Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Village gai'

This thesis is an ethnographic study of an area in Manchester known as the 'Gay Village'. It explores the history and changes in the meaning of this term for the people who live and work in the Village, as well as for those who visit it for leisure. The Village was originally created by gay activists who emphasised being gay as the basis for having a separate gay community. However, since being incorporated into Manchester City Council's culture-led regeneration strategy the area now attracts large numbers of heterosexual male and female users. For many heterosexual Village users being gay attaches as much to 'things' that they feel able to engage with in the making of themselves, as much as what it attaches to persons through the way they define their sexuality. Within the Village previous assumptions about the authenticity of the categories 'gay' and 'straight' have been subjected to much debate. The aim of the thesis is therefore to subject current understandings of contemporary gay and straight sexuality to critical analysis and to explore how ideas about sexual identity may be changing in Britain in the first decade of the 21St century.

Urban spaces and their meanings are continually reinvented by daily life and representational practices. Public spaces provide an avenue to analyse the construction and contestation of political and social power in the city. The geography of Montreal's gay men's communities underwent profound changes during the 1980s. The traditional gay areas of the downtown core and the "Red Light" districts have disappeared in favour of a new gay quarter, the Village. This transformation raises questions about the exercise of power in space since the heart of the gay neighbourhood and the downtown area were one in the same. The accumulated symbolism of downtown Montreal was contested and subverted by the growing visibility of sexual minorities. This analysis of urban space reflects a transformation in public discourse that evolved from a tight control of morals, to the confinement of private morality to private spaces, and finally to the constitution of a discourse centered on human rights. A variety of qualitative methods including interviews and documentary sources, such as the community press, have been used to show the political dimension of public space and the manipulation of the symbolic economy allowing the establishment of rights to urban space.<br>Dominion Square is the spatial focus around which collective and social phenomena have been analysed. The impacts of these phenomena on our collective imaginations have been reconstructed. The transformation of central urban space by modernist architecture and urban functionalism, reconfigured public spaces in the downtown core, along with its definitions, its representations and its control. A mapping of gay geographic imagination shows the importance of sexuality, language, social class, religion and national identities in the development of a sense of belonging in space. It has been shown that gay geographic imagination is necessarily linked to other aspects of identity and diverse manifestations of power. This imagination questioned the privileged representations of hegemonic social values through the practices of daily life, the subversion of the meaning of space and political protest. Police repression showed itself to be only one of the strategies used by the municipal establishment in its censorship practices.

Esta pesquisa desenvolveu-se em uma área de estudo localizada em Garopaba, na zona costeira de Santa Catarina. Apesar do histórico de alterações ambientais sofridas, decorrentes da expansão agrícola, a área de estudo têm um caráter natural, na qual ocorrem grande diversidade de ecossistemas costeiros e paisagem com rara beleza. Atualmente, o acelerado processo de urbanização estimulado pela crescente indústria do turismo, representa uma séria ameaça à manutenção da qualidade ambiental na região. O Projeto Ambiental Gaia Village, localizado na área de estudo, objetiva contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável da região e vem realizando ações para regeneração e recuperação ambiental desde 1969. O Projeto Ambiental Gaia Village apoiou e deu suporte ao desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa, como mais uma ação em direção ao desenvolvimento sustentável da região. O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa é a sistematização de procedimentos que contribuam para melhor compreensão de questões ambientais relevantes à tomada de decisões, para orientar o ordenamento territorial preliminar de áreas situadas em zonas costeiras, visando a manutenção da qualidade ambiental. A sistematização dos procedimentos propostos, desenvolveu-se a partir da análise de uma área de estudo. Como base teórica, essa pesquisa se fundamentou em revisão de fontes secundárias, cujos tópicos se concentraram em ecossistemas costeiros e ações antrópicas na zona costeira. Como base para a elaboração dos mapas temáticos realizados, foi utilizado uma imagem de satélite com elevada resolução espacial (satélite QuickBird) e informações de fácil acesso. O método para a análise da imagem foi o da interpretação visual. O software de sistemas de informações geográficas utilizado para os mapeamentos, foi o ArcGIS 9.0. Mapas temáticos foram elaborados, sistematizando informações conforme os critérios estabelecidos. A sobreposição dos mapas temáticos levou a definição de novos mapas com informações relevantes à tomada de decisões para ordenamento territorial no contexto em que se encontra a área de estudo, como áreas a conservar e de possível uso, unidades de planejamento ambiental, entre outras. Para as unidades de planejamento ambiental, foram elaboradas diretrizes que visam minimizar o impacto das atividades antrópicas, de acordo as características e fragilidades da mesma. As diretrizes tiveram como base conceitual, a revisão realizada na fase inicial da pesquisa. O presente estudo visa racionalizar e ordenar a ocupação da região, manter os ecossistemas costeiros e a qualidade ambiental ao longo do tempo, buscando um equilíbrio entre desenvolvimento e conservação da natureza. Dentro do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável, essa pesquisa tem ênfase na dimensão ambiental.<br>This research is being performed in a study area localized in Garopaba, seashore region of Santa Catarina. Despite the environmental alterations decurrent from the agricultural expansion, the study area has a natural character, where great coastal ecosystem diversity and landscape with rare beauty occur. This area is going through an accelerated process of urbanization motivated by an increasing tourism industry, what represents a serious threat to the maintenance of the environmental quality. The Gaia Village Environmental Project, sited in the studied area, seeks to contribute to a sustainable development of the region and is carrying out several actions to regenerate the environment. The Gaia Village Environmental Project has supported and assisted the present work as one more action towards the sustained development of the region. The main object of the present work is the systematization of procedures to contribute for a better understanding of environmental questions, to order the preliminary land occupation of areas sited in coastal zones, aiming at the maintenance of the environmental quality. The proposed procedures systematization was developed from the analysis of a study area. The theoretical base of this research is a revision of secondary sources, whose topics is concentrated in coastal ecosystems and human actions in coastal zone. Thematic maps were done using, as basis, a high-resolution satellite image (QuickBird satellite) of the selected area and readily access information. To imagem analysis was used the visual interpretation method. For mapping, was used a GIS application ArcGIS version 9.0. Thematic maps has been done, systemizing information according to established criteria. The overlapping of thematic maps has originated new maps, which has relevant information to decisions takings to territorial order for the study area context, as areas for conservation or human use, environment planning units, and others. For environment planning units, recommendations were elaborated to minimize environmental impact of human actions in accordance with the coastal ecosystem particularities. Recommendations were done according to the revision carried through in the initial phase of the research. The present study aims at to rationalize and promote an orderly occupation of the area, preserving the environmental quality and the coastal ecosystems and, thus, a equilibrium between urban development and nature preservation. Within the concept of sustained development, this research has emphasis in the environmental dimension.

