Journal articles: 'Villages, thailand'

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Jacobs, BB. "Endemic Goitre in Highland Villages in Northern Thailand." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 2, no. 2 (April 1988): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053958800200208.

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Prevalence of goitre was recorded in seven hill tribe villages in Mae Hong Son Province in Northern Thailand. The prevalence rate ranged from 26% to 75% with 47% of the 874 people in the sample having goitre. The prevalence and size of goitre increased with age; a 75% rate was observed in individuals under the age of 40 years. There was no association of prevalence with altitude of residence or with ethnicity. However, socio-economic level was a possible source of variation in prevalence between ethnic groups within the most accessible and best developed village (Sob Pong). No cretins were observed in these villages nor in any of the 26 nearby villages with endemic goitre. There was no evidence that cretins were hidden or subjected to passive Infanticide. In the villages that had any measures to combat iodine deficiency, the measures were inadequate and reflected a lack of knowledge in both the providers and recipients of health care. A successful programme to eradicate iodine deficiency and its accompanying diseases will require careful planning, monitoring and evaluation with the individuality of each village taken into account.

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Chaimano, Kanita. "Tonal Variation in the Lue Dialects of Thailand." MANUSYA 12, no. 3 (2009): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01203001.

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This study analyzes the tonal variation of Lue dialects spoken in Thailand. These dialects are classified into groups based on structural differences in their tonal systems, and this classification then forms the basis for a linguistic map of Thailand’s Lue dialects. The data were collected from 45 villages in 7 provinces in the northern part of Thailand. Three informants were selected to represent each village, for a total of 135 informants participating in this research. William J.Gedney’s (1972) wordlist was used to elicit tonal data. The tonal features of the dialects were analyzed using auditory information and the personal computer programs “PRAAT, ver.4.5.12” and Microsoft Excel.

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Rigg, Jonathan, Suriya Veeravongs, Lalida Veeravongs, and Piyawadee Rohitarachoon. "Reconfiguring rural spaces and remaking rural lives in central Thailand." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 39, no. 3 (September 11, 2008): 355–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463408000350.

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AbstractDrawing on fieldwork in the central plains of Thailand, the paper traces the transformation of the study villages from agricultural communities, to divided and often fractious dormitory settlements. Agriculture has been largely squeezed out of the local economy and local livelihoods by a raft of economic, environmental and social changes. At the same time, the rural spaces of Thailand have been infiltrated by a range of non-agricultural activities – in this instance, reflected in the arrival of an industrial park – and villagers as well as migrant sojourners from other parts of Thailand have taken up these new opportunities in the non-farm economy. The net result of these processes of agrarian transformation has been that the village, as a community, a unit of production, a site of identity, and a place with a common history, is evaporating.

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Saowakontha, S., V. Pipitgool, S. Pariyanonda, S. Tesana, K. Rojsathaporn, and C. Intarakhao. "Field trials in the control of Opisthorchis viverrini with an integrated programme in endemic areas of northeast Thailand." Parasitology 106, no. 3 (April 1993): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075107.

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SUMMARYA control programme of opisthorchiasis was carried out for three years in three villages of northeast Thailand in order to compare the effectiveness of two intervention measures. The intervention measures employed were to give praziquantel treatment to all infected people either once (village I) or twice (village II) per year with the integration of regular health education and sanitation improvement. A control village (village III) received no intervention during the study. Sampling of the population in these villages to estimate prevalence, intensity, reinfection and incidence of infection as well as knowledge of opisthorchiasis and number of latrines was performed at 6 monthly intervals throughout the duration of the study. At the initial assessment, there were no significant differences in the prevalence and intensity of infection of villages I and II. Both values were greatly reduced when assessed 6 months after the initiation of treatment, and the decrease in prevalence and intensity of infection did not differ between villages I and II. The control village (village III), during the first 2 years, exhibited slight variation in the prevalence and intensity, and these decreased considerably in the third year of the study. The reinfection rate per 6 months in villages I and II was nearly equal. The incidence rate per 6 months in the two treated villages was lower than that of the control village. Marked improvement in knowledge of opisthorchiasis, behavioural changes of eating raw fish and increased numbers of latrines was evident in all of the villages during this study. The study showed that the effectiveness of annual drug treatment is similar to that of 6 monthly treatments when combined with regular health education and sanitation improvement.

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Huynh, Thien Duc. "The policies on developing traditional craft villages in some Asian countries and lessons for Vietnam." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i2.1198.

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The paper researches the policies of developing traditional craft villages in some Asian countries, especially Japan and China. Recently, Japan and China have been the two nations which have successfully adopted the policies on developing traditional craft villages. Taking Japan as an example, the policy named “each craft village a career” has been very successfully used and then, it spread to Thailand and other countries in Southest Asia. For China, the government’s policies focused on exports and demand stimulus. From the research, we will earn some experimental lessons to develop craft villages in Viet Nam, particularly the combination of the government’s aid policies and the potential of the craft villages.

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RENDE TAYLOR, LISA. "PATTERNS OF CHILD FOSTERAGE IN RURAL NORTHERN THAILAND." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 3 (June 18, 2004): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004006790.

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Evolutionary theory guides an investigation of foster parent selection in two northern Thai villages with different biosocial environments: one village has high levels of labour migration and divorce, and growing numbers of parental death due to HIV/AIDS, while the other village has lower migration, divorce and parental mortality levels. Focus groups examine mothers’ and fathers’ motivations and ideals regarding foster caretaker selection, and quantitative family surveys examine real fostering outcomes: specifically, the laterality (matrilateral versus patrilateral) and genetic distance of the foster caretakers of all ever-fostered children in these two villages. As predicted, in environments of high marital stability and paternity certainty, parents seem to prefer close genetic kin from either side as foster parents for their children. In low marital stability and paternity certainty environments, parents trust their own lateral kin, regardless of genetic distance, over close genetic kin from the other side. The striking exception to this pattern, however, occurs in the case of parental death, in which case children are fostered to the deceased parent’s kin, regardless of the child’s sex or other factors. In general, the foster parents for girls are selected with more care, reflecting the daughter/female preference expected in traditionally matrilineal, matrilocal societies. An ordered decision-making pathway for foster parent selection is proposed, taking into consideration the key factors of (a) the circumstances driving the fostering decision, (b) the gender of the child, (c) the gender of the key decision-making parent, and (d) the degree of marital and population fluidity (and subsequent paternity certainty) in the village.

