Academic literature on the topic 'Village-level Collective Economy'

Unlike past studies that have focused on the economic issues about rural collectives, this article reexamines the economic management of rural collectives by paying attention to both their economic and political attributes. Because of the land reform and the rebuilding of grassroots social structures under the leadership of the CCP, the intermediary organization connecting the state and the rural population underwent a transition from village/lineage communities (“the enlarged private”) to rural collectives (“the enlarged public”), hence the transformation of the “third realm” from the private to the public spheres at the grassroots level. The reform era since the 1980s, however, has witnessed the dual weakening of both the “enlarged private” and the “reduced public” in the third realm because of reforms in rural management and land systems. The “two-in-one” formation of state-society relations will be maintained in rural governance in the next two or three decades, which necessitates the reconstruction of the rural governance system through the rebuilding of the collective economy.

Common Property Resources (CPRs) accessible to collectively owned/held/managed by an identifiable community and on which no individual has exclusive property rights are called common property resources. This results that co-users of the resources are a well-defined group of persons. The proponents of this approach hold that “a resource becomes common property only when the group of people who have the right to its collective use is well defined, and the rules that govern their use of it are set out clearly and followed universally”. In general those people who are depending on Farming or doing Labour are more likely to dependent on Common Property Resources as CPR constitute major income source and generated livelihoods in the forms of fuel wood, medicinal plant, use of common grazing land for cattle and pets, getting access to fallow or barren land. Self-employed, business and Govt. employee class of people in general do not depend on CPR for their day to day livelihoods as their economy is largely not depends on it. Occupation of respondents is directly related with CPR use and access. CPR owned or held by an individual or a family or an organization like a company or corporation or co-operative institution is not being considered as CPRs. This study was carried out in 5 blocks namely Oddanchatram, Reddiyarchatrm, Dindigul, Sanarpatti and Vadamadurai. These blocks were identified based on the high level of CPR present over there. From each of the above mentioned identified block 5 village Panchayats have been selected. The required data was collected from 1000 rural Dalits households with the help of a pre-tested interview schedule prepared exclusively for this purpose. To understand the nature of the data, firstly, frequency tables were prepared, and subsequently the analysis and tabulation have been carried out using research techniques based on the requirement.

Electricity has been a vital force of soclial change. Access to electricity is an inevitable drive to multidmentional transfromation of society. The purpose of this research is to describe the forms of social change that occurs in Punik remote rural communities as a result of the presence of diesel generating electrical power (generator) in 2005. Based on a qualitative conducte in Punik Village of Batu Lanteh Subdistrict of Sumbawa regency, this research found the following conclusions: (a) shifts in the layers of social status, which is based on the extent of the diversity of manifestations and clumps of technology that can have, how expensive, how far the complexity or level of sophistication, how people are able to do and have it , (b) changes in the distribution of roles in the family and society, where the role of the family and society to adapt following the relative availability of resources beyond the normative criteria, namely gender and age, (c) shifts in basis and the orientation of interaction and cooperation of the elements of intimacy that strengthen kinship and altruism shifted into affective neutrality, individual and economy-oriented interests, (d) shift in the tradition, includig a variety of oral tradition that includes the inauguration of the relationship between individuals that is reduced by functions clump technology innovation; other collective traditions are relatively easier stimulus delivered through the entertainment medi; (e) The change of culture, a culture which previously relied on a livelihood, the human role and traditional equipment based technologies manifestation are displaced by electrical function, (f) the changes social events to adapt with electrical availability.Keywords: Diffusion; Electricity; Generator; Innovations; Remote Indigenous Communities; Social Change.

A tour is industry influencing society economy and prospesity level. Creativity and innovation is necessary for the management and preservation of tour to keep existing andinviting more the tourist. The porpuse of this research is to analize development and rising level of village economy by observing the varietyof natural potential in the village, the development is done in stage by the porpuse to increase the amount of taurist, by the qualitative method, the data collection is by interviwing the tour manager. This research succeeds to prove the development and rising level of the village economy influenced by the level of village real income. It is different montly for about 3,4 million and the village is wonosari grujugan bondowoso. In brief, every village has a different potential. The thinking, skill and coperation of society with Indonesia forestry side to develop nature potential which has special caracteristic and the interest of lokal or international tourits

