar-Vaz MR, Silva PE. Tuberculose em presídios brasileiros: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(7):2147-60. Sánchez A, Larouzé B. Tuberculosis control in prisons, from research to action: the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, experience. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(7):2071-80. Martins ELC, Martins LG, Silveira AM, Melo EM. The contradictory right to health of people deprived of liberty: the case of a prison in Minas Gerais , Brazil. Saúde soc. 2014;23(4):1222-34. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Brasil livre da tuberculose. Plano nacional pelo fim da tuberculose como problema de saúde pública [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2017 [citado 2018 mar 8]. 52 p. Disponível em: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0CE2wqdEaR-eVc5V3cyMVFPcTA/view. Macedo LR, Maciel ELN, Struchiner CJ. Tuberculose na população privada de liberdade do Brasil, 2007-2013*. Epidemiol Serv Saúde. 2017;26(4):783-94. Silva PF, Moura GS, Caldas AJM. Fatores associados ao abandono do tratamento da tuberculose pulmonar no Maranhão, Brasil, no período de 2001 a 2010. Cad Saúde Pública. 2014;30(8):1745-54. Montgomery DC, Jennings CL, Kulahci M. Introductionto Time Series Analysis and Forecasting. 2th ed. Hoken, NJ: John Wiley&Sons; 2015. Cavalcante GMS, de Macedo Bernardino Í, da Nóbrega LM, Ferreira RC, Ferreira E Ferreira E, d'Avila S. Temporal trends in physical violence, gender differences and spatial vulnerability of the location of victim's residences. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2018;25:49-56. Alves JP, Brazil JM, Nery AA, Vilela ABA, Filho IEM. Perfil Epidemiológico de pessoas privadas de liberdade. Rev enferm UFPE on line. 2017;11(supl.10):4036-44. Lambert LA, Armstrong LR, Lobato MN, Ho C, France AM, Haddad MB. Tuberculosis in Jails and Prisons: United States. AJPH Res. 2016;106(12):2231-37. Orlando S, Triulzi I, Ciccacci F, Palla I, Palombi L, Marazzi MC et al. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in HIV+ patients in Mozambique: A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening protocols based on four symptom screening, smear microscopy, urine LAM test and Xpert MTB/RIF. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):1-16. World HeatlhOrganization.The end TB strategy [Internet]. Geneva: World HeatlhOrganization; 2015. 20 p. Available in: http://www.who.int/tb/End_TB_brochure.pdf Belo MTCT, Luiz RR, Hanson SL, Teixeira EG, Chalfoun T, Trajman A. Tuberculose e gênero em um município prioritário no estado do Rio de Janeiro. J Bras Pneumol. 2010;36(5):621-25. Sá LD, Santos ARBN, Oliveira AAV, Nogueira JA, Tavares LM, Villa TCS. O cuidado á saúde da mulher com tuberculose na perspectiva do enfoque familiar. Texto contexto - enferm. 2012;21(2):409-17. Minayo MCS, Ribeiro AP. Condições de saúde dos presos do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Health conditions of prisoners in the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. Ciênc saúde coletiva. 2016;21(7):2031-40. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública. Departamento Penitenciário Nacional. Levantamento Nacional de Informações Penitenciárias: INFOPEN atualização junho de 2016. Org. Tandhara Santos; Colaboração. Marlene Inês da Rosa, et al. Brasília – DF, 2017, p. 65 Winter BCA, Grazinoli Garrido R. A tuberculose no cárcere: um retrato das mazelas do sistema prisional brasileiro. Med leg Costa Rica. 2017;34(2):20-31. Soares Filho MM, Bueno PMMG. Demography, vulnerabilities and right to health to Brazilian prison population. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(7):1999-2010. Santos MNA, Sá AMM. Viver com tuberculose em prisões: O desafio de curar-se. Texto contexto - enferm. 2014;23(4):854-61. Ilievska-Poposka B, Zakoska M, Pilovska-Spasovska K, Simonovska L, Mitreski V. Tuberculosis in the Prisons in the Republic of Macedonia, 2008-2017. Maced J Med Sci. 2018;6(7):1300-4. Oliveira LGD, Natal S, Camacho LAB. Contextos de implantação do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose nas prisões brasileiras. Rev Saúde Pública. 2015;49:66. da Silva RD, de Luna FDT, de Araújo AJ, Camêlo ELS, Bertolozzi MR, Hino P, Lacerda SNB, Fook SML, de Figueiredo TMRM. Patients' perception regarding the influence of individual and social vulnerabilities on the adherence to tuberculosis treatment: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):725.

