Relevant bibliographies by topics / Virginia earthquake

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Virginia earthquake'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Virginia earthquake"

1

Kim, W. Y. "The 9 December 2003 Central Virginia Earthquake Sequence: A Compound Earthquake in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 2428–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040207.

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Doser, Diane I. "Source parameters of Montana earthquakes (1925-1964) and tectonic deformation in the northern Intermountain Seismic Belt." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0790010031.

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Abstract Waveform modeling and first motion analysis are used to determine the source parameters of six 5.8 ≦ M ≦ 6.8 earthquakes that occurred between 1925 and 1964 within the northern Intermountain Seismic Belt of Montana. Results of this study suggest that the 1925 Clarkston earthquake occurred along an oblique normal fault with a trend similar to the southern end of the Clarkston Valley fault. The two largest earthquakes of the 1935 Helena sequence occurred along right-lateral strike-slip faults with trends similar to the Bald Butte and Helena Valley faults. The 1947 Virginia City earthquake occurred along a northwest-southeast trending segment of the Madison fault. Movement at depth was along a fault with strike similar to that of the 1959 Hebgen Lake main shock. A reanalysis of a M = 6.0 aftershock of the 1959 Hebgen Lake sequence suggests the earthquake occurred at a depth of 8 km along a fault that is not seen at the surface. An M = 5.8 earthquake in 1964, located about 10 km from the 1959 aftershock, may have occurred along steeply dipping fault planes (48° to 80°) at depths of 8 to 14 km. Most events could be modeled as simple ruptures.
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Horton, J. Wright, and Robert A. Williams. "The 2011 Virginia earthquake: What are scientists learning?" Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, no. 33 (August 14, 2012): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo330001.

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Bollinger, G. A., and J. K. Costain. "Long-term Cyclicities in Earthquake Energy Release and Major River Flow Volumes in Virginia and Missouri Seismic Zones." Seismological Research Letters 59, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.279.

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Abstract We have investigated the time series for earthquake strain energy releases and flow volumes for the major rivers that bisect the regions of seismicity in Virginia (Giles County; central Virginia) and Missouri (New Madrid) seismic zones. Our procedure is to integrate with respect to time over data lengths up to 70 years duration and then to subtract a least squares straight-line fit. The resulting residual earthquake and flow volume time series and their spectral densities both exhibit dominant periods in the 20–30 year range. These common cyclities lend support for an important role of water in intraplate seismogenesis. The fracture permeability of crystalline rocks, caused by a long history of compressional and extensional tectonic episodes, together with the driving potential supplied by long-term cyclical variations in streamflow, can result in the diffusion of fluid pressure transients to focal depths as deep as 20 km. At those depths there is also present a quasi-static, hydrolytic weakening effect of water on asperities present in the fault zones. This combination of mechanical and chemical effects can cause intraplate earthquakes in highly-stressed crustal volumes.
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Tuttle, Martitia P., Kathleen Dyer-Williams, Mark W. Carter, Steven L. Forman, Kathleen Tucker, Zamara Fuentes, Carlos Velez, and Laurel M. Bauer. "The Liquefaction Record of Past Earthquakes in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone, Eastern United States." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 5 (June 2, 2021): 3126–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200456.

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Abstract Following the 2011 moment magnitude, M 5.7 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake, we conducted a search for paleoliquefaction features and found 41 sand dikes, sand sills, and soft-sediment deformation features at 24 sites exposed in cutbanks along several rivers: (1) the South Anna River, where paleoliquefaction features were found in the epicentral area of the Mineral earthquake and farther downstream to the southeast; (2) the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers east of the Fall Line, where liquefiable sediments are more common than in the epicentral area; and (3) the James River and Rivanna River–Stigger Creek, where a few sand dikes were found in the 1990s. Liquefaction features are grouped into two age categories based on dating of host sediment in which they occur and weathering characteristics of the features. A younger generation of features that formed during the past 350 yr are small, few in number, and appear to be limited to the James and Pamunkey Rivers. Though there are large uncertainties in their locations and magnitudes, one or more preinstrumental earthquakes, including the 1758, 1774, and 1875 events, likely caused these features. An older generation of liquefaction features that formed between 350 and 2800 yr ago are larger, more numerous, and more broadly distributed than the younger generation of features. Several earthquakes could account for the regional distribution of paleoliquefaction features, including one event of M 6.25–6.5 near Holly Grove, or two events of M 6.0 near Mineral and M 6.25 near Ashland. Amplification of ground motions in Coastal Plain sediment might have contributed to liquefaction along the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers.
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Wolin, Emily, Seth Stein, Frank Pazzaglia, Anne Meltzer, Alan Kafka, and Claudio Berti. "Mineral, Virginia, earthquake illustrates seismicity of a passive-aggressive margin." Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 2 (January 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050310.

