Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vingle'
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Beaubien, Marie-Michelle. "L'utilisation de la violence à travers la littérature pamphlétaire du début de la Réforme de l'aire française : les écrits de polémique religieuse de Pierre de Vingle (1533-1535)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18124.
Full textDompierre, Aurélia. "Edition et étude littéraire de la version française en prose de la légende d'Ogier le Danois conservée dans les trois premiers imprimés : Lyon, Jean de Vingle (1496) ; Paris, (pour) Antoine Vérard (s.d.) ; Paris, Le Petit Laurens (s.d.)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAC029/document.
Full textNo manuscript of Ogier le Danois in prose became known to us. However, we conserve the three first printed editions : Lyon, Jean de Vingle, 1496 ; Paris, « pour » Antoine Vérard, s.d. ; Paris, Le Petit Laurens, s.d. The aim of the thesis is to provide the first critical edition of this prose from the exemplary of Paris from Vérard’s edition, preserved in the BnF. The revised text is presented with variants given by the other two printed editions, notes, a glossary, an index of proper nouns and a list of proverbial phrases. The reading of the texte is preparing by an introduction that deals with these following points : study of the three first printed editions (description, classification, selection of one exemplary, revision of the text) ; Antoine Vérard ; prose’s sources ; prose’s posterity with the editions dating from the XVIth century (presentation and classification) and the later editions and traductions ; revision of the text ; linguistic study (phonetic and written forms, morphology, syntax, vocabulary), charactéristic of middle french, with some dialectal traits from the North and the East ; analysis of the story ; finally, literary study aiming in particular at assessing the rewriting work made by the prose writer from the source (the poem in alexandrine dating from the XIVth century) and the style of the author, typical of the flamboyant writing of the XVIth century
Cabanillas, Juarez Junior Jesus, Laurent Thais Elizabeth Melendez, Patroni Floiraz Camila Fernanda Patiño, Quiñe Fiorella Valentina Torres, and Salgado Kiara Romina Yarleque. "Vinyclock: relojes de pared." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626554.
Full textIn the present work, we explain how a product, which is often considered unusable or no longer suitable for the use that was usually given to it due to the advancement of technology, can be reused. Our business idea that we're going to present is a clock made with openwork vinyl records, which can be used to decorate or personalize a space in your home or office. To do this, we have set our target and we have calculated the market size according to the number of people that meet the criteria of our segmentation. With this data, we have validated the purchase intention of our product through surveys and, finally, we have finalized sales. On the other hand, we have calculated the investment that we would need to carry out this project, as well as the projected sales to 3 years, the NPV of the company and other financial indicators that help us validate if our business idea is profitable or not. For the results shown throughout the investigation, we can confirm that Vinyclock is a viable project. In addition, it's a project that also contributes to the environment by reusing waste and giving it a new use.
Trabajo de investigación
Palma, Mauri Sergio Alves. "Polimerização de acetato de vinila em emulsão de modo contínuo em coluna pulsada de pratos perfurados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-27082013-122010/.
Full textIndustrial emulsion polymerization processes are usually carried out in stirred tanks operated in batch/semibatch or in continuous mode (CSTR). In comparison to batch processes, continuous reactors present several advantages such as lower volumes and better quality control by reducing batch-to-batch variations. Continuous emulsion polymerization in CSTR may exhibit sustained oscillations in conversion, particle size and particle concentration. Such oscillations may be reduced in pulsed tubular reactors due to less axial mixing. In this thesis a new type of tubular reactor, called Pulsed Sieve Plate Column, PSPC, was developed for the continuous process of vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization. This reactor is operated using oscillatory pulsed flow and uses perforated plates as internals. Residence time distribution runs were carried out in a glass reactor in order to characterize the axial mixing and flow patterns in the PSPC. The data were treated using the axially dispersed plug flow model. Axial dispersion coefficient was measured for different conditions of pulse frequency and amplitude, flow rate, plate spacing and viscosity. It was found that the degree of axial mixing can be varied in wide ranges by manipulating pulsation frequency and/or amplitude. Vinyl acetate continuous emulsion polymerization runs were carried out in a jacketed stainless steel reactor (with the same size of the glass reactor). Monomer conversion and particle size distribution was measured both at the reactor exit in transient state and along the reactor length at steady-state. It was found that average residence time and degree of axial mixing affect process and product quality variables, such as monomer conversion, mean particle size and concentration, but did not affect the viscosity of the emulsion produced, for the recipe and conditions used. A mathematical model for the reactor was developed. The model used, based on a well-known kinetic model previously developed in the literature for batch emulsion polymerization, was adapted to the continuous tubular reactor by adding the dispersion and convective terms to the balance equations. The model was numerically solved. Only two parameters were adjusted in this model and the simulated results showed excellent agreement with the experimental results, for steady state conditions. The proposed tubular reactor allows to reach high monomer conversion with similar or even lower residence time than those in batch processes and reaches steady state operation in just one to two mean residence times. The reactor is efficient, easy-to-built, easy-to-clean, robust and promising for use in industrial continuous emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate.
Hashimoto, Patrícia Kazuyo. "Complexos de Mn(II) e Fe(II) coordenados a bases de Schiff Bidentadas derivadas de cicloalquilaminas como mediadores da OMRP de acetato de vinila /." Presidente Prudente, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154400.
Full textCoorientador: Valdemiro Pereira de Carvalho Júnior
Banca: Pedro Ivo da Silva Maia
Banca: Ana Maria Pires
Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, a polimerização radicalar controlada (CRP) tem se tornado muito importante, pois permite a síntese de macromoléculas de arquiteturas específicas com um controle sobre as propriedades químicas e físicas. Sendo assim, este trabalho apresenta a síntese de novos complexos de Mn(II) e Fe(II) coordenados à ligantes bases de Schiff bidentados, que são resultantes da condensação do salicilaldeído com as seguintes cicloalquilaminas: (1) Ciclopentilamina, (2) Cicloexilamina, (3) Cicloeptilamina e (4) Ciclooctilamina, de forma que estes possam ser utilizados como mediadores da polimerização radicalar mediada por organometálicos. Os ligantes foram caracterizados pelas seguintes técnicas: espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN de 1H), espectroscopia de absorção na região do ultravioleta-visível (UV-Vis) e espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho (FTIR). Já os complexos de Mn(II) e Fe(II) foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de FTIR, UV-Vis, voltametria cíclica (VC) e ponto de fusão (p.f.). Os estudos cinéticos de polimerização foram realizados para os complexos de manganês e ferro. O complexo [MnIIbis(N-Salicilideno-Ciclopentilamina)], Mn(L1)2, apresentou um melhor controle na polimerização do acetato de vinila com menores valores de polidispersidade e a curva de massa molecular (Mn) mais próxima aos valores da curva teórica. Já os complexos de ferro mediadores apresentaram um comportamento mais similar, não havendo muita...
Abstract: In the last decades, controlled radical polymerization (CRP) has become very important, since it facilitates the synthesis of macromolecules of specific architectures with excellent control over the chemical and physical properties. Thus, this work presents the synthesis of new Mn(II) and Fe(II) complexes coordinated with the bidentate Schiff bases ligands, which are the result of the condensation of salicylaldehyde with cycloalkylamines: (1) cyclopentylamine, (2) cyclohexylamine, (3) cycloheptylamine and (4) cyclooctylamine, so that they can be used as mediators of radical polymerization mediated by organometallic (OMRP). The ligands synthesized were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The synthesized Mn(II) and Fe(II) complexes were studied by FTIR, UV-Vis, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and melting point (m.p.). Kinetic polymerization studies were performed for the manganese and iron complexes. The [MnIIbis (N-Salicylidene-Cyclopentylamine)], Mn(L1)2, complex showed a better control in the polymerization of vinyl acetate with lower values of polydispersity and the molecular mass curve (Mn) closer to the values of the theoretical curve. However, the iron mediator complexes presented a more similar behavior, not having much difference in the kinetic curves
Mestre
Brus, Lukáš. "Stavba v krajině - Winery." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215647.
Full textDrholecká, Monika. "Stavba v krajině - Winery." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215728.
Full textSemenzim, Vinícius Ladeia [UNESP]. "Pesquisa e desenvolvimento de microesferas de poli(vinil álcool) com alta cristalinidade para utilização em embolização e quimioembolização." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87529.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Partículas poliméricas com tamanho e morfologia controlados e propriedades físico-químicas adequadas são amplamente utilizadas em várias aplicações biomédicas, especialmente em embolização, uma técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasiva utilizada em tratamentos de diversas doenças vasculares e quimioembolização, que associa a embolização e a quimioterapia. Ela é realizada com uso de materiais denominados agentes embólicos, sendo as partículas de poli(vinil álcool) (PVA) amplamente utilizadas por apresentarem um alto grau de desempenho. As partículas de PVA estão disponíveis no mercado nas morfologias esféricas e floculares, sendo as esféricas as que apresentam menores riscos para o procedimento. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar microesferas de PVA para serem utilizadas em embolização e quimioembolização. Juntamente com a equipe de pesquisadores da empresa Braile Biomédica, a intenção é desenvolver um produto que ainda não é fabricado pela indústria nacional para ser comercializado a menores custos. Materiais e Métodos: As microesferas de poli(vinil álcool) (PVA) foram sintetizadas pelo método de polimerização em suspensão, seguida de hidrólise alcalina (ou saponificação). Na etapa de saponificação, diferentes concentrações de NaOH foram utilizadas. As amostras sintetizadas foram caracterizadas por Microescopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 13 C - cross polarization / magic angle spinning ( 13 C RMN CP/MAS) e Potencial Zeta (ζ). Resultados: A análise de MEV indicou que foram obtidas partículas esféricas. Os dados complementares de DRX, DSC e 13 C RMN CP/MAS indicam que à medida que se aumenta a concentração...
