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Journal articles on the topic 'Virginia earthquake'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kim, W. Y. "The 9 December 2003 Central Virginia Earthquake Sequence: A Compound Earthquake in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 2428–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040207.

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2

Doser, Diane I. "Source parameters of Montana earthquakes (1925-1964) and tectonic deformation in the northern Intermountain Seismic Belt." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0790010031.

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Abstract Waveform modeling and first motion analysis are used to determine the source parameters of six 5.8 ≦ M ≦ 6.8 earthquakes that occurred between 1925 and 1964 within the northern Intermountain Seismic Belt of Montana. Results of this study suggest that the 1925 Clarkston earthquake occurred along an oblique normal fault with a trend similar to the southern end of the Clarkston Valley fault. The two largest earthquakes of the 1935 Helena sequence occurred along right-lateral strike-slip faults with trends similar to the Bald Butte and Helena Valley faults. The 1947 Virginia City earthquake occurred along a northwest-southeast trending segment of the Madison fault. Movement at depth was along a fault with strike similar to that of the 1959 Hebgen Lake main shock. A reanalysis of a M = 6.0 aftershock of the 1959 Hebgen Lake sequence suggests the earthquake occurred at a depth of 8 km along a fault that is not seen at the surface. An M = 5.8 earthquake in 1964, located about 10 km from the 1959 aftershock, may have occurred along steeply dipping fault planes (48° to 80°) at depths of 8 to 14 km. Most events could be modeled as simple ruptures.

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3

Horton, J. Wright, and Robert A. Williams. "The 2011 Virginia earthquake: What are scientists learning?" Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, no. 33 (August 14, 2012): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo330001.

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4

Bollinger, G. A., and J. K. Costain. "Long-term Cyclicities in Earthquake Energy Release and Major River Flow Volumes in Virginia and Missouri Seismic Zones." Seismological Research Letters 59, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.279.

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Abstract We have investigated the time series for earthquake strain energy releases and flow volumes for the major rivers that bisect the regions of seismicity in Virginia (Giles County; central Virginia) and Missouri (New Madrid) seismic zones. Our procedure is to integrate with respect to time over data lengths up to 70 years duration and then to subtract a least squares straight-line fit. The resulting residual earthquake and flow volume time series and their spectral densities both exhibit dominant periods in the 20–30 year range. These common cyclities lend support for an important role of water in intraplate seismogenesis. The fracture permeability of crystalline rocks, caused by a long history of compressional and extensional tectonic episodes, together with the driving potential supplied by long-term cyclical variations in streamflow, can result in the diffusion of fluid pressure transients to focal depths as deep as 20 km. At those depths there is also present a quasi-static, hydrolytic weakening effect of water on asperities present in the fault zones. This combination of mechanical and chemical effects can cause intraplate earthquakes in highly-stressed crustal volumes.

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5

Tuttle, Martitia P., Kathleen Dyer-Williams, Mark W. Carter, Steven L. Forman, Kathleen Tucker, Zamara Fuentes, Carlos Velez, and Laurel M. Bauer. "The Liquefaction Record of Past Earthquakes in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone, Eastern United States." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 5 (June 2, 2021): 3126–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200456.

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Abstract Following the 2011 moment magnitude, M 5.7 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake, we conducted a search for paleoliquefaction features and found 41 sand dikes, sand sills, and soft-sediment deformation features at 24 sites exposed in cutbanks along several rivers: (1) the South Anna River, where paleoliquefaction features were found in the epicentral area of the Mineral earthquake and farther downstream to the southeast; (2) the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers east of the Fall Line, where liquefiable sediments are more common than in the epicentral area; and (3) the James River and Rivanna River–Stigger Creek, where a few sand dikes were found in the 1990s. Liquefaction features are grouped into two age categories based on dating of host sediment in which they occur and weathering characteristics of the features. A younger generation of features that formed during the past 350 yr are small, few in number, and appear to be limited to the James and Pamunkey Rivers. Though there are large uncertainties in their locations and magnitudes, one or more preinstrumental earthquakes, including the 1758, 1774, and 1875 events, likely caused these features. An older generation of liquefaction features that formed between 350 and 2800 yr ago are larger, more numerous, and more broadly distributed than the younger generation of features. Several earthquakes could account for the regional distribution of paleoliquefaction features, including one event of M 6.25–6.5 near Holly Grove, or two events of M 6.0 near Mineral and M 6.25 near Ashland. Amplification of ground motions in Coastal Plain sediment might have contributed to liquefaction along the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers.

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6

Wolin, Emily, Seth Stein, Frank Pazzaglia, Anne Meltzer, Alan Kafka, and Claudio Berti. "Mineral, Virginia, earthquake illustrates seismicity of a passive-aggressive margin." Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 2 (January 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050310.

