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Journal articles on the topic 'Vindolanda tablets'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Calboli, Gualtiero. "The Vindolanda Tablets again, and Now More." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (2020): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.51.

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SummaryAt the beginning of my paper I have explained why I could not use the new finds of the Vindolanda Tablets. In this regard I quoted the letter I sent to Professor Bowman and the kind answer he gave me. Then I took into account three elements of the Vindolanda Tablets until now published that deserve attention, namely (1) the conflation of second and third conjugation of Latin verb, which is considered a feature of Vulgar Latin, (2) the presence of official language in distinguishing the familiar puer from the formal servus to mention a slave, and (3) the use of rogo (or similar verbs) + ut or the simple subjunctive. In all these cases the presumption of Vulgar Latin in Vindolanda tablets must be reduced. As to the first I actually challenged in some cases the supposed conflation of second and third conjugation. I demonstrated that the expression qui debunt (instead of debent) must be read qui debent, because the letter V of debunt is a false reading for E written in the cursive form employed not only in Vindolanda tablets but also in a letter sent by Cl. Terentianus to his father, Cl. Tiberianus, in P. Mich. VIII 468. 40. The closing greetings Valu fratur (Vindolanda Tablet 301 Plate XXIII), which of course must be read Vale frater is a proof that in the cursive formula of final greetings, written in a kind of currente calamo, a cursive script was employed and the conflation of second and third conjugation must be reduced in some cases to a cursive (and regular) script. Also as to the difference between puer and servus, and rogo + subj. (with ut or without ut) the Vindolanda’s Latin was not so vulgar as could be supposed if we consider Octavius’ and Chrautius’ Latinitas. In particular the construction of rogo + subj. (with ut or withour ut) was object of study because Latin speaker showed a great attention in choosing one or the other construction as happened in a couple of letters sent by Brutus and Cassius to Mark Antony. Maybe this depended upon the action of military scribes, as Adams right supposed. On the other hand, if we consider the role played by Brittain Latin in the Carolingian Renaissance, every defence of correct Latin in this region requires a larger investigation. Therefore the use of the new Vindolanda Letters should have a great weight.

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2

Tomlin, R. S. O., A. K. Bowman, J. D. Thomas, E. Birley, R. Birley, and A. Birley. "The Vindolanda Tablets." Britannia 27 (1996): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/527061.

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3

Bowman, Alan K., and J. David Thomas. "Vindolanda 1985: the New Writing-Tablets." Journal of Roman Studies 76 (November 1986): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300369.

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Excavations were resumed at Vindolanda in the pre-Hadrianic section of the site in the summer of 1985. The prediction that the area was likely to contain further deposits of writing-tablets was strikingly confirmed and it can now be confidently stated that the publication, by the present authors, of the tablets discovered in 1973-5 was only the first instalment. It is as yet unclear when the full publication of the new finds can be expected or what precise form it will take. This is the justification, if any is needed, for presenting this summary account of the 1985 material. The inventory numbers under which the new tablets are catalogued run to almost 340; many contain several fragments; most, but not all, have at least traces of writing. It is at present envisaged that three more seasons of excavation will be undertaken in 1986, 1987 and 1988, investigating an area which extends some 15–20 metres to the north of the present terminus. There is some reason to think that the writing-tablet deposit may cover the whole or a substantial part of this area and it is therefore possible that the subsequent seasons may yield as many tablets as that of 1985.

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4

Bowman, Alan K., and J. David Thomas. "New Writing-Tablets from Vindolanda." Britannia 27 (1996): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/527047.

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5

Adams, J. N. "The new Vindolanda writing-tablets." Classical Quarterly 53, no. 2 (2003): 530–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/53.2.530.

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6

Bowman, A. K., J. D. Thomas, and R. S. O. Tomlin. "The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses IV, Part 1)." Britannia 41 (July 13, 2010): 187–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x10000176.

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ABSTRACTThis article contains full editions with commentaries of the first instalment of the approximately 37 ink writing-tablets from Vindolanda discovered in the excavation seasons of 2001, 2002 and 2003. The editions are numbered continuously from 854, following the sequence in A.K. Bowman and J.D. Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses III) (2003), and are grouped in the following categories: Literary Texts, Military Documents, Accounts, Letters. The second instalment, to be published in 2011, will contain the remaining Letters and Descripta.

