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Journal articles on the topic 'Vinyl chloride polymerization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Jíšová, V., M. Kolínský, and D. Lím. "Polymerization of vinyl chloride by organolithium compounds. II. Polymerization of vinyl chloride by organolithium complexes." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 42, no. 1 (2007): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070420153.

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2

Lukáš, Rudolf. "Suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride and the processibility of poly(vinyl chloride)." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 29, no. 1 (1989): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19890290104.

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3

Tauer, Klaus, Gerhard Reinisch, Herbert Gajewski, and Ingolf Müller. "Modeling of Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride." Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 28, no. 3-4 (1991): 431–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222339108052152.

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4

Leicht, Hannes, Inigo Göttker-Schnetmann, and Stefan Mecking. "Incorporation of Vinyl Chloride in Insertion Polymerization." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 52, no. 14 (2013): 3963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201209724.

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5

Uustalu, Joan M. "Electrical conductivity in vinyl chloride during polymerization." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 24, no. 7 (1986): 1609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1986.080240718.

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6

Leicht, Hannes, Inigo Göttker-Schnetmann, and Stefan Mecking. "Incorporation of Vinyl Chloride in Insertion Polymerization." Angewandte Chemie 125, no. 14 (2013): 4055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201209724.

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7

Tsuchiya, Yoshikatsu, and Kiyoshi Endo. "Vanadium alkoxide catalyzed polymerization of vinyl chloride." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 49, no. 4 (2011): 1006–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.24514.

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8

Braun, Dietrich. "Controlled free-radical polymerization of vinyl chloride." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 11, no. 3 (2005): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.20043.

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9

Kolínský, Miloslav, Jaroslava Michalcová, Václava Jíšová, and Rudolf Lukáš. "Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride by Organometallic Compounds. Effect of Moisture in the Monomer." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 11 (1993): 2559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19932559.

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The effect of moisture in vinyl chloride (VC) on its polymerization initiated with tert-butyllithium was investigated. The conversion curves thus obtained and the dependences of molecular weights of isolated products show that within range 6.5 - 80 ppm. vol. water in vinyl chloride and the mole ration t-BuLi/VC 0.0004 - 0.03 the conversion of vinyl chloride decreases, while the molecular weight of PVC increases. The distribution curves of molecular weights become broader with increasing water content in the monomer, and their maxima are shifted to higher molecular weights. The water content up to 40 ppm. vol. in vinyl chloride does not affect the heat stability of PVC. At higher water contents the stability decreases.

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10

Coelho, Jorge F. J., Patricia Alves, Joana Monteiro, et al. "Scale-up of Poly[(Vinyl Chloride)-b-(n-Butyl Acrylate)-b-(Vinyl Chloride)] prepared by Living Radical Polymerization." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 975–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.975.

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Vinyl Chloride (VCM) based copolymers were synthesised by using Living Radical Polymerization. The obtained materials were characterized by determining their molecular weight, glass transition temperature and mechanical properties after processing in industrial equipments. Their chemical composition was evaluated by using NMR.

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11

Piette, Yasmine, Antoine Debuigne, Christine Jérôme, Vincent Bodart, Rinaldo Poli, and Christophe Detrembleur. "Cobalt-mediated radical (co)polymerization of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate." Polymer Chemistry 3, no. 10 (2012): 2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2py20413d.

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12

ENDO, Kiyoshi, and Yoshikatsu TSUCHIYA. "Recent Development in the Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 81, no. 1 (2008): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.81.29.

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13

Endo, K., N. Kaneda, and H. Waku. "Controlled polymerization of vinyl chloride with tert-butyllithium." Polymer 40, no. 24 (1999): 6883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00268-2.

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14

Georgescu, Cecilia-Speranţa, Victor Butucea, Adrians Sarbu, Adrians Ionescu, Ion Deaconescu, and Cornel Hagiopol. "Emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride, potassium persulfate decomposition." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 29, no. 1 (1989): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19890290127.

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15

Törnell, Bertil, and Jaan Uustalu. "Formation of primary particles in vinyl chloride polymerization." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35, no. 1 (1988): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350106.

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16

Boz, Emine, Alexander J. Nemeth, Ion Ghiviriga, Keesu Jeon, Rufina G. Alamo, and Kenneth B. Wagener. "Precision Ethylene/Vinyl Chloride Polymers via Condensation Polymerization." Macromolecules 40, no. 18 (2007): 6545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma070933g.

