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Journal articles on the topic 'Vine canopy'
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1
McLaurin, Wayne J., and Stanley J. Kays. "SWEETPOTATO CANOPY GEOMETRY." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 458a—458. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.458a.
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The sweetpotato, unlike most vegetable crops, exhibits a vining growth habit where vertical development is sacrificed for rapid radial expansion. Considerable genetic diversity is present in vine length within the sweetpotato genepool. To test the relationship between the degree of vining (land area covered during the growing season) and yield, 5 vine length types (dwarf, bunch, normal, long and very long) were grafted on the same root stock (`Jewel'). At harvest, canopy diameter and area, root fwt and number, total vine length, and number of vines, leaves, missing leaves, nodes and flowers were determined as well as root, vine, leaf, petiole and flower dwt. Individual parameters were related to storage root development and harvest index. Total vine length ranged from 5.0m to 73.8m/plant, while vine number varied from 12.6 to 117.8 vines/plant. The total number of leaves/plant varied from 595 to 2680 while the percent leaf loss ranged from 17 to 38%. Root yield (fwt) was lowest for the dwarf vine type (593 g/plant) alnd highest for the longest vine type (2716 g/plant).
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McEachern, George Ray. "Four Grape Canopy Systems in Texas." HortScience 33, no. 4 (1998): 600e—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.600e.
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I. Chennin Blanc 107-cm bilateral cordon spaced 3.6 × 2.4 m, 1119 vines/ha, 14 spurs with 32 buds/vine. Yields were 8.8 t·ha-1 in the third leaf; 9.7 in the fourth, and 12.8 the 5th year, 1990, at the Jane Terrell Vineyard, Navasota, Tex. II. Cabernet Sauvignon with a two-trunk 122 cm bilateral cordon spaced 3.3 × 1.2 m, 2445 vines/ha with 48 buds/vine. Yields were 9.7 t·ha-1 for 1994 through 1997 at the mechanically harvested Newson Vineyard, Plains, Tex. III. Le Noir with a 91-cm trunk and a two-cane canopy; spaced 3 × 2.1 m, 1536 vines/ha, with 14 buds/vine. Yields were 13.3 t·ha-1 in 1996 and 11.2 in 1997 at Messina Hoff Vineyard, Bryan, Tex. IV. Merlot/110R with a 45° slanting cordon, 30 cm at south to 152 cm at north, spaced 1.5 × 1.5 m, 4308 vines/ha with 10 spurs and 20 buds/vine. Yield of 10.8 t·ha-1 in the third leaf, 1997, at Wolf Vineyard, Valley View, Tex. Four very different canopy systems were successful; the ideal system is yet to be determined.
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Fidelibus*, Matthew, Steven Vasquez, and Donald Katayama. "Canopy Separation and Defoliation for Dry-on-the-vine (DOV) Raisins on Traditional Trellises." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 880B—880. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.880b.
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Pruning efficiency, fruitfulness, and yield and quality of raisins of `Thompson Seedless' (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines subjected to several canopy separation and defoliation treatments for DOV raisin production were evaluated. Canopy separation treatments, tested in vineyards at Easton, and at the Kearney Agricultural Center (KAC), Parlier, Calif., were as follows; horizontal canopy separation with vine sections of fruiting or renewal zones (Peacock), horizontal canopy separation with vine sections of fruiting zones of one vine adjacent to renewal shoots of the next vine (wave), or non-separated (control). Defoliation treatments included burning or blowing leaves (Easton), application of concentrated solutions of calcium ammonium nitrate or Etherel to leaves (KAC), or no defoliation (both vineyards). Canopy separation treatments did not affect berry size, soluble solids, or raisin yield. Vines subjected to Peacock training had more cluster layers than vines subjected to wave training, at Easton, and more cluster layers than vines subjected to control training at KAC. Canopy separation reduced harvest pruning time by 20% at Easton, but not at KAC. No treatments affected raisin moisture at Easton but, at KAC, raisins of vines trained in the Peacock style had 10% higher moisture contents at harvest than raisins of wave or control vines. Vines subjected to conventional training and leaf blowing had about 40% higher “B and better” raisin grades than vines with separated canopies that were not defoliated, and about 30% higher grades than vines with conventional training and leaf burning. However, raisins of vines subjected to blowing had about 60% more mold than raisins of non-defoliated vines. Defoliation treatments at KAC did not affect any variables measured.
4
Petrie, Paul R., Michael C. T. Trought, G. Stanley Howell, and Graeme D. Buchan. "The effect of leaf removal and canopy height on whole-vine gas exchange and fruit development of Vitis vinifera L. Sauvignon Blanc." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 6 (2003): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp02188.
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Canopy topping and leaf removal are management practices commonly used in New Zealand vineyards to increase light and pesticide penetration to the fruit zone, thus, reducing disease incidence. Previous research has suggested that an increase in photosynthesis occurs when leaves are removed, and this may compensate for the reduced leaf area. However, it is difficult to extrapolate single-leaf photosynthesis measurements to a whole-plant scale. Therefore the extent of the compensation is unknown. To evaluate the impact of leaf removal and canopy height on whole-vine photosynthesis, treatments were imposed during the lag phase of berry growth. Leaves were removed from the lower quarter of the canopy, or vines were topped to three quarters of the height of control plants, in a two-by-two-factorial design. Both topping and leaf removal caused a decrease in whole-vine photosynthesis immediately after the treatments were imposed. Leaf removal, but not topping height, reduced photosynthesis on a per unit leaf area basis. This suggests that the lower portion of the canopy contributes more than the upper portion of the canopy to whole-vine photosynthesis. When measurements were made again approximately two months later, tall vines without leaf removal had a higher photosynthesis rate than the other treatments. Fruit yield, sugar content, vine carbohydrate reserves and pruning weights followed trends similar to those observed for photosynthesis, suggesting that although some photosynthetic compensation occurred, the defoliation treatments had a negative effect on vine growth.
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Ruland, K., Thayne Montague, and Pierre Helwi. "Impact of hail-netting on Vitis vinifera L. canopy microclimate, leaf gas exchange, fruit quality, and yield in a semi-arid environment." Viticulture Data Journal 555 (August 29, 2023): e108805. https://doi.org/10.3897/vdj.555.e108805.
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Hail events have the potential to destroy grapevine shoots, reduce yield, and inflict economic loss upon growers. As a result, many grape growers have adopted the use of hail-netting to mitigate potential vine damage. Although hail-netting has been observed to prevent hail damage, Texas High Plains grape growers have expressed concerns regarding effects hail-netting may have on vine canopy microclimate, grapevine health, fruit maturity, fruit quality and yield. Therefore, over three growing seasons (2018 – 2020), field-grown vines (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. 'Malbec' and 'Pinot gris') were exposed to hail-netting, or grown without hail-netting. Each growing season canopy microclimate, leaf gas exchange, fruit maturity, yield parameters, and vegetative growth were monitored. Netting reduced canopy air and leaf temperature and decreased canopy vapour pressure deficit. By modifying light infiltration and leaf temperature, hail-netting altered leaf gas exchange. In addition, gas exchange differences were found between cultivars. Although fruit pH and total acidity were not different at harvest, fruit maturity measurements revealed total soluble solid development was influenced by netting and cultivar. Vine cluster numbers were greater for vines without netting and yield parameters were generally lower for 'Malbec' vines. Pruning weights indicate decreased vegetative growth for hail-netting and 'Pinot gris' vines. Results suggest grape-growers' use of hail-netting may allow growers to achieve fruit production goals. However, when using hail-netting, growers should consider possible management modifications due to changes in vine physiology, fruit maturation, and harvest schedules.
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Sommer, KJ, PR Clingeleffer, and Y. Shulman. "Comparative study of vine morphology, growth, and canopy development in cane-pruned and minimal-pruned Sultana." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 2 (1995): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950265.
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The seasonal development of vine canopy size and vine morphology of minimal- and cane-pruned Sultana was examined by destructive harvests during the 1982-83 growth period. Leaf canopies of minimal-pruned vines developed more quickly, grew larger, and filled sooner than those of cane-pruned vines. Minimal-pruned vines had 4 times the number of shoots and 3 times the number of nodes on current seasons's shoots at 34 days after budburst. This largely explains the more rapid canopy development and fill of minimal-pruned vines. Minimal pruning had a stunting effect on growth, resulting in shorter shoots, shorter internodes, and smaller leaves compared with cane pruning. Indirect optical measurements of the seasonal leaf canopy development of Sultana vines in the same experimental vineyard during the 1991-92 growth period confirmed the results obtained in 1982-83.