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Mungmonphoncharoen, Som, Tawatchai Apidechkul, and Pannipha Dokmaingam. "Factors associated with the recurrence of dengue fever in villages in Chiang Rai, Thailand." Journal of Health Research 33, no. 6 (November 11, 2019): 438–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-11-2018-0140.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors associated with DF occurrence in recurrence villages in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Design/methodology/approach A case-control study was conducted between June 2017 and December 2017. A validated questionnaire was used to detect the factors associated with recurrence of DF. χ2 and logistic regression were used to detect the associations between variables at α=0.05. Findings In total, 213 cases and 436 controls were recruited into the analysis. Cases were recruited from 20 DF recurring villages, while controls were recruited from 20 non-DF recurring villages in Chiang Rai province. At community level, three variables were associated with recurrence of DF; size of the village (p=0.007), number of villagers (p=0.009), tribe (p=0.043) and distance to a hospital (p=0.003). Three variables were associated with DF at personal and family levels in multivariate model: children whose parents worked as daily employees, and government officers and traders were more likely to have DF 1.56 (95%CI=1.22–2.48) and 4.31 (95%CI=4.66–9.38) times greater than of those whose parents’ worked as agriculturists, respectively; children aged less than one year were 2.89 (95%CI=2.17–4.33) times more likely to have DF than those aged=6 and children who were under standard growth and over standard growth were more likely to have DF than those standard growth 1.61 (95%CI=1.18–2.53) and 7.33 (95%CI=4.39–10.37) times, respectively. Originality/value This is the original research article which was conducted in detecting the factors associated with recurrence of DHF in Northern Thailand.

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Cheewinsiriwat, Pannee. "GIS Application for the Maps of Tourist Attractions and Ethnic Groups of Nan Province, Thailand." MANUSYA 12, no. 2 (2009): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01202002.

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This paper describes a GIS-based application to illustrate the maps of tourist attractions and ethnic groups of Nan Province in Thailand under a research project funded by the Thailand Research Fund (TRF). Various distribution patterns of languages and settlements of ethnic groups within Nan are mapped according to the collected village data. A questionnaire was designed to collect information from 902 villages. The questionnaire included questions about village background and environment, interesting cultural elements, village names, village history, local tourist places and schools, population, ethnic groups and languages. Nine-hundred questionnaires were distributed by well-trained staff from the Nan Community who conducted interviews of two or three senior people from each village. The data from the questionnaires was then entered into the village database via a developed user interface. In the meantime, a GIS database had been set up by combining map layers from several sources. The map layer set consists of administrative boundaries, roads, rivers, contour lines, as well as associated locations of the villages. The information of each village in the village database was then linked to its location represented by points in the GIS database. With the customized GIS application, various types of interactive queries about village data, as well as tourist attractions or ethnolinguistic maps, can be accommodated. Logical block diagrams, user interfaces and results are detailed in this paper.

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Krassanairawiwong, Tares, Chartchay Suvannit, Krit Pongpirul, and Kriang Tungsanga. "Roles of subdistrict health office personnel and village health volunteers in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 9 (September 2021): e244765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-244765.

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In Thailand, 40 000 subdistrict health centre (SDHC) personnel and >1 million village health volunteers (VHVs) are responsible for primary healthcare of 23 million households in 75 032 villages. They were trained, made household visits, gave hygiene advice, participated in the ‘Big Cleaning Day’ campaign, produced cloth face masks, proactively identified high-risk visitors and monitored quarantined cases. 7.4 million Thais received basic education on hygiene, 1.3 million villagers joined the campaign and 3.6 million handmade cloth face masks were produced. In March 2020, 3.9 million households were visited, and 40 000 high-risk cases were detected. The intensity of proactive case findings increased to 12.6 million home visits and 834 000 cases were detected in April 2020. Almost 800 000 cases complied with the 14-day mandatory home quarantine, of which 3.6% developed symptoms suspected of respiratory tract infection. VHVs and SDHC personnel could efficiently contribute to the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Thailand.

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Chang, Stephanie E., Beverley J. Adams, Jacqueline Alder, Philip R. Berke, Ratana Chuenpagdee, Shubharoop Ghosh, and Colette Wabnitz. "Coastal Ecosystems and Tsunami Protection after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 863–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2201971.

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An exploratory study was conducted on the role of coastal ecosystems in protecting communities from the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, focusing on mangrove forests on the Andaman coast of Thailand and how well villages were undertaking environmental conservation. Remote sensing analysis identified predisaster mangrove change and postdisaster structural damage and landscape changes. Field data from five sites (20 villages), gathered via the VIEWS™ data collection system, validated and supplemented this analysis. Key informants at several of these villages were also interviewed. A preliminary comparison of villages that otherwise faced similar tsunami exposure suggests that the presence of healthy mangroves did afford substantial protection. Village performance in mangrove conservation and management efforts, and thus the presence of healthy forests, is influenced by both social capital and the design of external aid delivery programs.

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Suwanbamrung, Charuai, Cua Ngoc Le, Supreecha Kaewsawat, Nirachon Chutipattana, Patthanasak Khammaneechan, Supaporn Thongchan, Orratai Nontapet, et al. "Developing Risk Assessment Criteria and Predicting High- and Low-Dengue Risk Villages for Strengthening Dengue Prevention Activities: Community Participatory Action Research, Thailand." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272110132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211013298.