Polymeric particles with size and morphology controlled and appropriate physicochemical properties are widely used in several biomedical applications, especially in embolization, a minimally invasive procedure routinely used in treatments of some vascular diseases, and chemoembolization, which combines embolization and chemotherapy. It is performed using materials called embolic agents, being poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) particles often used because its high performance. These particles are commercially available in spherical and flocculate morphologies, however spherical particles present lower risks than flocculates ones during the procedure. Thus, this study proposes to develop and improve spherical PVA particles to be used in embolization and chemoembolization. The development are being conducted by the researchers group from Braile Biomédica, the goal is to develop a product that is not yet produced in the national industry, commercializing it at lower costs. Materials and Methods: PVA microspheres were synthesized by suspension polymerization method, followed by alkali hydrolysis (or saponification). In the saponification step, different concentrations of NaOH were used. The samples synthesized were characterized by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - cross polarization / magic angle spinning ( 13 C CP/MAS NMR) and Zeta Potential (ζ). Results: SEM analysis indicated that spherical particles were obtained. The complementary data of XRD, DSC and 13 C CP/MAS NMR indicate that the use of high NaOH concentrations (in the saponification process) determines reordering in the lateral chains of the polymer, which causes an increase of material’s crystallinity. Zeta Potential (ζ) data of the samples indicated that, in an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Wang, Chao. "Oxydation catalytique des composés organiques volatils à l’aide de catalyseurs de type oxyde." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1332.
Full textIn this research works, composite oxides, noble metal supported oxides and noble supported MCFs were prepared, and their catalytic performances were investigated for the catalytic oxidation of vinyl chloride (VC). The Co-Ce composite oxide catalysts were prepared by citrate sol-gel methods, and tested for the activity of VC oxidation. The catalyst with high performance is the molar ratio of Co/Ce=7:3. The XPS analyse certified that the Ce introduction favored the presence of Co2+ and Ce3+ species, which changed the coordination environment of the oxygen lattice and generated more oxygen vacancies. At last, this catalyst exhibited a good performance and stability during 110 h of time on stream at 300 oC. Ru-modified cobalt oxides were prepared and studied for the VC oxidation. The XPS analyse certified that the Ru4+ will be in synergy with Co2+ concentration and this would also change the chemical coordination of oxygen on the surface. High relative proportion of Co2+ and Ru4+ will also devote to oxygen defects or vacancies. This would increased the catalytic activity and decrease the amount of chlorinated by-products.A novel heterostructured material, cobalt phosphate-SiO2 mesostructured cellular foams (CoPO-MCFs), was successfully synthesized by the in-situ growth method. The XPS confirmed a higher amount of surface oxygen species. The activation energy calculated from Arrhenius plots showed a lower value for VC oxidation. The influence of Co3O4 morphology, including cube and sphere, on catalytic activity of methylbenzene and vinyl chloride was studied. The Co3O4 cube had shown better activity and stability than that of the Co3O4 sphere. The cube structure, with Co2+ exposed on the surface, acted as the active site of the oxidation
Santos, Luis Eduardo Pais dos. "Copolímeros de estireno e derivados de vinil fosfonatos = síntese e caracterização." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248783.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T08:46:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_LuisEduardoPaisdos_D.pdf: 4191396 bytes, checksum: d2ee438006096211a78208eaecc89877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou a síntese de copolímeros contendo grupos iônicos. Foram utilizadas diferentes rotas sintéticas para a obtenção de copolímeros de estireno (S) e ácido vinilfosfônico (AVF) (P(S-co-AVF)): 1. Copolimerização radicalar destes monômeros; 2. Copolimerização de estireno e vinilfosfonato de dimetila (VFDM) (P(S-co-VFDM)), seguida de hidrólise. Foram variadas as composições e condições de síntese. Copolímeros P(S-co- AVF) foram obtidos por polimerização radicalar em solução de dimetilformamida, utilizando peróxido de benzoíla (BPO) como iniciador. Estes copolímeros apresentaram baixo grau de inserção de AVF, entretanto, observou-se aumento da temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg), da resistência térmica e do teor de resíduos a 900°C, assim como a diminuição da massa molar com o incremento de AVF. Copolímeros P(S-co-VFDM) foram sintetizados por polimerização em solução de tolueno e em bulk, utilizando BPO como iniciador. Os copolímeros obtidos em bulk apresentaram maior inserção de VFDM, em comparação aos copolímeros obtidos em solução, partindo-se das mesmas frações molares dos monômeros, como conseqüência do maior tempo de reação para o primeiro caso. O aumento do teor de VFDM nos copolímeros causa a diminuição da massa molar, da Tg, da resistência térmica e do aumento no teor de resíduo a 900°C. Enquanto os copolímeros obtidos em bulk apresentaram degradação térmica complexa, os copolímeros obtidos em solução apresentam basicamente despolimerização. Os parâmetros de copolimerização dos monômeros S (rS) e VFDM (rVFDM) foram determinados pelos métodos de Mayo e Lewis e de Kelen e Tüdõs, sendo o parâmetro de copolimerização consideravelmente maior para o estireno (rS/rVFDM ~ 30). Os copolímeros obtidos em bulk foram hidrolisados em meio alcalino, obtendo-se ionômeros e polieletrólitos. Apesar da hidrólise não ser completa, a presença de grupos iônicos nestes copolímeros aumenta a Tg, o teor de resíduos e a complexidade da degradação térmica.
Abstract: The main purpose of this work was to synthesize copolymers with ionic groups. Different synthetic routes were applied to obtain copolymers of styrene (S) and vinylphosphonic acid (AVF) (P(S-co-AVF)): 1. Radical copolymerization of these monomers; and 2. Copolymerization of styrene and dimethyl-vinylphosphonate (VFDM) (P(S-co-VFDM)), followed by hydrolysis. The P(S-co-AVF) copolymers were obtained by radical polymerization in dimethylformamide solution using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. These copolymers presented low AVF insertion level. However, increase of the glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal resistance and residue at 900°C were observed. Besides, a decrease of the molar mass was observed with the increase of AVF content. P(S-co-VFDM) copolymers were synthesized by polymerization in toluene solution and in bulk, using also BPO as the initiator. The copolymers obtained by bulk polymerization presented higher VFDM insertion level than the copolymers obtained in solution, considering the same monomers molar fractions in the reactional medium. This behavior was a consequence of the higher reaction time involved in the first method. The increase of the VFDM content in the copolymers caused decreases of the molar mass, of the Tg and of the thermal resistance, and an increase of the residues level at 900°C. Moreover, the copolymers obtained in bulk presented a complex thermal degradation mechanism, while the copolymers obtained in solution presented basically a depolymerization. The copolymerization parameters of the monomers S (rS) and VFDM (rVFDM) were determined by Mayo and Lewis method and by Kelen and Tüdõs method. The copolymerization parameter of the styrene was significantly higher than the parameter of the (rS/rVFDM ~ 30). The copolymers obtained in bulk were hydrolyzed in an alkaline medium, resulting in ionomers and polyelectrolytes. Even though the hydrolysis was incomplete, the presence of the ionic groups in these copolymers has altered significantly its solubility and thermal degradation mechanism and has increased its Tg and residue level.
Doutorado
Físico-Química
Doutor em Ciências
Silva, Danilo Antonio da. "Síntese e caracterização de partículas de poli(álcool vinílico) utilizadas em aplicações biomédicas : contribuição da análise fractal e entropia de Shannon /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87540.
Full textAbstract: Embolization and chemoembolization are examples of minimally invasive procedures applied in medicine in order to avoid and/or reduce side effects caused by conventional treatments and surgeries. Particles of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) stand out among these materials due to desirable physical and chemical characteristics such as high compressibility, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and characterize PVA/PVAc microspheres with sizes between 30µm and 1200µm by reaction of suspension polymerization step followed by a process of saponification. Moreover, study the influence of the concentration of alkaline solution in the process of saponification. The morphological and structural characterization was made with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition to the physico-chemical characterization, it was carried the histopathological study by subcutaneous implantation of particles in rats, analysis of fractal dimension and Shannon's entropy. The results indicated that the concentration of alkaline solution strongly influence the crystallinity, color and surface characteristics of the polymer. Highly crystalline particles (saponified with 25 mol/L NaOH) induced inflammatory reaction similar to the behavior observed for the commercial particles, while particles with lower crystallinity (saponified with 4 mol/L NaOH) presented lower inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Fractal dimension and Shannon's entropy showed satisfactory correlation with the histopathological analysis: the values have changed as the permanence time of particles in rats, behavior was satisfactory from a clinical standpoint because it corroborates the qualitative changes observed in the subcutaneous tissues in response to disturbance of the immune... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Geraldo Nery
Coorientador: Dra. Rosa Sayoko Kawasaki-Oyama
Banca: José Geraldo Nery
Banca: Moacir Fernandes de Godoy
Banca: Sebastião Roberto Taboga
Mestre
Semenzim, Vinícius Ladeia. "Pesquisa e desenvolvimento de microesferas de poli(vinil álcool) com alta cristalinidade para utilização em embolização e quimioembolização /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87529.