In recent years, the issue of the development of rural areas has been actively debated, and hopes for co-operation are in it. On the contrary, that exactly is the word co-operation has become used in our communication. However, the development of agricultural servicing cooperation, dominant in economies in developed countries, including the European Union, has not yet become dominant in Ukraine. Given the fact that Ukraine is a powerful agricultural country, the development of co-operation should promote the development of rural areas and guarantee food security. Today, the rural community is the foundation of building a civil society and reviving national traditions. Ukrainian village and peasantry was and remains the bearer of morality, national culture and ensuring a healthy lifestyle of the country. In the national and state dimensions, the relevance of the study of these problems is determined by the challenges of modern society, focused on globalization, which threatens the loss of national identity. One of the manifestations and consequences of this process is the increase of socio-economic decline and cultural degradation of the countryside, which has become an acute problem of the modern development of Ukraine and impedes the realization of all state-building potential. One way out of this crisis situation is to cultivate economic culture through the creation of a positive image of the rural owner and the implementation of the course declared by the state on the preservation and sustainable development of the countryside, introduction of effective economic mechanisms, raising the general and cultural level of the population and its welfare. In this regard, the cooperative sector of the economy fully meets the goals set by the society for highly effective transformation of the rural lifestyle of the Ukrainian peasantry, solving urgent issues of full employment, accelerating the formation of the middle class, and ensuring the country's food security. A decisive step towards a market economy is the accelerated growth of independent commodity producers – owners, individual, collective, cooperative, others, without which the market economy is impossible and this is precisely this, for our realities, is extremely important in the sense of the mandatory presence in it of a mass, fully developed service co-operation. The main essence of the service of cooperation is its main strategic principle connected with the association of agricultural producers with consumers of their products produced on the terms of payback and profitability of its production in a developed market economy. Co-operation (association) of citizens (households), other small commodity producers who produce a small amount of different commodity products for agricultural purposes and which in the food markets has a large regional consumer demand because of objective circumstances, it can not deliver it there by their own efforts in connection with insignificant volumes of remoteness from food markets, the lack of processing and storage, as well as the presence of regular consumers, etc., causes them to create service cooperatives, that is, for using its own efforts and means to develop an infrastructure superstructure in the form of cooperative formations of different types, specific for the specific conditions of these territories, which, on the rights of private property, will belong to their founders. Especially important for ensuring food security of Ukrainian society in today's conditions is the logical development and preservation of public livestock, in particular dairy cattle breeding, which for the rural population has a strategic importance as a resource for own consumption of cheap and extremely necessary dairy products, and, on the other hand, a resource of constant money revenues to restore the livelihoods of households that hold cows. The marketing strategy of dairy enterprises is focused solely on the final product, almost completely excluded from the chain of milk and milk products passing to the consumer of the primary producer. Significant changes in the structure of aggregate household resources, especially in rural areas, are associated with a reduction in cash receipts from agricultural sales, an increase in labor migration of the economically active population, and an increase in the level of pensions. Low purchasing prices for milk as raw materials and high prices for dairy products from processing enterprises and mark-ups in the trading network provoke stagnation of the domestic market with rising prices on unorganized markets, which almost equaled the prices in supermarkets. We conclude that, with the existing purchasing power of the population, an increase in milk production and its harvesting loses its economic motivation. Necessary for practical activity of cooperative formations will be deepened studies of the interrelations between the existing cow population in households, their productivity, and also the commodity of sold milk (sold to the produced), which directly have a direct impact on the payback of cows and the efficiency of economic activity. The cooperative operation in the countryside is a real basis of food security.

This activity aims to study and improve the development of village tourism potential in the formulation of a creative economy tourism model in Kartikajaya Village, Kendal Regency, Central Java. The unemployment rate in this district is quite high, at 6%. It is greater than the unemployment rate in Central Java, which is 4.5% (Bappeda Central Java Province, 2019). This research is an action research conducted by mapping the tourism potential in Kartikajaya Village based on creative economy through the study of tourism potential and the preparation of community creativity. The creative economy provides skills and an alternative source of income through tourism around Kartikajaya Village. The data collection method used interviews with informants with a sample of 20 people (the Tourism Office, Industry Service, PKK, UMKM, Youth Organization, Pokdarwis, communities, and tourists), direct observation to the field, documents, and through FGD (Focus Group Discussion). The results of research by researchers on the aspect of internal strength come from the potential for tourist attraction and the creative economy. Meanwhile, the external analysis is a study of the potential for tourism to the community's economy, namely entrepreneurial opportunities, job opportunities, tourism supporting factors, and regional economic development drivers. This weakness occurs at the level of human resources who do not have training / skills in the tourism sector.