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17

Wieme, Joris, Marie-Françoise Reyniers, and Guy B. Marin. "Initiator efficiency modeling for vinyl chloride suspension polymerization." Chemical Engineering Journal 154, no. 1-3 (2009): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.06.004.

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18

Smirnov, Yu A., Yu P. Evdokimov, and V. F. Kozlov. "Intensifying heat exchange in vinyl chloride polymerization reactors." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 27, no. 4 (1991): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01150217.

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19

De Roo, Tony, Geraldine J. Heynderickx, and Guy B. Marin. "Diffusion-controlled reactions in vinyl chloride suspension polymerization." Macromolecular Symposia 206, no. 1 (2004): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200450217.

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20

Isaacs, H., R. Schwartz, N. Garti, and F. Lerner. "Microsuspension Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride / Mikrosuspensionspolymerisation von Vinylchloridi." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 24, no. 4 (1987): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tsd-1987-240421.

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21

Ugelstad, J., H. Fløgstad, F. K. Hansen, and T. Ellingsen. "Studies on the emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride by seed polymerization." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 42, no. 1 (2007): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070420154.

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22

Asandei, A. D., and V. Percec. "From metal-catalyzed radical telomerization to metal-catalyzed radical polymerization of vinyl chloride: Toward living radical polymerization of vinyl chloride." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 39, no. 19 (2001): 3392–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1322.

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23

Guyot, Alain, and Jacques Mordini. "Radical and ionic polymerization of vinyl chloride with tert-butylmagnesium chloride." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia 33, no. 1 (2007): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070330107.

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24

Ibrahim, A. S., Y. A. Ali, H. M. Saad, and I. H. Amur. "Kinetics and Mechanism of Bulk Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride in a Polymerization Reactor." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 12, no. 2 (2015): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol12iss2pp41-50.

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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the third most commonly produced polymer and is important because of its mechanical characteristics. The most common method of PVC manufacturing is the process of suspension. Although, there are several benefits associated with suspension, this study will focus on the bulk polymerization of vinyl chloride; highlight the physical and chemical properties of PVC, which can be changed through an estimation of the optimum ratio that exists between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the polymer’s surface, and propose a new mathematical model which will be helpful for the conversion of PVC into a useful form. The result will be the proposal of a new dynamic mathematical model for the three-phase structure model. All particles have been taken into account in the proposed model, which helped contribute to the reaction in gel, solid, and liquid phases, emphasizing the use of mercury (Hg) as a catalyst. The proposed mathematical model considers the heat and mass transfer between the liquid, gel, and solid phases with chemical reactions that occur between the liquid and solid phases, and between the gel and solid phases. The effect of the catalyst and volumetric flow rates of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) on the system have been evaluated through the proposed mathematical model. Furthermore, the study’s experimental data have been compared with the findings of the suggested model in the context of concentration and temperature reaction. Obtained results show good agreement between the proposed mathematical model and the actual plant data.

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25

Okieimen, Ebhodaghe F., and Arthur Jideonwo. "Studies in Vinyl Polymerization. Reinitiation by Allyl Chloride Transfer Radicals in the Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate." Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 23, no. 6 (1986): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222338608063424.

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26

Boivin, Sylviane, Patrick Hemery, and Sylvie Boileau. "Polymérisation du chloroformiate de vinyle et de ses dérivés." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 6 (1985): 1337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-227.

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The free-radical polymerization of vinyl chloroformate has been studied in methylene chloride at 35 °C using dicyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate as initiator. Kinetic measurements performed by dilatometry under high vacuum have shown that the reaction order in monomer is equal to one whereas that in catalyst is equal to 0.5.New polymers have been prepared either by free-radical polymerization of monomers derived from vinyl chloroformate or by chemical modification of poly(vinyl chloroformate) with amines, alcohols, thiols, carboxylic acids, KCN … using phase transfer catalysis. The structure of these polymers as well as their thermal behaviour have been studied.

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27

Kolínský, Miloslav, Stanislav Ševčík, and Rudolf Lukáš. "New Type of Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride)." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 11 (1993): 2673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19932673.