7
López-Granados, Francisca, Jorge Torres-Sánchez, Francisco M. Jiménez-Brenes, et al. "Monitoring Vineyard Canopy Management Operations Using UAV-Acquired Photogrammetric Point Clouds." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (2020): 2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142331.
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Canopy management operations, such as shoot thinning, leaf removal, and shoot trimming, are among the most relevant agricultural practices in viticulture. However, the supervision of these tasks demands a visual inspection of the whole vineyard, which is time-consuming and laborious. The application of photogrammetric techniques to images acquired with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has proved to be an efficient way to measure woody crops canopy. Consequently, the objective of this work was to determine whether the use of UAV photogrammetry allows the detection of canopy management operations. A UAV equipped with an RGB digital camera was used to acquire images with high overlap over different canopy management experiments in four vineyards with the aim of characterizing vine dimensions before and after shoot thinning, leaf removal, and shoot trimming operations. The images were processed to generate photogrammetric point clouds of every vine that were analyzed using a fully automated object-based image analysis algorithm. Two approaches were tested in the analysis of the UAV derived data: (1) to determine whether the comparison of the vine dimensions before and after the treatments allowed the detection of the canopy management operations; and (2) to study the vine dimensions after the operations and assess the possibility of detecting these operations using only the data from the flight after them. The first approach successfully detected the canopy management. Regarding the second approach, significant differences in the vine dimensions after the treatments were detected in all the experiments, and the vines under the shoot trimming treatment could be easily and accurately detected based on a fixed threshold.
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Ogden, Aynslie E., and Margaret G. Schmidt. "Litterfall and soil characteristics in canopy gaps occupied by vine maple in a coastal western hemlock forest." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 77, no. 4 (1997): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-034.
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In some low-elevation coastal British Columbia forests, canopy gaps can be occupied by the hardwood tree species, vine maple (Acer circinatum). The objective of this study was to determine how vine maple gaps influence litterfall, litter decomposition, and forest floor and mineral soil properties. Measurements were made on six vine maple gaps paired with six conifer canopy plots. Vine maple gaps had significantly less conifer litterfall during the autumn, higher pH, and higher concentrations of Ca, Mg and K in the forest floor, thinner forest floors, and a weak tendency for lower C/N ratios, higher pH values and higher total N concentrations in the surface mineral soil. Vine maple litter was found to decompose significantly faster than conifer litter and to have higher concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe and Zn. Decomposition rates of vine maple litter and of conifer litter did not differ significantly between vine maple gap and conifer canopy plots. Larger vine maple clones had significantly thicker forest floors with higher concentrations of Ca, and higher N concentrations and lower C/N ratios in the surface mineral soil than gaps with smaller vine maple clones. The results indicate that vine maple gaps may improve the nutritional status of the sites that they occupy within conifer forests. Key words: Litterfall, litter decomposition, soil-plant interactions, vine maple, canopy openings, canopy gaps
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Greer, Dennis H., Alla N. Seleznyova, and Steven R. Green. "From controlled environments to field simulations: leaf area dynamics and photosynthesis of kiwifruit vines (Actinidia deliciosa)." Functional Plant Biology 31, no. 2 (2004): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03151.
Full textAbstract:
Canopy leaf area development and daily rates of carbon acquisition of kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A.�Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson] vines growing in orchard conditions were modelled from mathematically-based physiological descriptions of leaf area expansion and photosynthesis of individual leaves Model drivers were temperatures and photon flux densities (PFD) measured in the orchard at 30-min intervals over the growing season. A modelling framework of shoot leaf area expansion, developed from controlled environment studies, was extended to whole vines by including canopy architectural components, such as shoot numbers, percentage budbreak and proportions of shoots in different length classes. Daily photosynthesis was modelled from rectangular hyperbolic functions determined for both sun and shade leaves and simulated from calculated light interception. Canopy leaf area, photosynthesis and PFDs within the canopy, obtained from measurements from vines grown in the orchard, were used to test the model. Close agreement occurred between the simulated and measured canopy leaf area development, and also between simulated and measured rates of photosynthesis. Total carbon acquisition over the growing season, estimated at 11 kg vine–1, compared closely with measured increments in vine biomass over the growing season. Results thus confirm the physiologically based model to be readily scalable to whole vines growing in orchard conditions.
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Gowdy, Mark, Bruno Suter, Philippe Pieri, et al. "Variety-specific response of bulk stomatal conductance of grapevine canopies to changes in net radiation, atmospheric demand, and drought stress." OENO One 56, no. 2 (2022): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.2.5435.
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In wine growing regions around the world, climate change has the potential to affect vine transpiration and overall vineyard water use due to related changes in daily atmospheric conditions and soil water deficits. Grapevines control their transpiration in response to such changes by regulating conductance of water through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. The response of bulk stomatal conductance, the vine canopy equivalent of stomatal conductance, to such changes were studied on Cabernet-Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo, Ugni blanc, and Semillon vines in a non-irrigated vineyard in Bordeaux France. Whole-vine sap flow, temperature and humidity in the vine canopy, and net radiation absorbed by the vine canopy were measured on 15-minute intervals from early July through mid-September 2020, together with periodic measurements of leaf area, canopy porosity, and predawn leaf water potential. From these data, bulk stomatal conductance was calculated on 15-minute intervals, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify key variables and their relative effect on conductance. For the regression analysis, attention was focused on addressing non-linearity and collinearity in the explanatory variables and developing a model that was readily interpretable.Variability of vapour pressure deficit in the vine canopy over the day and predawn water potential over the season explained much of the variability in bulk stomatal conductance overall, with relative differences between varieties appearing to be driven in large part by differences in conductance response to predawn water potential between the varieties. Transpiration simulations based on the regression equations found similar differences between varieties in terms of daily and seasonal transpiration. These simulations also compared well with those from an accepted vineyard water balance model, although there appeared to be differences between the two approaches in the rate at which conductance, and hence transpiration is reduced as a function of decreasing soil water content (i.e., increasing water deficit stress). By better characterizing the response of bulk stomatal conductance, the dynamics of vine transpiration can be better parameterized in vineyard water use modeling of current and future climate scenarios.
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Brunori, Elena, Federico Valerio Moresi, Mauro Maesano, et al. "Field survey and UAV remote sensing as tools for evaluating the canopy management effects in smallholder grapevine farm." BIO Web of Conferences 44 (2022): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224405001.
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The transition towards more resilient and sustainable agricultural systems must start from smallholder farms (SHs), that are responsible for one third of total crop production, are crucial to preserve ecosystems services, but are restive to adopt precision viticulture (PV) tools because benefits are considered insufficient to justify the costs. PV could help SHs to face with climate variability, maintaining high quality standards in the vineyard and to increase grapevine resilience adopting strategic cultural practices. This paper focus on evaluating some canopy management techniques (leaf removal at different phenological stages) on Italian grapevine landraces through field survey and UAV remote sensing, to obtain an automated estimation of the vine status in terms of canopy architecture, vine vigour, and berry traits. Findings showed as the adoption of canopy management practices, like the leaf removal, can increase the productive performance of the vines by regulating canopy growth, improving berry quality, and at the same time can increase the environmental sustainability of viticulture. Remote sensing restores a real-time vegetational indices (VIs) at vine scale that SHs could use to maximize quality and sustainability through a more efficient and site-specific management of the vineyard.
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Schreiner, R. Paul. "Foliar Sprays Containing Phosphorus (P) Have Minimal Impact on ‘Pinot noir’ Growth and P Status, Mycorrhizal Colonization, and Fruit Quality." HortScience 45, no. 5 (2010): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.5.815.
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Grapevines grown in low-phosphorus (P) soils typical of western Oregon vineyards may benefit from additional P applied to the canopy using foliar sprays. Alternatively, vines may be negatively affected by foliar P sprays because lower root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could reduce uptake of other nutrients or increase vine water stress. The impact of foliar P sprays on vine growth, vine nutrient and water status, AMF colonization, and fruit yield and quality was studied in two ‘Pinot noir’ vineyards with a history of low vine P status over 3 years. Three foliar spray treatments [phosphite, phosphate, water (control)] were applied to vines three times each season using a standard air-blast sprayer at a commercial vineyard. Two foliar spray treatments (phosphite, water) were applied using a hand sprayer at a smaller research vineyard. Phosphite sprays increased leaf blade and petiole P concentrations and reduced arbuscular colonization of roots at the research vineyard, but neither phosphate nor phosphite significantly affected these variables at the commercial vineyard. Foliar P sprays had no effect on vine growth, vine water relations (leaf water potential and stomatal conductance), yield, or fruit quality attributes at either site. These results indicate that there is little benefit to spraying the canopy of grapevines with P, even in vineyards with low P status.
