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Academic literature on the topic 'Violence - influence exercée'
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Journal articles on the topic "Violence - influence exercée"
1
Greenfield, Jerome. "The Price of Violence." French Historical Studies 43, no. 4 (2020): 537–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8552447.
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Abstract Much of the nature of French imperialism in Algeria can be explained through an analysis of its financial underpinnings, a subject generally neglected by historians. This article recounts the creation of a colonial fiscal system during the period of the French conquest of Algeria from the 1830s to the 1850s. It argues that money played a decisive role in shaping relations between metropolitan officials and the military leaders who comprised the “men on the spot.” While the French presence in Algeria was to an extent rationalized in terms of imparting “civilization,” the need for money exacerbated the army's tendency to rule through violence. This brutality alienated metropolitan elites, pushing the government to exert greater control over Algerian affairs. Here, money provided crucial leverage, given Algeria's financial dependence on the metropole. In this manner, finance decisively shaped the formation of the French state in Algeria. Souvent négligée par les historiens, l'étude des finances est essentielle pour comprendre l'impérialisme français en Algérie. Cet article traite de l'essor du système fiscal colonial pendant la conquête de l'Algérie. Il souligne le rôle que l'argent a joué dans les relations entre les fonctionnaires métropolitains et les commandants de l'armée en Afrique, « les hommes sur place ». Alors que la présence française en Algérie était en partie justifiée par le projet de « civilisation », les besoins financiers ont exacerbé la disposition de l'armée à gouverner par la violence. Cette brutalité a désenchanté les élites métropolitaines, encourageant le gouvernement à exercer plus de contrôle en Algérie, et pour cela l'argent était indispensable, compte tenu de la dépendance financière de la colonie sur la métropole. Les finances ont donc exercé une influence décisive sur le développement de l'Etat français en Algérie.
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Smith-Marek, Erika N., Joyce Baptist, Chandra Lasley, and Jessica D. Cless. "“I Don’t Like Being That Hyperaware of My Body”: Women Survivors of Sexual Violence and Their Experience of Exercise." Qualitative Health Research 28, no. 11 (2018): 1692–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732318786482.
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The experience of exercise among women survivors of sexual violence is a multifaceted phenomenon. In effort to inform treatment interventions, we used a phenomenological approach to describe the lived experience of exercise among women survivors of sexual violence. Data analysis from a focus group discussion and individual interviews with eight women survivors receiving services at a rape crisis center (RCC) revealed four themes: exercising (and not exercising) fosters safety, exercising is risky, past trauma restricts exercise choices, and exercising is beneficial. Findings indicate that survivors’ experience of exercise is related to their connections with self and their social environment. Survivors’ choices related to exercise were impacted by their stage of recovery. A variety of social-contextual factors appeared to support or impede motivation to exercise and it was not disinterest in exercise or low confidence in the ability to exercise, but restricted exercise options perceived as safe that influenced exercise motivation.
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Hamilton, Bernard. "‘God Wills It’: Signs of Divine Approval in the Crusade Movement." Studies in Church History 41 (2005): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400000140.
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Robert the Monk, who was present at the Council of Clermont in 1095 and heard Urban II preach the crusade sermon, reports that when he had finished speaking all who were there shouted: ‘God wills it. God wills it’. The pope, Robert tells us, saw in this unanimity a sign of divine inspiration: ‘I tell you that God has drawn this response from you to express the feeling which he has inspired in your hearts’. Yet although Urban’s arguments and eloquence convinced his audience at Clermont, reactions to the crusade were more ambivalent among some people in the West, even among some of those who took the cross. This was a legacy of the ambiguous attitude of Western churchmen towards violence and warfare. Western society in the early medieval centuries was very violent, and, as Guy Halsall has rightly pointed out, the Church helped to determine the norms of violence which Christian society found acceptable. No doubt churchmen viewed their intervention primarily as a limitation exercise. From the later ninth century onwards, as the Carolingian Empire declined, the popes intermittently called on the warriors of the West to come to their aid. Indeed, in some ways the campaign of the Garigliano, conducted by a league of Byzantine and Lombard forces organized by Pope John X, who himself took part in the fighting, and which achieved its objective of ridding the Papal States of bands of Muslim raiders who had settled there, was like a rehearsal for the First Crusade. The Church further tried to influence the behaviour of Christian fighting men by encouraging the Truce and Peace of God movements in the early eleventh century, and in some areas the liturgical blessing of swords was introduced. Consequently, by 1095 the fighting men in Western Europe were accustomed to the Church hierarchy’s calling on them for help.