This case study examines the factors that shaped the identity and landscape of a small island-urban-village between the north and south forks of the Middle River and north of an urban area in Broward County, Florida. The purpose of the study is to understand how Wilton Manors was transformed from a “whites only” enclave to the contemporary upscale, diverse, and third gayest city in the U.S. by positing that a dichotomy for urban places exists between their exchange value as seen by Logan and Molotch and the use value produced through everyday activity according to Lefebvre. Qualitative methods were used to gather evidence for reaching conclusions about the relationship among the worldview of residents, the tension between exchange value and use value in the restructuration of the city, and the transformation of Wilton Manors at the end of the 1990s. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 contemporary participants. In addition, thirteen taped CDs of selected members of founding families, previously taped in the 1970s, were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. My findings indicate that Wilton Manors’ residents share a common worldview which incorporates social inclusion as a use value, and individual agency in the community. This shared worldview can be traced to selected city pioneers whose civic mindedness helped shape city identity and laid the foundation for future restructuration. Currently, residents’ quality of life reflected in the city’s use value is more significant than exchange value as a primary force in the decisions that are made about the city’s development. With innovative ideas, buildings emulating the new urban mixed-use design, and a reputation as the third gayest city in the United States, Wilton Manors reflects a worldview where residents protect use value as primary over market value in the decisions they make that shape their city but not without contestation.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>El documento digital no refiere asesor<br>Busca llevar a un sector de Villa María del Triunfo, mediante la canalización de tuberías de Polietileno a 5 bar de presión, un combustible alternativo, limpio y económico como es el Gas Natural para ser usado en redes internas residenciales y comerciales de la zona y el diseño de manera aplicativa de una red comercial que opera a 340mbar realizando un análisis de su costo / beneficio. Para ello asegura la construcción de una red comercial en cobre, aplicando toda la normatividad vigente para el uso comercial del gas natural; garantiza el caudal necesario para la implementación de una red comercial y analiza el costo beneficio para el cliente como resultante del cambio de combustible GLP por gas natural; asegura la correcta instalación de las redes externas de polietileno para la alimentación con gas natural a cada vivienda del sector denominado 1400 malla 01,02,03 y 04, cumpliendo para esto el manual de construcción de CALIDDA, la NTP 111.021 y la DS 040;2008; y ofrece a todos los clientes potenciales el suministro de gas natural, con un plan de financiamiento de hasta 8 años para el caso de clientes residenciales y de hasta 1 año para los clientes comerciales con un ahorro aproximado del 70% y 60% respectivamente. En conclusión, la presente monografía técnica presenta una descripción completa del proceso de asignación, construcción, gasificación, construcción de la red interna comercial, conversión de los equipos, habilitación de la red y un análisis costo beneficio del uso del gas natural en una red comercial..<br>Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Cette thèse porte sur l’ultimatum qu’impose le phénomène de changement climatique à la société occidentale contemporaine : changer de modèle de société ou risquer l’effondrement (Diamonds,2006). L’épreuve majeure qui s’impose serait celle d’habiter autrement la Terre, autour d’un autre projet : celui de la lutte contre le changement climatique. De nombreuses publications (Aykut,2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ; Stengers, 2009) décrivent l’incapacité des institutions étatiques à construire un projet commun pour répondre aux enjeux climatiques. Dans cette affaire, les études « critiques » relèvent la place importante qu’a prise la simulation au détriment de l’action concrète et pérenne. Modélisations climatiques, simulations politiques et économiques, diagnostics sociologiques, fictions littéraires, le changement climatique est largement investi par le récit. Nos immersions de terrain ont montré que d’autres échelles de l’action s’emparaient déjà activement de l’affaire climatique. Villes et entreprises sont, en effet, de plus en plus nombreuses à prendre position dans la problématique énergie-climat. Il s’ensuit que certains énoncés, par leur position de médiateurs, avaient cédé la place à des expérimentations concrètes. Adoptant une démarche pragmatique, inspirée de l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence, proposée par Latour, et enrichie par le modèle des Économies de la Grandeur de Boltanski et Thévenot, cette thèse tente de décrire les divers modes d’existence de la problématique climatique auprès de collectifs territoriaux. Par ailleurs, nous faisons l’hypothèse de l’influence d’arrières plans culturels et d’intérêts passionnés dans la production de stratégies climatiques par des acteurs locaux<br>This thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors