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7

Roxan, Margaret M., and A. K. Bowman. "The Roman Writing Tablets from Vindolanda." Britannia 16 (1985): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/526418.

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8

Adams, J. N. "The Latin of the New Vindolanda Tablets." Britannia 50 (August 7, 2019): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x19000333.

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9

Bowman, Alan K., and J. David Thomas. "A Military Strength Report from Vindolanda." Journal of Roman Studies 81 (November 1991): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300489.

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The text here published has a claim to be the most important military document ever discovered in Britain. It was found during the 1988 season of excavation of the pre-Hadrianic area at Vindolanda. The archaeological context in which it was found is the earliest level in which tablets are present; it was located in the ditch by the west wall of the earliest phase of the fort, beneath four successive buildings of the later periods. The ditch appears to have been filled by A.D. 90/92 and the tablet is therefore most probably to be dated c. A.D. 90 (unless it was part of a deposit of rubbish put into the Period I ditch by the builders of the Period II structures). It would thus reflect the situation at Vindolanda only a few years after Agricola's departure from Britain, presumably just before the enlargement of the fort which made this area the site of the praetorium in the southern sector of the central range of buildings. The small amount of relevant evidence from other writing-tablets confuses rather than clarifies the picture. The commanding officer named in the strength report is Iulius Verecundus and there are five or six other texts associated with a man named Verecundus who may or may not be the same person (in only one case is the gentilicium (Iulius) preserved).

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10

Bray, Lee. "‘Horrible, Speculative, Nasty, Dangerous’: Assessing the Value of Roman Iron." Britannia 41 (July 5, 2010): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x10000061.

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ABSTRACTThe economic aspects of metallurgy in the distant past have been relatively little studied, largely owing to the absence of detailed records for periods preceding medieval times. This paper takes advantage of a rare survival, an account from the Vindolanda tablets in which a price for iron is recorded, to explore some of the economic characteristics of the metal during the first and second centuries a.d. in Britain. The inherent difficulties in employing evidence of this kind are examined before looking at the price information from the rest of the Vindolanda tablets to assess the value of iron relative to other commodities at the fort. The value of the metal is then examined compared with that of labour, thus illuminating the potential economic opportunities that became available to iron producers following the establishment of Roman rule in Britain.

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11

Bowman, A. K., J. D. Thomas, and R. S. O. Tomlin. "The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses IV, Part 2)." Britannia 42 (July 12, 2011): 113–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x11000109.

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AbstractThis article contains full editions with commentaries of the second and final instalment of the approximately 37 ink writing-tablets from Vindolanda discovered in the excavation seasons of 2001, 2002 and 2003. The editions are numbered continuously from 870, following the sequence in Tab. Vindol. IV.1, and are grouped in the following categories: Military Document, Letters, Descripta.

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12

Birley, Anthony R. "Roman Roadworks near Vindolanda and theCohors I Tungrorum." Britannia 48 (January 19, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x16000532.

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ABSTRACTOn the Stanegate near Vindolanda two milestones are stillin situ. The complete eastern one lacks an inscription. Only the base of the western one survives, cut down and splitc. 1815; but eighteenth-century antiquaries read an inscription on it, now recognised as secondary, and a little of a primary text, probably naming Hadrian and perhaps a Tungrian unit. Writing-tablets and inscriptions showcohors I Tungrorumat Vindolanda in the late first and early second century, so it may have set up the milestone. Evidence from elsewhere names army units as road-builders on milestones. The distance between the Stanegate milestones is greater than the ‘standard’ length, hence perhaps the so-calledpes Drusianuswas used. The final section discusses the secondary inscription.

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13

Adams, J. N. "The Language of the Vindolanda Writing Tablets: An Interim Report." Journal of Roman Studies 85 (November 1995): 86–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/301059.