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Chapman, M. C. "On the Rupture Process of the 23 August 2011 Virginia Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 103, no. 2A (March 21, 2013): 613–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120229.

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Chu, Risheng, Don Helmberger, and Michael Gurnis. "Upper mantle surprises derived from the recent Virginia earthquake waveform data." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 402 (September 2014): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.023.

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Jibson, R. W., and E. L. Harp. "Extraordinary Distance Limits of Landslides Triggered by the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 2368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120055.

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Wu, Qimin, Martin C. Chapman, Jacob N. Beale, and Sharmin Shamsalsadati. "Near‐Source Geometrical Spreading in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone Determined from the Aftershocks of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 106, no. 3 (April 26, 2016): 943–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120150314.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Virginia earthquake"

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Hilfiker, Stephen Glenn. "High-Resolution Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Aftershock Sequence of the 23 August 2011 Mw 5.8 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107179.

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Thesis advisor: John E. Ebel
Studies of aftershock sequences in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone (CVSZ) provide critical details of the subsurface geologic structures responsible for past and (possibly) future earthquakes in an intraplate setting. The 23 August 2011 MW 5.8 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake, the largest magnitude event recorded in the CVSZ, caused widespread damage and generated a lengthy and well-recorded aftershock sequence. Over 1600 aftershocks were recorded using a dense network of seismometers in the four months following the mainshock, offering the unique opportunity to study the fault structure responsible for the post-main event seismicity. Previous work has not accurately determined the geometry of the fault structure or the migration of post-mainshock seismicity and association of the 2011 event with a known fault has been unsuccessful. In this study, relative locations of recorded aftershocks were calculated using a version of the double-difference location method outlined in Ebel et al. (2008) to generate an accurate model of the fault structure. The moment tensor inversion technique of Ebel and Bonjer (1990) was used to generate focal mechanisms of dozens of the aftershocks at various locations on the fault structure. Results from the double-difference and moment tensor inversion methods were used to map the structure responsible for the aftershock sequence in high resolution. The calculated fault structure has planes with similar strikes and dips as known faults and geologic structures in the CVSZ. In-depth analysis of this aftershock sequence provides seismologists with the opportunity to better understand the seismic hazards present in poorly understood intraplate seismic zones
Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences
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Wang, Kai. "Continental Arc Processes in British Columbia and Earthquake Processes in Virginia: Insights from Seismic Imaging." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/55124.

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Travel times from a refraction and wide-angle reflection seismic survey across the Coast Plutonic Complex and Stikine terrane of British Columbia were inverted to derive two dimensional P and S-wave seismic velocity models of the crust and uppermost mantle. A felsic upper crust and a felsic to intermediate middle crust are observed in both the batholith complex and the accreted Stikine island arc terrane. The P and S wave models demonstrate a high-velocity (P 7.0 km/s, S 3.8 km/s) layer in the lower crust beneath the youngest (late Cretaceous to Eocene) portion of the continental arc complex. In contrast, the lower crust under the Stikine terrane has lower velocities consistent with amphibolite or other hydrated mafic rocks. The Moho is at ~35 km depth under the Stikine terrane, deepens to ~38 km beneath the youngest portion of the arc, then shallows towards the coast. The high velocity zone under the younger portion of the Coast Plutonic Complex has a 1.81 Vp/Vs ratio and is interpreted to have a bulk composition of mafic garnet granulite. This garnet granulite and large volumes of granodiorite-dominated melt were created by arc dehydration melting of amphibolite (or hydrated gabbro) in the pre-existing lower crust Reverse time migration method was applied to image aftershocks recorded by a dense array deployed after the 2011 Virginia earthquake. Events as tiny as magnitude -2 were successfully imaged as point sources. The propagation of energy release as a function of time and space was observed for events larger than magnitude 2.5. Spatial resolution of the images was ~200 m, which synthetic data tests show was primarily limited by the temporal sampling rate. Improved temporal and spatial sampling could produce images with sharper resolution.
Ph. D.
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Beskardes, Gungor Didem. "Geophysical Imaging of Earth Processes: Electromagnetic Induction in Rough Geologic Media, and Back-Projection Imaging of Earthquake Aftershocks." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77891.