The paper represents the results of grass pine forests classification in Dagestan by the Brown-Blanquet method. A number of 68 releves of pine forests (taken from the paper by Abdurakhmanova et al., 2018) were included in two higher categories of vegetation – the boreal forests of the class Vaccinio–Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 and the sub-Mediterranean thermophilous forests of the class Erico–Pinetea Horvat 1959 based on the quantitative classification. Comparative syntaxonomic analysis of the Caucasian communities of the Erico–Pinetea class revealed their high level of floristic originality in comparison with similar forests of southern Europe, Western Asia and Crimea. This corresponds to the unique bioclimatic conditions of Dagestan located on the territory with a clear effect of «rain shadow» from the high mountain ranges of the Greater Caucasus stretching on the way of the western Atlantic moist air masses that result in the high climate continentality. These essential ecological and floristic peculiarities of the grass pine forests of the Eastern Caucasus provided a basis for the description of a new order — Alchemillo sericaceae–Pinetalia sylvestris ord. nova hoc loco representing the extreme eastern part of the Erico–Pinetea class range. The diagnostic species group of the order includes dominantly Eastern-Euxinian, Caucasian endemics and Eurasian xerophilous species: Juniperus oblonga, Alchemilla sericata, Galium valantioides, Peucedanum ruthenicum, Thalictrum foetidum, Rosa elasmacantha, Filipendula vulgaris, Koeleria cristata, as well as diagnostic species of subordinated alliances. The order includes two alliances demonstrating the ecological and floristic differences of Dagestan pine forests due to the thermic factor. The alliance Bupleuro polyphylli–Pinion sylvestris all. nova hoc loco (holotypus of the order) includes grass pine forests with predominance of thermophilous floristic elements. Differential species of the alliance are Astrantia major, Valeriana alliariifolia, Polygonatum verticillatum, Pyrethrum coccineum, Psephellus daghestanicus, Galium rubioides, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Rubus saxatilis, Brachypodium pinnatum, Fragaria vesca, Fragaria viridis, Primula macrocalyx, Anthriscus sylvestris, Amoria ambigua, Bupleurum polyphyllum, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum scoparium, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Rhodobryum roseum, Climacium dendroides, Abietinella abietina, Plagiomnium cuspidatum, Betula litwinowii, B. pendula. Three associations and two non-rank communities were included in the alliance (Carici albae–Pinetum sylvestris Ermakov, Abdurakhmanova, Potapenko 2019 — holotypus of the alliance, Ranunculo caucasicae–Pinetum sylvestris ass. nova hoc loco, Viburno lanatae–Pinetum sylvestris Ermakov, Abdurakhmanova, Potapenko 2019, community Stachys atherocalyx–Pinus sylvestris, community Centaurea phrygia–Pinus sylvestris). The alliance Onobrichido cornutae–Pinion sylvestris all. nova hoc loco includes unique cryophilous pine forests with predominance of the cushion plants in the gound layer and numerous constant species of Caucasian cryophilous and xerophilous endemics. Diagnostic species of the alliance are Onobrychis cornuta, Festuca woronowii, Gypsophila tenuifolia, Salvia canescens, Rosa elasmacantha, Androsace koso-poljanskii, Galium brachyphyllum, Thymus daghestanicus, Asperula alpina, Anthemis dumetorum, Scutellaria oreophila, Satureja subdentata, Potentilla recta, Teucrium polium, Euphorbia virgate, Scabiosa gumbetica, Astragalus alexandri, A. fissuralis, Seseli alexeenkoi, Pseudomuscari pallens, Rhamnus pallasii, Vincetoxicum funebre, Jurinea ruprechtii, Helianthemum dagestanicum, Stipa caucasica, Centaurea edmondii, Selaginella helvetica, Scorzonera filifolia, Dracocephalum austriacum, Viola somchetica, Oxytropis lanata. At present the alliance is represented by a single association – the Onobrichido cornutae–Pinetum sylvestris ass. nova hoc loco. The results of the classification have demonstrated a significant level of originality of the Caucasian grass pine forests and a high floristic status of the Caucasus as a one of the important centers of modern phytodiversity.

En el presente trabajo se plasman los resultados del análisis del estrés laboral en servidores públicos. Tomando en cuenta las variables sociolaborales presentes en el período de pandemia ocasionado por la Covid-19. Se expone el modelo demanda-control-apoyo social para determinar el estrés laboral en este contexto en dos gobiernos locales de la ciudad de Arequipa- Perú. Para este trabajo se consideró la participación de 286 colaboradores, y se utilizó un instrumento de recolección de información con 29 ítems que permitieron medir el estrés laboral. Los resultados muestran que existe un nivel medio de estrés en el trabajo, considerando que se trata de un trabajador activo y que en su trayecto al trabajo y durante las jornadas laborales, está expuesto a situaciones de riesgo. El estudio permitió concluir que las situaciones de salud actual son un condicionante del estrés en los servidores públicos. Palabras Clave: Estrés laboral, Covid-19, situaciones de riesgo, situaciones de salud. Referencias [1]L. Martínez, «Riesgos psicosociales y estrés laboral en tiempos de COVID-19: instrumentos para su evaluación,» Revista de Comunicación y Salud, vol. 10, nº 2, pp. 301-323, 2020. [2]L. Ortiz, «Estrés laboral en tiempos de pandemia,» UNA COMUNICA, 27 Mayo 2020. [En línea]. Available:https://www.unacomunica.una.ac.cr/index.php/mayo-2020/2970-estres-laboral-en-tiempos-de-pandemia. [Último acceso: 14 Enero 2021]. [3]P. Gil-Monte, «Algunas razones para considerar los riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo y sus consecuencias en la salud pública,» Revista Española de Salud Pública, vol. 83, nº 2, pp. 169-173, 2019. [4]G. I. Monzón Alvarez, M. Á. Pacheco Quico, A. R. Miaury Vilca, H. L. Pinto Pomareda y S. F. Torres Aza, «Riesgos laborales en personal de limpieza pública durante el Covid-19,»Universidad Ciencia Y Tecnología, vol. 25, nº 108, pp. 66-72, 2021. [5]J. Calizaya, F. Zapata, G. Monzón, Y. Alemán, R. Bellido y F. Ceballos, La investigación cuantitativa en las ciencias sociales y algunas aplicaciones de interés científico, Quito: Editorial Autanabooks, 2021. [6]J. Osorio y L. Cárdenas, «Estrés laboral: estudio de revisión,» Perspectivas Psicológicas, vol. 13, nº 1, pp. 81-90, 2017. [7]F. Suárez, L. Rosales y O. Flor, La ingeniería de las emociones humanas, Quito: AutanaBooks, 2020. [8]M. M. Chiang, G. R. Riquelme y P. A. Rivas, «Relación entre Satisfacción Laboral, Estrés Laboral y sus Resultados en Trabajadores de una Institución de Beneficencia de la Provincia de Concepción.,» Ciencia & rabajo, vol. 20, nº 63, pp. 178-186, 2018. [9]F. Suárez, L. Rosales y A. Lezama, La computación inteligente y los estados emocionales, Quito: AutanaBooks, 2019. [10]C. Mejia, J. Chacon, O. Enamorado, L. R. Garnica, S. Chacón y Y. García, «Factores asociados al estrés laboral en trabajadores de seis países de Latinoamérica,» Revista de la Asociación Española de Especialistas en Medicina del Trabajo, vol. 28, nº 3, pp. 204-211, 2019. [11]F. Suárez, L. Ortiz y L. Rosales, «La psicología del estrés y su análisis desde la inteligencia artificial,» Espacios, vol. 45, nº 41, p. 14, 2020. [12]L. A. Álvarez-Silva y C. E. Espininoza-Samaniego, «Estrés laboral en trabajadores formales de la bahía de Guayaquil,» Espirales, vol. 3, nº 24, pp. 77-88, 2019. [13]R. Karasek, «Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign,» Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 24, pp. 285-309, 1979. [14]J. M. Fernández-Arata y G. Calderón-De la Cruz, «Modelo Demandas-Control-Apoyo social en el estudio del estrés laboral en el Perú,» Revista Medica Herediana, vol. 28, pp. 281-282, 2017. [15]O. Bada, R. M. Salas, E. F. Castillo, E. M. Arroyo y C. E. Carbonell, «Estrés laboral y clima organizacional en docentes peruanos,» MediSur, vol. 18, nº 6, pp. 1138-1144, 2020. [16]A. Lozano-Vargas, «Impacto de la epidemia del Coronavirus (COVID-19) en la salud mental del personal de salud y en la población general de China,» Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría, vol. 83, nº 1, pp. 51-56, 2020. [17]R. Karasek, Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working, New York: Basic Books, 1990. [18]D. Frías, Apuntes de consistencia interna de las puntuaciones de un instrumento de medida, Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 2019. [19]J.L. Ventura, «Tamaño del efecto para la U de Mann-Whitney: aportes al artículo de Valdivia-Peralta et al.,» Revista chilena de neuro-psiquiatría, vol. 54, nº 4, pp. 353-354, 2016. [20]R. J. Grissom, «Probability of the superior outcome of one treatment over another.,» Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 79, nº 2, pp. 314-316, 1994. [21]M. Tomczak y E. Tomczak, «The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size,» Trends Sport Sciences, vol. 1, nº 21, pp. 19-25, 2014. [22]S. Domínguez, «Magnitud del efecto, una guía rápida,» Educación Médica, vol. 19, nº 4, pp. 251-254, 2018.