Full textBanca: Fátima Pereira de Souza
Banca: Rosa Sayoko Kawasaki Oyama
Resumo: Partículas poliméricas com tamanho e morfologia controlados e propriedades físico-químicas adequadas são amplamente utilizadas em várias aplicações biomédicas, especialmente em embolização, uma técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasiva utilizada em tratamentos de diversas doenças vasculares e quimioembolização, que associa a embolização e a quimioterapia. Ela é realizada com uso de materiais denominados agentes embólicos, sendo as partículas de poli(vinil álcool) (PVA) amplamente utilizadas por apresentarem um alto grau de desempenho. As partículas de PVA estão disponíveis no mercado nas morfologias esféricas e floculares, sendo as esféricas as que apresentam menores riscos para o procedimento. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar microesferas de PVA para serem utilizadas em embolização e quimioembolização. Juntamente com a equipe de pesquisadores da empresa Braile Biomédica, a intenção é desenvolver um produto que ainda não é fabricado pela indústria nacional para ser comercializado a menores custos. Materiais e Métodos: As microesferas de poli(vinil álcool) (PVA) foram sintetizadas pelo método de polimerização em suspensão, seguida de hidrólise alcalina (ou saponificação). Na etapa de saponificação, diferentes concentrações de NaOH foram utilizadas. As amostras sintetizadas foram caracterizadas por Microescopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 13 C - cross polarization / magic angle spinning ( 13 C RMN CP/MAS) e Potencial Zeta (ζ). Resultados: A análise de MEV indicou que foram obtidas partículas esféricas. Os dados complementares de DRX, DSC e 13 C RMN CP/MAS indicam que à medida que se aumenta a concentração... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Polymeric particles with size and morphology controlled and appropriate physicochemical properties are widely used in several biomedical applications, especially in embolization, a minimally invasive procedure routinely used in treatments of some vascular diseases, and chemoembolization, which combines embolization and chemotherapy. It is performed using materials called embolic agents, being poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) particles often used because its high performance. These particles are commercially available in spherical and flocculate morphologies, however spherical particles present lower risks than flocculates ones during the procedure. Thus, this study proposes to develop and improve spherical PVA particles to be used in embolization and chemoembolization. The development are being conducted by the researchers group from Braile Biomédica, the goal is to develop a product that is not yet produced in the national industry, commercializing it at lower costs. Materials and Methods: PVA microspheres were synthesized by suspension polymerization method, followed by alkali hydrolysis (or saponification). In the saponification step, different concentrations of NaOH were used. The samples synthesized were characterized by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - cross polarization / magic angle spinning ( 13 C CP/MAS NMR) and Zeta Potential (ζ). Results: SEM analysis indicated that spherical particles were obtained. The complementary data of XRD, DSC and 13 C CP/MAS NMR indicate that the use of high NaOH concentrations (in the saponification process) determines reordering in the lateral chains of the polymer, which causes an increase of material's crystallinity. Zeta Potential (ζ) data of the samples indicated that, in an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Mattana, Mônica. "Influência dos plastificantes alternativos ao dioctil ftalato nas propriedades de compostos de poli (cloreto de vinila)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172075.
Full textThe poly (vinyl chloride) - PVC is a very versatile polymer due to the possibility of being formulated by incorporating additives, which can change the resin characteristics. Plasticizers composed of phthalates, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP), are the most used, however, there are regulations restricting the use of this kind of plasticizers, intensifying studies with possible replacement alternatives. In this way, the objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of plasticizers from different sources in PVC, mainly physical, mechanical thermal stability, and rheological properties in the plasticized PVC. In the formulation of the compounds it was used the resin Norvic SP1000, product with VK65 and produced by suspension, suitable for flexible materials applications. In addition, it was used 60 phr of seven different plasticizers for each compound: DOP, considered as reference for all results, cyclohexane diisononyl (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) cyclohexanoate (DOCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DOA), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DOTP), epoxidized soybean oil (OSE) and plasticizer produced from vegetable oils (DIMIT). In this study, the compounds were evaluated with many characterization analyzes, such as gelling and melting point in a torque rheometer, rheology by parallel plate rheometer, density, melt flow index in order to understand the influence of each plasticizer on the material processing Some characterizations in the final product as thermal stability through TGA, Metrastat, optical and mechanical properties such as hardness Shore A, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, resilience, aging in UV chamber as well as exudation tests. The results indicate different behaviors of PVC depending on the chemical nature of the plasticizer used. Results indicate that the DIMIT plasticizer had good thermal stability, but the color and processability results were unsatisfactory when compared to the DOP. In the other hand, the OSE and DOA presented good results for the evaluated properties. It can be concluded that among the plasticizers analyzed it wasn´t possible to determine the best for direct DOP replacement considering the entire range of flexible PVC products. However, this work contributes to the evaluation and selection of the best plasticizer based on the requirements of each application.
Simon, Emmanuelle. "Matériaux de type polyacétylène obtenus par fonctionnalisation du poly(chlorure de vinyle) : déshydrochloruration, greffage de fonctions amines aromatiques, dopage, caractérisation." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30068.
Full textANTON-PRINET, CATHERINE. "Vieillissement photanimique du poly (chlorure de vinyle)." Paris, ENSAM, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENAM0020.
Full textBrand, Jérémie. "Fonctionnalisation chimique des nanocristaux de cellulose par acylation avec les esters de vinyle : impact sur les propriétés de revêtements chargés en nanocellulose." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0318/document.
Full textThe objective of this research work consist in the elaboration of novel compositecoatings using cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as biobased additives. To palliate the problem ofincompatibility between the hydrophilic filler and the hydrophobic matrices, a simple methodbased on vinyl esters was developed to functionalize the CNC surface. A preliminary studyperformed with vinyl acetate selected as model reactant first allowed optimizing the reactionconditions. This experimental protocol was subsequently extended to other functional vinylesters to confirm the versatility of the method. The unmodified and acetylated CNC weredispersed in acrylic polymers (latex) or polyurethane (cross-linked resin) matrices, to studytheir impact on the mechanical and barrier performances of the composites. An improvementof the mechanical and barrier properties could be observed in some cases, but the CNCacetylation did not improve further the performances. A bi-layer approach consisting in afilm of 100 % of acetylated CNC coated with the polymer was then envisaged, and allowedincreasing significantly the oxygen barrier properties of the different resins. Some of thefunctionalized CNC were incorporated into a polydimethylsiloxane matrix, for a potential useas protective aerospace coating. A significant improvement in thermal stability and in opticalstability under UV irradiation in geostationary conditions was then observed
Franco, Cilene Meinberg. "Pesquisa experimental sobre a polimerização via radical livre com iniciadores mono e difuncional." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266156.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: Iniciadores mono funcionais são largamente utilizados em polimerizações VIa radical livre. Muitas vezes, na busca de maiores produtividades, utilizam-se temperaturas de operação mais elevadas e/ou maiores concentrações iniciais de iniciador, que por conseqüência, geram polímeros com pesos moleculares mais baixos. O uso de iniciadores difuncionais permite o aumento da produtividade sem a redução no peso molecular do produto final, o que pode ser urna característica desejável. A pesquisa com iniciadores difuncionais é atual e de grande interesse industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o efeito da funcionalidade do iniciador, no caso mono e difuncional, sobre a polimerização via radical livre, considerando corno caso estudo um polímero linear, o poliestireno, e um ramificado, o poli (acetato de vinila). Para isso, foram feitas, experimentalmente, reações de polimerização em ampolas de vidro (polimerização em massa), com o iniciador mono funcional (Luperox TBEC) e o di funcional (Luperox 531). Foram analisados também o efeito da temperatura de polimerização e a concentração de iniciador. Também neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo estatístico através de um Planejamento Fatorial, a fim de analisar o efeito das variáveis temperatura e concentração de iniciador na polimerização do estireno com iniciador difuncional. Observou-se, tanto para o estireno corno para o acetato de vinila, que quando utilizado o iniciador difuncional é possível obter conversões maiores, sem alterar o peso molecular médio mássico e numérico, sendo que em alguns casos pode se até obter um aumento no peso molecular. O uso de iniciador di funcional é também mais viável economicamente, pois apresenta melhores resultados frente ao monofuncional, mesmo quando utilizado em concentrações ou temperaturas menores do que as utilizadas com o iniciador mono funcional. É importante salientar o caráter inovador desta pesquisa, já que não foram encontrados, em literatura aberta, dados experimentais da polimerização do acetato de vinila (ou outro monômero que produza ramificações de cadeia longa) utilizando iniciadores difuncionais
Abstract: Monofunctional initiators are extensively utilized in free radical polymerization. In order to increase productivity, higher temperature or higher initial initiator concentration are used, therefore polymers with lower molecular weights are obtained. Bifunctional initiators increase the polymerization rate without decreasing the average molecular weight and this can be desirable. They are an important issue to be investigated and are of great interest to industries. The objective of this work is to analyze the effect of the functionality of the initiator, by using mono and bifunctional, in free radical polymerization, for linear polymer (poly styrene) and branched polymer (poly(vinyl acetate)). Polymerizations were experimentally performed in glass ampoules (bulk polymerization) using both mono(Luperox TBEC) and bi- (Luperox 531) functional initiators. The effects of temperature and initiator concentration were also analyzed for various polymerization conditions. This work includes a statistical study using the factorial design to analyze the effect of temperature and initiator concentration in styrene polymerization with bifunctional initiator. It is observed in this study, that high conversions with no effect in the molecular weigh of the dead polymer can be achieved using bifunctional initiators in the polymerization of styrene and vinyl acetate. In many cases, it is possible to obtain higher molecular weights. Bifunctional initiator can also be used to provide reduction costs to initiators. They showed better results than the monofunctional initiator when lower concentration or temperature lower were utilized.