The purpose of this study is to know the role of women in improving family economy in the South Sakra Village, Sakra District East Lombok Year. The type of research used in this study is research Qualitative descriptive. The data collection technique used is technique observation, documentation, and interviews. The results of the study indicate that there are several factors within socio-cultural life of the people of the Sakra Village south of Dasan Tereng Village which affects the women farmers to help in life the family economy, namely: mutual cooperation and help in the life of the farmer's family. and there are four important factors that become encouraging women of South Sakra Village farmers to take part in help the family's economic life, including: (1) environmental factors the availability of supporting facilities in the form of agricultural land and markets that can support in expanding marketing of agricultural products (2) economic factors, namely: the decreasing level of income of farmers, in the farming community Southern sakra village has three forms of the role of female farmers in life his family, namely: in family income, in financial management and in household settings. (3) family factors, namely: number dependents, the more the number of dependents the more you have to fulfilled. (4) education factor, which does not require higher education, so this work becomes an alternative. The form of the role of female farmers in improving the family economy in the South Hamlet Sakra Village Dasan Tereng has three things: (1) working in the agricultural sector, (2) working in the livestock sector, (3) working in the trade sector. Based on the things above women farmers in the southern sakra village have a dual role, namely public role and domestic role to help economic life his family.

This research entitled "The role of Village Government in Increasing Public Participation in Economic Development Village Rancapanggung Cililin District West Bandung Regency". The problem in this research is not optimal the Village Head in monitoring the development of society so that it can cause the lack of society in participating in planning, execution, utilization and also supervision and evaluation of economic development in Rancapanggung Village. As well as, concerning the low level of public awareness and lack of socialization of agencies that will carry out development activities to the community resulting in lack of ownership of the results of development and lack of coordination between agencies. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the Role of Village Government in Increasing Public Participation in Village Economic Development. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques conducted by researchers is to learn to study books as reference materials, field observations, and interviews. In sampling the researcher using technique Purposive Sampling. Informants in this research are Village Head, Village Community Empowerment Institution, and Community Leader. From the research results found that the role of village government in improving community participation in the field of village economic development is still not optimal. There are several weak points such as (1) lack of village heads in monitoring the development of the community, (2) lack of community in participating in planning, implementation, utilization and monitoring and evaluation of economic development in Rancapanggung Village, (3) lack of socialization from agencies that will carry out development activities to the community, (4) lack of ownership of the development result and lack of coordination between agencies. Keywords: Role of Village Government, Community Participation, Development, Village Economy

Abstract— The research objective was to partially and simultaneously analyze the influence of socio-economic factors of farmers (farmer age, education level, length of farming, number of family dependents, farm area, labor and capital) on farm production in Plaosan Village, Plaosan District, Magetan Regency. The population in this study were all vegetable farmers in Plaosan Village, Plaosan District, Magetan Regency. Data collection techniques using interviews and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing and determination analysis. The research findings (1) partially there is a significant influence on the variables of education, experience, land area, labor and capital on the production of vegetable farming in Plaosan Village, Plaosan District, Magetan Regency. Meanwhile, age and dependency variables influence the production of vegetable farming in Plaosan Village, Plaosan District, Magetan Regency; and (2) simultaneously there is a significant influence on the variables of age, education, experience, dependents, land area, labor and capital on the production of vegetable farming. Keywords—: socio-economy; farmers; farming.