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This dissertation focuses on two different types of responses of Earth; that is, seismic and electromagnetic, and aims to better understand Earth processes at a wider range of scales than those conventional approaches offer. Electromagnetic responses resulting from the subsurface diffusion of applied electromagnetic fields through heterogeneous geoelectrical structures are utilized to characterize the underlying geology. Geology exhibits multiscale hierarchical structure which brought about by almost all geological processes operating across multiple length scales and the relationship between multiscale electrical properties of underlying geology and the observed electromagnetic response has not yet been fully understood. To quantify this relationship, the electromagnetic responses of textured and spatially correlated, stochastic geologic media are herein presented. The modelling results demonstrate that the resulting electromagnetic responses present a power law distribution, rather than a smooth response polluted with random, incoherent noise as commonly assumed; moreover, they are examples of fractional Brownian motion. Furthermore, the results indicate that the fractal behavior of electromagnetic responses is correlated with the degree of the spatial correlation, the contrasts in ground electrical conductivity, and the preferred orientation of small-scale heterogeneity. In addition, these inferences are also supported by the observed electromagnetic responses from a fault zone comprising different lithological units and varying wavelengths of geologic heterogeneity. Seismic signals generated by aftershocks are generally recorded by local aftershock networks consisted of insufficient number of stations which result in strongly spatially-aliased aftershock data. This limits aftershock detections and locations at smaller magnitudes. Following the 23 August 2011 Mineral, Virginia earthquake, to drastically reduce spatial aliasing, a temporary dense array (AIDA) consisting of ~200 stations at 200-400 m spacing was deployed near the epicenter to record the 12 days of the aftershocks. The backprojection imaging method is applied to the entire AIDA dataset to detect and locate aftershocks. The method takes advantage of staking of many seismograms and improves the signal-to-noise ratio for detection. The catalog obtained from the co-deployed, unusually large temporal traditional network of 36 stations enabled a quantitative comparison. The aftershock catalog derived from the dense AIDA array and the backprojection indicates event detection an order of magnitude smaller including events as small as M–1.8. The catalog is complete to magnitude –1.0 while the traditional network catalog was complete to M–0.27 for the same time period. The AIDA backprojection catalog indicate the same major patterns of seismicity in the epicentral region, but additional details are revealed indicating a more complex fault zone and a new shallow cluster. The b-value or the temporal decay constant were not changed by inclusion of the small events; however, they are different for two completeness periods and are different at shallow depth than greater depth.
Ph. D.
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Davenport, Kathy. "Continental Tectonics from Dense Array Seismic Imaging: Intraplate Seismicity in Virginia and a Steep Cratonic Margin in Idaho." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72976.