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Centinari, Michela, and Donald E. Smith. "Effects of Spring Freeze Damage and Training Systems on the Viticulture Performance of Young ‘Marquette’ Grapevines." HortTechnology 34, no. 6 (2024): 668–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05484-24.
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‘Marquette’ is a cold-hardy hybrid grape cultivar that has received increased attention for its use in wine production in the upper midwestern and northeastern United States since it was released in 2006. However, ‘Marquette’ is an early budburst cultivar susceptible to spring freeze damage. We examined the influence of high wire bilateral flat cane (HWC) and four-arm Kniffin (4AK) training systems on young ‘Marquette’ performance during a year with spring freeze damage (2017) and the subsequent season without frost events (2018). In 2017, there were two consecutive spring frost events at the experimental site approximately 2 weeks after the vines reached 50% budburst, which damaged more than 70% of the shoots. The percentage of freeze-damaged shoots and the severity of freeze damage to green tissues did not differ between training systems, but 4AK vines had higher yield at harvest (5.16 kg/vine or 3.12 tons/acre) than HWC vines (3.45 kg/vine or 2.10 tons/acre) because of the greater number of buds retained at winter pruning. There was no freeze damage close to budburst in 2018, and the yield of 4AK vines was still higher (11.74 kg/vine or 7.08 tons/acre) than that of HWC vines (8.20 kg/vine or 4.98 tons/acre). In 2018, the Ravaz index (yield-to-pruning weight) values were lower for HWC vines (3.41) than for 4AK vines (5.39), but the training system did not consistently affect fruit composition in either vintage. Within the 4AK system, shoots that emerged from the lower cane had more freeze damage than those of the upper cane and produced lower crop yield and fruit with lower soluble sugars in both vintages. Our results suggest that ‘Marquette’ vines can be grown on a training system with high cropping potential, such as a divided canopy system or a single canopy, with a higher number of buds and shoots than that of our study. Among divided canopy systems, 4AK might not be the best option for vigorous ‘Marquette’ vines because, in addition to greater susceptibility to freeze damage, the lower cane of 4AK was highly shaded by the upper highly vegetative canopy, which might have caused its lower productivity and soluble sugars at harvest compared with those of the upper cane.
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Bernich, Adam, Kris French, and Michael Bedward. "Assessing the invasion potential of five common exotic vine species in temperate Australian rainforests." NeoBiota 90 (January 10, 2024): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.110659.
Full textAbstract:
To compare the capacity of native and exotic vine species established under a rainforest canopy, a comparison of growth rates and resource allocation was made amongst five exotic vine species that are serious and common invaders and two common native vine species under two light conditions reflective of edge and interior canopy conditions. All species experienced heavy reductions in growth parameters in the low-light treatment, but three exotic species showed stronger growth under the low light. All exotic species had higher plasticity in leaf morphology showing a significant increase in SLA under low light. Native vines may have a lower capacity to change leaf morphology in shade, as a result of local adaptation to edge habitats. Higher SLA under both low and high light conditions suggests that exotic vines species are able to exploit a range of forest conditions better than the native species. Three species, Anredera cordifolia, Araujia sericifera and Cardiospermum grandiflorum, appear particularly capable of invading rainforest interiors. Individuals produced few leaves, focusing resources on roots and stems suggesting a response to reach the canopy quickly. With their long-distance seed dispersal, plasticity in leaf SLA and high RGR, these species appear most likely to invade undisturbed rainforest.
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Bernich, Adam, Kris French, and Michael Bedward. "Assessing the invasion potential of five common exotic vine species in temperate Australian rainforests." NeoBiota 90 (January 10, 2024): 79–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.110659.
Full textAbstract:
To compare the capacity of native and exotic vine species established under a rainforest canopy, a comparison of growth rates and resource allocation was made amongst five exotic vine species that are serious and common invaders and two common native vine species under two light conditions reflective of edge and interior canopy conditions. All species experienced heavy reductions in growth parameters in the low-light treatment, but three exotic species showed stronger growth under the low light. All exotic species had higher plasticity in leaf morphology showing a significant increase in SLA under low light. Native vines may have a lower capacity to change leaf morphology in shade, as a result of local adaptation to edge habitats. Higher SLA under both low and high light conditions suggests that exotic vines species are able to exploit a range of forest conditions better than the native species. Three species, <i>Anredera cordifolia</i>, <i>Araujia sericifera</i> and <i>Cardiospermum grandiflorum</i>, appear particularly capable of invading rainforest interiors. Individuals produced few leaves, focusing resources on roots and stems suggesting a response to reach the canopy quickly. With their long-distance seed dispersal, plasticity in leaf SLA and high RGR, these species appear most likely to invade undisturbed rainforest.
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Petrović, Igor, Matej Sečnik, Marko Hočevar, and Peter Berk. "Vine Canopy Reconstruction and Assessment with Terrestrial Lidar and Aerial Imaging." Remote Sensing 14, no. 22 (2022): 5894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225894.
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For successful dosing of plant protection products, the characteristics of the vine canopies should be known, based on which the spray amount should be dosed. In the field experiment, we compared two optical experimental methods, terrestrial lidar and aerial photogrammetry, with manual defoliation of some selected vines. Like those of other authors, our results show that both terrestrial lidar and aerial photogrammetry were able to represent the canopy well with correlation coefficients around 0.9 between the measured variables and the number of leaves. We found that in the case of aerial photogrammetry, significantly more points were found in the point cloud, but this depended on the choice of the ground sampling distance. Our results show that in the case of aerial UAS photogrammetry, subdividing the vine canopy segments to 5 × 5 cm gives the best representation of the volume of vine canopies.
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Green, S. R., T. M. Mills, and B. E. Clothier. "Seasonal Water Use of a Kiwifruit Vine: Measurements and a Model." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 446G—447. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.446g.
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We recorded canopy development and stomatal function of a kiwifruit vine for the purpose of calculating the seasonal water use by the crop. Canopy development was described using an empirical “S-shaped” curve fitted to weekly measurements of the vine's leaf area. Stomatal conductance was described using a semi-empirical model based on the incident radiation, and the ambient vapor pressure deficit of the air. These two descriptors, leaf area and stomatal conductance, were combined with meteorological data to calculate vine transpiration via the Penman–Monteith model. Transpiration rates calculated at 30-min intervals were in good agreement with the instantaneous rates of sap flow measured by heat-pulse sensors located in the vine stem. The measured and calculated transpiration remained in concert throughout the experiment, thereby confirming the Penman-Monteith model as a robust and suitable model to describe the seasonal water use by kiwifruit vines. The model validation enables confident predictions of crop water use and thus aids irrigation allocation for kiwifruit crops.
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Ruess, Stefan, Gernot Paulus, and Stefan Lang. "Automated Derivation of Vine Objects and Ecosystem Structures Using UAS-Based Data Acquisition, 3D Point Cloud Analysis, and OBIA." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (2024): 3264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083264.
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This study delves into the analysis of a vineyard in Carinthia, Austria, focusing on the automated derivation of ecosystem structures of individual vine parameters, including vine heights, leaf area index (LAI), leaf surface area (LSA), and the geographic positioning of single plants. For the derivation of these parameters, intricate segmentation processes and nuanced UAS-based data acquisition techniques are necessary. The detection of single vines was based on 3D point cloud data, generated at a phenological stage in which the plants were in the absence of foliage. The mean distance from derived vine locations to reference measurements taken with a GNSS device was 10.7 cm, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.07. Vine height derivation from a normalized digital surface model (nDSM) using photogrammetric data showcased a strong correlation (R2 = 0.83) with real-world measurements. Vines underwent automated classification through an object-based image analysis (OBIA) framework. This process enabled the computation of ecosystem structures at the individual plant level post-segmentation. Consequently, it delivered comprehensive canopy characteristics rapidly, surpassing the speed of manual measurements. With the use of uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) equipped with optical sensors, dense 3D point clouds were computed for the derivation of canopy-related ecosystem structures of vines. While LAI and LSA computations await validation, they underscore the technical feasibility of obtaining precise geometric and morphological datasets from UAS-collected data paired with 3D point cloud analysis and object-based image analysis.
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Chesney, P., L. Wessel-Beaver, G. Elmstrom, and D. Maynard. "624 PB 448 SHORT- AND LONG-VINE PUMPKINS INTERCROPPED WITH BEANS AND COWPEAS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 521f—522. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.521f.