Climat et CO2 sont intimement liés. Le lien entre les deux et si bien établi que les objectifs de limitation du réchauffement climatique s’expriment en quantité maximale d’équivalent CO2 que l’on s’autorise à émettre. La quantité de CO2 présente dans l’atmosphère à un instant donné est le résultat d’échanges et d’équilibres complexes entre l’atmosphère et la surface terrestre. Cette dernière est composée non seulement des océans, de la végétation et des sols naturels mais également des villes. Les échanges entre l’atmosphère et les surfaces urbaines proviennent majoritairement de quatre contributeurs : les émissions des bâtiments, le trafic routier, la respiration humaine et la végétation urbaine. Deux de ces contributeurs dépendent du climat : les bâtiments et la végétation. En effet, aux hautes et aux moyennes latitudes, les émissions des bâtiments sont fortement liées au chauffage, et fluctuent donc avec la température extérieure. La végétation quant à elle croît et s’épanouit plus ou moins vite en fonction des conditions météo-climatiques et plus particulièrement de la température, des précipitations et de l’ensoleillement. Le CO2 émit par la ville est ensuite transporté à travers l’atmosphère suivant la circulation atmosphérique locale qui est le résultat de la situation synoptique modifiée par la présence de la ville. Il existe donc, à l’échelle de la ville, des interactions fortes entre climat et CO2 : le bilan carbone de la ville dépend du climat local, et le transport du CO2 à travers l’atmosphère est influencé par la circulation atmosphérique induite par la ville. Cette thèse vise à étudier ces interactions. Pour cela, on a ajouté la modélisation des échanges de CO2 entre les surfaces urbaines et l’atmosphère dans le modèle de micro-climat urbain TEB. Cela a permis de vérifier que les processus physiques qui relient les émissions/captations de CO2 en ville et le climat urbain étaient bien identifiés et compris. Le modèle a été évalué sur deux cas d’étude permettant chacun d’évaluer plus spécifiquement l’un des contributeurs aux échanges de CO2 ville/atmosphère qui soit météosensible : les bâtiments sur le site de Toulouse, et la végétation sur le site de Kumpula (Finlande). Ces deux sites ont prouvé la capacité du modèle à reproduire les échanges de CO2 entre les surfaces urbaines et l’atmosphère ainsi que leurs cycles journaliers et saisonniers. Le site de Toulouse a souligné l’importance de connaître finement le comportement énergétique des habitants pour simuler les émissions de CO2 des bâtiments. Celui de Kumpula a démontré la capacité du modèle ISBA, conçu pour décrire les interactions entre la végétation en milieu non urbain et l’atmosphère, à décrire les échanges de CO2 entre la végétation urbaine et l’atmosphère. Le modèle, ainsi validé, a été utilisé pour réaliser des simulations d’émissions de CO2 par les bâtiments à l’échelle de l’ensemble de l’agglomération urbaine de Toulouse. Ces simulations ont mis à nouveau en évidence l’intérêt de la bonne connaissance des comportements énergétique des habitants : sur notre cas d’étude (quatre jours en hiver), l’abaissement de 2°C de la température de consigne du chauffage la nuit réduit de 33% les émissions de CO2. Lors de ces simulations, le transport du CO2 émis par la ville à travers l’atmosphère a également été suivi. On a ainsi mis en évidence que, malgré une situation météorologique de vent calme, le panache de CO2 créé par la ville se dissipe rapidement (moins d’une journée), ce qui limite l’augmentation de la concentration en CO2 au-dessus de la ville. Des simulations sur d’autres villes sont nécessaires pour savoir si ce résultat se généralise. Lors de cette thèse, on a étudié les interactions climat/CO2 à l’échelle d’une ville. Par la suite, il serait intéressant de réaliser des simulations en climat futur ou bien en mode couplé avec des modèles de climat afin d’étudier les rétroactions entre les liens climat/CO2 aux échelles locale et globale<br>Climate and CO2 are closely tied. The link between them is so well established that the objectives for global warming mitigation are expressed in terms of the maximum amount of CO2 equivalent that can be emitted. The amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere at a given time is the result of complex exchanges and equilibriums between the atmosphere and the earth's surface. The latter is composed not only of oceans, vegetation and natural soils, but also cities. Exchanges between the atmosphere and urban surfaces come mainly from four contributors: building emissions, road traffic, human respiration and urban vegetation. Two of these contributors depend on climate: buildings and vegetation. Buildings emissions, at least at high and medium latitudes, are strongly related to space heating, and therefore fluctuate with the outside temperature. As for the vegetation, its growth and open-up speed depends on the weather and climate conditions and more particularly on temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. The CO2 emitted by the city is then transported through the atmosphere by the local atmospheric circulation which is the result of the synoptic situation modified by the city's influence. Therefore there are strong interactions between climate and CO2 at the city scale: the city's carbon footprint depends on the local climate, and the transport of CO2 through the atmosphere is influenced by the atmospheric circulation induced by the city. The aim of this thesis is to study these interactions. That's why, the modeling of CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere has been added to the urban micro-climate model TEB. This allows to verify that the physical processes that link CO2 emissions/uptakes in the city and the urban climate are well identified and understood. The model is evaluated on two case studies each of which specifically assessed one of the contributors to city/atmosphere CO2 exchanges that is weather-sensitive: the buildings on the Toulouse site (France), and the vegetation on the Kumpula site (Finland). These two sites demonstrate the model's ability to reproduce CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere as well as their daily and seasonal cycles. The Toulouse site underlines the importance of a detailed knowledge of the inhabitants' energy behaviour in order to simulate the CO2 emissions of buildings. Kumpula site demonstrates the ability of the ISBA model, designed to describe the interactions between non-urban vegetation and the atmosphere, to describe the CO2 exchanges between urban vegetation and the atmosphere. The model, thus validated, is used to carry our simulations of CO2 emissions from buildings on the scale of the entire urban agglomeration of Toulouse. These simulations once again highlighted the necessity of a good knowledge of the inhabitant's energy behaviors: on our case study (four days in winter), the 2°C reduction of the nigth-time space heating setpoint temperature reduces CO2 emissions by 33%. During these simulations, the transport of CO2 emitted by the city through the atmosphere is also monitored. This shows that, despite a calm wind situation, the CO2 plume created by the city dissipates rapidly (less than a day), limiting the increase in CO2 concentration over the city. Simulations on other cities are neeeded to determine if this result can be generalized. During this thesis, we studied climate/CO2 interactions at the city scale. In the future, it would be interesting to carry out simulations in future climate or in coupled mode with climate models in order to study the feedback between local and global climate/CO2 links