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Background: Risk assessment criteria for predicting dengue outbreak must be appropriated at village levels. We aimed to develop risk dengue village prediction criteria, predict village dengue risk, and strengthen dengue prevention based on community participation. Methods: This participatory research conducted in Southern Thailand included the following 5 phases: (i) preparing communities in 3 districts; (ii) developing risk dengue village prediction criteria; (iii) applying computer program; (iv) predicting village dengue risk with 75 public health providers in 39 PCUs; and (v) utilizing findings to strengthen dengue prevention activities in 220 villages. Data collecting for prediction used secondary data from primary care units in the past 5 year and current year. Descriptive statistics used calculating criteria and comparing with standard level to adjust score of risk. Results: Risk dengue village assessment criteria had 2 aspects: dengue severity (3 factors) and dengue outbreak opportunity (3 factors). Total scores were 33 points and cut-off of 17 points for high and low dengue risks villages. All criteria were applied using computer program ( http://surat.denguelim.com ). Risk prediction involved stakeholder participation in 220 villages, and used for strengthening dengue prevention activities. The concept of integrated vector management included larval indices surveillance system, garbage management, larval indices level lower than the standard, community capacity activities for dengue prevention, and school-based dengue prevention. The risk prediction criteria and process mobilized villages for dengue prevention activities to decrease morbidity rate. Conclusion: Dengue risk assessment criteria were appropriated within the village, with its smallest unit, the household, included. The data can be utilized at village levels for evaluating dengue outbreak risks.

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Phumthum, Methee, Henrik Balslev, Rapeeporn Kantasrila, Sukhumaabhorn Kaewsangsai, and Angkhana Inta. "Ethnomedicinal Plant Knowledge of the Karen in Thailand." Plants 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9070813.

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The Thai Karen, the largest hill-tribe in Thailand, guard substantial ethnomedicinal plant knowledge, as documented in several studies that targeted single villages. Here, we have compiled information from all the reliable and published sources to present a comprehensive overview of the Karen ethnomedicinal plant knowledge. Our dataset covers 31 Karen villages distributed over eight provinces in Thailand. We used the Cultural Importance Index (CI) to determine which species were the most valuable to the Karen and the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) to evaluate how well distributed the knowledge of ethnomedicinal plants was in various medicinal use categories. In the 31 Karen villages, we found 3188 reports of ethnomedicinal plant uses of 732 species in 150 plant families. Chromolaena odorata, Biancaea sappan, and Tinospora crispa were the most important medicinal plants, with the highest CI values. The Leguminosae, Asteraceae, Zingiberaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, and Menispermaceae were the families with the highest CI values in the mentioned order. A high proportion of all the 3188 Karen use reports were used to treat digestive, general and unspecified, musculoskeletal, and skin disorders.

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Uehara, Masatoshi. "MOTIVATIONS AND RESOURCES OF SMALL-SCALE FARMERS FOR STAYING IN THEIR VILLAGE IN NORTHEAST THAILAND." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 3, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v3i1.1713.

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This study aims to examine one simple question: Why do some small-scale farmers in rural, northeast Thailand keep staying on in their villages despite the fact that they could earn a much higher income if they worked in urban areas? To answer this question, this study which is based on first-hand observations from nine years of intensive fieldwork in rural, northeast Thailand provides a detailed description of the small-scale farmers’ resources that enable them to sustain a living and also provides them motivations to stay in their village. The decision to stay on in the village and forgo the option to move out in pursuit of a higher income may seem irrational in the opinion of economists. However, the author, by employing the “capability approach” argument by A. Sen, argues that their behaviour could be understood as efforts of pursuing “lives worth living” (as expressed in his later work as an architect of the UN’s “human security” program) and not solely profit maximisation. Their efforts include establishing “community groups” and practising “sustainable agriculture” including “organic farming” and “integrated farming”. These activities are well-suited to their natural environments and economic conditions and, at the same time, give them autonomy in their villages.

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Teerarojanarat, Sirivilai. "Using GIS for Exploring Karen Settlements: A Case Study of Western and Northern Thailand in the Vicinity of the Thai-Burmese Border." MANUSYA 15, no. 2 (2012): 78–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01502005.

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The Karen are one of the largest ethnic minority groups living in Thailand today, residing mostly in the mountainous ranges along the Thai-Burmese border. In most previous Karen studies, map presentation of Karen settlements has been disregarded. This paper explores the Karen from the spatial aspect. The study area covered 15 provinces in western and northern Thailand along the Thai- Burmese border. The scope of the study focused on the village locations of 6 Karen subgroups, namely the Sgaw, the Pwo, the Taungthu or PaʼO, the Kayah, the Kayan, and the Kayaw. A survey of these Karen subgroups settlements was performed via a questionnaire that was collected between 2011 and 2012. A spatial-based technique, the Geographic Information System (GIS), was used as a tool to develop a geographical database of Karen settlements. Further analysis was performed to explore the population numbers of Karen subgroups and their population change, settlement distribution, village size and the relationship of village locations to topography. The findings show that the Sgaw Karen are still the largest Karenspeaking group living in Thailand today. The population size of Karen villages varies largely but their average size is almost the same. According to the settlement pattern, Karen villages of the same subgroup tend to stay close together. A mixture of Karen subgroups in a village are found in small numbers. All subgroups are located on mountain peaks or at high elevations along the Thai-Burmese border or along the provincial boundaries. However, the Sgaw and the Pwo Karen tend to settle at a higher elevation than the Kayah and the Taungthu (Pa’O) Karen. The findings also suggest that the role of GIS is obvious, showing its great potential for advancing our understanding of Karen studies from the spatial aspect.

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Paweenawat, Archawa, and Robert M. Townsend. "Village Economic Accounts: Real and Financial Intertwined." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.441.

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We propose a framework to create village economic and balance of payments accounts from a micro-level household survey. Using the Townsend Thai data, we create the accounts for villages in rural and semi-urban areas of Thailand. We then study these village economies as small open countries, exploring in particular the relationship between the real and financial variables. We examine cross-village risk-sharing and the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle. Our results suggest that within-village risk-sharing is better than across-village and, while there is smoothing in both, the mechanisms are different. We also find that, unlike countries, the cross-village capital markets are highly integrated.