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7

Chapman, M. C. "On the Rupture Process of the 23 August 2011 Virginia Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 103, no. 2A (March 21, 2013): 613–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120229.

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8

Chu, Risheng, Don Helmberger, and Michael Gurnis. "Upper mantle surprises derived from the recent Virginia earthquake waveform data." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 402 (September 2014): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.023.

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9

Jibson, R. W., and E. L. Harp. "Extraordinary Distance Limits of Landslides Triggered by the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 2368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120055.

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10

Wu, Qimin, Martin C. Chapman, Jacob N. Beale, and Sharmin Shamsalsadati. "Near‐Source Geometrical Spreading in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone Determined from the Aftershocks of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 106, no. 3 (April 26, 2016): 943–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120150314.

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11

Bollinger, G. A., M. S. Sibol, and M. C. Chapman. "Maximum Magnitude Estimation for An Intraplate Setting - Example: The Giles County, Virginia, Seismic Zone." Seismological Research Letters 63, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.63.2.139.

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Abstract The process of maximum magnitude estimation is intrinsically subjective and depends directly on the experience and judgment of the analyst. Coppersmith et al. (1987; Table 1) discuss six methods for determining the maximum magnitude earthquake for a seismogenic zone. Those include: (I) Addition of an increment to the largest historical earthquake, (II) Extrapolation of magnitude recurrence relations, (III) Use of source dimensions to estimate magnitude, (IV) Statistical approaches (application of extreme value theory and maximum likelihood techniques), (V) Strain rate or moment release rate methods, and (VI) Reference to a global data base. Each technique has associated uncertainties in its applicability to the zone under consideration as well as in the specification of the key parameters involved. Of the six techniques listed above, only the first three are applicable to the data bases presently available for intraplate areas. Application of methods I, II, and III, to the Giles County, Virginia, seismic zone leads to the following results: MS,I = 6.9 (second subscript indicating which of the six methods was used) from adding a 1.0 increment to the maximum historical earthquake known to have occurred in the zone (May 31, 1897; MMI = VIII; mb = 5.8, MS = 5.9), MS,II = 7.0 from extension of the magnitude recurrence curve for the zone to a recurrence interval of 1000 years, and MS,III = 6.5 from the average of six estimates for the fault zone area. For a single estimate of maximum magnitude, the average of the above three values MS = 6.8 or equivalently, mb = 6.3 can be used.

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12

Shahidi, S. Golnaz, Shamim N. Pakzad, James M. Ricles, and James R. Martin. "Assessment of the 2011 Virginia Earthquake Damage and Seismic Fragility Analysis of the Washington Monument." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 4 (November 2016): 2399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/091515eqs138m.

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This paper is concerned with prediction of the probability of occurrence associated with various potential states of damage to the Washington Monument during future seismic events. A finite element model (FEM) of the Monument is developed and updated based on the dynamic characteristics of the structure identified through ambient vibration measurements. The calibrated model is used to study the behavior of the Monument during the 2011 Virginia earthquake. The FEM is modified to have nonlinear material properties to investigate the initiation and propagation of cracking, as well as any compressive crushing in the Monument's shaft during a future earthquake. The nonlinear FEM is subjected to two ensembles of site-compatible ground motions representing different seismic hazard levels for the Washington Monument, and the response used to investigate the probability of occurrence of several structural and nonstructural damage states.

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13

Dahal, Nawa R., and John E. Ebel. "Method for Determination of Focal Mechanisms of Magnitude 2.5–4.0 Earthquakes Recorded by a Sparse Regional Seismic Network." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 715–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190170.

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ABSTRACT Focal mechanisms of earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 4.0 and less recorded by a sparse seismic network are usually poorly constrained due to the lack of an appropriate method applicable to finding these parameters with a sparse set of observations. We present a new method that can accurately determine focal mechanisms of earthquakes with Mw (3.70–3.04) using data from a few regional seismic stations. We filter the observed seismograms as well as synthetic seismograms through a frequency band of 1.5–2.5 Hz, which has a good signal-to-noise ratio for small earthquakes of the magnitudes with which we are working. The waveforms are processed to their envelopes to make the waveforms relatively simple for modeling. To find the optimal focal mechanism for an event, a nonlinear moment tensor inversion in addition to a coarse grid search over the possible dip, rake, and strike angles at a fixed value of focal depth and a fixed value of scalar moment is performed. We tested the method on 18 aftershocks of Mw (3.70–2.60) of the 2011 Mw 5.7 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake and on five aftershocks of Mw (3.62–2.63) of the 2013 Mw 4.5 Ladysmith, Quebec, earthquake. Our method obtains accurate focal mechanisms for 16 out of the 21 events that have previously reported focal mechanisms. Tests of our method for different crustal models show that event focal mechanism determinations vary with an average Kagan angle of 30° with the different crustal models. This means that the event focal mechanism determinations are only somewhat sensitive to the uncertainties in the crustal models tested. This study confirms that our method of modeling envelopes of seismic waveforms can be used to extract accurate focal mechanisms of earthquakes with short-time functions (Mw<4.0) using at least three regional seismic network stations at epicentral distances of 60–350 km.