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Dense array seismic techniques can be applied to multiple types of seismic data to understand regional tectonic processes via analysis of crustal velocity structure, imaging reflection surfaces, and calculating high-resolution hypocenter locations. The two regions presented here include an intraplate seismogenic fault zone in Virginia and a steep cratonic margin in eastern Oregon and Idaho. The intraplate seismicity study in Virginia consisted of using 201 short-period vertical-component seismographs, which recorded events as low as magnitude -2 during a period of 12 days. Dense array analysis revealed almost no variation in the seismic velocity within the hypocentral zone, indicating that the aftershock zone is confined to a single crystalline-rock terrane. The 1-2 km wide cloud of hypocenters is characterized by a 29° strike and 53° dip consistent with the focal mechanism of the main shock. A 5° bend along strike and a shallower dip angle below 6 km points toward a more complex concave shaped fault zone. The seismic study in Idaho and Oregon was centered on the inversion of controlled-source wide-angle reflection and refraction seismic P- and S-wave traveltimes to determine a seismic velocity model of the crust beneath this part of the U.S. Cordillera. We imaged a narrow, steep velocity boundary within the crust that juxtaposes the Blue Mountains accreted terranes and the North American craton at the western Idaho shear zone. We found a 7 km offset in Moho depth, separating crust with different seismic velocities and Poisson's ratios. The crust beneath the Blue Mountains terranes is consistent with an intermediate lithology dominated by diorite. In the lower crust there is evidence of magmatic underplating which is consistent with the location of the feeder system of the Columbia River Basalts. The cratonic crust east of the WISZ is thicker and characterized by a felsic composition dominated by granite through most of the crust, with an intermediate composition layer in the lower crust. This sharp lithologic and rheologic boundary strongly influenced subsequent deformation and magmatic events in the region.
Ph. D.
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Widjaja, Matius Andy. "The Influence of the Recommended LRFD Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Highway Bridges on Virginia Bridges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31453.

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The influence of the recommended LRFD Guidelines for the seismic design of highway bridges in Virginia was investigated by analyzing two existing bridges. The first bridge has prestressed concrete girders and is located in the Richmond area. The second bridge has steel girders and is located in the Bristol area. The analysis procedure for both bridges is similar. First the material and section properties were calculated. Then the bridge was modeled in RISA 3D. Live and dead load were imposed on the bridge to calculate the cracked section properties of the bridge. The period of vibration of the bridge was also calculated. After the soil class of the bridge was determined, the design response spectrum curve of the bridge was drawn. The spectral acceleration obtained from the design spectrum curve was used to calculate the equivalent earthquake loads, which were applied to the superstructure of the bridge to obtain the earthquake load effects. Live and dead loads were also applied to get the live and dead load effects. The combined effects of the dead, live and earthquake loads were compared to the interaction diagram of the columns and moment strength of the columns. The details of the bridge design were also checked with the corresponding seismic design requirement.A parametric study was performed to explore the effects of different column heights and superstructure heights in different parts of Virginia. The column longitudinal reinforcing was increased to satisfy the bridge axial loads and moments that are not within the column interaction diagram.
Master of Science
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Rogers, Melissa J. B. "The determination of QLg and Qc as a function of frequency in the crust of Virginia and its environs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45174.

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Estimates of the apparent quality factors QLg (attenuation determined from the spatial decay of Lg waves) and Qc; (attenuation determined from the temporal decay of seismic coda waves) are made for the crust of Virginia and its environs. The results are presented in the form Q(Lg,C)(f) = Q₀fN, where Q₀ = Q(Lg,C)(1 Hz) and N represents the frequency dependence. The study area is located in the Appalachian region of Virginia and eastern Tennessee, containing three areas of regionally high seismicity: the central Virginia, Giles County, and eastern Tennessee seismic zones. The attenuation of the Lg phase was studied using vertical component digital recordings from Virginia Tech Seismological Observatory network stations. The seismic sources were ten regional surface mine explosions and six regional earthquakes. It was determined that Q(Lg,C) can be represented by Q₀ = 186, σlogQ₀ = 0.05, and N = 1.1 ± 0.1 for the frequency band 1-4 Hz. A site effect corrected estimate of Q(Lg,C) was also determined for the study area. This was accomplished using a spectral ratio method in which station site effects and instrument responses are canceled out. For the frequency band 1-10 Hz the site independent apparent quality factor can be represented by Q₀=155, σlogQ₀ = 0.1, and N=1.2±0.2. Station site factors were estimated using a mean residual technique. The decay of seismic coda waves across the Giles County, Virginia seismic network was studied to estimate Qc for western Virginia. A relatively new spectral method was used. The seismic sources were four local earthquakes. For the frequency band 1-10 Hz, the results can be represented by Q₀= 111, σlogQ₀ = 0.07, and N = 1.3 ± 0.07 . These values agree with a limited number of results obtained using a bandpass, time domain method which showed Q₀ = 132, N = 1.3. The results obtained for the Virginia area differ significantly in the 1 - 3 Hz range from those reported in most previous studies of the eastern United States. Previous studies have generally shown 800 ≤ Q₀ ≤ 1000 and 0.3≤ N≤0.5, but many of those results are for much larger regions and determined using different analysis techniques. Several reasons that could account for the different results include 1) estimates of attenuation may be affected by incorrect geometrical spreading models, 2) the size of the study area may affect the estimates, and 3) estimates of Q(Lg,C) made for broad regions may be biased by zones of differing tectonic activity. Of these factors, only the effects of changing geometrical spreading coefficients and scattering models (related to study area) can be quantified. Neither of these affect the results by more than a factor of two. The high frequency dependence values (N≃1.1) are probably influenced by the lack of definition of higher frequency (≃10 Hz) data at the path distances studied. Future studies should employ more extensive data sets covering a larger geographic area. At greater distances, the attenuation of higher frequency waves may be more easily observable. The large frequency dependence values are probably indicative of an area where scattering dominates over anelastic attenuation. The folded and thrusted Appalachian provinces may, indeed, be such a region of high scattering. Such a mechanism may also help to explain southeastern United States meizoseismal areas that are small relative to the total felt areas. Large frequency dependence results for QLg and Qc are relevant with respect to seismic hazard. We do not believe the results are overly biased by station site effects or varying source effects and if they hold for magnitudes greater than those studied here (m < 4.2) , they indicate a greater potential for damage by higher frequency waves to engineering structures in Virginia and its environs than previously assumed.
Master of Science
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Wu, Qimin. "Seismic Source and Attenuation Studies in the Central and Eastern United States." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77677.