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The recent publication by A. K. Bowman and J. D. Thomas of The Vindolanda Writing Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II) (1994) provides another substantial corpus of Latin from a military outpost in the early Empire. The tablets take their place alongside such important military finds as the letters of Claudius Terentianus, which are roughly of the same date, the ostraca from Bu Njem, and the ostraca from Wâdi Fawâkhir, which again are dated to the first/second centuries.The Latin of the Vindolanda tablets has recently been discussed by H. Petersmann as a specimen of ‘Vulgar Latin’, at a conference devoted to Vulgar and Late Latin. But while the influence of spoken varieties of the language can be detected in some misspellings, and in aspects of the syntax, morphology, and lexicon of the tablets, one must resist the temptation to find ‘Vulgar Latin’ (however one defines that problematical term: see below, IX.4) as the sole or principal element of the tablets. Many of the documents were not composed by free composition, but have a formulaic structure which made little or no demand on the linguistic competence of the writer (e.g. applications for leave (166–77), the daily reports of a type found at Bu Njem, which have certain distinctive features of syntax (155–6)). Accounts and lists (178–209) too may in their syntax and format, if not necessarily in their spellings, be heavily influenced by the conventions of their genre. Moreover record-keeping of this type usually falls to individuals with a degree of education and numeracy, and their writing may have little or nothing to reveal about the spoken language which they used or heard.

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14

Adams, J. N. "The Language of the Vindolanda Writing Tablets: An Interim Report." Journal of Roman Studies 85 (November 1995): 86–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435800074773.

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15

Bowman, A. K., J. D. Thomas, and R. S. O. Tomlin. "The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses IV, Part 3): New Letters of Iulius Verecundus." Britannia 50 (August 15, 2019): 225–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x19000321.

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AbstractThis article contains full editions with commentary of a selection from the ink writing-tablets discovered in the excavation of 2017, four letters written by or to the prefect Iulius Verecundus. The editions are numbered continuously from 890, following the sequence in Tab. Vindol. IV.1 and 2.

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16

Coles, Revel. "The Vindolanda Tablets - A. K. Bowman, J. D. Thomas: Vindolanda: The Latin Writing Tablets. (Britannia Monograph Series, 4.) Pp. 157; 15 plates, 11 figures. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 1983. Paper, £16.50 (post free)." Classical Review 35, no. 1 (1985): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00107826.

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17

Wagman, Robert S. "The Vindolanda Tablets - (M.M.) Terras Image to Interpretation. An Intelligent System to Aid Historians in Reading the Vindolanda Texts. Partly co-authored with Dr Paul Robertson. Pp. xii + 252, figs, ills, map. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Cased, £50. ISBN: 978-0-19-920455-7." Classical Review 59, no. 1 (2009): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x08002825.

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18

Tomlin, R. S. O. "A. K. Bowman and J. D. Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II). London: British Museum Press, 1994. Pp. 408, 32 pls, illus. ISBN 0-7141-2300-5. £50.00.A. K. Bowman, Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People. London: British Museum Press, 1994. Pp. 159, 8 pls. ISBN 0-7141-1389-1. £14.95." Journal of Roman Studies 86 (November 1996): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007543580005783x.

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19

Tomlin, R. S. O. "A. K. Bowman and J. D. Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II). London: British Museum Press, 1994. Pp. 408, 32 pls, illus. ISBN 0-7141-2300-5. £50.00. - A. K. Bowman, Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People. London: British Museum Press, 1994. Pp. 159, 8 pls. ISBN 0-7141-1389-1. £14.95." Journal of Roman Studies 86 (November 1996): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300463.

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20

Breeze, David J. "The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses III). Edited by A.K. Bowman and J.D. Thomas with contributions by J. Pearce. The British Museum Press, London, 2003. Pp. 184, pls 24. Price: £75.00. ISBN 0 7141 2249 1." Britannia 36 (November 2005): 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000005784016711.

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21

Eck, Werner. "Militärisches und ziviles Alltagsleben am Hadrianswall - ALAN K. BOWMAN and J. DAVID THOMAS, with contributions by JOHN PEARCE, THE VINDOLANDA WRITING-TABLETS (TABULAE VINDOLANDENSES) vol. III (British Museum Press, London 2003). Pp. 184, pls. 24, figs. 2. ISBN 0-7141-2249-1. £75." Journal of Roman Archaeology 18 (2005): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104775940000787x.

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22

Wilkes, John. "The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II). By Alan K. Bowman and J. David Thomas with contributions by J. N. Adams. Pp. 408, 32 pls. London: British Museum Press (for the Trustees of the British Museum), 1994. ISBN 0-7141-2300-5. £50.00." Antiquaries Journal 76 (March 1996): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500047739.