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
Dhuiège, Benjamin. "Acylation des nanocelluloses en milieu aqueux par transestérification des esters de vinyle et utilisation comme charge dans le caoutchouc naturel." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0645/document.
Full textThe objective of this research work consists in the elaboration of novel composite materials (elastomers, adhesives) using nanocelluloses (CNC and NFC) as biobased reinforcing fillers. A method allowing the functionalization of nanocelluloses in aqueous conditions was first developed, with the aim of ultimately improving their compatibility with polymer matrices. The reaction, based on the transesterification of vinyl esters, was optimized with vinyl acetate selected as model reactant. The grafting performed in basic aqueous conditions was efficient, but also led to the formation of poly(vinyl acetate) as a by-product. To limit this problem, a second protocol in neutral aqueous conditions was also developed, but lower yields were obtained in that case. The unmodified and acetylated nanocelluloses were then dispersed in a natural rubber matrix (NR), to study the impact of this filler on the thermomechanical performances of the crude and vulcanized material. An improvement of the mechanical properties was observed in the presence of NCC or NFC, but the acetylation of the nanoparticles did not enhance further the performances. Finally, a valorization of the PVAc produced during the acetylation of the nanocelluloses in basic aqueous conditions was proposed. The dispersion of the acetylated NCC in the PVAc polymerized in-situ indeed led to the production of composites with improved properties. The subsequent utilization of these composites as filler (master batch) in NR or EVA matrices was discussed
Dommanget, Cédric. "Polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée : le défi de l'éthylène." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10216/document.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis displays the controlled radical polymerization of ethylene at low temperature (70 °C) and low pressure (200 bar) and the synthesis of block copolymers featuring polyethylene segments. Four polymerization techniques, commonly used in macromolecular engineering, were studied: NMP, CMRP, RAFT/MADIX and ESCP. Our investigation of the use of SG1 nitroxide (NMP) and cobalt (II) acetylacetonate (CMRP) as controlling agents demonstrated their inability to control the polymerization of ethylene. Nonetheless, an unexpected reaction with cobalt (II) acetylacetonate was observed. The coupling reaction between propagating radicals appeared to be favored by the presence of this compound. On the other hand, the first controlled polymerization of ethylene was successfully achieved by using xanthate (RAFT/MADIX). A linear increase of molecular weight with conversion and low polydispersities were observed for the produced polyethylenes. The reaction was demonstrated to be a pseudo-living polymerization by the synthesis of block copolymers poly(vinyl acetate)-b-polyethylene. In addition, midchain-functionalized polyethylenes and ABA type block copolymers, with polystyrene or polyacrylate as the A block and polyethylene as the B block, were also prepared using nitrone based polymerization technique (ESCP)
Garrigues, Christine. "Stabilisation thermique du polychlorure de vinyle en solution." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10062.
Full textLindberg, Caroline. "Vinge för vågförbättring vid flöde över segmentlucka." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141663.
Full textTikab Strukturmekanik AB (Tikab), an engineering consulting company, has developed a system design of a new navigation lock at Slussen in central Stockholm on behalf of Stockholm City authorities. A part of the project has been to add attractive bonus functions to the area. It was shown by Tikab that the designed segment gate, also referred to as Tainter gate, could be used to create stationary back water waves. These waves were found to be of interest for wave surfing.The aim of this master project was to develop a device without moving parts which could improve the wave parameters into an, with respect to surfing, attractive wave. The device, also referred as spoiler, was requested to be manually manageable and easy to mount on the segment gate crest. This master thesis describes the development project. After a study of the navigation lock and existing artificial surf-wave techniques an extensive investigation of flow theory was done. From there theories for flow and wave creation could be transferred into model tests where hydrodynamic verifications were done. Spoiler concepts were developed and tested before a final design was selected by evaluation of the test results. The winning concept was designed in full-scale and dimensioned according to current Eurocodes.The final design was a spoiler which was built up by six parts. They were made for manufacturing using bent and stiffened aluminium plates and to be fastened on the gate crest by bolted joints. Through successive design optimisation, the total weight was reduced to a total of 138 kg. The weight of the largest part was 29 kg.Some conclusions were drawn from the results; The wave shape downstream a submerged segment gate could be controlled by a spoiler on the gate crest. Thereby an attractive wave could be generated. The best wave improvement, with respect to surfing, was reached for a horizontally positioned spoiler cut in a shape equal to the wished wave crest curvature. A manageable and functional spoiler could be designed by the use of aluminium plates and an optimised design.
Queiroz, Daniely Ferreira de. "Nanopartículas magnéticas de ferritas recobertas com sílica e funcionalizadas com vinil silano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75134/tde-04082017-153036/.
Full textIn recent decades the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles have been increasingly generated interest due to the numerous possible applications in the field of catalysis, diagnosis, pigments, sensors, etc. Currently, the nanoparticles with potential of application in biomedicine that can stand out the magnetic ferrites which have superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. In addition to the functional binders, magnetic nanoparticles are generally coated with organic or inorganic polymers, especially silica in the latter class. The magnetic nanoparticle systems covered with silica forming a shell-core system allow the magnetic core to remain protected by a polymeric layer that may contain active functional groups, forming organic-inorganic hydrides that due to its hydrophobic or hydrophilic property depending on the nature of the surface modifying binder. This work was developed to obtain magnetic nanoparticles of MFe2O4 ferrite, with (M = Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) control of size, shape, chemical and structural composition, of which were synthesized by the thermal decomposition method using different precursors to suit the best conditions of synthesis. The magnetic ferrites were coated with silica, modifying the surface of the particle and allowing a hydrophilic character to the shell-core system, presenting a better colloidal stability in aqueous dispersion due to the presence of silane groups on the surface, as well as a uniform coating with only one magnetic core without formation of agglomerates. The functionalization with the triethoxyvinylsilane group, through condensation reactions via basic or acid catalysis, formed a Si-O-Si polymer network, and the presence of the free vinyl group (-CH=CH2) on the shell surface was observed by FTIR technique. Therefore, it was possible to obtain an organic-inorganic hybrid system with the surface containing the reactive group, opening the possibility of using this material for tests of future applications as multifunctional sensor.
Silva, Danilo Antonio da [UNESP]. "Síntese e caracterização de partículas de poli(álcool vinílico) utilizadas em aplicações biomédicas: contribuição da análise fractal e entropia de Shannon." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87540.
Full textEmbolização e quimioembolização são exemplos de procedimentos minimamente invasivos aplicados em medicina com objetivo de evitar e/ou amenizar efeitos colaterais causados por tratamentos e intervenções cirúrgicas convencionais. Partículas de poli(álcool vinílico) (PVA) destacam-se entre os materiais utilizados nesses procedimentos por apresentarem características físico-químicas desejáveis como elevada compressibilidade, biocompatibilidade e biodegradabilidade. A proposta deste trabalho foi sintetizar e caracterizar microesferas de PVA/PVAc com tamanhos de partículas entre 30µm e 1200µm por reação de polimerização em suspensão seguida por uma etapa de saponificação. Além disso, estudar a influência da concentração de solução alcalina no processo de saponificação. A caracterização morfológica e estrutural foi feita com auxílio das técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de raios-X (DRX). Além da caracterização físico-química, foi realizado o estudo histopatológico mediante implante subcutâneo das partículas em ratos, análise de dimensão fractal e entropia de Shannon. Os resultados mostraram que a concentração de solução alcalina exerce forte influência na cristalinidade, coloração e características superficiais do polímero obtido. As partículas com alta cristalinidade (saponificadas com solução 25 mol/L de NaOH) induziram à reação inflamatória similar ao comportamento observado para partículas disponíveis comercialmente, enquanto que as partículas menos cristalinas (saponificadas com solução 4 mol/L de NaOH) resultaram em baixa intensidade de reação inflamatória no tecido celular subcutâneo dos ratos. Dimensão fractal...