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Rows of tropical pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata) are typically spaced 3-4 m apart Rows fill in 8 to 10 weeks after planting, potentially allowing a short-seasoned intercrop to be planted. A long-vine cultivar (PRB-150) and a short vine genotype (FL-I25×I21 - winter planting; FL-I25 - fall) were planted 0.9 m within rows by 1.8 between rows in Lajas and Isabela, PR in winter and fall of 1993. Either beans, cowpeas or no intercrop were planted on the same date as the pumpkin maincrop. Legume plots were harvested both green-shelled and dry. Pumpkin canopy cover, yield, fruit number and size were the same in intercropped and non-intercropped plots These same traits varied significantly in short vs. long vine plots (short vine plots were lower yielding with smaller fruits and less canopy cover). Plots planted with the short-vine maincrop generally produced greater legume yields. Harvest of dry beans or cowpeas was nearly impossible in long vine plots since the canopy covered the legume plants at that stage. Intercropped green-shelled bean yields averaged 800 kg/ha. Such a yield would add substantially to the income of the pumpkin maincrop.
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Berk, Peter, Matej Sečnik, Andreja Urbanek Krajnc, and Denis Stajnko. "Digital evaluation of the leaf wall area of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Sauvignon) by using LIDAR measuring technology." Glasnik zaštite bilja 44, no. 4 (2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/gzb.44.4.10.
Full textAbstract:
A dosage rate reduction of plant protection products mixed with water, i.e. spray mixture, in a prescribed concentration in the vineyard will only be possible in the future, if the natural characteristics of vine canopy structures (leaf wall area) and canopy management are taken into account. In a practical experiment in the vineyard we evaluated the leaf wall area of the vine cv. Sauvignon on different segments on the left and right side of the vine canopy. We compared the results of manual measurements and laser measuring technology (LIDAR) with the corresponding algorithm, with which we enabled the digital reconstruction of the leaf wall area of the vine. The manual measurement of the leaf wall area was carried out using an automated image analyser. The digital system for measuring the leaf wall area on different segments consisted of a LIDAR sensor and a Differential Global Positioning System (hereinafter DGPS). To determine the exact DGPS position of the LIDAR sensor during the measurement, we set up a DGPS base station. Using the Excel software (CORREL function), we estimated the relationship between the dependent variable (digital number of points in the cloud) and an independent variable (leaf wall area, manually measured). An analysis of six randomly selected vines in the vineyard revealed the maximum value of the correlation coefficient r = 0.80 for the left side and r = 0.90 for the right side of the leaf wall area of the vine, respectively. In the near future the virtual three-dimensional space will provide more even control of spray mixture over the entire structure of the leaf wall area in the vineyard based on autonomous decision-making models.
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Theocharis, Serafeim, Theodoros Gkrimpizis, Christina Karadimou, Kleopatra-Eleni Nikolaou, Stefanos Koundouras, and Dimitrios Taskos. "Exploring the Interplay of Bud Load and Pruning Type in Shaping ‘Xinomavro’ (Vitis vinifera L.) Vine Growth, Yield, and Berry Composition." Horticulturae 10, no. 10 (2024): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101111.
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‘Xinomavro’ (V. vinifera L.) is an important native red wine grape variety in Northern Greece, particularly in PDO (protected designation of origin) regions. Despite its significance, there is limited research on the effects of pruning type and severity on ‘Xinomavro’ vine physiology, yield, and berry quality across diverse environmental conditions. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap and provide growers with crucial information for optimizing vineyard management practices. The study was conducted over two consecutive years (2016 and 2017) in a vineyard in Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Four treatments (B12: 12 buds on 6 spurs, B24: 24 buds on 12 spurs, M12: 12 buds on 2 canes, and M24: 24 buds on 4 canes) combining two bud load levels (12 or 24 count nodes) and two pruning types (short spurs or long canes) were applied to ‘Xinomavro’ vines in a complete block randomized design. The vine water status, gas exchange, canopy characteristics, yield components, and berry composition were measured. Bud load and pruning type significantly influenced vine canopy development, microclimate, and yield components. Short pruning with high bud load (B24) resulted in denser canopies and higher yields, whereas cane pruning (M12 and M24) led to more open canopies and improved berry quality indicators. Treatment effects on berry composition were inconsistent across years but showed a tendency for higher anthocyanin and total phenol content in cane-pruned vines. This study demonstrates that pruning type (short or long fruiting units) may have a greater impact on vine growth, yield, and berry composition than bud load alone in ‘Xinomavro’ vines. Cane pruning appears to be a more effective strategy for achieving vine balance and potentially improving grape quality under given experimental conditions.
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Sandler, Hilary A. "Nitrogen and Vine-harvest Method Affect Cranberry Vine Production and Yield." HortTechnology 21, no. 1 (2011): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.1.87.
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Four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 lb/acre) were applied annually, and two spring vine-harvest methods (heavy pruning and mowing) were applied biennially in all combinations at one commercial ‘Stevens’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) farm in southeastern Massachusetts for six consecutive years. Vine weights generated from each treatment combination were collected in Years 1, 3, and 5 (vine-harvest years). Mean vine weight across N treatments from the biennial pruning and mowing events was 1.4 and 3.6 tons/acre, respectively. Vine-harvest method affected yield components (number and weight of reproductive uprights) since mowed plots had values near zero in the vine-harvest year, and pruned vines were always productive. Increasing N rate increased overall vine weight produced. Pruned vines produced more marketable fruit than mowed vines in Year 4 and Year 6. Net income declined with increasing N rate (except Year 1). Averaged over 6 years, increasing N rate decreased net income of and had no effect on pruned and mowed vines, respectively. Although an alternate-year mowing program provides minimal opportunity for sustained vine recovery and would not be recommended for use over an extended period, mowing provided similar net income as heavy pruning (assuming income and/or cost savings from both vines and fruit) when 50 lb/acre N was applied. The incorporation of mowing, in conjunction with other cultural practices that manage the cranberry canopy and generate fruit, can be a viable economic option.
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Mundy, D. C., and A. R. G. McLachlan. "Visual symptoms of trunk diseases do not predict vine death." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5910.
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Grapevine trunk diseases are the main reason for vine death in older vineyards These deaths result in economic losses and reduce the productive life of the vineyard On six occasions during a 10year period a single vineyard in Marlborough was monitored for vine deaths A visual assessment of trunk disease symptoms (low canopy vigour and cankers) in individual vines showed that these symptoms did not predict vine death at the next assessment The method of visual assessment is discussed in the context of other Sauvignon blanc vineyards in Marlborough that were similarly assessed but over a shorter time period (within a year) To predict vineyard longevity for the New Zealand industry improved visual assessments or an alternative method of monitoring vine health status is required
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Burgos, S., M. Mota, D. Noll, and B. Cannelle. "USE OF VERY HIGH-RESOLUTION AIRBORNE IMAGES TO ANALYSE 3D CANOPY ARCHITECTURE OF A VINEYARD." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W3 (August 19, 2015): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w3-399-2015.
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Differencing between green cover and grape canopy is a challenge for vigour status evaluation in viticulture. This paper presents the acquisition methodology of very high-resolution images (4 cm), using a Sensefly Swinglet CAM unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and their processing to construct a 3D digital surface model (DSM) for the creation of precise digital terrain models (DTM). The DTM was obtained using python processing libraries. The DTM was then subtracted to the DSM in order to obtain a differential digital model (DDM) of a vineyard. In the DDM, the vine pixels were then obtained by selecting all pixels with an elevation higher than 50 [cm] above the ground level. The results show that it was possible to separate pixels from the green cover and the vine rows. The DDM showed values between &minus;0.1 and + 1.5 [m]. A manually delineation of polygons based on the RGB image belonging to the green cover and to the vine rows gave a highly significant differences with an average value of 1.23 [m] and 0.08 [m] for the vine and the ground respectively. The vine rows elevation is in good accordance with the topping height of the vines 1.35 [m] measured on the field. This mask could be used to analyse images of the same plot taken at different times. The extraction of only vine pixels will facilitate subsequent analyses, for example, a supervised classification of these pixels.
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Wilson, Houston, Armand S. Yazdani, and Kent M. Daane. "Influence of Riparian Habitat and Ground Covers on Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae) Populations in Vineyards." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 5 (2020): 2354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa151.