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To better understand the ground motion and associated seismic hazard of earthquakes in the central and eastern United States (CEUS), this dissertation focuses on the source parameters and wave propagation characteristics of both tectonic earthquakes and induced earthquakes in the CEUS. The infrequent occurrence of significant earthquakes in the CEUS limits the necessary observations needed to understand earthquake processes and to reduce uncertainty in seismic-hazard maps. The well-recored aftershock sequence of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake offers a rare opportunity to improve our understanding of earthquake processes and earthquake hazard in this populous region of the United States. Moreover, the rapid increase of seismicity in the CEUS since 2009 that has been linked to wastewater injection has raised concern regarding the potential hazard. In this dissertation, I first present a detailed study of the aftershock sequence of the 2011 Mw 5.7 Mineral, Virginia earthquake. It involves the hypocenter locations of ~3000 earthquakes, ~400 focal mechanism solutions, statistics of the aftershock sequence, and the Coulomb stress modeling that explains the triggering mechnanism of those aftershocks. Second, I examine the S-wave attenuation at critical short hypocentral distances (< 60 km) using the aftershock data. The observed S-wave amplitudes decay as a function of hypocenter distance R according to R^-1.3 - R^-1.5, which is substantially steeper than R^-1 for a homogeneous whole space. Finally, I propose and apply a stable multi-window coda spectral ratio method to estimate corner frequencies and Brune-type stress drops for the 2011 Mineral, Virginia mainshock and aftershocks, as well as induced earthquakes in Oklahoma. The goal of this comparative study is to find out whether or not there are systematical differences in source parameters between tectonic earthquakes and induced earthquakes in the CEUS. I found generally much higher stress drops for the Mineral, Virginia sequence. However, the stress drops for those induced earthquakes in Oklahoma exhibit large varation among individual earthquake sequences, with the large mainshocks having high stress drops (20-30 MPa, Brune-type) except for the 2011 Mw 5.6 Prague, Oklahoma earthquake. And spatially varying stress drops indicates strong fault heterogeneity, which in the case of induced earthquakes may be influenced by the injection of fluids into the subsurface.
Ph. D.
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Books on the topic "Virginia earthquake"

1

Horton, J. Wright, Russell A. Green, and M. C. Chapman. The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake, and its significance for seismic hazards in eastern North America. Boulder, Colorado: The Geological Society of America, 2015.

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Widjaja, M. A. Influence of the new LRFD seismic guidelines on the design of bridges in Virginia. Charlottesville, Va: Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2004.

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Horton, J. Wright, Martin C. Chapman, and Russell A. Green. The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America. Geological Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/spe509.