Este trabajo es un estudio analítico y comparativo entre el régimen de contrato laboral vigente en Ecuador y el contrato de teletrabajo que busca resolver el problema legal de establecer si la relación laboral de teletrabajo configurada como contrato de trabajo puede estar sujeta a las reglas generales de los contratos o reglas específicas del contrato de vivienda contempladas en el Código de Trabajo Ecuatoriano. Como el teletrabajo no está reconocido por la legislación laboral ecuatoriana, el trabajo se divide en tres capítulos diferentes que buscan solucionar el problema legal mencionado. Se exponen todas las características, elementos y demás cuestiones relevantes al régimen de contratación laboral, sirviendo de antecedente para el análisis comparativo antes mencionado. Posteriormente, se hace una descripción y análisis de la figura del teletrabajo, así como sus características y elementos que lo convierten en una figura diferente y única. Finalmente, se hizo un análisis del trabajo a domicilio (modalidad que está regulada por la legislación laboral ecuatoriana) para luego pasar a compararlo con el teletrabajo. El resultado de esta comparación es determinar si es legalmente posible regular. Palabras Clave: teletrabajo, legislación laboral, contrato de trabajo. Referencias [1]N. Samaniego, «El teletrabajo en el Ecuador,» agosto 2016. [En línea]. Disponible: http://dspace.uniandes.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/6133/1/TUSDMDL002-2017.pdf. [Último acceso: 09 Septiembre 2020]. [2]P. Alvarez, «Teletrabajo en la experiencia extranjera, » octubre 2018. [En línea]. Disponible: https://obtienearchivo.bcn.cl/obtienearchivo?id=repositorio/10221/25913/2/PA_Teletrabajo_2018.pdf. [Último acceso: 09 09 2020]. [3]M. Palacios, «El teletrabajo: hacia una regulación garantista en el Ecuador,» Quito, 2017. [4]J. Espinosa, «Los Efectos del Condicionamiento del Plazo de un Contrato de Trabajo a la Duración de un Contrato de Servicios Complementarios en Base al Artículo 169 numeral 3ero del Código de Trabajo,» Quito, 2015. [5]Constitución de la República del Ecuador, «Legislación laboral y de Seguridad Social Tomo I,» Pudeleco, Quito, 2016. [6]H. Chiriboga, «Historia del Derecho Laboral como instrumento político del Ecuador,» Guayaquil, 2017. [7]G. Blacio, «La vulneración de los principios constitucionales del trabajo, en cuanto a la exoneración del pago de utilidades a los operarios y aprendices de losartesanos,» Loja , 2016. [8]P. Arpi, «Estrategias para promover el teletrabajo en las empresas del sector privado del Ecuador para mejorar el empleo y la productividad,» Quito, 2018. [9]P. Martín, Teletrabajo y comercio electrónico, Madrid (España): Secretaría General Técnica, 2018. [10]G. Poveda, Abril 2018. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.eumed.net/actas/18/empresas/18-una-revision-al-teletrabajo.pdf. [Último acceso: 09 09 2020]. [11]Organización Internacional del Trabajo, «Las dificultades y oportunidades del teletrabajo para los trabajadores y empleadores en los sectores de serviciosde tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) y financieros,» 2016. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/publication/wcms_531116.pdf. [Último acceso: 09 09 2020]. [12]E. Villa, «Beneficios e impactos del teletrabajo en el talento humano: una revisión de literatura,» CEA,vol. 2, nº 4, pp. 59-73, 2016. [13]Ministerio de Trabajo, Agosto 2016. [En línea]. Disponible: http://www.trabajo.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Acuerdo_Teletrabajo_WEB.pdf. [Últimoacceso: 09 09 2020]. [14]C. Vélez, «Análisis de la norma jurídica sobre el teletrabajo en Ecuador y sus vacíos legales,» Enero 2020. [En línea]. Diponible: http://dspace.uniandes.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/11164/1/PIUAMDL001-2020. pdf. [Último acceso: 09 09 2020]. [15]R. Hernández, Metodología de la investigación. Las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta, México D.F. (México): McGraw Hill, 2018. [16]M. Bonilla y A. López, «Ejemplificación del proceso metodológico de la teoría fundamentada,» Scielo, pp. 305-315, 2016. [17]R. Buenaño, «El fututo del trabajo, teletrabajo y su influencia en la relación laboral,» Derecho Ecuador, 15 05 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.derechoecuador.com/el-futuro-del-trabajo-teletrabajo-y-su-influencia-en-la-relacion-laboral. [Último acceso: 10 09 2020]. [18]Ministerio del Trabajo y Previsión Social, «Ley 21220 Modifica el código del trabajo en materia de trabajo a distancia,» BCN, Santiago de Chile, 2020. [19]A. Mello y A. Acuña, «Primer Informe Estado del Teletrabajo en América Latina y El Caribe,» Ita Lac, América Latina y El Caribe, 2017. [20]C. Valera, «El teletrabajo en la legislación peruana y latinoamericana,» La Ley, Lima (Perú), 2020. [21]J. Rodríguez, «Teletrabajo en Panamá,» 06 03 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.dentonsmunoz.com/es/insights/articles/2020/march/6/teleworking-in-panama. [Último acceso: 11 09 2020]. [22]J. Hewitt, A. Acuña y A. Formoso, « Informe del Estado del Teletrabajo en Costa Rica,» CIIDTT, San José, 2017.