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Chantarasombat, Chalard, Boonchom Srisa-ard, Matthew H. S. Kuofie, and Murray E. Jennex. "Using Knowledge Management to Create Self-Reliant Communities in Thailand." International Journal of Knowledge Management 6, no. 1 (January 2010): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jkm.2010103004.

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Many look at knowledge management as an organizational initiative. However, can KM also be used to assist low technology situations such as rural villages? This paper describes the application of KM to the creation of a self-reliant community in Thailand. Changing demographics are threatening the ability of rural villages to sustain their viability as traditional methods of passing knowledge from one generation to the next are circumvented by the movement of the young to more urbanized areas of Thailand. KM is seen as a way of changing the traditional knowledge transfer process to something that assists those who remain in the villages. The KM approach investigated consisted of five stages: 1) Preparation, 2) Create motivation, awareness, promote participation, 3) Develop the KM plan, 4) Implement the KM plan, and 5) Evaluation. The approach was assessed and found to be successful by using eight organizations over an 8-month period.

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Somnasang, Prapimporn, Geraldine Moreno, and Kusuma Chusil. "Indigenous Knowledge of Wild Food Hunting and Gathering in North-East Thailand." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 19, no. 4 (January 1998): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659801900412.

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Rural people in north-east Thailand depend on locally gathered or hunted wild food, such as fish, crabs, snails, shrimps, birds, red ants' eggs, frogs, toads, rabbits, rats, insects, and many kinds of plants. Twenty rural villages in north-east Thailand were surveyed, and one village was studied in depth. The objective was to identify knowledge about hunting and gathering of wild food and gender-based differentiation associated with this knowledge. The study showed that the knowledge related to hunting and gathering wild food was different for women and men. Men had more knowledge of fishing and hunting; women had more knowledge of gathering plants and insects and of scooping for shrimp. These findings should be used in developing appropriate programmes to help the local people.

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Podojil, R. L., T. M. Kemmer, and L. E. Sweet. "Physical Signs of Malnutrition Observed in Rural Villages of Thailand." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 99, no. 9 (September 1999): A111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00791-9.

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Aramberri, Julio. "The Commercialized Crafts of Thailand: Hill Tribes and Lowland Villages." Annals of Tourism Research 29, no. 4 (October 2002): 1194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(02)00039-7.

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Howard, Michael C., and Erik Cohen. "The Commercialized Crafts of Thailand: Hill Tribes and Lowland Villages." Pacific Affairs 74, no. 3 (2001): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3557785.

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Fisher, Tony, Erik Cohen, and Penny Van Esterik. "The Commericalized Crafts of Thailand: Hill Tribes and Lowland Villages." Anthropologica 44, no. 1 (2002): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25606067.

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DELLA ROSSA, P., K. TANTRAKARNAPA, D. SUTDAN, K. KASETSINSOMBAT, J. F. COSSON, Y. SUPPUTAMONGKOL, K. CHAISIRI, et al. "Environmental factors and public health policy associated with human and rodent infection by leptospirosis: a land cover-based study in Nan province, Thailand." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 7 (November 26, 2015): 1550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815002903.

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SUMMARYLeptospirosis incidence has increased markedly since 1995 in Thailand, with the eastern and northern parts being the most affected regions, particularly during flooding events. Here, we attempt to overview the evolution of human prevalence during the past decade and identify the environmental factors that correlate with the incidence of leptospirosis and the clinical incidence in humans. We used an extensive survey of Leptospira infection in rodents conducted in 2008 and 2009 and the human incidence of the disease from 2003 to 2012 in 168 villages of two districts of Nan province in Northern Thailand. Using an ad-hoc developed land-use cover implemented in a geographical information system we showed that humans and rodents were not infected in the same environment/habitat in the land-use cover. High village prevalence was observed in open habitat near rivers for the whole decade, or in 2008–2009 mostly in rice fields prone to flooding, whereas infected rodents (2008–2009) were observed in patchy habitat with high forest cover, mostly situated on sloping ground areas. We also investigated the potential effects of public health campaigns conducted after the dramatic flood event of 2006. We showed that, before 2006, human incidence in villages was explained by the population size of the village according to the environmental source of infection of this disease, while as a result of the campaigns, human incidence in villages after 2006 appeared independent of their population size. This study confirms the role of the environment and particularly land use, in the transmission of bacteria, emphasized by the effects of the provincial public health campaigns on the epidemiological pattern of incidence, and questions the role of rodents as reservoirs.

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Suwanbamrung, Charuai. "Developing the active larval indices surveillance system for dengue solution in low and high dengue risk primary care units, Southern Thailand." Journal of Health Research 32, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-11-2018-081.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an active larval indices surveillance system and compare the outcomes of the implementation in primary care units (PCUs) at low and high risk of dengue. Design/methodology/approach The study design was conducted by implementing a community participation action research system in low and high dengue risk PCUs in Lansaka district, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, in the Southern Region of Thailand. There were five phases to the process including preparation of all stakeholders, situation assessment, development of the surveillance system, program implementation and evaluation. The system was developed in ten villages that were categorized as either low dengue risk PCUs (comprising six villages) or high dengue risk PCUs (four villages). A village was assigned as being at high or low dengue risk according to pre-determined criteria. The low dengue risk PCU assessments were conducted on a seven-step active larval indices surveillance system where PCU officials were additionally involved in coordinating, teaching, coaching and supporting the village health volunteers (VHVs) for dengue prevention activities. The high dengue risk PCUs, on the other hand, only followed a basic larval indices surveillance system with no follow-up support. Findings The outcomes of using intervention systems showed that the VHVs’ dengue knowledge and larval indices understanding in both PCUs increased significantly (p<0.01). Furthermore, the low dengue risk PCUs had a higher larval indices level than the high dengue risk PCU (p<0.01). Originality/value This study showed that the low dengue risk PCU followed an active larval indices surveillance system at the sub-district level which is appropriate for villages. This study also revealed that VHVs are needed to strengthen the capacity in terms of knowledge and skills of developing such a system to ensure reduced levels of dengue in the community.