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Abstract Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is the causal agent of grapevine red blotch disease, which affects wine grapes and leads to reduced crop yield and quality. While some virus spread can be attributed to the propagation of infected plant material, a greenhouse assay recently demonstrated that the threecornered alfalfa hopper (Membracidae: Spissistilus festinus Say) can transmit GRBV between grapevines. While S. festinus is not considered an economic pest of wine grapes, this species is present in California vineyards and their feeding can cause petiole girdling. Recent surveys have noted a correlation between S. festinus populations and GRBV-positive vines in vineyard areas adjacent to riparian habitat. Here, S. festinus populations were monitored over a 2-yr period at multiple vineyard sites adjacent to riparian habitats. At each site, insects were sampled from ground covers and the vine canopy at the vineyard edge and interior, and vines in both locations were evaluated for petiole girdling. Results indicate that there was no difference in abundance of S. festinus at the vineyard edge and interior. Populations in the vine canopy were highest in the late spring and early summer, and this was followed by the appearance of petiole girdling, indicating a key period of potential GRBV transmission. Furthermore, activity in the vine canopy appears to be amplified when the quality of ground covers is reduced as the season progresses. That said, overall populations of S. festinus were relatively low and additional work is needed to characterize the timing and efficiency of transmission under field conditions.
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Palliotti, Alberto, Stefano Poni, Oriana Silvestroni, Sergio Tombesi, and Fabio Bernizzoni. "Morpho-structural and physiological performance of Sangiovese and Montepulciano cvv. (Vitis vinifera) under non-limiting water supply conditions." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 11 (2011): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11093.
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Morpho-structural and physiological traits of Sangiovese and Montepulciano varieties (Vitis vinifera L. – two red grapes widely cultivated in Italy), grown outside under non-limiting water supply conditions were evaluated in 2007 and 2008 and results were correlated with yield components and grape composition. The 2-year analysis showed intraspecific differences in canopy characteristics, leaf and shoot properties, photosynthetic ability, water use efficiency, vine yield and grape composition. Compared with Sangiovese, Montepulciano was able to assure a higher whole-canopy seasonal net CO2 exchange rate during the season (+38% in mid morning and +49% in mid afternoon). It also had higher water use efficiency (especially early in the morning and in late afternoon) and a higher vine yield (+16%). Furthermore, total soluble solids (+1.7 °Brix), anthocyanins (+0.44 mg cm–2 berry skin) and phenolic compounds (+0.88 mg cm–2 berry skin) were higher in the grapes. To ensure this performance, Montepulciano vines have to support higher costs of growth and maintenance processes, made possible because of the increased respiration activity of the canopy during the night. We confirmed that vine yield and grape composition is strictly dependent on the seasonal photosynthetic capacity of the canopy. Therefore, Montepulciano should be put in a position to fully realise this substantial photosynthetic potential, by avoiding or reducing environmental stress. Sangiovese is structurally and morpho-physiologically better able to withstand any stress during the summer than Montepulciano. Sangiovese xylem tissue had larger mean vessel density and smaller mean vessel diameter and hydraulic conductance than Montepulciano, holding the hypothesis of less susceptibility to conduit damage.
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Niu, Zijie, Juntao Deng, Xu Zhang, Jun Zhang, Shijia Pan, and Haotian Mu. "Identifying the Branch of Kiwifruit Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Images Using Deep Learning Method." Sensors 21, no. 13 (2021): 4442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134442.
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It is important to obtain accurate information about kiwifruit vines to monitoring their physiological states and undertake precise orchard operations. However, because vines are small and cling to trellises, and have branches laying on the ground, numerous challenges exist in the acquisition of accurate data for kiwifruit vines. In this paper, a kiwifruit canopy distribution prediction model is proposed on the basis of low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images and deep learning techniques. First, the location of the kiwifruit plants and vine distribution are extracted from high-precision images collected by UAV. The canopy gradient distribution maps with different noise reduction and distribution effects are generated by modifying the threshold and sampling size using the resampling normalization method. The results showed that the accuracies of the vine segmentation using PSPnet, support vector machine, and random forest classification were 71.2%, 85.8%, and 75.26%, respectively. However, the segmentation image obtained using depth semantic segmentation had a higher signal-to-noise ratio and was closer to the real situation. The average intersection over union of the deep semantic segmentation was more than or equal to 80% in distribution maps, whereas, in traditional machine learning, the average intersection was between 20% and 60%. This indicates the proposed model can quickly extract the vine distribution and plant position, and is thus able to perform dynamic monitoring of orchards to provide real-time operation guidance.
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Molnár, Szilárd, Barna Keresztes, and Levente Tamás. "Feature Pyramid Network based Proximal Vine Canopy Segmentation." IFAC-PapersOnLine 56, no. 2 (2023): 8920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2023.10.097.
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Sulladmath, V. V., K. Srinivas, and R. H. Laxman. "Yield and Quality of Passion Fruit in Relation to Training Systems." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 7, no. 1 (2012): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v7i1.389.
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Four different training systems, viz., Kniffin, High trellis, Tatura and Bower were evaluated in passion fruit cv. Kaveri. Kniffin system with 4 arms recorded highest cumulative yield of 67.22 t/ha with a cost:benefit ratio of 1:4.25, followed by Kniffin 2 arm and 6 arm, respectively. Kniffin system was also the most ideal system of training for passion fruit, facilitating easy cultural operations. Although Tatura system recorded highest cumulative yield/vine (43.57kg), it registered lowest yield/ha, largely due to lower plant population/ha (1250 vines/ha). Fruit quality parameters like TSS, Vit. C, carotene content and titrable acidity were not significantly influenced by different training systems. Similarly, interception of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) by the canopy did not differ significantly among training systems. Though photosynthetic rate did not differ significantly, shaded leaves in the canopy did not contribute photosynthates and were parasitic on the vine.
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Downton, WJS, and WJR Grant. "Photosynthetic Physiology of Spur Pruned and Minimal Pruned Grapevines." Functional Plant Biology 19, no. 3 (1992): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9920309.
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Canopy development, photosynthetic performance and yield characteristics of Riesling grapevines managed by either conventional spur pruning or minimal pruning were compared over a growing season. Leaf area development 4-5 weeks after budburst was 4-5-fold greater on the minimal pruned vines due to the 6-7-fold greater number of buds that burst to produce shoots. By time of flowering (8 weeks after budburst) there was less than a 2-fold difference between the pruning treatments in leaf area per vine. At time of harvest the leaf area of spur pruned vines on a Y-shaped trellis exceeded that of minimal pruned vines. Average photosynthetic rates of leaves on shoots on minimal pruned vines were 40% higher than on spur pruned vines at 4 weeks after budburst, but average rates were similar the following week and thereafter. Calculated instantaneous photosynthetic rates for entire vines were 3-6-fold higher for the minimal pruned vines at 4-5 weeks after budburst. However, by time of flowering, vines in both treatments had similar photosynthetic rates. At harvest, spur pruned vines showed somewhat greater instantaneous carbon gain than minimal pruned vines. Carbon gain per vine per day estimated from hourly measurements of irradiance over the canopy showed a similar trend to the instantaneous rates. Leaf conductances did not differ with pruning treatment. Calculated instantaneous water loss per vine was 2-5-fold higher for minimal pruned vines 4-5 weeks after budburst, but from flowering onwards spur pruned vines were likely to use more water than minimal pruned vines. Minimal pruned vines yielded twice the quantity of fruit of spur pruned vines, but only one-quarter the dry weight of new canes. Total carbon invested in fruit, new canes and leaves, however, was similar in both pruning treatments, accounting for 60-70% of the estimated carbon gain by the vines.
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Wall, D. A., and L. Townley-Smith. "Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) response to field pea (Pisum sativum) cultivar and seeding rate." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (1996): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-152.
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Field studies were conducted at Morden, Manitoba from 1992 to 1995 and Wadena, Saskatchewan in 1995 to investigate the effect of cultivar selection and seeding rate on field pea competitiveness with wild mustard. Cultivars that had both long vines and rapid canopy development (leaf area index) were more competitive with wild mustard than those with short vines and slow canopy development. Cultivars differed markedly in their ability to suppress weed growth. Wild mustard density was affected in 2 of 4 yr by cultivar selection, while weed biomass was affected in 3 of 4 yr. Field pea yield losses under weedy conditions differed among cultivars and those cultivars that more effectively reduced wild mustard density or biomass had the lowest yield losses. Yield losses from wild mustard competition did not differ among cultivars when weed pressure was high and weeds emerged 1 wk before the crop. Seeding rate of Titan, a cultivar with long vine length, affected wild mustard biomass more than Trump, a cultivar with a short vine length. Key words: Competitiveness, leaf area index, yield
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Poni, S., E. Magnanini, and B. Rebucci. "An Automated Chamber System for Measurements of Whole-vine Gas Exchange." HortScience 32, no. 1 (1997): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.1.64.