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A, Bollinger G., U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Radiation Programs and Earth Sciences., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Seismological Observatory., and Tennessee Earthquake Information Center, eds. Focal mechanism analyses for Virginia and eastern Tennessee earthquakes (1978-1984). Washington, D.C: Division of Radiation Programs and Earth Sciences, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1985.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Descriptions of backhoe trenches dug on New River terraces between Radford and Pearisburg, Virginia, June 1981. [Reston, Va.?]: Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.

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Shokoohy, Mehrdad, and Natalie H. Shokoohy. Bayana. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474460729.001.0001.

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Bayana in Rajasthan and its monuments challenge the perceived but established view of the development of Indo-Muslim architecture and urban form. At the end of the 12th century the Ghurid conquerors took the mighty Hindu fort, building the first Muslim city below on virgin ground. It was the centre of an autonomous region during the 15th and 16th centuries and was even considered by Sikandar Lodī for the capital of his sultanate before he decided on Agra, then a mere village of Bayana. A peculiarity of historic sites in India is that whole towns with outstanding remains can, through political change or climatic events, be either built over by modern developments or fall into obscurity. The latter is the case with Bayana, abandoned following an earthquake in 1505. Going beyond a simple study of the historic, architectural and archaeological remains ‒ surveyed and illustrated in detail ‒ the book takes on the wider issues of how far the artistic traditions of Bayana, which developed independently from those of Delhi, later influenced North Indian architecture and were the forerunners of the Mughal architectural style, which draw many of its features from innovations developed first in Bayana.
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Book chapters on the topic "Virginia earthquake"

1

Costain, John K. "Finite element simulation of an intraplate earthquake setting—Implications for the Virginia earthquake of 23 August 2011." In The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America. Geological Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2014.2509(08).

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Shahidi, S. Golnaz, Shamim N. Pakzad, James M. Ricles, James R. Martin, C. Guney Olgun, and Elizabeth A. Godfrey. "Behavior and damage of the Washington Monument during the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake." In The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America. Geological Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2015.2509(13).

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Pollitz, Fred F., and Walter D. Mooney. "Regional seismic-wave propagation from the M5.8 23 August 2011, Mineral, Virginia, earthquake." In The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America. Geological Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2014.2509(06).

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Horton, J. Wright, Anjana K. Shah, Daniel E. McNamara, Stephen L. Snyder, and Aina M. Carter. "Aftershocks illuminate the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake causative fault zone and nearby active faults." In The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America. Geological Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2015.2509(14).

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Davenport, Kathy K., John A. Hole, Diego A. Quiros, Larry D. Brown, Martin C. Chapman, Liang Han, and Walter D. Mooney. "Aftershock imaging using a dense seismometer array (AIDA) after the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake." In The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America. Geological Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2015.2509(15).

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Burton, William C., David B. Spears, Richard W. Harrison, Nick H. Evans, J. Stephen Schindler, and Ronald Counts. "Geology and neotectonism in the epicentral area of the 2011 M5.8 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake." In Elevating Geoscience in the Southeastern United States: New Ideas about Old Terranes—Field Guides for the GSA Southeastern Section Meeting, Blacksburg, Virginia, 2014, 103–27. Geological Society of America, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2014.0035(04).

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Powars, David S., Rufus D. Catchings, J. Wright Horton, J. Stephen Schindler, and Milan J. Pavich. "Stafford fault system: 120 million year fault movement history of northern Virginia." In The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America. Geological Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2015.2509(23).

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Shah, Anjana K., J. Wright Horton, William C. Burton, David B. Spears, and Amy K. Gilmer. "Subsurface geologic features of the 2011 central Virginia earthquakes revealed by airborne geophysics." In The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America. Geological Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2015.2509(17).

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Wells, Donald, John A. Egan, Debra G. Murphy, and Terrence Paret. "Ground shaking and structural response of the Washington Monument during the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake." In The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America. Geological Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2015.2509(12).

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Dreiling, Jennifer, and Walter D. Mooney. "Shear-wave velocity structure and attenuation derived from aftershock data of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake." In The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America. Geological Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2015.2509(05).

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Conference papers on the topic "Virginia earthquake"

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Islam, S. M. Ariful, and Christine Powell. "VELOCITY VARIATIONS IN THE UPPER CRUST NEAR THE 2011 MINERAL EARTHQUAKE, CENTRAL VIRGINIA SEISMIC ZONE, VIRGINIA, USA." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-354546.