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Vannavong, N., H. J. Overgaard, T. Chareonviriyaphap, N. Dada, R. Rangsin, A. Sibounhom, T. A. Stenström, and R. Seidu. "Assessing factors of E. coli contamination of household drinking water in suburban and rural Laos and Thailand." Water Supply 18, no. 3 (August 11, 2017): 886–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.133.

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Abstract Drinking water (DW) can serve as a route for disease transmission if not properly managed. The study assessed the effect of different factors on Escherichia coli quantities in DW in household water storage containers in suburban and rural villages in Laos and Thailand. Higher E. coli concentrations in DW were found in Laos compared to Thailand, especially in households without toilets (in Laos) and in rural rather than in suburban villages. In suburban Laos, house material, storage container types and lack of toilets were significantly associated with E. coli contamination of DW, whereas in rural Laos, corresponding significant factors were rain-fed water, containers with lids and lack of toilets. In suburban Thailand, rain-fed water, storage container types and container cleaning frequency were significantly associated with DW contamination, while house materials, manually collected rainwater and container cleaning frequency were associated with contamination in rural Thailand. Socio-demographic characteristics were less associated with E. coli contamination of DW in this study. Treatment of household stored water (e.g. boiling), regular cleaning of rain jars as well as the provision of household toilets, especially in Laos, can provide barriers against E. coli contamination of DW.

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Yaungket, Jitiwat, Tetsuo Tezuka, and Boonyang Plangklang. "Energy Simulation of PV Hybrid System for Remote Villages of Thailand." Energy and Power Engineering 05, no. 04 (2013): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2013.54031.

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Songwathana, Praneed, and Lenore Manderson. "Stigma and rejection: Living with aids in villages in southern Thailand." Medical Anthropology 20, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2001.9966185.

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Barrett, Mark E. "Correlates of Illicit Drug Use in Karen Villages in Northern Thailand." Substance Use & Misuse 38, no. 11-13 (January 2003): 1615–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ja-120024233.

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Roy Jaya Saragih, Wiwin, I. Made Sendra, and I. GPB Sasrawan Mananda. "KARAKTERISTIK DAN MOTIVASI WISATAWAN EKOWISATA DI BALI (STUDI KASUS DI JARINGAN EKOWISATA DESA)." Jurnal IPTA 3, no. 1 (January 18, 2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ipta.2015.v03.i01.p04.

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This study discusses about tourist characteristic and motivation in Pelaga, Badung Regency, Sibetan, Karangasem Regency, and Tenganan, Karangasem Regency. These three villages were developed into ecotourism village by JED (Village Ecotourism Network). Ecotourism is a community- based tourism, enviromentally sound, and responsible for sustainability. By seeing the number of visitor in Pelaga Ecotourism Village which has yet to reach the target, this is the impact of marketing system is still very common conducted without regard to the characteristics and motivations of tourists. This research purposes is to know the tourist characteristic and motivation who visit Pelaga, Sibetan, and Tenganan Ecotourism Village. Data collection in this research is done by direct obeservation to Pelaga Village, Sibetan Village, and Tenganan Village. Deep interview with the manager of JED and then deep interview with the coordinator of JED in every village, and also deep interview with the tourist to know their motivation visit Pelaga Ecotourism Village. While also using literature study and documentation. The result of this research show that in term geographic characteristic the visitor in Pelaga, Sibetan, and Tenganan Village is come from various country namely USA , Australia, Thailand, Japan, Germany, Canada, Netherland, England, France, Norway, Belgium, Philippines, Italy, Singapore, Malaysia, Cambodia, China, Poland, East Timor, Finland, Korea. In term socio- demographic characteristic the tourist who visit Pelaga and Sibetan dominated by man and in productive age, while in Tenganan is dominated by women and in older age. The whole tourist in three villages are work in private or public sector, and high educational background. Most of tourists who visit, have the motivation to know the culture in three villages.

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Sumarnrote, Anchana, Vincent Corbel, Hans J. Overgaard, Olivier Celhay, Nattapol Marasri, Benedicte Fustec, Kanutcharee Thanispong, and Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap. "Plasmodium Infections in Anopheles Mosquitoes in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Northeastern Thailand During a Malaria Outbreak." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/17-6715.1.

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ABSTRACT An unprecedented malaria outbreak occurred in Ubon Ratchathani Province, northeastern Thailand, in 2014. The province showed the highest number of malaria cases of all Thai provinces. Five entomological surveys were conducted at 8 sentinel sites from September 2013 to September 2015 to address the role of different Anopheles species in malaria transmission. Mosquito collections were conducted using human landing catches and cow bait. A total of 10,369 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and 2,240 were morphologically identified as potential malaria vectors, including An. dirus (n = 78), An. minimus (n = 18), An. sawadwongporni (n = 4), An. barbirostris s.l. (n = 819), An. philippinensis (n = 612), An. nivipes (n = 676), An. annularis (n = 42), An. aconitus (n = 7), and An. rampae (n = 142). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to screen for the presence of Plasmodium spp. in salivary glands. The proportion of primary vectors of surveyed villages was very low (<1%), and no Plasmodium-infected specimens were detected among in the 2,240 Anopheles mosquitoes tested. The absence of positive Plasmodium samples during malaria outbreaks suggests that malaria transmission most likely occurred outside the villages, particularly in the deep-forested hilly areas that provided suitable habitats for competent malaria vectors. These results emphasize the need to develop vector control related to village community activities to reduce malaria transmission along Thailand border areas.