In the paper the phytocoenotic diversity of gray alder forests, common in the South-Western Nechernozemye of Russia, is characterized. On the territory of studies A. incana occurs in Bryansk, Kaluga, Smolensk and Orel regions. In the European Russia gray alder forests represented by a lot of forest types described by T. A. Rabotnov (1939), A. A. Nitsenko (1972), V. I. Vasilevich (1998), S. V. Degteva (2002), N. S. Liksakova (2004) etc. At the southeastern border of A. incana distribution in the South-Western Nechernozemye of Russia the gray alder forests are presented by mesophytic and hygrophytic ecologic-dynamic groups. Hygrophytic forests probably represent the azonal-zonal type of forest vegetation which is widespread in the valleys of rivers and streams. They are characterized by the presence and high constancy of hygrophyte and helophytic species. These forests belong to the alliance Alnion incanae, but they have essential floristic differences with hygrophyte alder forests of the Central Europe. Plant communities described from the South-Western Nechernozemye of Russia are characterized by a lack of Western- and Central European species, which are widely represented in Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic and partly Ukraine: Acer pseudoplatanus, Carex brizoides, Circaea lutetiana, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Geranium phaeum, Euonymus europaea, Lysimachia nemorum, Primula elatior, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Sambucus nigra, Viola reichenbachiana. In the Central Europe the communities of the ass. Alnetum incanae include the constantly-varying species: Abies alba, Anthriscus nitida, Astrantia major, Carduus personata, Carex remota, Carpinus betulus, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Cruciata glabra, Dactylis polygama, Doronicum austriacum, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Fagus sylvatica, Gentiana asclepiadea, Heracleum sphondylium, Petasites albus, P. hybridus, Prenanthes purpurea, Salvia glutinosa, Senecio nemorensis, S. ovatus, Symphytum cordatum, Valeriana dioica, etc. In communities of the Northern part of European Russia absent some nemoral species: Acer platanoides, Adoxa moschatellina, Ajuga reptans, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Carex sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Daphne mezereum, Galium odoratum, Fraxinus excelsior, Lamium maculatum, Mercurialis perennis, Poa nemoralis, Quercus robur, Ranunculus auricomus, R. cassubicus, Scrophularia nodosa, Stachys silvatica, Tilia cordata, Ulmus glabra. These species are more widely represented in Central European forests, as well as in communities of the South-Western Nechernozemye of Russia – near the southern border of the hemiboreal forests. The results of the floristic comparison do not allow considering our forests to be belong to the ass. Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921 distinguished for the Central Europe Therefore they are allocated in the new ass. Scirpo sylvatici―Alnetum incanae ass. nov. hoc loco. The plant communities differentiate the block of predominantly helophyte and hygrophyte species characteristic for riparian habitats and communities of wetland forests: Agrostis canina, Calliergon cordifolium, Juncus effusus, Glyceria fluitans, Lycopus europaeus, Scirpus sylvaticus, Solanum dulcamara, Stachys palustris. Two variants of the association were discribed. Chaerophyllum aromaticum var. communities are characterized by the dominance of nitrophilous species Chaerophyllum aromaticum. Var. typica combines typical communities and it has no own diagnostic species. The mesophytic alder forests of the Southern Nechernozemye of Russia represent stages of demutation restoration of the mesic spruce and broad-leaved-spruce forests of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae. The specified successional status does not allow considering the mesophytic communities of a gray alder as an independent association. More correct to refer them to the temporary facies of ass. Rhodobryo rosei―Piceetum abietis Korotkov 1986, similar to the secondary birch and aspen forests representing widespread changes of the mesophytic spruce and broad-leaved-spruce forests. This facies is characterized for three variants established by the dominance of some plant species. The most mesophytic forests are represented by var. Galeobdolon luteum, which differentiated by mesophytic species of spruce and broad-leaved-spruce forests: Galeobdolon luteum, Corylus avellana, Stellaria holostea. Communities with abundant undergrowth of Padus avium, formed along the margins of forest swamps in wet loam, were classified as var. Padus avium. Its diagnostic species are following: Padus avium, Crepis paludosa, Stachys sylvatica. Var. typica combines typical communities and it has no own diagnostic species as well. The floristic peculiarities and a role of the ecological factors in differentiation of syntaxa are demonstrated by the DCA-ordination. Communities of the South-Western Nechernozemye of Russia are largely differentiated from the others on the complex gradient corresponding increase in soil moisture, light and temperature. In general, the DCA-1 axis can be regarded as a complex gradient of continentality, soil richness, and the reaction of the substrate; DCA-2 – soil moisture, temperature, and light.