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Chu, Xin, James Ricles, Shamim Pakzad, James Martin, and Golnaz Shahidi. "Damage Reconnaissance and Seismic Response Prediction of an East Coast U.S. Building Subjected to 2011 Virginia Earthquake." In Structures Congress 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413357.117.

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Horton, J. Wright, Mark W. Carter, Martin C. Chapman, Qimin Wu, Anjana K. Shah, and Anne C. Witt. "INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF PREEXISTING GEOLOGIC FEATURES ON OUTLYING SHALLOW AFTERSHOCK CLUSTERS TRIGGERED BY THE 2011 MINERAL, VIRGINIA, EARTHQUAKE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-282985.

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Horton, J. Wright, Mark W. Carter, Martin C. Chapman, Qimin Wu, Anne C. Witt, and Anjana K. Shah. "THE 2011 MINERAL, VIRGINIA, EARTHQUAKE TRIGGERED SHALLOW AFTERSHOCKS ON FAVORABLY ORIENTED STRUCTURES IN AREAS OF POSITIVE STATIC COULOMB STRESS CHANGE." In 66th Annual GSA Southeastern Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017se-289995.

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Carter, Mark W., Brett T. McLaurin, and Jacob C. Glasbrenner. "PALEOLIQUEFACTION RECONNAISSANCE IN EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA: IS THERE EVIDENCE FOR LARGE MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES BETWEEN THE CENTRAL VIRGINIA SEISMIC ZONE AND CHARLESTON SEISMIC ZONE?" In 66th Annual GSA Southeastern Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017se-289779.

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Cosham, Andrew, Phil Hopkins, and Andrew Palmer. "An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effect of Pre-Strain on the Fracture Toughness of Line Pipe Steel." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0085.

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Oil and gas pipelines may be subject to high plastic strains, either intentionally as a result of the method of installation, or the requirements of the design and operation, or accidentally (due to mechanical damage), before they enter service (transportation, construction/installation, etc.) and during operation. Pre-strain is introduced by denting, cold bending, land slides, subsidence, frost heave, ice gouging, earthquake induced ground movement, reeling, installation in deep water, and wrinkling or buckling. Material subjected to pre-strain will have different material properties to that of the virgin material. Previous experimental studies have indicated that pre-strain has a detrimental effect on the fracture toughness of steel: it reduces the resistance to crack initiation, reduces the resistance to crack growth, and increases the transition temperature. To investigate the effect of pre-strain on the fracture toughness of line pipe steel a programme of tests and numerical analyses has been undertaken. The results of tensile, notched tensile, fracture toughness (J-integral and CTOD) and Charpy V-notch impact tests of virgin (not pre-strained) material, prestrained material and artificially strain aged material are reported. It is shown that the effect of pre-strain can be simulated numerically using a finite element model incorporating the influence of material damage through a Gurson-Tvergaard constitutive model. The properties of the virgin material that influence the effect of pre-strain on toughness are discussed. The role of material damage (void nucleation and growth, etc.) during the introduction of pre-strain is shown to be less significant than the changes to the tensile properties and ductility caused by pre-strain. The effect of tensile pre-strain on fracture toughness can be characterised in terms of the effect of pre-strain on the stress-strain characteristics of the material, the critical fracture strain, and several parameters that relate to the conditions for ductile fracture (or cleavage fracture). A simple, engineering approximation to the effect of pre-strain on fracture toughness for application to pipeline design and fitness-for-purpose assessment is proposed in terms of the true strain at the tensile strength of the virgin material.
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Cosham, Andrew, Naoto Hagiwara, Naoki Fukuda, and Tomoki Masuda. "A Model to Predict the Effect of Pre-Strain on the Fracture Toughness of Line Pipe Steel." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27324.