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Frost, Timothy, Lauren Gray, John Lake, and Jessica Roy. "Educational and Social Development in Doi Ang Khang: A Comparative Study of the Khob Dong and Nor Lae Villages." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 14, no. 1 (December 15, 2007): 99–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v14i1.205.

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This article presents an undergraduate student team research project on a comparative study about educational and social development conducted in the Khob Dong and Nor Lae Villages in Thailand during a study abroad program.

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Aungudornpukdee, Piraya. "Pesticide use and environmental contamination a study in Khao Koh District, Phetchabun Province, Thailand." Journal of Health Research 33, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-12-2018-0174.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore environmental contamination from pesticide use in a Khao Kho Sub-district, Khao Kho District in Phetchabun Province, Thailand. Design/methodology/approach The study area was made up of four villages: Kanok Ngam, Lao Lue, Lao Neng and Phet Dam, all mostly highland areas whose inhabitants are mainly from the hill tribes. The 548 participants were recruited with inclusion criteria being that they must be living in the area over one year and are agriculturists or relevant who use pesticides. The data collection was divided into two parts: first, population data using a questionnaire; and second, samples of environmental media including agricultural products gathered to analyze the contamination of pesticides. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings The most planted crop was rice (53.52 percent). Regarding agricultural chemical uses, the study found that the majority of participants used herbicides (76.83 percent). In terms of herbicide uses, Glyphosate is the most used (39.59 percent). Furthermore, insecticide consumption uses were higher in Phet Dam village than the other villages. The most common uses were Carbaryl (20.66 percent), followed by β-Betoefluthrin (15.49 percent). Originality/value There were glyphosate and derivatives of glyphosate (Aminomethyl Phosphonic Acid) in soil and sediment samples, while herbicides and insecticides were not found in water and agricultural samples. Because these environmental contaminants are a major cause for health problems amongst producers and consumers alike, agriculturists should be supported by relevant organizations to increase organic crop cultivation methods and organic farming networks.

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Tripiboon, Dinlaga. "A HIV/AIDS Prevention Program for Married Women in Rural Northern Thailand." Australian Journal of Primary Health 7, no. 3 (2001): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py01051.

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HIV/ AIDS transmission is a major threat to married women around the world and especially in developing areas such as rural northern Thailand. Heterosexual transmission is the dominant route by which this disease is acquired. Married women routinely have unprotected sex with their husbands and have limited ability to change this behaviour to protect themselves. Specific intervention is needed to enable married women to take action to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. The study aims to develop, conduct and evaluate the effectiveness of an HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention program in rural northern Thailand. It used a community development model to enable married women to improve their internal factors of self-efficacy, self-esteem and hope and to increase their behavioural skills for negotiation of safe sex practices and condom use with their husbands. The method was used in which eight villages were randomly assigned to either treatment or control conditions, with the village as the unit of randomisation. The intervention program was delivered by health volunteers and trained as agents of change to motivate and mobilise married women in the program. The intervention was implemented through community mobilisation and a grass roots community-based initiative. Pretest and post-test questionnaires were administered to assess internal factors and behaviour skills among 607 married women aged between 18-49 who were living in the villages participating in the study. The results of the intervention program showed enhanced internal factors among the married women. Most importantly, the number of married women demonstrating ability in negotiation skills increased from 33% to 92%, and the percentage of couples using condoms more frequently increased from 24% to 59%. In conclusion, the trial demonstrated that HIV/AIDS prevention intervention increases married women?s ability to protect themselves against HIV infection. This inexpensive education and skills building package to help the prevention level of HIV/AIDS could be widely implemented throughout Thailand and in other developing countries, which have similar social structures

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Nustsathapana, Suthas, Phorn Sawasdiwongphorn, Udom Chitprarop, and J. R. Cullen. "The behaviour of Anopheles minimus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) subjected to differing levels of DDT selection pressure in northern thailand." Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, no. 2 (June 1986): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300014772.

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AbstractAnopheles minimus Theobald was studied in four villages that had experienced differing levels of DDT application during malaria control operations in the foothills of northern Thailand. During times of high population level, the behaviour of the mosquito was assessed with respect to man-biting indoors and outdoors and feeding from domestic bovids. Its responses in villages recently treated with DDT differed from those in villages that had not been treated for several years, so that the insecticide had little direct lethal effect. Furthermore, the influence of the insecticide on the behaviour of the insect was considerably longer than is the lethal effect of the chemical. There was a suggestion that the taxon A. minimus may include two or more morphologically-cryptic species.

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Evers, Hans-Dieter. "Trade and State Formation: Siam in the Early Bangkok Period." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 4 (October 1987): 751–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009306.

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Though local and international trade is a main point on the agenda of any government and though economists build elaborate models around trade statistics, the social consequences of trade have hardly ever been explored in full by social scientists. This is particularly the case in Thailand where only a few studies of limited scope exist on traders, businessmen and markets. There is a reason for this lack of attention to trade. The series of post-war village studies, carried out mainly by anthropologists in isolated villages, stressed intra-village relations and neglected as a consequence larger networks of trade. The most important study on trade during that time was probably the work of Skinner (1962, 1967) on the Bangkok Chinese in which, however, ethnic relations rather than trade and business constituted the main theme of the study.

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Sri-Ngernyuang, Luechai. "Drug Abundance: Situation of Drugs and Drug Distribution in the Villages of Rural Thailand." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 9, no. 1 (January 1997): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959700900104.

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The paper describes the situation of drugs and drug sources found available at the village level in Thailand. It concludes, from village-survey data (N = 195) and village case studies (N=15), that drugs are available in abundance. A vast variety of drugs, including prescription drugs, are available at various sources, of which the most common ones are grocery stores. The situation reflects the failure of the drug regulation system as well as the influence of commercial pharmaceutical sector in drug provision. This situation hampers attempts to rationalize drug use by consumers.