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Perez Ryan, Darien, and Patrick E. Jamieson. "Risk and Culture of Health Portrayal in a U.S. Cross-Cultural TV Adaptation, a Pilot Study." Media and Communication 7, no. 1 (2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i1.1489.
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Because media portrayal can influence adolescents’ health, we assessed the health-related content of a popular telenovela—a Spanish-language TV soap opera genre—and its widely watched English adaptation. To test our “culture of corruption” hypothesis, which predicts that the English-language adaptation of telenovelas will “Americanize” their content by increasing risky and reducing healthy portrayal on screen, we coded the depictions of five risk variables and five culture of health ones in ten episodes each of “Juana la Virgen” (2002) and its popular English-language counterpart, “Jane the Virgin” (2014). A significant increase was found between the Spanish and English-language shows in the risk category of sexual content and a marginally significant increase was found in violence. “Jane” also had larger numbers of characters modeling alcohol consumption, sex, or violence. Across culture of health variables, “Juana” and “Jane” did not exhibit significant differences in the amounts of education-related content, social cohesion, and exercise at the episode level. However, “Jane” had significantly more unhealthy food content (specifically, fats, oils, and sweets and takeout food) and more pro-health messaging than did “Juana.” “Jane” also had a larger amount of modeled food/beverage consumption. While “Juana” modeled several instances of characters involved in exercise, “Jane” had no exercise content across the sample. Overall, “Jane” portrayed more problematic health content than “Juana.” The increase in worrisome content in “Jane” may adversely affect the health of adolescent Hispanics, who make up a large part of the show’s audience.
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Maxwell, Allie. "The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction 1980: The New Zealand Courts' Approach to the "Grave Risk" Exception for Victims of Domestic Violence." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 48, no. 1 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v48i1.4768.
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The Hague Convention 1980 was welcomed by the international community to resolve the emerging issue of international child abduction. The Convention is premised on the assumption that all child abduction is inherently harmful. Thus, it is generally in the best interests of children to be returned to the country of habitual residence as expediently as possible, restoring the status quo.Domestic violence victims do not fall within the typical abduction paradigm which the Convention was drafted to remedy. New Zealand courts have adopted a narrow approach to the "grave risk" defence, requiring the abducting party to prove that the country of habitual residence cannot adequately protect the child. This is rarely established due to the influence of the principle of comity. This approach therefore effectively blocks the discretionary inquiry, which only occurs once the defence is established, in which the Convention principles can be weighed against the welfare and best interests of the individual child, a consideration paramount in both domestic and international law. Domestic violence makes it unlikely that return will ever be in the child's welfare and best interests. A change in approach is suggested, under which consideration of the adequacy of the habitual residence's protection laws becomes a relevant consideration in the exercise of discretion. This ensures all considerations are given due regard and the safety of young domestic violence victims is better assured.
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Cliche, Marie-Aimée. "Droits égaux ou influence accrue? Nature et rôle de la femme d’après les féministes chrétiennes et les antiféministes au Québec 1896-1930." Articles 2, no. 2 (2005): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/057561ar.
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Les premières féministes québécoises se sont efforcées de concilier leurs tentatives pour améliorer la condition des femmes avec leurs convictions religieuses. Pour ce faire, elles ont beaucoup insisté sur l'influence morale que les femmes pouvaient exercer dans la société. L'analyse de leurs écrits, en particulier des passages concernant les droits, les devoirs et l'influence des femmes, nous révèle que leur fidélité au concept de « nature » féminine restreignait énormément la portée de leurs revendications et que leurs adversaires se servirent du fameux argument de l'influence morale des femmes pour leur faire accepter leur statut inférieur dans les domaines éducatif, professionnel et politique. Les prises de position de ces femmes nous paraissent bien timides aujourd'hui, mais compte tenu de la violence de la réaction antiféministe, il fallait plus de courage pour être une féministe modérée au début du siècle que pour afficher des idées radicales en 1989.