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The reported system interfaces a commercially available portable infrared gas analyzer with a measurement and control module for continuous and automated measurements of whole-canopy gas exchange. Readings were taken for several days, under mostly sunny or partly cloudy conditions, on two potted vines (total leaf area per vine of ≈1.3 m2) enclosed in inflated polyethylene chambers. The air flow rate through the chambers was provided by a centrifugal blower and set at 5 L·s-1 by a butterfly valve. It prevented ΔCO2 from dropping below –40 mL·L-1. Switching of the two CO2 analysis channels to the infrared gas analyzer (operated in a differential mode) was achieved by solenoid valves, whereas wet and dry-bulb temperatures at chambers' inlet and outlet were measured by low-cost, custom-made thermocouple psychrometers. Whole-vine assimilation rate (WVA) and whole-vine transpiration rate were calculated from the inlet—outlet differences in CO2 and absolute humidity. When compared to assimilation measured on single leaves (SLA) under saturating light at equivalent times, the WVA reduction (area basis) was ≈50%, suggesting that whole-canopy photosynthetic efficiency based on SLA readings can be greatly overestimated.
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Williams, Larry E. "MODELLING WATER USE OF GRAPEVINE." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 489g—489. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.489g.
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An ongoing study measuring grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Thompson Seedless) water use with a weighing lysimeter is being used to develop a model to simulate vine water use on both a diurnal and seasonal basis. A method to calculate the aerodynamic resistance (ra) of the vines was first determined. Subsequently, a model to predict canopy resistance (rc based solely upon intercepted photon flux density (PFD) was developed. The modeled values of ra and rcwere substituted into a resistance-energy balance equation to predict vine ET. The modeled parameters were validated against diurnal measurements of ET from the lysimeter. The greatest difference between modeled and measured rc occurred prior to 1000 h and subsequent to 1500 h each day. The model overestimated vine ET by 14 and 23% on 16 and 24 June, 1992, respectively. Ambient temperature and vapor pressure deficit were greater on 24 June than on 16 June. Refinements in calculating PFD interception by the vine's canopy early and late in the day and incorporating the effects of other environmental factors on grape stomatal conductance should improve the predictive capabilities of the model.
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Ferlito, Filippo, Daria Costantino, Serena Camuglia, et al. "Effect of early shoot trimming on canopy architecture and vine performance of Carricante grapevines." Italus Hortus 31, no. 2 (2024): 4. https://doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2024.2.0110.
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Morpho-physiological changes, excessive sugar accumulation, low acidity and color, and atypical flavors have been well documented worldwide as a consequence of global warming. These upheavals suggest a re-think of viticulture models and/or management strategies. This study focused on early shoot trimming to evaluate how changes in canopy architecture can influence its functionality and grape qualitative-quantitative traits. The experiment was carried out in 2023 in a 12-year-old vineyard on Etna Mount (Sicily island) on the white grape variety Carricante. At the BBCH73 stage (berries groat-sized), all shoots on 180 vines were trimmed at the height of the node above the last bunch (TR), whereas the other 180 vines were subjected to late shoot trimming during the last week of August (CT). The early trimming removed 61% of the total leaf area and did not cause any berry drop. The vine performances were influenced by high temperatures in summer, with peaks of over 46 °C, which were responsible for the premature senescence of basal leaves from primary shoots and the lack of development of laterals in CT vines. The TR determined a change in vine architecture, characterized by a reduced vigour and canopy height and an increase in the leaf area (+34%), thanks to lateral shoot development, resulting in the most dense canopy. In the TR vines, the yield and their components were unchanged compared to CT vines, whereas a reduction in sugar (21.6 vs. 23.1 °Brix) and an increase in polyphenols (+20%) were found.
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Bonada, Marcos, Ignacio Buesa, Martin A. Moran, and Victor O. Sadras. "Interactive effects of warming and water deficit on Shiraz vine transpiration in the Barossa Valley, Australia." OENO One 52, no. 2 (2018): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.2.2141.
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Anticipating vineyard irrigation requirements in future climates is of strategic importance to maintain sustainability and wine regional identity. In the context of worldwide warming and climate-driven shifts in amount and seasonality of rainfall, we investigate the interactive effects of warming and water deficit on vine transpiration. Transpiration of Shiraz vines was measured with thermal dissipation sap flow probes in a factorial experiment combining two thermal (heated with open-top chambers and control at ambient temperature) and two water regimes (wet and dry). Increased vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and canopy size in heated vines led to higher transpiration rates in irrigated vines during the first season. However, faster depletion of soil water by highly transpiring vines, followed by insufficient soil water replenishment by rain and irrigation, resulted in a negative feedback on vine transpiration the following season when heated vines were more water stressed than controls. The effect of warming was thus reversed the second season, with higher transpiration under ambient temperature. Therefore, dry soil, we suggest, could over-ride the effect of warming on the other variables driving transpiration (VPD, canopy size, and possibly stomatal conductance). Water scheduling will need to incorporate increased water demand under elevated temperature to maintain grapevine production in the long term.
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Reynolds, Andrew G. "Inhibition of Lateral Shoot Growth in Summer-hedged ‘Riesling’ Grapevines by Paclobutrazol." HortScience 23, no. 4 (1988): 728–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.4.728.
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Abstract ‘Riesling’ (Vitis vinifera L., clone 21B Weis) vines under each of two canopy management treatments (nonhedged, hedged) were subjected to two levels of paclobutrazol (PB) (0, 500 mg·liter–1; 750 mg·liter–1 in 1 year)applied as a foliar spray to the upper portion of the canopy. PB reduced growth of lateral shoots, primarily to the uppermost portion of the main shoot, in both hedged and nonhedged vines. Vine size was not reduced by PB application. PB increased °Brix in fruit of hedged vines in 1984 and 1986. No major effects of either factor were observed on yield components, but PB increased berry size in 1986. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1-H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
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Tarricone, Luigi, Michele Faccia, Gianvito Masi, and Giuseppe Gambacorta. "The Impact of Early Basal Leaf Removal at Different Sides of the Canopy on Aglianico Grape Quality." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (2020): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120630.
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It is known that early removal of basal leaves improves the exposure of cluster to direct sunlight and UV radiation, which positively influence the phenolic compounds and anthocyanin concentration of berries. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of leaf removal applied before flowering to the basal zone of the canopy at different sides (fruit-zone north canopy side, south canopy side and north–south canopy side, respectively) of Aglianico vines trained to vertical shoot position system and row oriented to east–west (EW). The study was conducted in the controlled and guaranteed designation of origin (CGDO) Castel del Monte area (Apulia region, Italy). The treatment did not affect yield per vine, and nor sugar, pH, and total acidity of grapes. When it was applied to the basal south canopy side, the concentration of proanthocyanidins and total polyphenols of grapes increased, as well as antioxidant activity. In particular, anthocyanins content, determined by HPLC, increased by 20% with respect to control when treatment was applied to south and north–south canopy sides. Interaction between season period and treatment was found for all anthocyanins except for petunidin-3-coumaroyl-glucoside. Basal leaf removal applied to the north canopy side caused an increase in malvidin-3-O-glucoside content in grapes in 2016 and 2018, but not in 2017. Our results indicate that basal leaf removal (six basal leaves removed from the base of the shoots) before flowering (BBCH 57) can be used as an effective strategy to improve grape total polyphenols, anthocyanins concentration and antioxidant activity in vineyards cultivated under warm climate conditions. The treatment could represent a sustainable alternative to manual cluster thinning since it does not reduce yield per vine and can be performed mechanically.
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Di Gennaro, Salvatore Filippo, Gian Luca Vannini, Andrea Berton, Riccardo Dainelli, Piero Toscano, and Alessandro Matese. "Missing Plant Detection in Vineyards Using UAV Angled RGB Imagery Acquired in Dormant Period." Drones 7, no. 6 (2023): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7060349.
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Since 2010, more and more farmers have been using remote sensing data from unmanned aerial vehicles, which have a high spatial–temporal resolution, to determine the status of their crops and how their fields change. Imaging sensors, such as multispectral and RGB cameras, are the most widely used tool in vineyards to characterize the vegetative development of the canopy and detect the presence of missing vines along the rows. In this study, the authors propose different approaches to identify and locate each vine within a commercial vineyard using angled RGB images acquired during winter in the dormant period (without canopy leaves), thus minimizing any disturbance to the agronomic practices commonly conducted in the vegetative period. Using a combination of photogrammetric techniques and spatial analysis tools, a workflow was developed to extract each post and vine trunk from a dense point cloud and then assess the number and position of missing vines with high precision. In order to correctly identify the vines and missing vines, the performance of four methods was evaluated, and the best performing one achieved 95.10% precision and 92.72% overall accuracy. The results confirm that the methodology developed represents an effective support in the decision-making processes for the correct management of missing vines, which is essential for preserving a vineyard’s productive capacity and, more importantly, to ensure the farmer’s economic return.