La investigación –cuantitativa, descriptiva, correlacional y transversal– pretendió conocer si las dimensiones del liderazgo directivo –transformacional, transaccional y laissez-faire– predicen significativamente el desempeño docente, de acuerdo con la percepción de 105 docentes de un grupo de nueve colegios privados salvadoreños, quienes respondieron (a) el Cuestionario Multifactorial (MQL), de 45 ítems, y (b) el Cuestionario de Autoevaluación Docente, para medir la variable desempeño docente, de 20 ítems. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión múltiple. De las tres dimensiones del liderazgo del director, el liderazgo transaccional mostró una correlación positiva con el desempeño docente. La predicción es significativa para todas las dimensiones del desempeño docente, excepto emocionalidad. Los docentes que laboran en colegios cuyos directores están en función por más de siete años mostraron un desempeño significativamente mejor en las dimensiones de capacidad pedagógica y emocionalidad. A la vez, demostraron una percepción del liderazgo transformacional más baja en términos de motivación por inspiración. Referencias Aguilar Ludeña, E. H. (2018). Liderazgo directivo y el desempeño docente en la institución educativa 1278, La Molina (Tesis de maestría). Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Perú. Alonso Ayala, O., Ávila Sánchez, M. y Sánchez López, M. (2016). Desempeño del profesional de enfermería en la atención a los pacientes con afecciones traumatológicas y ortopédicas. Revista Cubana de Tecnología de la Salud, 7(4), 30-35. Alzate Sánchez, A. y López Cortés, M. C. (2014). Impacto del liderazgo transformacional y la felicidad en la cultura organizacional – caso Google informe del VII seminario internacional en gestión de las organizaciones Estados Unidos 2014 (Trabajo de grado). Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogotá, Colombia. Añazco Camacho, K. A., Valdivieso Salas, R. P. y Sánchez Córdova, S. W. (2018). Los estilos de liderazgo y su efecto en la satisfacción laboral. INNOVA, 3(10), 142-148. Arana Agüero, L. y Coronado Tarrillo, J. M. (2017). Liderazgo directivo y desempeño docente en una institución educativa parroquial del distrito de San Isidro (Tesis de maestría). Universidad Marcelino Champagnat, Lima, Perú. Aydin, A., Sarier, Y. y Uysal S. (2013). The effect of school principals’ leadership styles on teachers’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction”. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(2), 806-811. Ayvar Bazán, Z. (2014). Liderazgo pedagógico del director y evaluación del desempeño docente en las instituciones educativas del nivel secundario de la red n° 09 del distrito de Villa María del Triunfo. LOGOS, 6(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.21503/ log. Vil.1317 Bravo Salinas, G. A. y Vicente Acevedo, C. P. (2013). Liderazgo transformacional, engagement y desempeño intra-extra rol en un hospital público de la región del Maule (Tesis de grado). Universidad de Talca, Chile. Cervera Cajo, L. (2012). Liderazgo transformacional del director y su relación con el clima organizacional en las instituciones educativas del distrito de Los Olivos (Tesis doctoral). Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Cesar Rivera, C. (2018). Liderazgo transformacional y desempeño directivo en la institución educativa n° 125 “Ricardo Palma”, San Juan de Lurigancho – 2017 (Tesis de maestría). Universidad César Vallejo, Perú. Chacón Luna, G. (2016). 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Vio la luz Pedro Moya de Contreras en la villa de Pedrocha, obispado de Córdoba, entre los años de 1520 a 1530, descendiente de hijosdalgos y con un tío que ostentaba el mismo nombre y fue arzobispo de Valencia. Recibió al lado de sus padres la primera instrucción y, habiéndose mostrado en ella aprovechado, influencias de su tío le llevaron a pasar en la adolescencia como paje del visitador Juan de Ovando en los años 1545-1550.

The distribution of soft and hard corals is due to prevailing environmental conditions, coral anatomical features and structural composition and presence or absence of predators and competitors. The study determined the occurrence of soft and hard corals in Igang Bay, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras, Philippines. Ocular survey was conducted at front beach of Villa Igang and transect – quadrat sampling was carried out. . The results showed that soft corals found in Igang Bay include the genera Lobophytum, Radianthus, Sarcophyton, Sinularia and Xenia and hard corals include those that belong to Acropora, Coeloseris, Coscinaraea, Favia, Favites, Fungia, Lonophyllia, Millepora, Montipora and Porites genera. Hard corals had a greater cover with a total of 38.94% while soft corals had 3.33%. In each transect, hard corals occupied more space than soft corals. There were 6 colonies for hard corals and none for soft corals. Physico – chemical conditions, particularly the salinity did not vary between three sampling points with a value of 29 ppt. and the temperature between surface and bottom had an average of 31°C and 31.7°C.The water depth ranged from 0.9 to 1.1 meters. Generally, the substrate type was rocky and sandy with presence of some coral rubbles in some portions along the transect lines. Keywords – hard corals, soft corals, salinity, temperature, Igang Bay

Habitantes Paisajistas es una herramienta y metodología de trabajo: utilizar el acto de caminar como forma de aproximación e interpretación del paisaje. Cada año propone un tema relevante en torno al cual activar procesos de reflexión, creación y aprendizajes colectivos, integrando en la práctica artística diferentes saberes y disciplinas. Un proyecto artístico de Virginia López, que ha iniciado su desarrollo en el 2015 dentro del marco del proyecto PACA_Proyectos Artísticos Casa Antonino: un artist run space auto-gestionado en la zona periurbana y rural de Gijón (Asturias) desde el que la artista propone experiencias de formación, creación y experimentación artística contemporánea, de manera que la práctica e investigación artística, además de tener una valencia estética y poética, generen nuevas vías de interpretación y de conocimiento del territorio en el que operan, a través de valores culturales, ambientales y sociales. Habitantes Paisajistas se realiza en colaboración con el museo arqueológico Villa Romana de Veranes, en el intento de acercar nuevos públicos y en particular la comunidad local a la institución a través de nuevas prácticas donde lo educativo, lo experiencial y lo artístico se relacionan con la memoria de nuestros paisajes cotidianos, favoreciendo lazos afectivos e intelectuales. En este texto se describen metodologías y experiencias realizadas, contexto local de desarrollo, referencias y contradicciones surgidas en el camino.

The chromosome numbers (2n) are presented for 82 vascular plant species of 61 genera from 31 families: Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus, Atriplex; Apiaceae: Angelica, Pimpinella, Torilis; Araceae: Calla; Asteraceae: Bidens, Hieracium, Lactuca, Leontodon, Solidago; Boraginaceae: Cerinthe, Lappula; Brassicaceae: Fibigia; Campanulaceae: Platycodon; Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus, Eremogone; Cupressaceae: Cupressus; Ericaceae: Rhododendron; Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia; Fabaceae: Acacia, Astragalus, Galega, Lotus, Robinia, Trifolium, Vicia; Grossulariaceae: Ribes; Iridaceae: Iris; Lamiaceae: Leonurus, Lycopus; Liliaceae: Lilium; Nelumbonaceae: Nelumbo; Onagraceae: Chamaenerion; Orobanchaceae: Pedicularis; Paeoniaceae: Paeonia; Papaveraceae: Chelidonium, Glaucium, Papaver; Plantaginaceae: Plantago; Poaceae: Achnatherum, Calamagrostis, Digitaria, Eragrostis, Glyceria, Milium, Phleum, Poa, Puccinellia; Polygonaceae: Persicaria, Rumex; Primulaceae: Anagallis; Ranunculaceae: Delphinium, Pulsatilla; Rosaceae: Potentilla, Sibbaldia, Spiraea; Rubiaceae: Asperula; Urticaceae: Parietaria; Valerianaceae: Valeriana; Violaceae: Viola. The species studied are from East Europe (Ukraine), Siberia (Irkutsk Region, Novosibirsk Region, Republic of Buryatia), Caucasus (Abkhazia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia), Middle Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and the Russian Far East (Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye Territory). Most of the species are diploids, with different basic numbers (x). Species with variable ploidy also were revealed. The CN data are accompanied with the brief information on ecology and distribution of the species studied.