Cette thèse porte sur le rôle des populations homosexuelles masculines dans les processus de gentrification. Elle se propose de construire une sociologie des processus de gaytrification, c’est-à-dire des cas des gentrification impliquant significativement les gays, et s’inscrit au croisement de la sociologie urbaine et d’une sociologie des homosexualités. Le cadre d’enquête retenu est constitué par le quartier du Marais à Paris et le quartier du Village à Montréal, ces deux quartiers offrant des exemples de gaytrification depuis la fin des années 1970. Une première partie permet de montrer l’intérêt d’un tel objet et de construire un programme de recherche novateur qui mobilise des matériaux empiriques variés (statistiques, entretiens, archives, observations ethnographiques). La seconde partie montre comment différentes formes d’investissement de la part des gays ont favorisé, accentué ou accompagné la gentrification depuis la fin des années 1970 : émergence d’un secteur commercial gay, valorisation symbolique de certains lieux par la presse gay et investissement résidentiel du quartier par les ménages gays. Une troisième partie s’interroge précisément sur le cas des gays venus habiter le Marais et le Village. L’analyse de leurs trajectoires socio-résidentielles montre comment ils ont profondément renouvelé le paysage sociologique local et permet de comprendre le sens que le quartier prend dans leur trajectoire. On peut alors décrire des modes de vie et des pratiques du quartier qui contribuent à sa gentrification d’une manière néanmoins propre aux gays. Une quatrième et dernière partie renverse la perspective : si les gays ont profondément transformé le Village et le Marais, ces deux quartiers contribuent aussi à transformer ce que sont les individus. On examine alors l’hypothèse d’une socialisation gay par le quartier en montrant que l’espace urbain et le quartier constituent des instances de socialisation aux effets variés et plus ou moins puissants et durables à l’échelle des trajectoires individuelles<br>This research is focused on the role of gay men towards gentrification. The word “gaytrification” refers to process of gentrification that involves, by different ways, gay men. In french sociology, the role of this “gay factor” has been much neglected and very rarely studied. This research deals with urban sociology but also with sociology of homosexuality. Considering different empirical datas based on statistics, interviews, archives and observations, we can understand the way that gay men improved the value of urban space and the quality of local lifestyles in two different contexts: le Marais (Paris) and le Village (Montreal). These questions are explored since the end of the 60’s. The first part of our dissertation is focused on theoretical issues and methodology about gaytrification: how can we analyze this specific form of “urban renaissance”? The second step of this research articulates different forms of gay involvement towards gentrification of le Marais and le Village since 70’s: gay business and pink economy, lifestyles and symbolic presence of gay men in the neighborhood, housing market and residential issues. The third part analyzes daily life of gay men that lives, or have lived, in these neighborhoods. We show how they gentrify urban space by different ways: social and life trajectories, social and local relations, habits and lifestyles. The last part of the research introduces the reverse of previous results. A new question appears because gaytrification deals not only about how people transform urban spaces but also about how urban space can transform people and identities. In fact, interviews with gay men show how le Marais and le Village can socialize them in a special way

Comme dans les pays du Nord riches, il y a également une augmentation de la production de déchets organiques dans les pays du Sud moins avancés. Connues sous l'appellation de Matières Organiques Exogènes (MOEx), les déchets organiques peuvent être valorisables comme engrais ou amendement pour les sols agricoles ou bien une nouvelle source de biomasse pour la production d'énergie. L'utilisation raisonnée d'une MOEx exige toutefois une connaissance scientifique approfondie de leur nature et de leurs impacts sur l'environnement. Des analyses conventionnelles en laboratoire et des expérimentations doivent être effectués pour maîtriser leur structure complexe liée à leurs propriétés physiques, chimiques et biochimiques. Celles-ci sont généralement longues et onéreuses. Dans notre étude, la spectroscopie proche infrarouge (SPIR) a été choisie comme une alternative aux méthodes classiques pour la caractérisation de ces MOEx en milieu tropical humide. Les objectifs de notre travail sont (1) de montrer que la SPIR est une méthode appropriée pour la prédiction des caractéristiques de MOEx, (2) pour caractériser les MOEx en termes de leur potentiel agronomique et leur potentiel énergétique et (3) pour élaborer une typologie, construite à partir des données prédites par la SPIR, qui prend en compte quelques impacts négatifs liés à l'utilisation des MOEx. L'ensemble des données a inclus plus de 2000 échantillons de MOEx couvrant une large gamme de MOEx fraîches ou transformées issues de l'élevage, de la ville et des agroindustries. Le spectre SPIR de chaque EOM a été acquis. En plus des caractérisations classiques de laboratoire (les dosages de carbone, azote, phosphore, potassium, etc.), d'autres expérimentations ont été conduites en vue d’évaluer (1) les potentiels « positifs » des MOEx : (i) suivi de la minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote mesurée dans des conditions contrôlées pour une valorisation agronomique, (ii) détermination du pouvoir calorifique et du potentiel méthanogène pour une valorisation énergétique ; et (2) les potentiels « négatifs » des MOEx : (i) dénitrification potentielle et (ii) phytotoxicité en présence d’éléments trace métallique. Pour élaborer la typologie, la méthode SIRIS (Système d'Ingration des Risques par Interaction des Scores) a été appliquée pour formaliser les étapes d'une procédure logique menant à une classification des MOEx selon l'objectif de l'orientation de recyclage. La diversité des MOEx est illustrée à titre d'exemple par une large gamme des teneurs en (i) C (de 2 à 64 gC.100g-1MS), (ii) N (de 0,2 à 14gN.100g-1MS), (iii) P total (0,01 à 16gP.100g-1MS), K total (0,04 à 30 gK.100g-1MS). En prenant en compte l'ensemble des MOEx, les étalonnages des modèles SPIR sont acceptables pour la prédiction des teneurs en C, en N, en P et en K. Pour les potentiels « positifs » des MOEx (1) suivant les types de MOEx 102 à 955 kgMO.t-1MOEx pourraient être stockées dans le sol pour le maintien de la fertilité, (2) les pouvoirs calorifiques des MOEx varient de 7 à 28 MJ.kg-1MS et les potentiels méthanogènes vont de 69 à 488 NmlCH4.g-1MO. Quant aux potentiels négatifs, que ce soit pour les émissions de N2O ou pour la phytotoxicité des ETM, une forte interaction entre les propriétés du sol (pH, texture, …) avec les MOEx masque souvent certains effets. La méthode SIRIS a permis de classifier les MOEx selon un processus simple basé sur le classement de critères et de scores d'auto-pénalisation. Cette approche est intéressante en l'absence de données précises qui sont souvent difficiles à obtenir. L'aide des prédictions par la SPIR nous a été utile pour cette démarche d'orientation de la valorisation agronomique et/ou énergétique des MOEx. Des approches socio-économiques devraient compléter notre étude pour aboutir à l'orientation finale de valorisation des MOEx<br>As observed in northern/rich countries, there is an increase in the production of organic wastes in southern/less advanced countries. So called, Exogenous Organic Matter (EOM), they can be a valuable fertilizer or amendment for agricultural soils or a new supply for energy production. The safe utilisation of EOM requires an in-depth scientific knowledge of their nature and impacts on the environment. Laboratory analysis and experiments have to be carried out in order to know their complex structure related to their physical, chemical and biochemical properties. These techniques represent a relatively high cost and are time consuming. In this study, the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was chosen as an alternative to classical methods for laboratory characterisations of tropical EOM. The objectives of this study are (1) to show that NIRS is a suitable method for predicting EOM characteristics (2) to characterize EOM in terms of their agronomic potential and/or energetic potential, and (3) to elaborate a typology, build with predicted parameters by NIRS, taking into account some environmental impacts of the different utilisations of EOM.The dataset included more than 2000 EOM samples covering a broad range of fresh and transformed organic materials. Each EOM was scanned using a NIR spectrometer from 1100nm to 2500nm. In addition to the classical laboratory characterisations (dosages of total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), other experiments have been carried out: (1) for “positive” potentials: (i) C and N mineralization measured in controlled conditions (for an agronomic use), (ii) determination of High Heating Value and Biochemical Methane Potential (for an energetic use) and (2) for “negative” potential or risk: phytotoxicity assessment due to trace elements, and the determination of potential nitrous oxide emission. To elaborate the typology, the SIRIS method (System of Integration of Risk with Interaction of Scores) was carried out in order to formalize the steps of a logical procedure, leading to a decision according to objective of the recycling orientation.Diversity of EOM is illustrated by the variability of (i) C contents (from 2 to 64 gC.100g-1DM); (ii) N contents (from 0.2 to 14gN.100g-1DM); (iii) total P contents (from 0.01 to 16gP.100g-1DM),(iv) total K contents (from 0.04 to 30 gK.100g-1DM). When taking into account all EOM without regarding their nature, acceptable predictive models were obtained with NIRS calibration for estimating C, N, total P and total K contents for EOM.“Positive” potential assessment provided information about (1) remaining organic carbon might be stocked into soil after applying EOM (from 102 to 955 kg.t-1TOM) (2) High Heating Value of EOM when recycling as a supply of small scale combustion or thermo chemical conversion (from 7 to 28 MJ.kg-1DM), (3) Biochemical Methane Potential after EOM anaerobic digestion (from 69 to 488 NmlCH4.g-1TOM). Both “negative” potential which took into account phytotoxicity due to trace elements and nitrous oxide emissions were highly interacted on the soil properties (pH, texture). The SIRIS method appeared to be an efficient decision-making tool in this study. It made it possible to classify the EOM according to a simple process based on the ranking of criteria and a self-penalization scoring system. This approach can be used in the absence of accurate, reliable data, which are often difficult to obtain. The help of NIR prediction was useful for better orientate the EOM valorization between soil fertilization and energy production. Further concern will be focused on socio-economical approach in order to complete the final destination of EOM re-use