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González-Flor, Cristina, Lydia Serrano, and Gil Gorchs. "Use of Reflectance Indices to Assess Vine Water Status under Mild to Moderate Water Deficits." Agronomy 9, no. 7 (2019): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070346.
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The monitoring of vine water status is of interest for irrigation management in order to improve water use while optimizing both berry yield and quality. Remote-sensing techniques might provide accurate, rapid, and non-destructive estimates of vine water status. The objective of this study was to test the capability of the reflectance-based water index (WI) and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) to characterize Vitis vinifera L. cv. Xarel·lo water status under mild to moderate water deficits. The study was conducted at the leaf level in irrigated potted plants and at the plant level on five commercial rain-fed vineyards in 2009 and 2010. In potted plants, the reflectance indices PRI and WI closely tracked variation in the leaf-to-air temperature difference (ΔT) with r2 = 0.81 and r2 = 0.83, for WI and PRI, respectively (p < 0.01). In addition, in potted plants, both PRI and WI showed significant relationships with light-use efficiency (LUE)—calculated as the ratio between net CO2 assimilation rate (An) and incident photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) at the leaf surface—with r2 = 0.92 and r2 = 0.74 for PRI and WI, respectively. At the canopy level, vine predawn water potential (Ψpd) was related to the canopy-to-air temperature difference (ΔTm) across years (r2 = 0.37, p < 0.05). In the years of study, the relationships between PRI and WI showed variable degrees of correlation against Ψpd and ΔTm. Across years, PRI and WI showed significant relationships with Ψpd, with r2 = 0.41 and r2 = 0.37 (p < 0.01), for WI and PRI, respectively. Indices formulated to account for variation in canopy structure (i.e., PRInorm and WInorm) showed similar degrees of correlation against Ψpd to their original formulations. In addition, PRI and WI were capable of differentiating (p < 0.01) between mild (Ψpd > −0.4 MPa) and moderate (Ψpd < −0.4 MPa) water deficits, and a similar response was observed when PRInorm and WInorm—formulated to account for variation in canopy structure—were considered. Thus, at the leaf level, our result suggest that WI and PRI can be used to adequately predict the diurnal dynamics of stomatal aperture and transpiration. In addition, at the canopy level, PRI and WI effectively differentiated vines under mild water deficits from those experiencing moderate water deficits. Thus, our results show the capability of WI and PRI in characterizing vine water status under mild to moderate water deficits.
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Campos, Javier, Francisco García-Ruíz, and Emilio Gil. "Assessment of Vineyard Canopy Characteristics from Vigour Maps Obtained Using UAV and Satellite Imagery." Sensors 21, no. 7 (2021): 2363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072363.
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Canopy characterisation is a key factor for the success and efficiency of the pesticide application process in vineyards. Canopy measurements to determine the optimal volume rate are currently conducted manually, which is time-consuming and limits the adoption of precise methods for volume rate selection. Therefore, automated methods for canopy characterisation must be established using a rapid and reliable technology capable of providing precise information about crop structure. This research providedregression models for obtaining canopy characteristics of vineyards from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite images collected in three significant growth stages. Between 2018 and 2019, a total of 1400 vines were characterised manually and remotely using a UAV and a satellite-based technology. The information collected from the sampled vines was analysed by two different procedures. First, a linear relationship between the manual and remote sensing data was investigated considering every single vine as a data point. Second, the vines were clustered based on three vigour levels in the parcel, and regression models were fitted to the average values of the ground-based and remote sensing-estimated canopy parameters. Remote sensing could detect the changes in canopy characteristics associated with vegetation growth. The combination of normalised differential vegetation index (NDVI) and projected area extracted from the UAV images is correlated with the tree row volume (TRV) when raw point data were used. This relationship was improved and extended to canopy height, width, leaf wall area, and TRV when the data were clustered. Similarly, satellite-based NDVI yielded moderate coefficients of determination for canopy width with raw point data, and for canopy width, height, and TRV when the vines were clustered according to the vigour. The proposed approach should facilitate the estimation of canopy characteristics in each area of a field using a cost-effective, simple, and reliable technology, allowing variable rate application in vineyards.
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Perry, Julie, Sébastien Debuisson, and Arnaud Descôtes. "Experimental training systems in Champagne: an overview of agronomical and qualitative parameters." E3S Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001042.
Full textAbstract:
Vine implantation in Champagne is strictly regulated. Row spacing is limited to 1,50 meter and the canopy height can not exceed 1,40 m. The traditional training system is therefore characterized by narrow spaced vines. From the late eighties, different vine training systems, such as lyres, have been tested in the Champagne area. The aim is to assess their interests in the terroir of Champagne, which is characterised by its cool climate, soil profile and its customs. Whereas the lyre training showed its limits in the Champagne context, some other training systems have been implemented such as half-widely-spaced vines. These devices are characterised by a row spacing of two meters, a consistent cover crop and a canopy up to two meters. The plots are located in various places in the area and are strictly followed each year since 2006 (and 2000 for the first sites). Phenological, agronomical and ripening parameters are controlled and compared to the traditional training system plots. Experimental vinifications are done each year so that sensory analysis can be undertaken to assess the ability of these vines to produce wines with a Champagne typicality. The results of this experimental device show interesting conclusions on the agronomical behaviour of experimental widely-spaced vines in a cool climate region. Spring frost resistance, cover crop management and ripening are some elements which show differences between the reference traditional system (REF) and the widely-spaced vines (VSL).
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Vatavuk, Ivo, Goran Vasiljević, and Zdenko Kovačić. "Task Space Model Predictive Control for Vineyard Spraying with a Mobile Manipulator." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (2022): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030381.
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In this paper, a Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based approach for vineyard spraying is presented, able to adapt to different vine row structures and suitable for real-time applications. In the presented approach, the mobile base moves along a row of vines while the robotic arm controls the position and orientation of the spray nozzle. A reference lawnmower pattern trajectory is generated from the vine canopy description, with the aim of minimizing waste while ensuring vine coverage. MPC is used to compute the trajectory of the vehicle along the row and the manipulator tool trajectory, which follow the spray reference, while minimizing vehicle acceleration and tool displacement. The manipulator tool velocity commands provided by the MPC algorithm are tracked using task space control. The presented approach is evaluated in two experiments: a vineyard spraying scenario and an external evaluation scenario in an indoor environment equipped with the Optitrack camera system.
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Patterson, W. Keith, and Bruce W. Zoecklein. "Vegetative and Berry Chemistry Response to Canopy Manipulation and Ethephon in `Norton' Grapes." HortScience 25, no. 8 (1990): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.905.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between canopy manipulation to improve solar penetration and ethephon application was studied on field-grown Vitis aestivalis L. `Norton' grapevines. Canopy manipulation involved removal of nonfruitful shoots, topping, and application of ethephon (750 mg·liter-1) at two intervals. Vines that were shoot-positioned and topped were not significantly different from control in soluble solids accumulation, but were superior to both ethephon treatments. Potassium levels in grape berries were lower in all treatments than in the control, but malate was significantly reduced only in the 2nd year of the 2-year study. Ethephon successfully controlled vine size and lateral development and thus increased solar penetration into the fruiting zone. Chemical name used: 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon).
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Madhushani, K. P. P., H. M. P. A. Subasinghe, R. M. Fonseka, and T. Sivananthawerl. "Modified Canopy Architecture Enhanced Yield of Black Pepper (<em>Piper nigrum</em> L.) through High Absorption and Distribution of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)." Tropical Agricultural Research 35, no. 3 (2024): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v35i3.8788.
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Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), is a woody perennial climbing plant belonging to family Piperaceae and the most consumed spice in the world. Although the support tree Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) is pruned 3 to 4 times per year, pepper vines are not annually pruned in Sri Lanka. The characteristic cylindrical compact canopy of pepper is inefficient in intercepting solar radiation compared to most other vine crops. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of different canopy pruning practices on the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) interception efficiency of the plant canopy and its effect on the yield. Four treatments on pruning practices were compared to each other. Treatments were, T1 – Control (no pruning); T2 - maintaining cone-shaped canopy by pruning only the plagiotropic branches; T3 - partial pruning of lateral branches of only the upper half (layer 1 and layer 2) of the canopy; and T4 - removal of 25% of lateral branches allowing uniform distribution of sunlight all over the canopy (loose canopy). The results revealed that T2 and T4 pruning methods significantly improved the yield (P<0.05) compared to T1 and T3. Hence, both modifying the cone-shaped canopy and maintaining a loose canopy all over the plant are better pruning practices to maximize yield through efficient PAR absorption. Therefore, adopting either of these pruning methods can be recommended as better practices for farmers to maximize their crop yield.