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Low-molecular-weight plasticizers are commonly used in the production of plasticized PVC. However, they readily migrate to the surface of the product, which results in the deterioration of physical properties and contamination of environment. This drawback is eliminated by polymerizing vinyl chloride in water suspension in the presence of a polyester plasticizer and structure stabilizer such as triallyl isocyanurate or the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer. The data obtained from water and heptane extractions demonstrate a low extractability of the plasticizer used. Attention is focused on the explanation of the role of structure stabilizers in the polymerization process, and some properties of this new type of plasticized PVC and its possible application areas are discussed.

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28

Vale, Hugo M., and Timothy F. McKenna. "Particle Formation in Vinyl Chloride Emulsion Polymerization: Reaction Modeling." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48, no. 11 (2009): 5193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie801406n.

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29

Vale, Hugo M., and Timothy F. L. McKenna. "Particle Formation in Vinyl Chloride Emulsion Polymerization. Experimental Study." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 21 (2008): 8107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0715153.

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30

Endo, Kiyoshi, and Makoto Saitoh. "Polymerization of vinyl chloride with half-titanocene/methylaluminoxane catalysts." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 41, no. 2 (2002): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.10574.

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31

Hauss, A. F. "Quantitive kinetic study of vinyl chloride polymerization in suspension." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia 33, no. 1 (2007): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070330102.

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32

Feldman, D., and A. Macoveanu. "Contributions to vinyl chloride suspension polymerization with constant rate." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 64, no. 1 (2007): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070640123.

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33

Endo, Kiyoshi, Noriyasu Kaneda, Hidenori Waku, Makoto Saitoh, and Nobuyoshi Emori. "Polymerization of vinyl chloride with butyllithiums and metallocene catalysts." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 7, no. 4 (2001): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.10289.

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34

Darvishi, Reza, Mohsen Nasr Esfahany, and Rouhollah Bagheri. "Nonisothermal suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride for enhanced productivity." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 22, no. 4 (2015): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21466.

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35

Darvishi, R., M. Nasr Esfahany, and R. Bagheri. "Mechanistic investigation of nonisothermal suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 24, no. 1 (2015): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21527.

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36

Georgiadou, S., N. L. Thomas, M. Gilbert, and B. W. Brooks. "Nonaqueous polymerization of vinyl chloride: An environmentally friendly process." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 112, no. 4 (2009): 2472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.29590.

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37

Abreu, Carlos M. R., Patrícia V. Mendonça, Arménio C. Serra, et al. "Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride." Macromolecules 45, no. 5 (2012): 2200–2208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma300064j.

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38

Zerfa, M., and B. W. Brooks. "Drop coalescence processes in suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60, no. 12 (1996): 2077–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19960620)60:12<2077::aid-app5>3.0.co;2-j.

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39

Öztürk, Temel, Melahat Göktaş, Bedrettin Savaş, Mustafa Işıklar, Mehmet Nuri Atalar, and Baki Hazer. "Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl chloride-graft-2-vinylpyridine) graft copolymers using a novel macroinitiator by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization." e-Polymers 14, no. 1 (2014): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2013-0011.

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AbstractSynthesis of poly(vinyl chloride-graft-2-vinylpyridine) graft copolymers was carried out by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of 2-vinylpyridine using a novel macroinitiator (RAFT macroinitiator). For this purpose, RAFT macroinitiator was obtained from the potassium salt of ethyl xanthogenate and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Then the graft copolymers were synthesized by using RAFT macroinitiator and 2-vinylpyridine. The principal parameters such as monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and polymerization time that affect the polymerization reaction were studied. The effect of the reaction conditions on the heterogeneity index and molecular weight was also investigated. The block lengths of the graft copolymers were calculated by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra. The block lengths of the copolymers could be adjusted by varying the monomer and initiator concentrations. The characterizations of the samples were carried out by using 1H NMR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gel-permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and fractional precipitation (γ value) techniques. RAFT polymerization is used to control the polymerization of 2-vinylpyridine over a broad range of molecular weights.

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40

Coelho, Jorge F. J., P. N. Simões, Patrícia V. Mendonça, A. C. Fonseca, and M. H. Gil. "Thermal characterization of poly(vinyl chloride) samples prepared by living radical polymerization: Comparison with poly(vinyl chloride) prepared by free radical polymerization." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 109, no. 4 (2008): 2729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.28318.

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41

De Bon, Francesco, Diana C. M. Ribeiro, Carlos M. R. Abreu, et al. "Under pressure: electrochemically-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl chloride." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 42 (2020): 6745–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00995d.