BUMDes are the economic drivers of rural communities that are managed by communities appointed through village meetings in an effort to strengthen the village economy and are formed based on the needs and potential of the village. This study aims to determine the development of BUMDes in Tolitoli Regency. The research approach used is descriptive quantitative. By using data collection techniques through interviews with informants who are considered to have the potential to provide information about BUMDes development from various aspects of institutions, regulations, BUMDes businesses, reporting administration and accountability, capital and assets. also through interviews and office administration documentation and accountability. The results show that in the classification most of them are at the growth classification level and some are in the basic classification. Factors that should be improved and receive attention for the development of BUMDes are to immediately improve the system starting from institutions, utilization of capital and assets, administration, and BUMDes regulations. Keywords: Village Business Institutions, Development

abstract: 摘要 当前中国农村集体经济呈现出后劲不足、区域失衡等问题。在此背景下，如何破解集体经济发展困境、实现其从梯度到均衡的演进成为学术领域关注的热点。本文梳理总结了国内外集体经济的相关研究成果，阐述了主要涉及的基础概念、理论和方法模型；以2008~2015年无锡市滨湖区92个村为研究样本，分析了该区域集体经济的发展现状和演变进程；构建面板回归模型，探索了该区域集体经济发展的驱动因素与分布不平衡性；并从空间关联视角切入，探索了驱动因素的溢出效应；最后基于研究结果提出对策建议。主要结论如下： （1）2008~2015年，92个村的村级集体经济发展整体呈现上升趋势，但地区间的贫富差距明显；2008年、2011年和2015年92个村按村级集体经济总收入可划分为高、中、低3类，并且在不同时段，各等级间的村级集体单位会相互迁移；集体经济收入呈现明显的右偏分布，尖峰厚尾的特征显著。随着时间的推移，集体经济发展出现了“双峰趋同”的现象。 （2）普通面板回归显示，物质资本、经济工作能力、科技进步对于村级集体经济发展有正向的依次减弱的影响，人口数量的影响为负；面板分位数回归显示，随着分位数水平的提高，物质资本系数先上升、后下降再上升；经济工作能力系数逐渐减小；人口规模系数先下降后上升；科技进步系数波动上升。 （3）空间计量结果显示，各变量对于村级集体经济发展具有一定的溢出效应，其中，物质资本的溢出效应为正（不显著），经济工作能力的溢出效应为正（显著），人口因素的溢出效应为负（不显著），科技进步的溢出效应为正（显著）。 本文的创新之处在于使用较难获取的2008-2015年92个村面板数据进行回归，相比于截面数据，更准确地测度了各要素对集体经济的真实影响；将空间关联因素纳入研究视域，探究了村级集体经济驱动因素的空间溢出效应。
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2019

The Scottish miners’ central goal was economic security. An important generational element was involved in its pursuit. The Village Pit generation saw nationalisation as deliverance from the evils of private ownership. The New Mine generation was simultaneously more critical of nationalisation and willing to engage with its joint consultative features. Nationalisation was dynamic and the New Mine generation shaped it to fit the security needs of miners and their communities. Generational differences were highlighted during the Second World War. The Scottish coalfield politics of the Home Front were complex, involving Communism and the strategic interests of the Soviet Union. Whereas the Village Pit generation opposed unofficial strikes, these involved and were led by the New Mine generation, who saw them as evidence of powerful workplace and community anger that could be mobilised in pursuit of collective security. In the 1950s New Mine generation miners were more assertive in their defence of the coalfield moral economy. Their actions at workplace level placed significant limits on the managerial sovereignty of NCB officials.

Changes in communities and collieries reinforced economic security in the coalfields. Communities were subject to substantial divisions of class and gender but became more cohesive after nationalisation. Economic diversification helped, bringing a widening range of employment opportunities for coalfield women. Community security was weakened slightly by migration, encouraged by policy-makers, but strengthened by the major advances of new housing and local authority ownership. At workplace level there were continuities from private to public ownership, with security improved through union mobilisation and collective state action. Village Pits established before the First World War were redeveloped after nationalisation and remained important in the 1970s. New Mines in the 1920s and 1930s included enhanced welfare amenities secured by trade union pressure. Cosmopolitan Collieries from the late 1950s came at a cost, with local pit closures and miners travelling greater distances, but greater long-term security was promised. Moral economy expectations were satisfied: restructuring involved meaningful input from the miners and improved their economic and social standing.