The chromosome numbers (2n) are presented for 82 vascular plant species of 61 genera from 31 families: Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus, Atriplex; Apiaceae: Angelica, Pimpinella, Torilis; Araceae: Calla; Asteraceae: Bidens, Hieracium, Lactuca, Leontodon, Solidago; Boraginaceae: Cerinthe, Lappula; Brassicaceae: Fibigia; Campanulaceae: Platycodon; Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus, Eremogone; Cupressaceae: Cupressus; Ericaceae: Rhododendron; Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia; Fabaceae: Acacia, Astragalus, Galega, Lotus, Robinia, Trifolium, Vicia; Grossulariaceae: Ribes; Iridaceae: Iris; Lamiaceae: Leonurus, Lycopus; Liliaceae: Lilium; Nelumbonaceae: Nelumbo; Onagraceae: Chamaenerion; Orobanchaceae: Pedicularis; Paeoniaceae: Paeonia; Papaveraceae: Chelidonium, Glaucium, Papaver; Plantaginaceae: Plantago; Poaceae: Achnatherum, Calamagrostis, Digitaria, Eragrostis, Glyceria, Milium, Phleum, Poa, Puccinellia; Polygonaceae: Persicaria, Rumex; Primulaceae: Anagallis; Ranunculaceae: Delphinium, Pulsatilla; Rosaceae: Potentilla, Sibbaldia, Spiraea; Rubiaceae: Asperula; Urticaceae: Parietaria; Valerianaceae: Valeriana; Violaceae: Viola. The species studied are from East Europe (Ukraine), Siberia (Irkutsk Region, Novosibirsk Region, Republic of Buryatia), Caucasus (Abkhazia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia), Middle Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and the Russian Far East (Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye Territory). Most of the species are diploids, with different basic numbers (x). Species with variable ploidy also were revealed. The CN data are accompanied with the brief information on ecology and distribution of the species studied.

IntroductionFor over five years, Romanians have been using their bodies in public spaces to challenge politicians’ disregard for the average citizen. In a region low in standards of civic engagement, such as voter turnout and petition signing, Romanian people’s “citizenship of the streets” has stopped environmentally destructive mining in 2013, ousted a corrupt cabinet in 2015, and blocked legislation legalising abuse of public office in 2017 (Solnit 214). This article explores the democratic affordances of collective resistive walking, by focusing on Romania’s capital, Bucharest. I illustrate how walking in protest of political corruption cultivates a democratic public and reconfigures city spaces as spaces of democratic engagement, in the context of increased illiberalism in the region. I examine two sites of protest: the Parliament Palace and Victoriei Square. The former is a construction emblematic of communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu and symbol of an authoritarian regime, whose surrounding area protestors reclaim as a civic space. The latter—a central part of the city bustling with the life of cafes, museums, bike lanes, and nearby parks—hosts the Government and has become an iconic site for pro-democratic movements. Spaces of Democracy: The Performativity of Public Assemblies Democracies are active achievements, dependent not only on the solidity of institutions —e.g., a free press and a constitution—but on people’s ability and desire to communicate about issues of concern and to occupy public space. Communicative approaches to democratic theory, formulated as inquiries into the public sphere and the plurality and evolution of publics, often return to establish the significance of public spaces and of bodies in the maintenance of our “rhetorical democracies” (Hauser). Speech and assembly, voice and space are sides of the same coin. In John Dewey’s work, communication is the main “loyalty” of democracy: the heart and final guarantee of democracy is in free gatherings of neighbors on the street corner to discuss back and forth what is read in the uncensored news of the day, and in gatherings of friends in the living rooms of houses and apartments to converse freely with one another. (Dewey qtd. in Asen 197, emphasis added) Dewey asserts the centrality of communication in the same breath that he affirms the spatial infrastructure supporting it.Historically, Richard Sennett explains, Athenian democracy has been organised around two “spaces of democracy” where people assembled: the agora or town square and the theatre or Pnyx. While the theatre has endured as the symbol of democratic communication, with its ideal of concentrated attention on the argument of one speaker, Sennett illuminates the square as an equally important space, one without which deliberation in the Pnyx would be impossible. In the agora, citizens cultivate an ability to see, expect, and think through difference. In its open architecture and inclusiveness, Sennett explains, the agora affords the walker and dweller a public space to experience, in a quick, fragmentary, and embodied way, the differences and divergences in fellow citizens. Through visual scrutiny and embodied exposure, the square thus cultivates “an outlook favorable to discussion of differing views and conflicting interests”, useful for deliberation in the Pnyx, and the capacity to recognise strangers as part of the imagined democratic community (19). Also stressing the importance of spaces for assembly, Jürgen Habermas’s historical theorisation of the bourgeois public sphere moves the functions of the agora to the modern “third places” (Oldenburg) of the civic society emerging in late seventeenth and eighteenth-century Europe: coffee houses, salons, and clubs. While Habermas’ conceptualization of a unified bourgeois public has been criticised for its class and gender exclusivism, and for its normative model of deliberation and consensus, such criticism has also opened paths of inquiry into the rhetorical pluralism of publics and into the democratic affordances of embodied performativity. Thus, unlike Habermas’s assumption of a single bourgeois public, work on twentieth and twenty-first century publics has attended to their wide variety in post-modern societies (e.g., Bruce; Butler; Delicath and DeLuca; Fraser; Harold and DeLuca; Hauser; Lewis; Mckinnon et al.; Pezzullo; Rai; Tabako). In contrast to the Habermasian close attention to verbal argumentation, such criticism prioritizes the embodied (performative, aesthetic, and material) ways in which publics manifest their attention to common issues. From suffragists to environmentalists and, most recently, anti-precarity movements across the globe, publics assemble and move through shared space, seeking to break hegemonies of media representation by creating media events of their own. In the process, Judith Butler explains, such embodied assemblies accomplish much more. They disrupt prevalent logics and dominant feelings of disposability, precarity, and anxiety, at the same time that they (re)constitute subjects and increasingly privatised spaces into citizens and public places of democracy, respectively. Butler proposes that to best understand recent protests we need to read collective assembly in the current political moment of “accelerating precarity” and responsibilisation (10). Globally, increasingly larger populations are exposed to economic insecurity and precarity through government withdrawal from labor protections and the diminishment of social services, to the profit of increasingly monopolistic business. A logic of self-investment and personal responsibility accompanies such structural changes, as people understand themselves as individual market actors in competition with other market actors rather than as citizens and community members (Brown). In this context, public assembly would enact an alternative, insisting on interdependency. Bodies, in such assemblies, signify both symbolically (their will to speak against power) and indexically. As