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Kalisperakis, I., Ch Stentoumis, L. Grammatikopoulos, and K. Karantzalos. "LEAF AREA INDEX ESTIMATION IN VINEYARDS FROM UAV HYPERSPECTRAL DATA, 2D IMAGE MOSAICS AND 3D CANOPY SURFACE MODELS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1/W4 (August 26, 2015): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w4-299-2015.
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The indirect estimation of leaf area index (LAI) in large spatial scales is crucial for several environmental and agricultural applications. To this end, in this paper, we compare and evaluate LAI estimation in vineyards from different UAV imaging datasets. In particular, canopy levels were estimated from i.e., (<i>i</i>) hyperspectral data, (<i>ii</i>) 2D RGB orthophotomosaics and (<i>iii</i>) 3D crop surface models. The computed canopy levels have been used to establish relationships with the measured LAI (ground truth) from several vines in Nemea, Greece. The overall evaluation indicated that the estimated canopy levels were correlated (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> > 73%) with the in-situ, ground truth LAI measurements. As expected the lowest correlations were derived from the calculated greenness levels from the 2D RGB orthomosaics. The highest correlation rates were established with the hyperspectral canopy greenness and the 3D canopy surface models. For the later the accurate detection of canopy, soil and other materials in between the vine rows is required. All approaches tend to overestimate LAI in cases with sparse, weak, unhealthy plants and canopy.
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Kandylakis, Zacharias, Alexandros Falagas, Christina Karakizi, and Konstantinos Karantzalos. "Water Stress Estimation in Vineyards from Aerial SWIR and Multispectral UAV Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (2020): 2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152499.
Full textAbstract:
Mapping water stress in vineyards, at the parcel level, is of significant importance for supporting crop management decisions and applying precision agriculture practices. In this paper, a novel methodology based on aerial Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) data is presented, towards the estimation of water stress in vineyards at canopy scale for entire parcels. In particular, aerial broadband spectral data were collected from an integrated SWIR and multispectral instrumentation, onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Concurrently, in-situ leaf stomatal conductance measurements and supplementary data for radiometric and geometric corrections were acquired. A processing pipeline has been designed, developed, and validated, able to execute the required analysis, including data pre-processing, data co-registration, reflectance calibration, canopy extraction and water stress estimation. Experiments were performed at two viticultural regions in Greece, for several vine parcels of four different vine varieties, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Syrah and Xinomavro. The performed qualitative and quantitative assessment indicated that a single model for the estimation of water stress across all studied vine varieties was not able to be established (r2 < 0.30). Relatively high correlation rates (r2 > 0.80) were achieved per variety and per individual variety clone. The overall root mean square error (RMSE) for the estimated canopy water stress was less than 29 mmol m−2 s−1, spanning from no-stress to severe canopy stress levels. Overall, experimental results and validation indicated the quite high potentials of the proposed instrumentation and methodology.
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Beslic, Zoran, Slavica Todic, and Sasa Matijasevic. "Prediction of yield by digital image analysis of vine." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 59, no. 2 (2014): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1402201b.
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The grape yield per vine of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) was evaluated on the basis of digital image processing of vine part. Digital camera was mounted on tripod and used for taking photos of 1 x 1 m portions of canopy. The Adobe Photoshop software was used to analyse image for the colour counting of the blue pixels of grape in the quadrant region. The actual yield was obtained from the photographed vines by hand harvesting of sampled portions. Linear regression was used for calculation of the correlation between blue pixels and grape weight. The relatively strong relationship between blue pixels and grape weight (R2=0.91) was obtained. Based on these results, we can recommend this simple technique for yield forecasting.
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Goffinet, Martin C., Mary Jean Welser, Alan N. Lakso, and Robert M. Pool. "191 Structure and Development of Cultivated Grapevines in the Northeastern United States." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 475B—475. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.475b.
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Northeastern U.S. grape growers have become more knowledgeable about many aspects of grape production, including pruning and training, canopy management, nutritional recommendations, pest and disease management strategies, vineyard floor management, etc. Important to all these aspects is a firm understanding of vine structure and development. Yet, there is no current publication on vine growth and development that growers and researchers can consult to gain an understanding of the organs, tissues, and developmental processes that contribute to growth and production of quality vines in the northeastern U.S. climate. A concerted effort is underway to secure enough information on how vines are constructed, grow, and develop in the northeast so that a publication useful to a wide audience can be produced. Our objective is to consolidate information already on hand that can help explain the internal and external structures of grapevines that are pertinent to the needs of northeast growers, to add information that is lacking by collecting and examining vine parts, and to work toward integrating vine structure with vine physiology and viticultural practices. Over the past decade, organs of various native American, French hybrid, and vinifera varieties have been collected from vineyards at Cornell's experiment stations and from growers' vineyards in the Finger Lakes and Lake Erie regions. Much quantitative data on vine development have been collected and interpreted. Lab work has included dissections of organs, histological and microscopic examination, microphotography, and the production of interpretive diagrams and charts. A list of the subject matter and examples of visual materials will be presented.
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Somkuwar, R. G., S. D. Ramteke, J. Satisha, Mahadev Bhange, and Prerna Itroutwar. "Effect of Canopy Management Practices during forward Pruning on Berry Development and Photosynthesis in Tas-A-Ganesh Grapes." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 9, no. 1 (2014): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v9i1.211.
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Effect of canopy manipulation during forward pruning on berry development and photosynthetic parameters was studied in Tas-A-Ganesh grape grafted onto Dogridge rootstock. Canopy manipulation including shoot thinning, leaf removal, shoot thinning with leaf removal, and shoot pinching, was done after forward pruning. Significant differences were observed in yield and quality. Shoot thinning to about 40 shoots per vine, with removal of three basal leaves, resulted in significantly higher yield, followed by that in shoot thinning alone. Lowest yield was recorded in the Control. Leaf removal drastically reduced bunch development affecting berry weight, diameter and length compared to other treatments. Among different canopy manipulation treatments, higher average bunch weight was recorded in shoot thinning plus leaf removal, whereas, lowest bunch weight was recorded with leaf removal alone. At harvest, the amount of total soluble solids in berries was low in leaf removal at pre-bloom stage, but increased in the treatment of shoot thinning with leaf removal, at the same stage. Different canopy manipulation treatments had significant impact on photosynthesis and transpiration rates. Overall results indicated that canopy manipulation practices such as shoot thinning, to retain 40 shoots per vine with or without leaf removal, followed by pinching, can be recommended to grape growers.
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Plank, Cassandra M., Edward W. Hellman, and Thayne Montague. "Light and Temperature Independently Influence Methoxypyrazine Content of Vitis vinifera (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) Berries." HortScience 54, no. 2 (2019): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13634-18.
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Methoxypyrazines (MPs) are fruit-derived extractable compounds that contribute to cultivar-specific aroma traits in wine, and greater concentrations can contribute to unpleasant vegetative aromas. Both light exposure and temperature have been reported to influence MP content in developing wine grapes, but individual effects of light and temperature are confounded. A novel method of manipulating light exposure with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was used to impose light treatments with little or no effect on cluster temperature. Three treatments were imposed on developing fruit of Vitis vinifera (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon): 1) clusters exposed to direct sunlight, 2) clusters shaded by the grapevine canopy, and 3) clusters shaded by the canopy and exposed to supplemental LED light. Experiments were conducted over 3 years across pre- and postveraison periods of fruit development. A second experiment imposed the same light exposure treatments to ripening clusters on vines experiencing continual shoot growth during the postveraison period. Light exposure reduced 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) concentration of developing grape berries in the preveraison period independently of berry heating from solar radiation. Berry IBMP responded less to postveraison light levels, except on vines with active shoot growth, suggesting IBMP synthesis was continued during active vine growth but was suppressed by light. An inverse relationship of growing degree days (GDDs) with berry IBMP was observed, indicating high temperatures also reduce berry IBMP concentration. Response to temperature could result from either radiant heating of light-exposed clusters or from high ambient air temperature. Canopy management should consider the impact of both light and temperature on IBMP, and vine management practices should be adjusted appropriately to regional growing conditions and grape cultivars.