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42

Starnes, W. H. "Structural Defects in Poly(vinyl chloride) and the Mechanism of Vinyl Chloride Polymerization: Comments on Recent Studies." Procedia Chemistry 4 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2012.06.001.

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43

Bijhanmanesh, Mohammad Javad, Nasrin Etesami, and Mohsen Nasr Esfahany. "Influences of initiator addition methods in suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride on poly(vinyl chloride) particles properties." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 24, no. 2 (2016): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21534.

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44

Moriuchi-Kawakami, Takayo, Yuria Sekiguchi, Shintaro Hattori, et al. "Proton spin relaxation study with pulsed NMR on the plasticization of Na+ ion-selective electrode membranes prepared from PVCs with different degrees of polymerization." Analyst 145, no. 11 (2020): 3832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9an02355k.

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The proton spin–spin relaxation times (T<sub>2</sub>) of ion-selective electrode membranes with differences in the polymerization degree of the incorporated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) polymers were investigated.

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45

Mendes, Joana P., Patrícia V. Mendonça, Pedro Maximiano, et al. "Getting faster: low temperature copper-mediated SARA ATRP of methacrylates, acrylates, styrene and vinyl chloride in polar media using sulfolane/water mixtures." RSC Advances 6, no. 12 (2016): 9598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra20872f.

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Supplemental activator and reducing agent atom transfer radical polymerization (SARA ATRP) of acrylates, methacrylates, styrene and vinyl chloride was successfully performed in sulfolane/water mixtures using ppm amounts of soluble copper.

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46

Luo, Yuxiang, and Gance Dai. "Absorption of trioctyl trimellitate into mass-polymerization and suspension-polymerization poly(vinyl chloride)." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92, no. 4 (2004): 2369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20142.

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47

Shulaeva, E. A., Yu F. Kovalenko, and N. S. Shulaev. "Simulation and Modeling Software in Chemical Technology: Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride." Advanced Materials Research 1040 (September 2014): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.581.

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This article describes the simulation and modeling software for the process of polymerization of vinyl chloride suspension process for automatic control and maintaining of optimum modes of chemical transformations. Simulation and modeling software operating in the training mode allows acquiring the skills of process control and in supervisory mode to evaluate the level of training of operating personnel.

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48

Peñas, Mario Iván, Miren Itxaso Calafel, Roberto Hernández Aguirresarobe, et al. "How Is Rheology Involved in 3D Printing of Phase-Separated PVC-Acrylate Copolymers Obtained by Free Radical Polymerization." Polymers 12, no. 9 (2020): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092070.

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New auto-plasticised copolymers of poly(vinyl chloride)-r-(acrylate) and polyvinylchloride, obtained by radical polymerization, are investigated to analyse their capacity to be processed by 3D printing. The specific microstructure of the copolymers gives rise to a phase-separated morphology constituted by poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) domains dispersed in a continuous phase of acrylate-vinyl chloride copolymer. The analysis of the rheological results allows the suitability of these copolymers to be assessed for use in a screw-driven 3D printer, but not by the fused filament fabrication method. This is due to the high melt elasticity of the copolymers, caused by interfacial tension between phases. A relationship between the relaxation modulus of the copolymers and the interlayer adhesion is established. Under adequate 3D-printing conditions, flexible and ductile samples with good dimensional stability and cohesion are obtained, as is proven by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile stress-strain tests.

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49

Torres, L. M., João F. Silva, António Torres Marques, João Pedro Nunes, and Rogerio P. Marques. "Glass/Polyvinyl Chloride Composites." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.214.

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This paper summarizes the results obtained in the use of plastisols of vinyl chloride homopolymer (PVC), obtained by the process of emulsion polymerization, as thermoplastic matrix in the production of composite pipes and in pipe repairing. Two processing techniques commonly used with thermosetting matrices were studied: filament winding and hand lay up. The produced composite structures of PVC reinforced with glass fibres were subsequently subjected to tests in order to determine their mechanical properties. This paper concludes that it is possible to use the described technique for piping repairing with good results.

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50

Guo, Rui, Erlei Yu, Jia Liu, and Zhong Wei. "Agitating transformation during vinyl chloride suspension polymerization: aggregation morphology and PVC properties." RSC Advances 7, no. 39 (2017): 24022–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra01914a.

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In this study, the effect of agitation rate on the aggregation morphology of the suspension poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) grains, especially their primary particles, at different conversions was investigated.

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