La planification urbaine stratégique en France se voit chargée de manière croissante des questions environnementale et climatique. Mais est-elle réellement capable d'infléchir les dynamiques d'étalement ainsi que de former un cadre efficace pour la réduction des émissions des transports ? Et que peuvent apporter l'analyse économique et la simulation prospective à la démarche de planification ? Pour y répondre nous avons replacé notre analyse de l'apport des outils économiques à la planification urbaine dans la perspective d'ensemble de réforme politique et administrative du contexte français. Cela a pris la forme d'une analyse critique de la pratique actuelle de la planification, des évolutions à l'œuvre et des conditions d'une meilleure intégration de l'analyse économique dans la démarche et les méthodes de planification. Nous avons construit et utilisé sur le cas de Grenoble, des outils d'analyse économique permettant de traiter la question des politiques climatiques locales dans la planification, d'une manière prospective et systémique. Il s'agit de la 1ère application du modèle de simulation urbanisme-transport TRANUS en France, et de son utilisation dans le cadre d'une méthodologie économique pour produire des courbes de coût d'abattement intégrant le caractère systémique de la ville pour le secteur des transports. Le modèle et la méthodologie économique qui lui est adossée constituent ce que nous appelons l'outil TRANUS+. Nous avons également réinterrogé plusieurs points à partir du cadre de la planification urbaine : la question du choix des outils de modélisation ainsi que celle des modalités du calcul économique, la question de la vulnérabilité énergétique liée à la mobilité, celle enfin du déploiement des véhicules électriques. Cela nous permet d'avoir une vision d'ensemble des apports de la planification et des voies pour la renforcer.

À partir des enquêtes, le trafic n’est pas une donnée, mais il est plutôt construit à partir d’hypothèses portant sur les relations entre des origines et des destinations. En vue de reconstruire un trafic routier plus proche de la mesure, et sur un ensemble de tronçons routiers plus important, il apparait alors intéressant de partir de données de comptages issues de capteurs urbains. Notre postulat de départ part de ce constat. L’insertion de ces données d’observations du trafic routier fournit l’opportunité d’expérimenter les potentiels d’exploitations des capteurs pour estimer les niveaux de Pollution Atmosphérique Automobile (PAA) à l’échelle intraurbaine. Cependant, il est alors nécessaire de modifier la nature de la mesure en vue d’extraire une information sur la circulation routière, ce qui a été envisagé ici à travers la construction d’un modèle de simulation multi-agents. D’une manière plus générale, en partant de la donnée, c’est une démarche de construction de la connaissance sur les émissions de PAA qui est abordée tout au long de ce travail. La mise en œuvre de la démarche de modélisation SCAUP (Simulation multi-agents à partir de Capteurs Urbains pour la Pollution atmosphérique automobile) a été réalisée en trois temps : 1. En se focalisant sur les dispositifs de quantification du trafic routier à travers les capteurs urbains ; 2. En proposant une démarche de modélisation et de simulation de ces données pour le trafic routier ; 3. En se rattachant aux référentiels nationaux utilisés par les AASQA pour le calcul des émissions de PAA. L’ensemble se lie et s’intègre au sein d’une matrice technique qui constitue la colonne vertébrale de ce manuscrit à travers trois dispositifs interdépendants : la quantification, la modélisation et l’évaluation. Ce travail s’inscrit dans une démarche expérimentale de simulation du trafic routier pour le calcul des émissions de PAA. Parrainé par l’AASQA locale ATMOSF’AIR BOURGOGNE, il s’inscrit aussi dans une optique de recherche appliquée en appui de ces organismes en charge de la surveillance de la qualité de l’air. À l’heure où le big data entre dans de nouveaux questionnements quant aux capacités des chercheurs à en extraire une connaissance, nous proposons une démarche géographique en vue de replacer la donnée au centre d’une démarche de simulation originale du trafic routier (data-driven)<br>Based on surveys, traffic is constructed from assumptions about the relationship between origins and destinations. In order to rebuild a road traffic wich would be closer to observation and on a wider set of road sections, it appears interesting to use counting data from urban sensors : this is our starting point of view. The insertion of these in-situ dataset in the road traffic measurement provides the opportunity to experience the potential of sensors to estimate Traffic Air Pollution (TAP) levels at the intraurban scale. However, this requires to change the nature of these estimation, here through the construction of a model of multi-agents simulation, in order to extract more information on the road traffic. More generally, this work can be seen as a a knowledge building approach on TAP emisssions which is discussed throughout this work. The implementation of the SCAUP (multi-agent simulation from Urban sensors for traffic air pollution) approach was developped in three stages: 1. Focusing on the quantification of road traffic devices through urban sensors; 2. Proposing a modeling approach for road traffic data simulation ; 3. Using as a reference the national framework used by AASQA to calculate RTA emissions. All is integrated within a technical matrix that forms the spine of the manuscript through three interrelated systems: quantification, modeling and evaluation. This work is part of an experimental approach dedicated to the calculation of TAP emissions based on traffic simulations. Sponsored by the ATMOSF’AIR BOURGOGNE local AASQA, this work could also be used in an operational mode for these organizations in charge of the air quality monitoring. At a time when the big data enters into new questions about the ability of researchers to extract knowledge, we propose a geographical approach that enables to replace the data in the center of an original road traffic simulation approach (data- driven)