The chapter deals with the role of the Virgin Mary in the nation- state building process in Serbia. The beginning of the process of religious revival in Serbia coincided with the beginning of the social, economic and political crisis in the former Socialistic Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, which took place at the beginning of the 1990s. There was an urgent need to find new collective identity, since the earlier had been reduced to rubble. At the individual level, this process primarily implied increased participation in rites within the life cycle of an individual (baptism, wedding, and funeral), followed by popularisation of the practice of celebrating family's patron saint days and, only in the end and on the smallest scale, by an increase in the number of believers taking an active part in regular church services. On the collective level, the traditional closeness of the Serbian Orthodox Church and Serb people and the state was the basic paradigm of such restructuring. The attempt to establish continuity with the tradition of the medieval Serb state, which implied active participation of the Church in both social and political matters, as well as the grafting of this relationship in the secular state and civil society in Serbia at the end of the second millennium, turned out to be a multi-tiered issue (Jevtić 1997). At mass celebrations, as well as at revolutionary street protest rallies (which were plentiful in the capital during the last dozen years or so) and at celebrations of the town's patron saint days and various festivities, the image of the ‘Bogorodica’ [Gr. ‘Theotokos’, i.e. The Mother of God]; appears. Leading the processional walks of the towns, it emerges as a symbol which manages to mobilise the nation with its fullness and multi-layered meaning. The main thesis of the chapter is to explain the historical roots of her cult and her embeddedness in the national history and identity in Serbia. The cult of the ‘Bogorodica’ has always had greater importance on the macro than on the micro level. This is corroborated by the fact that a relatively small number of families celebrated some of the ‘Bogorodica’ holidays as their Patron St Day, while a large number of monasteries and churches, as well as village Patron St Days were dedicated to one of them (Grujić 1985: 436). On the other hand, some authors believe that, with the acceptance of Christianity, it was the cult of the ‘Bogorodica’ which was the most developed among the Serb population, because her main and most widely recognisable epithet Baba, connected to giving birth, was directly associated with the powerful female pagan divinities such as the Great Mother, Grandmother etc. (Petrović 2001: 55; Čajkanović 1994a: 339). In the folk perception, the ‘Presveta Bogorodica’ [The Most Holy Mother of God] is unambiguously connected to the phenomenon and process of birth-giving and, that is why, barren women most frequently addressed the ‘Bogorodica’ for assistance. The observance of the image of the ‘Bogorodica’ was specifically connected with the so-called miracle icons, that is, her paintings linked to some miraculous event, either locally or generally. This was most frequently related to the icons which were famous for discharging myrrh, as well as icons which would ‘cry’ in certain situations, as well as those that changed the place of residence in a miraculous manner. The use of icons in wars, either those of conquest or defensive, appears to be a widely spread practice in the Orthodox world. It was noted that Serb noblemen carried standards with images of various saints to wars, and that the cities were frequently placed under the protection of certain icons. The author shows how, travelling through towns and battlefields, throughout the decades and centuries, the ‘Bogorodica’ appeared through its holy image at the end of the second millennium as the protectress, advocate, Pointer of the Way and foster mother of those who were, possibly more than ever, in need of miracles and waymarks.

This peer-reviewed research and policy paper draws on analysis of how women influence decision making in Indonesia's multi-level governance structure under the new Village Law in Indonesia. The analysis identifies the ways that women, through different causal processes, influence development priorities, spending, projects, policies and policy actors, as well as social norms in communities. The analysis draws from a large, qualitative comparative study conducted in different places throughout Indonesia, providing an analytical framework for understanding variation in social and politico-economic contexts in terms of the constraints and opportunities for gender inclusion and women's empowerment. The research also explains variations in the processes by which women exercise voice and influence in these differing contexts, providing considerations for policy makers and others concerned with gender inclusion, women's empowerment and everyday wellbeing.

This peer-reviewed research and policy paper draws on analysis of how women influence decision making in Indonesia's multi-level governance structure under the new Village Law in Indonesia. The analysis identifies the ways that women, through different causal processes, influence development priorities, spending, projects, policies and policy actors, as well as social norms in communities. The analysis draws from a large, qualitative comparative study conducted in different places throughout Indonesia, providing an analytical framework for understanding variation in social and politico-economic contexts in terms of the constraints and opportunities for gender inclusion and women's empowerment. The research also explains variations in the processes by which women exercise voice and influence in these differing contexts, providing considerations for policy makers and others concerned with gender inclusion, women's empowerment and everyday wellbeing.