Embolization and chemoembolization are examples of minimally invasive procedures applied in medicine in order to avoid and/or reduce side effects caused by conventional treatments and surgeries. Particles of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) stand out among these materials due to desirable physical and chemical characteristics such as high compressibility, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and characterize PVA/PVAc microspheres with sizes between 30µm and 1200µm by reaction of suspension polymerization step followed by a process of saponification. Moreover, study the influence of the concentration of alkaline solution in the process of saponification. The morphological and structural characterization was made with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition to the physico-chemical characterization, it was carried the histopathological study by subcutaneous implantation of particles in rats, analysis of fractal dimension and Shannon´s entropy. The results indicated that the concentration of alkaline solution strongly influence the crystallinity, color and surface characteristics of the polymer. Highly crystalline particles (saponified with 25 mol/L NaOH) induced inflammatory reaction similar to the behavior observed for the commercial particles, while particles with lower crystallinity (saponified with 4 mol/L NaOH) presented lower inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Fractal dimension and Shannon´s entropy showed satisfactory correlation with the histopathological analysis: the values have changed as the permanence time of particles in rats, behavior was satisfactory from a clinical standpoint because it corroborates the qualitative changes observed in the subcutaneous tissues in response to disturbance of the immune... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Carvalho, Antônio Carlos Sallarés de Mattos. "Desenvolvimento de processo contínuo de copolimerização em emulsão em reator tubular." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-02062008-135006/.
Full textIndustrial emulsion polymerization processes are usually performed in batch or semi-batch stirred tanks, or in continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR). Continuous reactors have the advantage of being smaller and providing a better product quality control by the reduction of the batch-to-batch variations. In addition, periodical self-sustained oscillations in monomer conversion and in particle size that are usually observed in CSTR can be minimized in tubular reactors presenting good radial mixing. Such conditions can be achieved in tubular reactors by using adequate static mixing devices combined with pulsed (oscillatory) flow. The aim of this work is to report the development of a continuous emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate performed in a pulsed sieve plate column (PSPC). In order to improve its operational flexibility, the column is composed of five sections, each one presenting independent lateral feed and temperature controls. Depending on the monomer feeding strategy, a composition drift can be noticed during the emulsion copolymerization process of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate, due to the large differences in reactivity ratios and aqueous phase solubility between these monomers. In this case, the PSPC provides different operational feeding possibilities which allow controlling the copolymer composition by feeding the more reactive monomer along the column. For this reason, in this study the effect of the number of lateral feed streams on the polymer properties was evaluated. Different numbers of lateral monomer feed streams were employed in the experimental runs. Differences in the uniformity of the copolymer composition can be noticed along the reactor depending on the number of lateral feed streams applied in each test. In order to allow temperature variations, during each reaction only the inlet temperature of the cooling jackets was fixed. A developed mathematical model based on the axially dispersed plug-flow model was used to simulate the reactions. In the present study the energy balance was included in the mathematical model so that the influence of different temperature profiles could be taken into account. The effect of lateral monomer feed streams over the copolymer properties could be predicted with sufficient accuracy by model simulations which were also validated by the experimental results. Based on mathematical simulations, an optimal feeding profile could be calculated and experimentally applied in the PSPC allowing the production of a more homogeneous copolymer. The results also permitted the validation of the mathematical model as a reliable tool in the prediction of experimental runs. Furthermore, the advantages of the PSPC could be verified by its adequate performance as a tubular reactor for continuous emulsion copolymerization processes. Finally, the results indicate the possibility of further improvements in other polymer properties by employing different temperature and feeding profiles of other reagents along the column.
Lind, Jacob. "Fordonsdynamiska effekter av en justerbar multi-element vinge jämfört med en single-element vinge för sportbilar - En teoretisk studie." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-42719.
Full textThe sports car industry has been under constant development for decades and there is a large demand for new ideas and technologies that can improve sports cars. This is particularly true in the super car industry, where there is a constant competition between companies about who first develops new technologies that can make their cars the most attractive on the market. One area of development is in aerodynamics and how it can be used to improve vehicle performance when driving on straights and in curves. Usually, the goal is to get the vehicle to accelerate faster, reach a high top speed, have a short braking distance and to have as high speed as possible in curves without slipping off the road. There are several methods to achieve this, but the way that is discussed in this report are the use of rear wings. Rear wings exist in several configurations in order to reach the requests and requirements of the car manufacturer. The wing configurations addressed in this project are single and multi-element wings. Single-element wings are characterized by their single wing area. The advantage of these configurations is that they produce low resistance at low angles of attack, which among other things makes them optimal for high speeds. Multi-element wings consist of two or more wing areas. With this, a larger negative lifting force can be achieved, which makes them optimal for achieving high turning speeds. Multi-element wings can also be used at higher angles of attack without the risk of the wing stalling. In this project, the goal is to provide a theoretical analysis of what can be achieved if a single and multi-element wing is combined into one and the same configuration. The idea is that in practice, this combined wing has a flap that can be folded in and out in order to be able to utilize the advantages of both wing configurations and thus improve a sports car's acceleration, top speed, braking ability and turning speed. The method consisted of using theoretical calculations and analyses to reach conclusions as to whether such a type of wing would be advantageous, or if the existing configurations are good enough for what they are used for. This was done by using a previous analysis that examined the differences between a single and multi-element wing of the same dimensions. With the data from these wings, calculations could then be made on a theoretical car, where the results of the wings' influence on top speed, acceleration, braking and curve driving were collected and compared. With these comparisons, a conclusion could be made about which of the wings were best for the different scenarios. The result shows that a wing with a combination of single and multi-elements can be advantageous. Since the single-element wing has the lowest drag, it fits best at top speeds. When accelerating at low speeds, multi-element wings are more advantageous because of their higher downforce. They also fit better for greater braking effect and higher turning speeds.
Oliveira, Jorge Mayer de. "Surfactantes reativos não-ionicos em polimerização em emulsão de latices de acetato de vinila - vinil neodecanoato : influencia nas propriedades de barreira a agua." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266264.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: A indústria de tintas é uma grande consumidora de látex obtido pela técnica da polimerização em emulsão. Os surfactantes, essenciais à estabilidade do látex, exercem um papel fundamental na produção e na aplicação destes polímeros, pois agem de forma a estabilizar as gotas de monômero na forma de emulsão. Eles são necessários para a formação de micelas, onde ocorre a polimerização, e para a estabilidade coloidal das partículas, durante e após a polimerização. Contudo, podem também produzir efeitos adversos nas propriedades do produto em razão de sua adsorção física às partículas de polímero. Os surfactantes não ligados podem migrar através do filme para as interfaces, formando agregados que podem aumentar a sensibilidade à água e afetando desta forma as propriedades de barreira, que são um dos requisitos principais em aplicações para tintas e outros revestimentos protetores. Um caminho promissor para minimizar este efeito dos surfactantes convencionais tem sido o uso de surfactantes polimerizáveis, ou reativos, que estão covalentemente ligados ao polímero e, desta forma, não podem ser dessorvidos e migrarem durante a formação do filme. Neste trabalho foram preparados látices de acetato de vinila ¿ vinil neodecanoato (VeoVa 10 ®), estabilizados com surfactantes não-iônicos convencionais e reativos, e avaliado o desempenho das dispersões e dos filmes poliméricos obtidos a partir destes látices. Foi observado que os látices estabilizados com surfactantes não-iônicos polimerizáveis em combinação com surfactantes aniônicos conduzem a dispersões estáveis com melhor resistência à permeabilidade à água e ao vapor de água. Contudo, os resultados obtidos sugerem que o principal fator de sucesso no uso de surfactantes não-iônicos polimerizáveis é sua incorporação à superfície da partícula de látex através de copolimerização com os monômeros principais. Foi também observado que para sintetizar látices utilizando um surfactante polimerizável no lugar de um convencional, mantendo propriedades similares tais como o tamanho de partícula, a estabilidade mecânica e eletrolítica, bem como a sensibilidade à água do filme formado, os produtores de látex terão de ajustar a quantidade e a reatividade do surfactante reativo no processo de polimerização
Abstract: The paint industry is a huge consumer of latex from emulsion polymerization. The surfactants, essential to the stability of the latex, play a crucial role in the production and application of emulsion polymers. They act to stabilize the monomer droplets in the emulsion form and are required for the formation of micelles, where the polymerization will occur, they are also essential for the colloidal stability of the polymer particles, during and after the polymerization process. However, they can also have adverse effects on the product properties due to their physical adsorption on the polymer particles. The unbound surfactants can migrate through the film toward the interfaces forming aggregates which increase water sensibility of the film, affecting in this way barrier properties which is one of the main requirements in applications for paints and other protective coatings. A promising way to reduce the negative effects of the conventional surfactants is to use polymerizable or reactive surfactants (surfmers) that are covalently linked to the polymer which avoid its desorption and migration towards the interface during the film formation. For this work, vinyl acetate ¿ vinyl neodecanoate (VeoVa 10 ®) latexes stabilized with conventional and reactive nonionic surfactant were prepared and the performance of dispersions and films obtained was compared. It was seen that the latexes stabilized with nonionic polymerizable surfactants in combination with anionic surfactant lead to stable dispersions with better resistance to water and water vapor permeability. However the results obtained suggested that the main factor of success for the use of nonionic polymerizable surfactants is its incorporation at the surface of the latex particle by copolymerization with the main monomers. It was also observed that to synthesize similar latexes by using a reactive surfactant instead of a conventional one, maintaining the same properties such as the particle size, the electrolyte and mechanical stability as well as the water sensibility of the formed film, latex producers will have to adjust the amount and the reactivity of the reactive surfactant in the emulsion polymerization process
Mestrado
Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais
Mestre em Engenharia Química
Atanase, Léonard-Ionut. "Contribution à l'étude des complexes Poly (vinyle alcool - vinyle acétate) / tensioactifs anioniques : caractéristiques colloïdales des nanogels et extension aux copolymères à blocs." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00562063.