Butler describes, “it is this body, and these bodies, that require employment, shelter, health care, and food, as well as a sense of a future that is not the future of unpayable debt” (10). Butler describes the function of these protests more fully:[P]lural enactments […] make manifest the understanding that a situation is shared, contesting the individualizing morality that makes a moral norm of economic self-sufficiency precisely […] when self-sufficiency is becoming increasingly unrealizable. Showing up, standing, breathing, moving, standing still, speech, and silence are all aspects of a sudden assembly, an unforeseen form of political performativity that puts livable life at the forefront of politics […] [T]he bodies assembled ‘say’ we are not disposable, even if they stand silently. (18)Though Romania is not included in her account of contemporary protest movements, Butler’s theoretical account aptly describes both the structural and ideological conditions, and the performativity of Romanian protestors. In Romania, citizens have started to assemble in the streets against austerity measures (2012), environmental destruction (2013), fatal infrastructures (2015) and against the government’s corruption and attempts to undermine the Judiciary (from February 2017 onward). While, as scholars have argued (Olteanu and Beyerle; Gubernat and Rammelt), political corruption has gradually crystallised into the dominant and enduring framework for the assembled publics, post-communist corruption has been part and parcel of the neoliberalisation of Central and Eastern-European societies after the fall of communism. In the region, Leslie Holmes explains, former communist elites or the nomenklatura, have remained the majority political class after 1989. With political power and under the shelter of political immunity, nomenklatura politicians “were able to take ethically questionable advantage in various ways […] of the sell-off of previously state-owned enterprises” (Holmes 12). The process through which the established political class became owners of a previously state-owned economy is known as “nomenklatura privatization”, a common form of political corruption in the region, Holmes explains (12). Such practices were common knowledge among a cynical population through most of the 1990s and the 2000s. They were not broadly challenged in an ideological milieu attached, as Mihaela Miroiu, Isabela Preoteasa, and Jerzy Szacki argued, to extreme forms of liberalism and neoliberalism, ideologies perceived by people just coming out of communism as anti-ideology. Almost three decades since the fall of communism, in the face of unyielding levels of poverty (Zaharia; Marin), the decaying state of healthcare and education (Bilefsky; “Education”), and migration rates second only to war-torn Syria (Deletant), Romanian protestors have come to attribute the diminution of life in post-communism to the political corruption of the established political class (“Romania Corruption Report”; “Corruption Perceptions”). Following systematic attempts by the nomenklatura-heavy governing coalition to undermine the judiciary and institutionalise de facto corruption of public officials (Deletant), protestors have been returning to public spaces on a weekly basis, de-normalising the political cynicism and isolation serving the established political class. Mothers Walking: Resignifying Communist Spaces, Imagining the New DemosOn 11 July 2018, a protest of mothers was streamed live by Corruption Kills (Corupția ucide), a Facebook group started by activist Florin Bădiță after a deadly nightclub fire attributed to the corruption of public servants, in 2015 (Commander). Organized protests at the time pressured the Social-Democratic cabinet into resignation. Corruption Kills has remained a key activist platform, organising assemblies, streaming live from demonstrations, and sharing personal acts of dissent, thus extending the life of embodied assemblies. In the mothers’ protest video, women carrying babies in body-wraps and strollers walk across the intersection leading to the Parliament Palace, while police direct traffic and ensure their safety (“Civil Disobedience”). This was an unusual scene for many reasons. Walkers met at the entrance to the Parliament Palace, an area most emblematic of the former regime. Built by Communist dictator, Nicolae Ceaușescu and inspired by Kim Il-sung’s North Korean architecture, the current Parliament building and its surrounding plaza remain, in the words of Renata Salecl, “one of the most traumatic remnants of the communist regime” (90). The construction is the second largest administrative building in the world, after the Pentagon, a size matching the ambitions of the dictator. It bears witness to the personal and cultural sacrifices the construction and its surrounded plaza required: the displacement of some 40,000 people from old neighbourhood Uranus, the death of reportedly thousands of workers, and the flattening of churches, monasteries, hospitals, schools (Parliament Palace). This arbitrary construction carved out of the old city remains a symbol of an authoritarian relation with the nation. As Salecl puts it, Ceaușescu’s project tried to realise the utopia of a new communist “centre” and created an artificial space as removed from the rest of the city as the leader himself was from the needs of his people. Twenty-nine years after the fall of communism, the plaza of the Parliament Palace remains as suspended from the life of the city as it was during the 1980s. The trees lining the boulevard have grown slightly and bike lanes are painted over decaying stones. Still, only few people walk by the neo-classical apartment buildings now discoloured and stained by weather and time. Salecl remarks on the panoptic experience of the Parliament Palace: “observed from the avenue, [the palace] appears to have no entrance; there are only numerous windows, which give the impression of an omnipresent gaze” (95). The building embodies, for Salecl, the logic of surveillance of the communist regime, which “created the impression of omnipresence” through a secret police that rallied members among regular citizens and inspired fear by striking randomly (95).Against this geography steeped in collective memories of fear and exposure to the gaze of the state, women turn their children’s bodies and their own into performances of resistance that draw on the rhetorical force of communist gender politics. Both motherhood and childhood were heavily regulated roles under Ceaușescu’s nationalist-socialist politics of forced birth, despite the official idealisation of both. Producing children for the nationalist-communist state was women’s mandated expression of citizenship. Declaring the foetus “the socialist property of the whole society”, in 1966 Ceaușescu criminalised abortion for women of reproductive ages who had fewer than four children, and, starting 1985, less than five children (Ceaușescu qtd. in Verdery). What followed was “a national tragedy”: illegal abortions became the leading cause of death for fertile women, children were abandoned into inhumane conditions in the infamous orphanages, and mothers experienced the everyday drama of caring for families in an economy of shortages (Kligman 364). The communist politicisation of natality during communist Romania exemplifies one of the worst manifestations of the political as biopolitical. The current maternal bodies and children’s bodies circulating in the communist-iconic plaza articulate past and present for Romanians, redeploying a traumatic collective memory to challenge increasingly authoritarian ambitions of the governing Social Democratic Party. The images of caring mothers walking in protest with their babies furthers the claims that anti-corruption publics have made