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Hare, Michael D., Suphaphan Phengphet, Theerachai Songsiri, Naddakorn Sutin, Edward S. F. Vernon, and Eduardo Stern. "Impact of tropical forage seed development in villages in Thailand and Laos: Research to village farmer production to seed export." Tropical Grasslands - Forrajes Tropicales 1, no. 2 (2013): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(1)207-211.

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Curran, Sara R., Jacqueline Meijer-Irons, and Filiz Garip. "Economic Shock and Migration." Sociology of Development 2, no. 2 (2016): 119–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.2.119.

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Classic migration theory predicts that individual and household migration decisions are partially responsive to economic pushes from origin communities and pulls from destinations. Recent theorizing argues that this basic relationship is fundamentally influenced by the experiences accumulated within migrant streams, connecting potential migrants with future migrants between origin and destination. Drawing upon a 16-year study of migrant departures and returns from 22 villages in northeastern Thailand, we extend current knowledge about these fundamental relationships before, during, and after Thailand's economic crisis of 1997. We answer the following questions: How are migrant departures from the origin affected by the crisis, how are migrant returns to origin communities affected by the crisis, and how do migrants’ accumulated experiences connecting origin and destination moderate these relationships? We examine effects separately for men and women since village and destination economies are sufficiently sex differentiated. We find that migrant selectivity partially explains year effects: that is, earlier periods are more highly selective. Migrant cumulative experiences facilitate migration throughout the time period and modestly influence the migration decisions during economic downturns, but these effects are far more important for women than for men. For return migration, year effects emerge only for the post 1997–98 period and only after controlling for migrant social capital and occupational sector. Origin-based migrant social capital slightly, but significantly, reduces the odds of return migration throughout the period of observation. However, migrant social capital does amplify the likelihood of return migration after the Asian Financial Crisis. Construction workers are the most likely to return to their origin villages after the Asian Financial Crisis, while manufacturing, service, and agricultural workers show little change in behavior.

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Adler, Jakov, E. Bodner, S. Bornstein, J. Goldfarb, D. Englehard, J. Naparstek, B. Norkin, J. Sack, S. Shemer, and D. Weiler. "Medical Mission to a Refugee Camp in Thailand." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00045209.

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During the latter part of 1979, hundreds of thousands Kampuchean refugees fled from all parts of their war- and hunger-ridden country to the Thai-Cambodian border, thousands perishing from hunger, disease and stepping on mine fields on the way. The majority of those who survived settled in several large villages straddling the border in relative security from the advancing Vietnamese army, receiving food and medical supplies from many international welfare organizations.Widespread public interest in the plight of these refugees arose in Israel after a television program late in October 1979, and a public campaign initiated by Mr. Abie Nathan, an Israeli citizen. The ensuing fund-raising efforts resulted in 1.2 million dollars, most of which originated from private donations. These contributions enabled the Israeli government to equip 5 medical teams and send them to Thailand, covering the last two months of 1979 and the first 4 months of 1980.

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Formoso, Bernard. "Are Thai Peasants still Farmers? The Socioeconomic Transformation of Two Villages of Northeastern Thailand." Moussons, no. 28 (November 2, 2016): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/moussons.3636.

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Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi, Suparb Pas-Ong, Don McNeil, Alan Geater, and Mapasaosis Duerawee. "Predictors for the risk of hookworm infection: experience from endemic villages in southern Thailand." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, no. 6 (November 1996): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90412-5.

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Faust, Katherine, Barbara Entwisle, Ronald R. Rindfuss, Stephen J. Walsh, and Yothin Sawangdee. "Spatial arrangement of social and economic networks among villages in Nang Rong District, Thailand." Social Networks 21, no. 4 (October 2000): 311–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8733(99)00014-3.

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Brockelman, Warren Y., and Philip Dearden. "The Role of Nature Trekking in Conservation: A Case-study in Thailand." Environmental Conservation 17, no. 2 (1990): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290003191x.

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Nature-based tourism is one of the few economic uses of natural areas that is compatible with protection of the environment and its wildlife. With more than 100 national parks and other conservation areas in Thailand, and a diverse tropical fauna and flora, Nature tourism has tremendous potential for expansion. Although seldom designed to do so, Nature tourism can provide significant income to targeted villages near the borders of national parks, and hence help to reduce illegal exploitation of park resources by local inhabitants.

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Imjai, Thanongsak, Kamon Thinsurat, Pakorn Ditthakit, Warit Wipulanusat, Monthian Setkit, and Reyes Garcia. "Performance Study of an Integrated Solar Water Supply System for Isolated Agricultural Areas in Thailand: A Case-Study of the Royal Initiative Project." Water 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092438.

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This article presents a field-performance investigation on an Integrated Solar Water Supply System (SWSS) at two isolated agricultural areas in Thailand. The two case-study villages (Pongluek and Bangkloy) have experienced severe draughts in recent decades, and, therefore, water supply has become a major issue. A stand-alone 15.36 kW solar power and a 15 kW solar submersible pump were installed along with the input power generated by solar panels supported by four solar trackers. The aim is to lift water at the static head of 64 and 48 m via a piping length of 400 m for each village to be stored in 1000 and 1800 m3 reservoirs at an average of 300 and 400 m3 per day, respectively, for Pongluek and Bangkloy villages. The case study results show that the real costs of electricity generated by SWSS using solar photovoltaic (PV) systems intergraded with the solar tracking system yield better performance and are more advantageous compared with the non-tracking system. This study illustrates how system integration has been employed. System design and commercially available simulation predictions are elaborated. Construction, installation, and field tests for SWSS are discussed and highlighted. Performances of the SWSS in different weather conditions, such as sunny, cloudy, and rainy days, were analysed to make valuable suggestions for higher efficiency of the integrated solar water supply systems.

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Trisurat, Yongyut, Vijak Chimchome, Anak Pattanavibool, Sitthichai Jinamoy, Siriporn Thongaree, Budsabong Kanchanasakha, Saksit Simcharoen, Kriangsak Sribuarod, Narong Mahannop, and Pilai Poonswad. "An assessment of the distribution and conservation status of hornbill species in Thailand." Oryx 47, no. 3 (May 9, 2013): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311001128.