This master´s thesis proposal addresses the heating from the perspective of primary energy in the object. The building is located in Brno and is used as a villa with a pool hall. The object of this work is the selection of appropriate variants of three heat sources (gas boiler, pellet and electric) in terms of primary energy. The project is design of the heating system chosen mode of heat, which is a pellet boiler. The theoretical part is focused on the pellets and their history, classification, properties, production, storage and transport.

This master´s thesis focuses on a design of a heating system in the functionalist villa Stiassni. The building is located in Brno and was used as a government villa. The objec-tive of this work is to select the appropriate type of heating system out of three differ-ent heat sources – an automatic pellet boiler, a gas boiler and an oil boiler. The theo-retical part is focused on the history of the villa Stiassnia, functionalism itself and other functionalist monuments. In the project part, the design of a heating system using the chosen type of heat source, which is a pellet boiler, is described.

Récemment, plusieurs tentatives ont été faites afin de quantifier les émissions de CO2 à l'échelle de la ville et ainsi d’améliorer les inventaires existants. Les mesures de concentration de CO2 et autres gaz peuvent ainsi être utilisées dans une approche dite “descendante” afin de contraindre les inventaires d’émission qui sont traditionnellement construits via une approche dite “ascendante” à partir d’une quantification des activités.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons évalué le potentiel d’une nouvelle technique de surveillance du CO2, référencée sous le nom de sous le nom de GreenLite™ (Green Imaging Tomography Experiment). Le système a été déployé pendant un an dans la ville de Paris. Il permet une mesure en continu de la concentration le long de 30 segments horizontaux, proches de la surface. Il a donc une couverture spatiale beaucoup plus large que l'échantillonnage in situ traditionnel et apporte une information dont la représentativité spatiale est plus cohérente avec celle des modèles de transport atmosphérique à résolution à l'échelle kilométrique utilisés pour l'inversion atmosphérique à l'échelle de la ville.J’ai développé un outil de modélisation complet centré sur le modèle à haute résolution WRF avec un couplage (WRF-Chem), et en utilisant des inventaires d'émissions anthropique de CO2, des estimations des flux par la végétation et des conditions aux limites fournies par une simulation à grande échelle. Ce modèle permet d’interpréter les mesures.Le chapitre 1 est une large introduction au sujet tandis que les chapitres 2-4 sont construits autour de trois articles publiés dans la littérature scientifique.Le chapitre 2 évalue si le modèle WRF à une résolution spatiale de 3 km peut reproduire les champs météorologiques dans la région IdF mieux que ne le fait le modèle Européen CEPMMT à 16 km de résolution. Les comparaisons entre les analyses des deux modèles sont faites avec un focus sur trois variables atmosphériques (température de l'air, vent et hauteur de la couche limite) qui sont les plus pertinentes en ce qui concerne le transport du CO2 atmosphérique dans un environnement urbain. Les résultats ont permis de sélection une version du modèle et une option de nudging qui permet la meilleure adéquation entre les simulations numériques et les observations de terrain, et ces options sont utilisés dans la suite du travail.Le chapitre 3 vise à comprendre les variations temporelles et spatiales des concentrations de CO2 dans Paris et ses environs pendant la période de mesure du système GreenLITE™ (Sep 2015 à dec 2016). Les données permettent de démontrer qu’un schéma de canopée urbaine (BEP) est en bien meilleur accord avec la réalité, par rapport à l'autre (UCM), en particulier pendant l’hiver. Pendant cette période, le mélange vertical est réduit ce qui peut conduire à des accumulations du CO2 dans les basses couches de l’atmosphère, qui sont difficiles à modéliser. Cependant, les mesures GreenLITE™ montrent aussi un bruit important et des indications de biais, ce qui limite leur potentiel d’interprétation. De plus, les inadéquations entre modèles et observations dans ce chapitre soulignent clairement la difficulté de modélisation du CO2 dans les zones urbaines en raison des grandes incertitudes tant dans le transport atmosphérique que dans l'inventaire des émissions.Le chapitre 4 vise à étudier en détail les sources d'erreurs principales qui conduisent aux différences entre mesures et résultats de simulation en ce qui concerne le CO2 atmosphérique au-dessus de Paris. Ces sources d’erreur incluent les hypothèses sur les distributions des émissions anthropiques, le transport atmosphérique en particulier le mélange vertical, les flux de CO2 biogéniques, et les conditions aux limites du domaine de simulation<br>Cities play an important role in tackling climate change as they account for more than 70% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In recent years, several efforts have attempted to quantify city-scale CO2 emissions and establish a high spatially and temporally resolved inventory for supporting urban emission mitigation strategies. The so-called "top-down" inverse estimation of CO2 emissions constrained by independent atmospheric observations could serve to evaluate the consistency of traditional "bottom-up" inventories. A novel CO2 monitoring technique, known as the Greenhouse gas Laser Imaging Tomography Experiment (GreenLITE™) trace gas measurement system, was deployed in central Paris for a 1-year monitoring of near-surface atmospheric CO2 concentrations along 30 horizontal chords. This system has a much wider spatial coverage than traditional in situ sampling and was expected to be more consistent with the spatial representativeness of the kilometer-scale resolution atmospheric transport models used for the city-scale atmospheric inversion.The primary objective of this thesis is to assess the potential contribution of this GreenLITE™ system, in addition to two urban and four peri-urban in situ CO2 measurement stations, for a better understanding of the spatiotemporal variations of CO2 concentrations within Paris and its vicinity. For this objective, I have developed a full modeling framework around the high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and its coupling with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), using CO2 emission inventories, estimates of the vegetation fluxes and boundary conditions provided by a large-scale simulation.Chapter 1 is a broad introduction to the subject while chapter 2-4 are built around three separate and publishable papers.Chapter 2 aims at evaluating whether the WRF model running at a 3-km horizontal resolution, with its various configurations, can reproduce the meteorological fields over the IdF region better than the 16-km resolution ECMWF global operational forecasts. The comparisons between WRF and ECMWF forecasts with respect to observations are carried out with a focus on three atmospheric variables (air temperature, wind and PBL height). The results of the sensitivity tests of different physics schemes and nudging options obtained in this chapter are used in subsequent research for the selection of appropriate WRF-Chem model setup in support of atmospheric CO2 transport modeling.Chapter 3 aims at understanding the spatiotemporal variations of CO2 concentrations within Paris and its vicinity during the 1-year GreenLITE™ operating period from September 2015 to December 2016. The analyses are based on CO2 data provided by GreenLITE™ together with six in situ stations and the 1 km-resolution WRF-Chem model coupled with two urban canopy schemes (Urban Canopy Model - UCM; Building Effect Parameterization - BEP). The GreenLITE™ data provide clear information that favors BEP over UCM in the description of vertical mixing and CO2 concentrations during the winter. However, there are indications of measurement noise in summer that limit the usefulness of the data. Furthermore, the model-observation mismatches clearly stress the difficulty of CO2 modeling within urban areas due to the large uncertainties both in the atmospheric transport and the emission inventory.Chapter 4 aims at investigating in detail the critical sources of errors that lead to the model-observation mismatches in the atmospheric CO2 modeling over Paris. These sources of misfit include uncertainties in the assumed distribution of anthropogenic emission, errors in the atmospheric transport, in biogenic CO2 fluxes and in CO2 boundary conditions at the edges of the atmospheric transport model domain. The lessons and insights from this chapter provide requirements and recommendations for the assimilation of CO2 measurements into the atmospheric inversion, when aiming at the quantification of CO2 emissions for the Paris region

碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>民俗藝術研究所<br>92<br>A Taoist in Peng-Hu Village Temples ,which can trace its history back to hundreds years ago, is composed of local children voluntarily to execute traditional rituals. Taoist（小法） have to participate in every religious activity and rite held by Village Temples; they also have to provide 法術 services to local disciples. Therefore, aoist in Peng-Hu Village Temples have significant function and meaning to the development and continuation of the folk religion of Penghu. Because the residents of Penghu, which is with specific human and natural environment, deeply believe in the religious concept of five-forts（五營）, many rites of Taoist in Peng-Hu Village Temples represent this concept. This study is based on this concept and delves into the representative rites —Cau-Ia（操營） and Giat-Gai（結界） as well as its actuality nowadays, to probe into the inner meaning of the rites.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre l’influence du genre sur le rapport de force entre les danseurs nus et leur clientèle féminine et masculine. Depuis les années 1960, les bars de danseuses nues abondent à Montréal. De nombreuses recherches ont été menées à ce sujet, mais très peu concernent directement leurs homologues masculins, les bars de danseurs nus pour hommes et pour femmes. Notre mémoire analyse la relation de pouvoir entre les danseurs nus et leur clientèle féminine et masculine au 281 et au Stock bar. S’appuyant sur la littérature des bars de danseuSEs nuEs, nous étudions les quatre dimensions de la relation de pouvoir : l’influence des lieux sur les interactions, la liaison physique et sexuelle, l’échange marchand ainsi que le lien émotif. Pour répondre à notre question de recherche, nous avons effectué plusieurs séances d’observation non-dévoilée au 281 et au Stock bar. Afin d’analyser les données que nous avons recueillies, nous utilisons les théories de Judith Butler et la sociologie goffmanienne. Le concept de phallus de Butler nous permet de repérer qui domine en « ayant » le phallus et qui est dominé en « étant » le phallus. Nous concluons que les femmes sont, à quelques exceptions près, toujours celles qui « sont » le phallus pour les hommes danseurs et animateurs qui le « possèdent ». La structuration des soirées, établie selon le modèle hétérosexuel binaire prépondérant, rend très difficile pour elles de s’en emparer. En ce qui concerne le rapport entre les hommes danseurs et clients dans un contexte homosexuel, ce sont les danseurs qui « sont » le phallus pour les hommes clients qui l’« ont ». Leur relation est très similaire à celle que nous pouvons observer dans les bars de danseuses nues entre ces dernières et leur clientèle masculine. « Être » le phallus signifie que les danseuSEs nuEs ont le pouvoir de reconnaître ou non le phallus à l’homme client afin qu’il puisse (ou non) matérialiser son pouvoir masculin en subvenant à leurs besoins et en étant désirable à leurs yeux. Dans tous les cas, les danseurs nus font un travail émotionnel différent selon le genre des clientEs, rehaussant le statut social des hommes et diminuant celui des femmes.<br>Since the 1960s, there has been a glut of female strippers’ clubs in Montreal. Numerous researches have been written on the subject, but only few of them are about their masculine counterparts, male strippers’ clubs for men and women. Our thesis questions the power relation between male nude dancers and their female and male patrons at 281 and Stock bar. Using male and female strippers’ clubs literature, we study the four dimensions of their power relation: the physical and organizational space’s influence, the physical and sexual connection, the monetary exchange and the emotional link. Our objective is to understand the gender influence on this power relation between male strippers and their female and male patrons. To answer our research question, we have made several under cover observation sessions at 281 and Stock bar. In order to analyse our data, we use Judith Butler’s theories and goffmanian sociology. Butler’s phallus concept enables us to see who is dominating by “having” the phallus and who is dominated by “being” the phallus. We conclude that women are always, with a few exceptions, the ones “being” the phallus for the male strippers and masters of ceremony who “have” it. The Ladies’ night’s structure, set according to the predominant heterosexual binary model, makes it very difficult for them to seize it. As regards of male strippers’ and patrons’ connection in a homosexual context, strippers “are” the phallus for the patrons that “have” it. Their relationship is very similar to the one observed in female strippers’ clubs. “Being” the phallus means that female and male dancers have the power to acknowledge or ignore the male patron’s phallus possession, which will enable or undermine his masculine power to provide economically for their material needs and to be desirable in their eyes. In all cases, male strippers enact a different emotional labor according to patrons’ gender, by enhancing men’s social status and decreasing women’s.

碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>景觀設計學系碩士班<br>103<br>Bayien and kao are undeveloped villages located in Yangmingshan National Park. There are old stone masonry houses, old chimneys, terraces paths co-existed with these old villagers for years. All of these artificial sceneries and natural landscapes are featured landscapes in Bayien. The result from the research shows that Bayien and kao villages are now encountering the problems, such as outflow of the population, aging of population, financial difficulties . The decrease of the young population is also indirectly influence the original terraces abandoned and the waterway deactivated. Nowadays, the government puts in plenty of resources in order to recover and regain its population in the community. In this action study, researchers conduct a profound interview with the residents, participants, regarding to the investment of the local government to the water terraces restoration project. To investigate what are the effects that the investment brought to the local residents. In the meantime, to observe how the residents participate in the project as well as the consequential impacts that cultural landscape preservation regulation brought alone from the government and professional team. The research also interest in finding out how the local residents’ view points toward the operation of the water terraces restoration project. Protected by Yangmingshan’s regulations, rural landscapes in Bayien has not yet gotten modernized. In this study, the research question is addressed on how the strategies are used on local landscaping and the raised of the awareness from the residents to achieve the goals of life-preserved for the cultural orientated landscapes in Bayien. Residents of this research action research method participant observation and in-depth interviews with water terraces about the Government invested in the local rehabilitation plan for the impact of the settlement, and by reference to local eco-tourism environmental carrying capacity and offer suggestions. To further explore the feasibility to community supported agriculture Community Supported Agriculture(CSA) in this area of patterns, how to make local terraced cultural landscapes and sustainable preservation of underwater target can be achieved.

Ce mémoire de maitrise explore l’hétérogénéité et la diversité dans le Village de Montréal. Il s’intéresse à ce quartier au-delà de ce que sa vitrine commerciale laisse voir. Ses lieux de sortie et de rencontres, tout comme ses autres commerces et ses tissus résidentiel et communautaires, ne seraient pas des blocs homogènes, mais des mosaïques qui sont investies par une multitude de personnes, de groupes et de communautés. Ceux-ci, dépendamment de leurs trajectoires et de leurs parcours, ont des perceptions et des vécus forts différents les uns des autres des mêmes lieux, d’une part, et du Village dans son ensemble, d’autre part. Sur la base d’une analyse documentaire et de six (6) entrevues menées auprès de personnes qui fréquentent les milieux communautaires et activistes LGBTQ, ce mémoire révèle les multiples stratégies et manières d’occuper l’espace urbain dans le Village, et les réseaux et les lieux où s’observe cette diversité.<br>This Master’s thesis explores the diversity and heterogeneity of space within Montréal’s (gay) Village. It seeks to analyze this neighborhood beyond what its ‘commercial showcase’ might reveal at first sight. The Village’s bars and clubs, as well as its shops, community organizations and sociodemographic composition, are not thought as homogeneous, but rather mosaics of multiple people, groups and communities across space. These latter, depending on their trajectories and routes, often have different perceptions and experiences of a single place or of the Village as a whole. Based on a document analysis and interviews with six (6) LGBTQ activists, this thesis reveals multiple strategies and ways to engage space, as well as the networks and spaces within Montreal’s Village where this diversity can be experienced.

A case study of Vancouver’s West End neighbourhood examines the cultural, structural, economic and political impacts of a glbtt (gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and two-spirited) community and a gay urban village on its city. This work also queries the role of municipal government in the regulation and maintenance of the social composition and identity of a neighbourhood. Finally, the future of gay urban villages is discussed as their role in promoting solidarity and safety transitions toward a commercial and nodal one. This research involved three local key informant interviews and nine community residents who participated as photographers in a community visual analysis. Results unveiled a neighbourhood intrinsically well suited to serving a transient gay male community with an increasing dispersion of the identifying demographic. For the foreseeable future the significance of the Davie Village in the socio-sexual landscape of Vancouver appears secure through the nodal nature of gay retail, bars and services, reinforced by business interests. As an urban typology supporting a comparatively young glbtt culture, the gay urban village plays a unique role in the city, providing spaces of experimentation and invention — a stage for new systems of cultural (ex)change to emerge.<br>October 2007

submitted by Li Yuen Kwan, Fiona.<br>Thesis submitted in: December 1999.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-227).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Acknowledgements --- p.i<br>Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1<br>Formation of Study and Theoretical Considerations --- p.1<br>Methodology --- p.5<br>Theoretical Framework and the Research Question --- p.8<br>Generation Gap and Cultural Gap --- p.12<br>A Synopsis of the Present Thesis --- p.22<br>Chapter Chapter Two --- The Change: Before and After --- p.26<br>Historical Review of the Changing Village --- p.26<br>Lineage Villages in South China and Hong Kong --- p.29<br>The Lineage Organization --- p.37<br>The Change --- p.48<br>Chapter Chapter Three --- The Present: A Study in Ping Shan --- p.54<br>History of Settlement and Life in Ping Shan --- p.54<br>Rituals --- p.71<br>Economics --- p.87<br>Gender Issue --- p.92<br>Outsiders Inside the Lineage --- p.100<br>Chapter Chapter Four --- Generation Gap Among Villagers --- p.104<br>Identity --- p.109<br>Case 1: The Father and His Generation --- p.115<br>Case 2: The Sons and Their Generation --- p.119<br>The Never Happened Divergence --- p.144<br>Collectivity vs. Individuality --- p.152<br>Suppressive vs. Expressive --- p.156<br>Power Conflicts Inside the Lineage --- p.160<br>Chapter Chapter Five --- The Generation Gap as Part of a Large Cultural Gap --- p.163<br>Chapter Chapter Six --- The Significance of Lineage Village Today --- p.181<br>The Meaning of Tradition --- p.181<br>The Meaning of the Village --- p.197<br>Different Meanings for Different Groups --- p.200<br>Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusion --- p.210<br>Identity and Meaning --- p.210<br>A New Understanding about Culture --- p.219<br>References --- p.222<br>Chapter Appendix A --- Maps and Floor Plans<br>Chapter Appendix B --- Photos<br>Chapter Appendix C --- Calligraphy