in other venues: that the government, in their indifference and corruption, is driving millions of people, usually young, out of the country, in a braindrain of unprecedented proportions (Ursu; Deletant; #vavedemdinSibiu). In their determination to walk during the gruelling temperatures of mid-July, in their youth and their babies’ youth, the mothers’ walk performs the contrast between their generation of engaged, persistent, and caring citizens and the docile abused subject of a past indexed by the Ceaușescu-era architecture. In addition to performing a new caring imagined community (Anderson), women’s silent, resolute walk on the crosswalk turns a lifeless geography, heavy with the architectural traces of authoritarian history, into a public space that holds democratic protest. By inhabiting the cultural role of mothers, protestors disarmed state authorities: instead of the militarised gendarmerie usually policing protestors the Victoriei Square, only traffic police were called for the mothers’ protest. The police choreographed cars and people, as protestors walked across the intersection leading to the Parliament. Drivers, usually aggressive and insouciant, now moved in concert with the protestors. The mothers’ walk, immediately modeled by people in other cities (Cluj-Napoca), reconfigured a car-dominated geography and an unreliable, driver-friendly police, into a civic space that is struggling to facilitate the citizens’ peaceful disobedience. The walkers’ assembly thus begins to constitute the civic character of the plaza, collecting “the space itself […] the pavement and […] the architecture [to produce] the public character of that material environment” (Butler 71). It demonstrates the possibility of a new imagined community of caring and persistent citizens, one significantly different from the cynical, disconnected, and survivalist subjects that the nomenklatura politicians, nested in the Panoptic Parliament nearby, would prefer.Persisting in the Victoriei Square In addition to strenuous physical walking to reclaim city spaces, such as the mothers’ walking, the anti-corruption public also practices walking and gathering in less taxing environments. The Victoriei Square is such a place, a central plaza that connects major boulevards with large sidewalks, functional bike lanes, and old trees. The square is the architectural meeting point of old and new, where communist apartments meet late nineteenth and early twentieth century architecture, in a privileged neighbourhood of villas, museums, and foreign consulates. One of these 1930s constructions is the Government building, hosting the Prime Minister’s cabinet. Demonstrators gathered here during the major protests of 2015 and 2017, and have walked, stood, and wandered in the square almost weekly since (“Past Events”). On 24 June 2018, I arrive in the Victoriei Square to participate in the protest announced on social media by Corruption Kills. There is room to move, to pause, and rest. In some pockets, people assemble to pay attention to impromptu speakers who come onto a small platform to share their ideas. Occasionally someone starts chanting “We See You!” and “Down with Corruption!” and almost everyone joins the chant. A few young people circulate petitions. But there is little exultation in the group as a whole, shared mostly among those taking up the stage or waving flags. Throughout the square, groups of familiars stop to chat. Couples and families walk their bikes, strolling slowly through the crowds, seemingly heading to or coming from the nearby park on a summer evening. Small kids play together, drawing with chalk on the pavement, or greeting dogs while parents greet each other. Older children race one another, picking up on the sense of freedom and de-centred but still purposeful engagement. The openness of the space allows one to meander and observe all these groups, performing the function of the Ancient agora: making visible the strangers who are part of the polis. The overwhelming feeling is one of solidarity. This comes partly from the possibilities of collective agency and the feeling of comfortably taking up space and having your embodiment respected, otherwise hard to come by in other spaces of the city. Everyday walking in the streets of Romanian cities is usually an exercise in hypervigilant physical prowess and self-preserving numbness. You keep your eyes on the ground to not stumble on broken pavement. You watch ahead for unmarked construction work. You live with other people’s sweat on the hot buses. You hop among cars parked on sidewalks and listen keenly for when others may zoom by. In one of the last post-socialist states to join the European Union, living with generalised poverty means walking in cities where your senses must be dulled to manage the heat, the dust, the smells, and the waiting, irresponsive to beauty and to amiable sociality. The euphemistic vocabulary of neoliberalism may describe everyday walking through individualistic terms such as “grit” or “resilience.” And while people are called to effort, creativity, and endurance not needed in more functional states, what one experiences is the gradual diminution of one’s lives under a political regime where illiberalism keeps a citizen-serving democracy at bay. By contrast, the Victoriei Square holds bodies whose comfort in each other’s presence allow us to imagine a political community where survivalism, or what Lauren Berlant calls “lateral agency”, are no longer the norm. In “showing up, standing, breathing, moving, standing still […] an unforeseen form of political performativity that puts livable life at the forefront of politics” is enacted (Butler 18). In arriving to Victoriei Square repeatedly, Romanians demonstrate that there is room to breathe more easily, to engage with civility, and to trust the strangers in their country. They assert that they are not disposable, even if a neoliberal corrupt post-communist regime would have them otherwise.ConclusionBecoming a public, as Michael Warner proposes, is an ongoing process of attention to an issue, through the circulation of discourse and self-organisation with strangers. For the anti-corruption public of Romania’s past years, such ongoing work is accompanied by persistent, civil, embodied collective assembly, in an articulation of claims, bodies, and spaces that promotes a material agency that reconfigures the city and the imagined Romanian community into a more democratic one. The Romanian citizenship of the streets is particularly significant in the current geopolitical and ideological moment. In the region, increasing authoritarianism meets the alienating logics of neoliberalism, both trying to reduce citizens to disposable, self-reliant, and disconnected market actors. Populist autocrats—Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey, the Peace and Justice Party in Poland, and recently E.U.-penalized Victor Orban, in Hungary—are dismantling the system of checks and balances, and posing threats to a European Union already challenged by refugee debates and Donald Trump’s unreliable alliance against authoritarianism. In such a moment, the Romanian anti-corruption public performs within the geographies of their city solidarity and commitment to democracy, demonstrating an alternative to the submissive and disconnected subjects preferred by authoritarianism and neoliberalism.Author's NoteIn addition to the anonymous reviewers, the author would like to thank Mary Tuominen and Jesse Schlotterbeck for their helpful comments on this essay.ReferencesAnderson, Benedict R. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 2016.Asen, Robert. “A Discourse Theory of Citizenship.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 90.2 (2004): 189-211. 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