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New and existing pipelines can be subjected to high plastic strains. Denting a pipeline causes permanent plastic deformation. Onshore pipelines subject to subsidence, frost heave or earthquake loading can experience significant plastic strain during service. Offshore pipelines that are reeled prior to laying, or are laid in deep water, or are operating at high temperatures and high pressures, can experience significant plastic strain both prior to, and during, service. Experimental studies have indicated that pre-strain (permanent plastic deformation) has a detrimental effect on the fracture toughness of steel; it reduces the resistance to crack initiation, reduces the resistance to crack growth, and increases the transition temperature. Consequently, there is a need for a thorough understanding of the effect of pre-strain on the fracture toughness of line pipe. Accordingly, a theoretical model for predicting the effect of tensile pre-strain on the ductile fracture toughness has been developed using the local approach. The effect of pre-strain is expressed in terms of an equation for the ratio of the fracture toughness of the pre-strained material to that of the virgin (not pre-strained) material. The model indicates that the effect of tensile pre-strain on the material’s fracture toughness can be characterised in terms of the effect of pre-strain on the stress-strain characteristics of the material, the critical fracture strain for a stress state corresponding to that during pre-strain, and several parameters that relate to the conditions for ductile fracture (or cleavage fracture). The implications of the model are that it may be possible to estimate the reduction in toughness caused by pre-strain simply from a full stress-strain curve of the virgin material. The model has been validated against the results of crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) tests conducted by Tokyo Gas on two line pipe steels subject to uniaxial tensile pre-strain. It is shown that the predictions and trends of the theoretical model are in broad agreement with the test results.
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Levy, Salomon. "Safety Assurance for Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) Beyond Design Basis." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54674.

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Safety assurance of nuclear power plants cannot be achieved with highly inaccurate design bases coupled with extended operation beyond them as was the case at Fukushima Daiichi Units 1, 2, and 3. They resulted in core melts and radioactivity releases to the environment at the highest level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). The inexplicable low tsunami design basis used at Fukushima has been blamed for most of the extensive flooding and damages at the plants which led to a station blackout (SBO). But “the regulatory guidelines which stated that SBOs need not be considered played a large and negative role in the three core melts that transpired” (1). There were many other relevant Japan regulatory inadequacies which contributed to the severity of the events and they are covered in Section I titled Incorrect Design Basis and Inadequate Regulations. They are preceded by a short Introduction listing previous evaluations of the Fukushima Daiichi accident and providing a summary description of its immediate consequences. Section II covers Fukushima Daiichi Inadequate Operations during Beyond Design Basis Events, including failure to properly operate the isolation condenser (IC) and to recognize the limitations of the reactor core isolation cooling (RCIC). The IC and RCIC were installed to provide short term cooling during BWR SBO followed by injection of firewater to take the reactors to cold shutdown. The three Fukushima core melts could have been avoided by increasing focus upon depressurizing the reactors and using the installed fire water systems which were lined up to operate within one to three hours after the earthquake. They would have been able to add any kind of available water to the three depressurized reactors and take them to and keep them at cold shutdown conditions. Instead, Unit 1decided to shutdown IC for unexplained reasons while Units 2 and 3 chose to delay water addition to their depressurized reactors while RCIC was presumed to be working. Japan operators, management, and regulators may not have taken enough into account that, due to the tsunami failure of the plant ultimate heat sink, after IC stops working and RCIC is no longer certain to be available, the result is that: (1) the containment water is the only heat sink left to absorb the reactor decay heat transported there by the RCIC and reactor relief valves; (2) only a limited number of hours is available to inject any kind of other available water into the depressurized reactors; (3) high containment pressure is to be avoided as well as the ensuing difficulties to vent it; and (4) incorrect reactor water level data should not be relied upon to discourage proper actions as happened at all three Fukushima Daiichi Units. This broad statement is justified in much more details in Section II. Section III takes advantage of all the lessons learned at Fukushima to achieve Safety Assurance Beyond Design Basis. It includes all the necessary elements to avoid and limit future core melts. Most important of all is to have nuclear power plant personnel and management “exhibit very strong safety culture (and safety assurance beyond design basis), believe in them and to live them” as they prevail in US according to M.J. Virgilio, Deputy Executive Director of US NRC (2).
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Reports on the topic "Virginia earthquake"

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Krinitzsky, E. L., and J. B. Dunbar. Geological-Seismological Evaluation of Earthquake Hazards for Appurtenant Structures at Gathright Dam, Virginia. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada225688.

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