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AbstractMany hornbill species in Thailand are categorized as Endangered or Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The objectives of this research were to predict hornbill distributions in Thailand and to assess the national conservation status of the species using extent of occurrence. We employed maximum entropy modelling, using 10 environmental variables that were believed to directly or indirectly influence hornbill distributions across Thailand, to predict the habitats potentially suitable for 10 of the country's 13 hornbill species. Data on the presence of hornbills were gathered from the Thailand Hornbill Project and additional field surveys in protected area complexes during 2004–2006. The results indicated that patch size is the most important factor affecting distribution, followed by latitude, ecoregion and distance to villages. All hornbill species were predicted to occur primarily in intact protected area complexes. The total extent of all hornbill habitats covers 9.3% of the country's land area. Seven of the 10 modelled species are at risk and the current distribution pattern is expected to reflect stochastic extinctions because of small population size. We recommend that the conservation status of Austen's brown hornbill Anorrhinus austeni and Tickell's brown hornbill Anorrhinus tickelli should be changed from Vulnerable to Endangered. The model identified five protected area complexes as hornbill hotspots in Thailand. These findings will help guide conservation management.

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Amabel, D’Souza, and Brenda Parlee. "Fishing Livelihoods and Diversifications in the Mekong River Basin in the Context of the Pak Mun Dam, Thailand." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 7438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187438.

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Fishing livelihoods are under stress in many regions of the world, including the lower Mekong river basin. Building on research on the socio-economic impacts of hydroelectric development, this paper explores the spatial dimensions of livelihood diversifications. Research in 2016 and 2017, involving 26 semi-structured interviews in nine upstream, downstream, tributary and relocated villages in the vicinity of the Pak Mun hydroelectric dam, provides insight into how villagers have coped and adapted fishing livelihoods over time. Results are consistent with other research that has detailed the adverse effects of hydroelectric development on fishing livelihoods. Interviewees in the nine communities in the Isan region of Thailand experienced declines in the abundance and diversity of fish valued as food, and engaged in other household economic activities to support their families, including rice farming, marketing of fishing assets and other innovations. Stories of youth leaving communities (rural-urban migration) in search of employment and education were also shared. Although exploratory, our work confronts theories that fishing is a livelihood practice of “last resort”. Narratives suggest that both fishing and diversification to other activities have been both necessary and a choice among villagers with the ultimate aim of offsetting the adverse impacts and associated insecurity created by the dam development.

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SUWONKERD, WANNAPA, MASAHIRO TAKAGI, BOONSERM AMG-UNG, and SOMSAK PRAJAKWONG. "Seasonal and Spatial Distribution of 3 Malaria Vectors at Theree Mountainous Villages in North Thailand." Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 23, no. 3 (1995): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2149/tmh1973.23.183.

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Sadoulet, Elisabeth, Seiichi Fukui, and Alan de Janvry. "Efficient share tenancy contracts under risk: The case of two rice-growing villages in Thailand." Journal of Development Economics 45, no. 2 (December 1994): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(94)90031-0.

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Cleland, P. C., P. Chamnanpood, F. C. Baldock, and L. J. Gleeson. "An investigation of 11 outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in villages in northern Thailand." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 22, no. 4 (April 1995): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(94)00416-g.

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Kotchabhakdi, N. J., P. Winichagoon, S. Smitasiri, S. Dhanamitta, and A. Valyasevi. "The Integration of Psychosocial Components in Nutrition Education in Northeastern Thai Villages." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 1, no. 2 (April 1987): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053958700100205.

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The impact of a series of interactive video nutrition education programmes was studied in northeastern villages in Thailand. One of the five modules (VTR-4) was particularly child development oriented, aimed at creating maternal awareness of the child as an individual with early perceptual ability, importance of mother-child interaction, play and supplementary feeding. Village mothers with children under two years old were interviewed individually prior to the introduction of the media and at two, ten and 14 months later when the VTR-4 had been shown three, four and seven times, respectively in each village. A supplementary food product was produced and made commercially available at a low cost. Four hundred and seventy-eight men, 930 women and 3, 225 school children watched the VTR-4. Nutritional status of the children, maternal knowledge and attitude towards child rearing were assessed as well as some aspects of practice observed during home visits. There was a significant improvement in maternal awareness of infants' perceptual abilities, knowledge and attitude toward breast feeding, childplay and play materials and supplementary feeding, especially a more positive approach to tongue thrusting. Random observation during home visits revealed some changes in accordance with the media, i.e., mother-child interaction, existing play materials and the type of cradle used. Significant difference was also noted in the percentage of mothers intending to give their next baby colostrum compared to the control group at post tests 2 and 3. Although the prevalence of malnutrition among those under two years old in these villages has not decreased significantly during the study period, it was clear that the integration of psychosocial components into nutrition education had a considerable impact on maternal knowledge, attitudes and some aspects of child-rearing practice.

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Nakata, Kazuyo, Sommai Wansorn, and Takehito Takano. "Lead Concentration in Rain Water Used for Drinking in the Area Surrounding Bangkok." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 8, no. 1 (January 1995): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959500800102.

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Lead concentrations in jar water, originating from rain and used for drinking, were measured in 1990 in some of the villages surrounding Bangkok, Thailand. There were differences in lead concentrations among the villages: the values were 2.32, 1.38, 1.05 and 3.48 μg/liter in Maptaphut, Rai-Noong, Leam-Chabang and Rangsit-Pathumtani, respectively. As to direct health effects, these lead levels in the water were acceptably low at that point in time in 1990 when the study was conducted. The lead concentration in rain water was considered to be an appropriate indicator representing environmental quality under rapid industrialization. Considering that further advancement of industrialization and urbanization is expected in these areas in the near future, periodic measurement is needed for longitudinal environmental monitoring. The values presented herein can be used as background data before extensive urbanization.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Villages, thailand'

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