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Bolger, Philip Colin, Jonathan Kremser, and Haley Walker. "Detention or diversion? The influence of training and education on school police officer discretion." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 2 (2019): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-01-2018-0007.
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PurposeThe growing concern about school violence and security has led to a dramatic increase in the number of police officers working in schools. This increase has been accompanied by a focus on the training of school-based law enforcement, the discretion that they exercise when interacting with youth, and the concern that these factors may lead to more youths facing arrest and formal processing by the juvenile and criminal justice system. What is not well understood is whether or not having formal school resource officer (SRO) training or higher education impacts the officer’s decision making when responding to an incident involving a student. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses survey data from school police officers within the USA (n=179) to examine the officer’s preferred post-incident method of disciplining the youth, from the most punitive and formal approach of suspension or referral to juvenile authorities, to the less punitive and informal approach such as diversion or warn and release.FindingsOverall, the study found that officers who have received formal SRO training were more likely to prefer a formal resolution to the incidents, and more highly educated officers tended to favor less punitive and informal responses.Originality/valueThese findings question the current state of the effectiveness of SRO training at using diversionary tactics for conflict resolution in a school setting.
8
Bond, Michael Harris. "Culture and Aggression—From Context to Coercion." Personality and Social Psychology Review 8, no. 1 (2004): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0801_3.
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This article is an attempt to study the neglected linkages between culture and aggression. It does so by conceptualizing culture as a set of affordances and constraints that channel the expression of coercive means of social control by self and others. All cultural systems represent solutions to the problems associated with distributing desired material and social resources among its group members while maintaining social order and harmony. Norms are developed surrounding the exercise of mutual influence in the process of resource allocation, favoring some and marginalizing others. Violations of these norms by resource competitors are conceptualized as “aggressive” behaviors and stimulate a process of justified counterattack, escalating the violence. The current data from both societal-level and individual-level studies are examined and integrated in light of this organizing framework, and future studies are proposed to explore the interface between culture and aggression more productively.
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Angheluta, Mihaela. "THE CONCEPT OF THREAT IN THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA." National Law Journal, no. 1(243) (July 2021): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/1811-0770.2021.1(243).04.
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In the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova, the concept of threat designates not a socially dangerous phenomenon, but a socially dangerous act. From this perspective, the content of the concept of threat is disclosed in this article. In the Criminal Code, the notion of threat designates the prejudicial action, committed with intent, which is one of the types of mental violence, which involves the exercise of an informational influence on the victim, which has the effect of intimidating it, which assumes that the victim is provided with information about causing her harm, which involves partial or full impairment of the victim’s ability to make decisions and express opinions. The notion of threat must be defined in Chapter XIII of the general part of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova. This definition must be abstracted from details concerning concrete crime components. This would contribute to the interpretation and application of liability for the threat in strict accordance with the principle of legality.
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Wiafe, Stephanie, Ariana Mihan, and Colleen M. Davison. "Neighborhood-Level Influences and Adolescent Health Risk Behaviors in Rural and Urban Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (2021): 7637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147637.
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The impact of neighborhoods on adolescent engagement in health-risk behaviors (HRBs), such as substance use and sexual activity, has been well documented in high-income countries; however, evidence from low and middle-income country settings is limited, particularly in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Neighborhoods and communities in SSA continue to experience urbanization, epidemiologic transition, and the simultaneous presence of large populations living in rurality and urbanicity. This is a dynamic context for exploring adolescent health challenges. This review seeks to identify and summarize existing literature that investigates adolescent engagement in HRBs when compared across rural and urban neighborhoods across SSA. We performed searches using three electronic databases, targeted grey literature searches and scanned reference lists of included studies. Following dual-screening, our search yielded relevant 23 studies that met all inclusion criteria. These were categorized into six broad themes including studies on: (1) sexual risk taking, (2) injury-related, (3) violence, (4) eating and/or exercise-related, (5) substance use, and (6) personal hygiene. We found that neighborhood factors relating to accessibility and availability of health information and care impacted adolescent engagement in HRBs in rural and urban areas. Urbanization of areas of SSA plays a role in differences in engagement in HRBs between rural and urban dwelling adolescents.