Full textAtanase, Léonard-ionut. "Contribution à l'étude des complexes Poly (vinyle alcool - vinyle acétate) / tensioactifs anioniques : caractéristiques colloïdales des nanogels et extension aux copolymères à blocs." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MULH3728.
Full textPoly (vinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol) copolymers, designated by PVA, are macromolecular surfactants obtained by partial hydrolysis of poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc). If the surfactant properties of PVA have been correlated with molecular characteristics it is not the same for the colloidal aggregates in aqueous solutions so-called nanogels. The objective of this thesis was to characterize the nanogels using techniques such as dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography and viscometry.9 PVA with degrees of hydrolysis between 73 and 88 mole% and polymerization degrees of 650 to 2500 were studied. It appeared that the nanogels, formed by hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions between acetate sequences, are the size in the range of 20 to 40 nm with volume fractions between 20 and 30%. The disaggregation of nanogels by complex formation with anionic surfactants such as SDS and SDBS was further demonstrated. By using the "cloud point" fractionation technique it appeared that SDS is complexed by the sequences with high acetate content and in particular those with significant lengths of acetate sequences.As a model system diblock copolymers PVAc-b-PVOH containing a PVAc hydrophobie sequence and a PVOH hydrophilic sequence were prepared by RAFT polymerization, followed by a click reaction. A preliminary micellization study of these copolymers showed a very strong analogy between PVAc-b-PVOH block copolymer micelles and PVA nanogels discussed above
Farias, Italo Fernando. "Estudo da influência da radiação gama nas propriedades mecânicas e térmicas de \"elastômeros termoplásticos\" blendas de poli (cloreto de vinila) com poli (vinil butiral)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-11102018-083413/.
Full textThe wide range of polymer systems classified as blends has been increasingly targeted in the academic and scientific milieu. The possibility of obtaining multiple and combined properties, combined with the incorporation of polymer blends, enriches the research condition, thus opening up an extensive area of performance. In this work the study of the poly (vinyl butyral) plasticized polyvinyl chloride mixture from laminates for automotive windshield production was investigated, as well as the investigation of the effect of gamma irradiation with absorbed dose of 25 kGy, 30 kGy and 40 kGy, controlled with use of PMMA dosimeter and equivalent dose rate of 0-10 kGy.h-1. Variations of the mechanical and thermal properties of the samples were analyzed before and after exposure to gamma radiation. The formulations were constituted in different concentrations: PVC-C compound, PVB-R residue, PVC-C/PVB-R 90/10, PVC-C/PVB-R 50/50 and PVC-R/PVB-R 50/50. The polyvinyl chloride compound was formulated and added, exhibiting the behavior of a thermoplastic elastomer, a flexible product. Poly (vinyl butyral) ground chips were produced from laminates for the production of windshields. Both materials were incorporated in a single-thread granulator extruder and submitted to the calendering process to effect the mixing and formation of plastic blankets. The blankets were irradiated in a 60Co multipurpose reactor and characterized for verification of mechanical and thermal properties. In order to do so, the blends after exposure to gamma radiation presented mechanical properties and intermediate thermal properties of their components, showing a resistant material and low cost. By means of the scanning electron microscopy it obtained a reduction in the interfacial vessels showing an increase in the percolation capacity of the PVB in the PVC matrix, favoring its physical properties.
DELEBOIS, ERIC. "Enquete respiratoire dans une fabrique de polychlorure de vinyle (p. V. C. )." Lille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL2M237.
Full textOliveira, Mauricio Pinheiro de. "Síntesse de novos estabilizantes poliméricos do tipo poli(álcool vinilico-co-neo decanoato de vinila) para utilização na copolimerização em miniemulsão do acetato de vinila (VAc) com o neo-nonanoato de vinila (VEOVA-9)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97133/tde-04102012-120438/.
Full textDue to the technological and industrial importance of latexes stabilized with poly(vinyl alcohol)/PVA and the difficulties related to the emulsion polymerization of hydrophobic monomers and the use of PVA having a high degree of hydrolysis (> 92%), the synthesis of new PVA based polymeric stabilizers for use in emulsion and miniemulsion polymerizations becomes very attractive and challenging. The aim of this work was to synthesize a new class of polymeric stabilizer, poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl neo-decanoate)/PVA-VV, with a high degree of hydrolysis and differentiated properties to be used as stabilizers in the emulsion and miniemulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) with vinyl neo-nonanoate (VEOVA-9), that can be used as adhesive for wood bonding. New PVA based polymeric stabilizers with high degree of hydrolysis (94 - 98%) were synthesized in two steps: i) solution copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) with vinyl neo-decanoate (VEOVA-10) and ii) alkaline hydrolysis (NaOH/Methanol) of poly(vinyl acetate-co-vinyl neodecanoate). Miniemulsions of VAc/VEOVA-9 were prepared using the different polymeric stabilizers in a \"Manton Gaulin\" high pressure homogenizer. The effect of different initiators (ammonium persulfate/APS or tert-butyl hydro peroxide/TBHP and tert-butyl peroxide benzoate/TBPB in the presence of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate/SFS) in the polymerization kinetic was evaluated. The effect of the type and concentration of polymeric stabilizer, in the emulsification step (average diameter of drops, stability of miniemulsions) as well in the polymerizations (rate of consumption of monomers, particle size and particles number) was investigated in this work. The partition of the polymeric stabilizers between the aqueous phase and the polymer particle surface (grafted/adsorbed) was determined and correlated with the viscosity and colloidal stability of latexes. Latexes with differentiated properties such as low-viscosity, lower grits content and improved storage stability, were obtained by miniemulsion polymerization with an ideal condition copy (1:1) of the monomer droplets to the polymer particles.
Lynam, Jason Martin. "Vinyl ketone and vinyl aldehyde complexes of ruthenium." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265558.
Full textMutin, Pierre Hubert. "Etude de la gélification physique du poly (chlorure de vinyle)." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375999101.
Full textBarthélémy, Eric. "Interactions entre l'eau et le poly(chlorure de vinyle) chloré." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11015.
Full textMutin, Hubert. "Etude de la gelification physique du poly (chlorure de vinyle)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13117.
Full textOliveira, Nívia Silva. "Desenvolvimento de método não titulométrico para determinação de acidez em amostras de vinagre." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7610.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O vinagre é um produto obtido a partir da fermentação acética geralmente de vinhos e possui a finalidade de atribuir gosto e aroma aos alimentos, sendo assim considerado um condimento. De acordo com a Portaria no 204, de 05 de dezembro de 2008, o vinagre comercial deve conter, no mínimo, 4% de ácido acético. No presente trabalho foi desenvolvido um método potenciométrico não-titulométrico (M2P) baseado na variação do pH de uma solução de tampão citrato com adição da amostra (diluída ou não-diluída) sobre o tampão. A otimização do método analítico foi realizada por três estratégias em que os parâmetros pH e concentração do tampão citrato foram modificados. Na otimização univariada, o método otimizado consistiu em adicionar 5 mL de amostra diluída sobre 10 mL de tampão citrato 10 mmol L -1 em pH 5,5. A faixa analítica foi de 2 a 20 mmol L -1 e o modelo da equação da curva analítica apresentou um valor de R 2 ajustado igual a 0,998 e estimativa do desvio-padrão dos resíduos igual a 0,016. No estudo de repetibilidade, foi obtido um coeficiente de variação de 0,8% para a concentração de 0,01 mol L -1 e a comparação do protocolo com o método titulométrico na determinação de acidez de amostras comerciais de vinagre apresentou erros entre 0,7 % e 4,64% (N = 3). Na otimização multivariada foi utilizada a matriz de Doehlert, o protocolo foi otimizado utilizando a amostra diluída e concentrada. No primeiro caso, as condições ótimas foram similares àquelas obtidas para o método univariado. Além da matriz de Doehlert foi utilizado uma planilha eletrônica (TitGer 2.5) com o intuito de prever as melhores condições experimentais. Os resultados obtidos pela planilha apresentaram a mesma região ótima obtida pela otimização univariada e multivariada. Na otimização multivariada utilizando a amostra concentrada, primeiramente as condições preestabelecidas foram simuladas pela planilha eletrônica e posteriormente inseridas na matriz de Doehlert. A condição ótima encontrada foi com adição de 1 mL de amostra sem diluição sobre 10 mL de tampão citrato 100 mmol L -1 em pH 7,0. A faixa analítica foi de 0,5 a 1,05 mol L -1 , com R 2 igual a 0,992 e estimativa do desvio-padrão dos resíduos igual a 0,013 mol L -1 . O limite de quantificação foi de 0,34 mol L -1 e uma repetibilidade de 0,64% foi obtida para a concentração de 800 mmol L -1 . A comparação do protocolo com o método titulométrico na determinação de acidez de amostras comerciais de vinagre apresentou erros entre 0,13 % e 3,97% (N = 3). Dessa forma, o método proposto além de ser simples, rápido e barato apresentou resultados similares ao método titulométrico tendo como vantagem a utilização da resposta de um instrumento analítico ao invés da decisão do analista (em relação a pontos de viragem) tornando- o mais confiável sob o ponto de vista de garantia da qualidade e controle de qualidade (QA/QC).