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23

Mairs, Rachel. "‘Interpreting’ at Vindolanda: Commercial and Linguistic Mediation in the Roman Army." Britannia 43 (June 7, 2012): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x12000219.

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AbstractA fragmentary tablet from Vindolanda(Tab. Vindol. II,213) contains an occurrence of the verbinterpretari(‘interpret’, ‘explain’, ‘mediate’) in an apparently commercial context, relating to the grain supply for the Roman fort. This usage is paralleled in a text on a wooden stilus tablet from Frisia in the Netherlands. ‘Interpreters’ and their activities make rather infrequent appearances in the Latin epigraphic and documentary records. In the Danubian provinces, interpreters (interpretes) are attested as army officers and officials in the office of the provincial governor. ‘Interpreters’, in both Latin and Greek inscriptions and papyri, often, however, play more ambiguous roles, not always connected with language-mediation, but also, or instead, with mediation in commercial transactions.

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24

Gardner, Andrew. "The Vindolanda Tablets and the Ancient Economy. By K.G. Evers . British Archaeological Reports, British Series 544. Archaeopress, Oxford, 2011. Pp. v + 77, illus. Price: £27.00. isbn 978 1 4073 0842 5. - Roman Soldiers and the Roman Army: a Study of Military Life from Archaeological Remains. By R.D. Giles . British Archaeological Reports, British Series 562. Archaeopress, Oxford, 2012. Pp. x + 187, illus. Price: £33.00. isbn 978 1 4073 1000 8." Britannia 45 (February 26, 2014): 478–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x14000087.

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25

Pitts, Lynn F. "The Roman Fort of Vindolanda at Chesterholm, Northumberland. By Paul T. Bidwell. 29.5×21.5 cm. Pp. xiii+241, 79 figs.+32 pls. + 11 tables+2 fiches. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England (Archaeological Report, 1), 1985. ISBN 1-85074-061-5. £25.00." Antiquaries Journal 67, no. 1 (1987): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000358150002669x.

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26

Collins, Rob, and Rob Sands. "Touch wood: luck, protection, power or pleasure? A wooden phallus from Vindolanda Roman fort." Antiquity, February 20, 2023, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2023.11.

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The anaerobic conditions at the Roman fort of Vindolanda, close to Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain, have famously preserved a variety of finds made of organic materials, including wooden writing tablets and a pair of leather boxing gloves. Here, the authors re-examine a wooden object originally recovered in 1992, re-interpreting the find as a large, disembodied phallus. Stone and metal phalli are known from across the Roman world, but the Vindolanda example is the first wooden phallus to be recognised. Combining evidence for potential use-wear with a review of other archaeological and contextual information, the authors consider various possible interpretations of the function and significance of the Vindolanda phallus during the second century AD.

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27

Peachin, Michael. "Five Vindolanda Tablets, Soldiers, and the Law." TYCHE – Contributions to Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy 14, no. 01 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.15661/tyche.1999.014.21.

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28

Stanley, Liz. "An Empire of Letters: The Vindolanda Tablets, Epistolarity, and Roman Governance." Journal of Epistolary Studies 2, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.51734/jes.v2i1.25.

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Around 800 Roman tilia—writing tablets made from folded slivers of wood veneer and a little over postcard size—have been found in archaeological investigations at Vindolanda, a Roman fort in northern England. Dated to the period 85 CE to 130 CE, their existence is helping revise knowledge of the Roman letter and the part it played in how military governance was organized, the ways in which personal, public, and military aspects were interrelated, as well as informing other relationships existing between the occupying imperial legions and local Britons. Discussion focuses on four connected areas of inquiry. Firstly, it explores the relationship of the several hundred letters to the many other kinds of Vindolanda writings, for this gives perspective on the boundaries of these different genres and the uses to which they were put. Secondly, it analyzes the many overlaps that exist between what are one-to-one letters and what are public documents, and it considers the significance of this for understanding the legion as a form of familia. Thirdly, it discusses the role that letters and their cognates, and writing and records generally, played in Roman military occupation and rule. The Vindolanda letters had a particular import because their characteristic mode of expression facilitated and enhanced connections between members of the auxiliary cohorts, in ensuring that the performance of military duties occurred in the context of familia-like bonds, and for this to permeate beyond the letters, to the life-and-death activities of soldiering involved. And fourthly, it discusses the importance for epistolary studies of these matters.

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