Vinegar is a product obtained from the acetic fermentation of wine and generally has the purpose of assigning taste and flavor to food, thus being considered a condiment. According to Decree No. 204 of 05 December 2008, the commercial vinegar must contain at least 4% acetic acid. In this study we developed a non-potentiometric titration method (M2P) based on the variation of the pH of a solution of citrate buffer with addition of the sample (diluted or undiluted) on the buffer. Optimization of the analytical method was carried out three strategies in which the parameters pH and concentration of the citrate buffer were modified. Univariate optimization, the optimized method consisted of adding 5 mL of diluted sample of about 10 mL citrate buffer 10 mmol L -1 at pH 5.5. The analytical range was 2-20 mmol L -1 and the model of the analytical curve equation had a value of adjusted R 2 equal to 0.998 and estimated standard deviation of waste equal to 0.016. In the study of repeatability was obtained a coefficient of variation of 0.8% for the concentration of 0.01 mol L -1 and the comparison with the protocol titrimetric method for the determination of acidity of commercial vinegar samples had errors between 0, 7% and 4.64% (N = 3). Multivariate optimization of Doehlert matrix was used, the protocol was optimized using the diluted sample, and concentrated. In the first case, the optimal conditions were similar to those obtained for the univariate method. Beyond the matrix Doehlert a spreadsheet (TitGer 2.5) in order to provide the best experimental conditions was used. The results presented by the spreadsheet the same optimal region obtained by univariate and multivariate optimization. In multivariate optimization using the concentrated sample, first the set conditions were simulated by the spreadsheet and then entered into the Doehlert matrix. The optimal condition was found by adding 1 mL of undiluted sample of about 10 mL citrate buffer 100 mmol L -1 at pH 7.0. The analytical range was 0.5 to 1.05 mol L -1 , with R 2 equal to 0.992 and estimated standard deviation of waste equal to 0.013 mol L -1 . The limit of quantification was 0.34 mol L -1 and a repeatability of 0.64% was obtained for the concentration of 800 mmol L -1 . Comparison of the titration method with the protocol for the determination of acidity of commercial vinegar samples had errors between 0.13% and 3.97% (N = 3). Thus, the proposed method besides being simple, fast and inexpensive titration method presented similar to how taking advantage of the use of the response of a more reliable analytical tool rather than the decision of the analyst (in relation to turning points) making the results from the point of view of quality assurance and quality control (QA / QC).
FLEURY-DUHAMEL, NATHALIE CHRISTIANE JEANNE. "La surveillance post professionnelle de sujets ayant ete exposes au chlorure de vinyle monomere : exemple d'une surveillance mise en place et resultats ; reflexions generales." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CLF1MS31.
Full textBois, Frédéric. "Modélisation mathématique de la cancérogenèse par des produits chimiques." Metz, 1988. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1988/Bois.Frederic.SMZ889.pdf.
Full textA mathematical model of carcinogenesis is described for the case of vinyl chloride. The model includes a description of toxicokinetics, metabolism, cellular action of the compound. An assessment of the risk of cancer from drinking water contaminants is presented. For the risk estimates, confidence intervals have been obtained by Monte-Carlo simulations
Bibalou, Pascal Blaise. "Copolymérisation du 2,5 furannedione 3 méthyle et de l'acétate de vinyle : influence d'un complexe entre comonomères sur la microstructures des copolymères." Lille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LIL10006.
Full textDeus, Helder Amorim Silva Borges de. "Imagem gravada: das matrizes de papelão e cola vinil às impressões em encavo." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6195.
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The research entitled Image engraved: from cardboard matrixes and glue vinyl to chalcography impressions proposes a study in two steps. In the first instance, it aims the production of matrixes and engravings, exploring the combination, materiality and the versatility of two materials which are considered alternative when compared to the traditional use of wood for woodcuts, of metal plates for chalcography, of linoleum for linocuts and stones for lithographs: the cardboard and glue vinyl. Then, these matrixes, which emphasized the chalcography’s processes, were presented to one group of visually impaired sharing narratives constructed by dialogues between our interpretations.
A pesquisa intitulada Imagem gravada: das matrizes de papelão e cola vinil às impressões em encavo propõe um estudo em duas etapas. Em um primeiro momento, dedica-se à produção de matrizes e gravuras explorando a combinação, a materialidade e a versatilidade de dois materiais considerados alternativos, quando comparados ao tradicional uso da madeira nas xilogravuras, das chapas de metal nas calcografias, do linóleo nas linóleogravuras e da pedra calcária nas litografias: o papelão e a cola vinil. Em seguida, essas matrizes, que deram ênfase aos processos de impressão em encavo, foram apresentadas a um grupo de deficientes visuais compartilhando narrativas construídas pelos diálogos entre as nossas interpretações.
Rapeli, Marco Resende. "Tocando o autêntico : os significados da autenticidade no consumo de discos de vinil." Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing, 2018. http://tede2.espm.br/handle/tede/282.
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The concept of authenticity is found in many science discussions, in which is possible to use for the human relations, objects, cultural itens, pieces of art, among others as the main object. The specific discussion about this concept applied to goods in the universe of consumption, including arts, was the main criticism of the Frankfurt School theoreticians, in the early 20th century, which had technical reproducibility and mass reproduction as the spark for studies addressing authenticity. It is essencial, therefore, that Business Administration and Marketing work with the meanings of personalization of historical goods and rescue involved in the mass context, giving or recovering value to it. Knowing that, it comes to our attention, in the contemporary background, the return of the vinyl records consumption, with seven decades of existence, as a way of consumption that allows the analysis for the historical rescue, and the quest for the authentic. This work objective is, from the concepts that define Authenticity, identify how this concept is representing the vinyl records consumption in practice, having as methodology the qualitative approach, through in-depth individual interviews with collectors, also counting on the systematic observation techniques in points of sale and netnographic observation of communities specialized in the subject in the digital environment.
O conceito de autenticidade permeia diversas discussões na ciência, podendo utilizar como foco as relações humanas, objetos, itens culturais, obras de arte, entre outros. A discussão específica desse conceito aplicado a bens do universo do consumo, incluindo a obra de arte, foi inclusive a tônica da crítica dos teóricos pertencentes à Escola de Frankfurt, no início do século XX, que teve a reprodutibilidade técnica e a reprodução em massa como faíscas para estudos que abordassem a autenticidade. É essencial, assim, que a Administração e o Marketing articulem com os significados da personalização de bens e do resgate histórico envolvidos no contexto da massificação, atribuindo ou resgatando valor a eles. Com isso, chama-se a atenção no cenário contemporâneo o retorno do consumo de discos de vinil, com sete décadas de existência, fruto de uma prática de consumo que permite a análise para o resgate histórico e busca da autenticidade. O objetivo do trabalho é, a partir dos conceitos que definem a Autenticidade, identificar como essa noção está representada na prática de consumo de discos de vinil. Para isso, foi tomada como metodologia uma abordagem qualitativa, a partir entrevistas individuais em profundidade com colecionadores, contando também com as técnicas de observação sistemática em pontos de venda e observação netnográfica de comunidades especializadas no assunto no ambiente digital.
Yusuf, Said Abdi. "Miscibility study of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)poly(vinyl butyral) blends." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60693.
Full textCroot, Robert Arthur. "The characterisation and adsorption of vinyl alcohol vinyl acetate copolymers." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303767.
Full textThivierge, Pascale. "Tourism, stakeholder networks and sustainability : the case of the Vinales Valley, Cuba." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31144.
Full textOliveira, Silvana Ruella de [UNESP]. "Avaliação da padronização interna na determinação de chumbo em vinagre por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97857.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Bismuto foi avaliado como padrão interno (PI) na determinação direta de chumbo em vinagre por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GF AAS). O comportamento térmico do Pb e Bi foi estudado por meio de curvas de temperatura de pirólise e de atomização em meio de vinagre e na presença dos modificadores Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2, NH4H2PO4 + Mg(NO3)2, Ru, Ru com co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2, Ru com co-injeção de NH4H2PO4 + Mg(NO3)2, W com co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 e a mistura ternária Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 + NH4H2PO4. Por meio da temperatura de pirólise e de atomização, da massa característica, do sinal de absorção de fundo, do desvio padrão relativo, dos sinais transientes, dos gráficos de correlação e dos efeitos de matriz, concluiu-se que o modificador mais apropriado foi Ru com co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2. Curvas analíticas construídas no intervalo de 2,50 a 15,0 μg L-1 Pb, usando a razão APb/ABi (absorbância de chumbo pela absorbância de padrão interno) versus concentração do analito, forneceram coeficientes de correlação linear típicos de r=0.9992. O método proposto foi aplicado para a determinação direta de chumbo em 18 amostras de vinagre comerciais. A comparação envolveu outro método de calibração e outro método de preparo de amostra. A concentração de chumbo variou de 2,6 a 37 μg L-1. O teste t de student mostrou que os resultados foram concordantes entre todos os métodos ao nível de 95% de confiança. Dois materiais de referência certificados para água da National Institute of Standards and Technology (1643d; 1640) foram também analisados e os valores encontrados foram concordantes ao nível de 95% de confiança com os valores certificados. A massa característica foi 40 pg Pb e o limite de detecção (LOD) foi de 0.3 μg L-1. O desvio padrão relativo (r.s.d) foi = 3,8%. A exatidão...
Bismuth was evaluated as internal standard (IS) for direct determination of lead in vinegar by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS). Thermal behaviors of Pb and Bi were investigated by means of pyrolysis and atomization curves built up in vinegar using the following modifiers: Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2, NH4H2PO4 + Mg(NO3)2, Ru, Ru with co-injection of the Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2, Ru with co-injection of the NH4H2PO4 + Mg(NO3)2, W with co-injection of the Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 and the mixture Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 + NH4H2PO4. Ruthenium with coinjection of Pd/Mg was elected the best modifier after taking into consideration pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, characteristic mass, background level, precision, peak profile, correlation graph and matrix effects. For analytical curves within 2.50 - 15.0 æg L-1 Pb interval using the ratio APb/ABi (lead absorbance to IS absorbance) versus analyte concentration, typical linear correlations of r=0.9992 were obtained. The proposed method was applied for direct determination of lead in 18 commercial vinegar samples. Concentration of lead in vinegars varied from 2.6 to 37 æg L-1. Matrix matching calibration and digested samples were employed to help the validation of the method. A paired t-test showed that results between all methods were in agreement at 95% confidence level. Two water standard reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (1643d, 1640) were also analyzed and results were in agreement with certified values at a 95% confidence level. The characteristic mass was 40 pg Pb and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 mg L-1. The relative standard deviation (r.s.d) was = 3.8% and recoveries of spiked samples were in the 96 - 108% range. Useful lifetime graphite tube was 1400 or 1600 without or with internal standardization, respectively.
Oliveira, Silvana Ruella de. "Avaliação da padronização interna na determinação de chumbo em vinagre por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97857.
Full textBanca: Pedro de Magalhães Padilha
Banca: Bernhard Welz
Resumo: Bismuto foi avaliado como padrão interno (PI) na determinação direta de chumbo em vinagre por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GF AAS). O comportamento térmico do Pb e Bi foi estudado por meio de curvas de temperatura de pirólise e de atomização em meio de vinagre e na presença dos modificadores Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2, NH4H2PO4 + Mg(NO3)2, Ru, Ru com co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2, Ru com co-injeção de NH4H2PO4 + Mg(NO3)2, W com co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 e a mistura ternária Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 + NH4H2PO4. Por meio da temperatura de pirólise e de atomização, da massa característica, do sinal de absorção de fundo, do desvio padrão relativo, dos sinais transientes, dos gráficos de correlação e dos efeitos de matriz, concluiu-se que o modificador mais apropriado foi Ru com co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2. Curvas analíticas construídas no intervalo de 2,50 a 15,0 μg L-1 Pb, usando a razão APb/ABi (absorbância de chumbo pela absorbância de padrão interno) versus concentração do analito, forneceram coeficientes de correlação linear típicos de r=0.9992. O método proposto foi aplicado para a determinação direta de chumbo em 18 amostras de vinagre comerciais. A comparação envolveu outro método de calibração e outro método de preparo de amostra. A concentração de chumbo variou de 2,6 a 37 μg L-1. O teste t de student mostrou que os resultados foram concordantes entre todos os métodos ao nível de 95% de confiança. Dois materiais de referência certificados para água da National Institute of Standards and Technology (1643d; 1640) foram também analisados e os valores encontrados foram concordantes ao nível de 95% de confiança com os valores certificados. A massa característica foi 40 pg Pb e o limite de detecção (LOD) foi de 0.3 μg L-1. O desvio padrão relativo (r.s.d) foi = 3,8%. A exatidão...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Bismuth was evaluated as internal standard (IS) for direct determination of lead in vinegar by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS). Thermal behaviors of Pb and Bi were investigated by means of pyrolysis and atomization curves built up in vinegar using the following modifiers: Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2, NH4H2PO4 + Mg(NO3)2, Ru, Ru with co-injection of the Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2, Ru with co-injection of the NH4H2PO4 + Mg(NO3)2, W with co-injection of the Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 and the mixture Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 + NH4H2PO4. Ruthenium with coinjection of Pd/Mg was elected the best modifier after taking into consideration pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, characteristic mass, background level, precision, peak profile, correlation graph and matrix effects. For analytical curves within 2.50 - 15.0 æg L-1 Pb interval using the ratio APb/ABi (lead absorbance to IS absorbance) versus analyte concentration, typical linear correlations of r=0.9992 were obtained. The proposed method was applied for direct determination of lead in 18 commercial vinegar samples. Concentration of lead in vinegars varied from 2.6 to 37 æg L-1. Matrix matching calibration and digested samples were employed to help the validation of the method. A paired t-test showed that results between all methods were in agreement at 95% confidence level. Two water standard reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (1643d, 1640) were also analyzed and results were in agreement with certified values at a 95% confidence level. The characteristic mass was 40 pg Pb and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 mg L-1. The relative standard deviation (r.s.d) was = 3.8% and recoveries of spiked samples were in the 96 - 108% range. Useful lifetime graphite tube was 1400 or 1600 without or with internal standardization, respectively.
Mestre
Coupois-Paul, Isabelle. "Contribution a l'étude des associations tanno-protéiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL102N.
Full textSebih, Zakia. "Développement d'une méthode d'analyse des gaz par infrarouge à transformée de Fourier : application à la combustion moteur et à la dégradation de polymères additivés et non additivés." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_244.pdf.
Full textAlencar, Ana Ellen Valentim de. "Estudo das propriedades do cimento asfÃltico de petrÃleo modificado por copolÃmero de etileno e acetato de vinila(eva)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2005. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1439.
Full textCimento AsfÃltico de PetrÃleo (CAP), caracterizado como CAP 50/60, oriundo do Campo Fazenda Alegre, no estado do EspÃrito Santo, foi modificado por adiÃÃo de CopolÃmero de Etileno e Acetato de Vinila (EVA). Na modificaÃÃo foram incorporadas amostras do copolÃmero EVA puro e proveniente do resÃduo da indÃstria de calÃados (EVAR). Os CAPS, polÃmeros e CAPS modificados, foram inicialmente caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR) e ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear (RMN). AnÃlise tÃrmica, como a termogravimetria (TG) e caloria exploratÃria diferencial (DSC), foi utilizada para o estudo da decomposiÃÃo tÃrmica, bem como para avaliar a estabilidade termoxidativa das amostras. Testes empÃricos como penetraÃÃo, ponto de amolecimento, susceptibilidade tÃrmica e retorno elÃstico, alÃm de viscosidade, tambÃm foram realizados para caracterizaÃÃo dos materiais. Os resultados indicaram que CAPS modificados apresentaram maior estabilidade em atmosfera oxidativa do que em atmosfera inerte. A anÃlise das curvas DSC revelou que os CAPS modificados mostraram-se mais resistentes à trincas tÃrmicas, quando submetidos a temperaturas mais baixas, que o CAP convencional. Os CAPS modificados foram mais resistentes à decomposiÃÃo oxidativa, quando foram submetidos ao envelhecimento simulado. A viscosidade do ligante modificado por adiÃÃo do polÃmero foi aumentada em relaÃÃo ao ligante puro. Diferentemente do CAP convencional, o CAP modificado por EVAR apresentou comportamento nÃo Newtoniano. Os ensaios empÃricos, relativos à penetraÃÃo, ponto de amolecimento, susceptibilidade tÃrmica e retorno elÃstico, mostraram que os CAPS modificados com EVAR, tiveram uma melhoria nas suas propriedades fÃsicas, em relaÃÃo aos CAPS nÃo modificados.
The Petroleum Asphaltic Cement characterized as CAP 50/60, produced at the state of EspÃrito Santo (Fazenda Alegre), was modified by addition of copolymers of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and EVA from the footwearâs industry residue (EVAR). The original and modified CAPS were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN). Thermal analysis,as thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), was used to evaluate the thermal stability of the samples. The characterization was also performed with empirical tests such as penetration, softening point, elastic recovery and viscosity. The main results indicated that polymer modified CAPS presented larger thermal stability in oxidative atmosphere than in inert atmosphere. The analysis of DSC curves revealed that modified CAPS, when submitted to lower temperatures, were more resistant to the thermal cracks than conventional CAP. Also modified CAPS showed to be more resistant to the thermal oxidative decomposition, when submitted to a simulated aging process. The viscosity of the polymer modified binder was increased in relation to the original binder. Polymer modified CAP EVAR presented non-Newtonian behavior, whereas Newtonian behavior was observed for unmodified CAP. It was observed that modifying the asphalt binder with a copolymer EVAR leads to an improvement in the physical properties in relation to the penetration, softening point, thermal susceptibility and elastic recovery
Pesneau, Isabelle. "Etude des mélanges poly(éthylène) - poly(butylène téréphtalate) : compatibilisation, morphologie et propriétés barrières." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10322.
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