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14

Davison, Frederick C., and Melissa J. Bodé. "A Note on the December 1986 - January 1987 Richmond, Virginia, Felt Earthquake Sequence." Seismological Research Letters 58, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.58.3.73.

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Abstract A series of small, felt earthquakes occurred in Richmond, Virginia, during December 1986 and January 1987. Historie records show that such a sequence is unique for Richmond. There were at least 11 felt events, of which six were instrumentally recorded and four were located. Duration magnitudes of these four ranged from 1.5 to 2.2. A focal mechanism solution was calculated and indicates reverse faulting on a plane striking north-northwest and dipping either 45° northeast or 44° southwest. Epicentral intensity reports, up to MMI V, and felt areas do not conform to usual intensity - magnitude relationships. Independent estimates of depth suggest that extremely shallow foei (<2.5 km) may be the cause for this anomaly. The shallow focal depths have important implications concerning the stability of the crust around any shallow underground facilities sited in the area, especially with respect to protection of the groundwater environment.

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15

Hartzell, Stephen, Carlos Mendoza, and Yuehua Zeng. "Rupture model of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake from teleseismic and regional waveforms." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 21 (November 13, 2013): 5665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl057880.

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16

McNamara, D. E., H. M. Benz, R. B. Herrmann, E. A. Bergman, P. Earle, A. Meltzer, M. Withers, and M. Chapman. "The Mw 5.8 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake of August 2011 and Aftershock Sequence: Constraints on Earthquake Source Parameters and Fault Geometry." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 104, no. 1 (December 24, 2013): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120130058.

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17

Tsoflias, George P. "Research Note: A Note on the Goochland County, Virginia, Earthquake of March 15 1991." Seismological Research Letters 62, no. 3-4 (July 1991): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.62.3-4.225.

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18

Hough, S. E. "Initial Assessment of the Intensity Distribution of the 2011 Mw 5.8 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake." Seismological Research Letters 83, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220110140.

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19

Li, Y. "Post 23 August 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake Investigations at North Anna Nuclear Power Plant." Seismological Research Letters 84, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220120179.

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20

Bossu, R., S. Lefebvre, Y. Cansi, and G. Mazet-Roux. "Characterization of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake Effects and Epicenter from Website Traffic Analysis." Seismological Research Letters 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220130106.

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21

Beskardes, G. D., Q. Wu, J. A. Hole, M. C. Chapman, K. K. Davenport, L. D. Brown, and D. A. Quiros. "Aftershock Sequence of the 2011 Virginia Earthquake Derived from the Dense AIDA Array and Backprojection." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120180107.

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22

Turner, Mark R., Cynthia Turner, Sue Hunter, and Michelle Day. "Observed reactions of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins at the National Aquarium during the 2011 Virginia earthquake." Marine Mammal Science 31, no. 2 (October 13, 2014): 726–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mms.12175.

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23

Meng, Xiaofeng, Hongfeng Yang, and Zhigang Peng. "Foreshocks, b Value Map, and Aftershock Triggering for the 2011 M w 5.7 Virginia Earthquake." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 123, no. 6 (June 2018): 5082–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2017jb015136.

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24

Chu, Xin, James M. Ricles, and Shamim N. Pakzad. "Seismic Fragility Analysis of the Smithsonian Institute Museum Support Center." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1 (February 2017): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/123115eqs193m.

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This paper presents the seismic fragility assessment of the Smithsonian Institute Museum Support Center (MSC), which sustained appreciable damage during the 2011 Virginia earthquake. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite element model (FEM) for the building was created and validated using measured dynamic characteristics determined from field vibration test data. Two suites of bidirectional ground motions at different hazard levels were applied to the FEM to generate fragility curves for structural as well as nonstructural (storage cabinets) damage. The effect of brace yielding strength on structural and nonstructural damage is also investigated to provide recommendations for future retrofit. The fragility curves show that the spectral acceleration to cause structural damage to the building is not high. Due to low seismicity, however, the probability for the structure to be damaged at the design basis earthquake is small. Nevertheless, the probability for nonstructural damage is considerable, which is an important issue related to the seismic performance of the building.

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25

Oaks, S. D., and G. A. Bollinger. "The Epicenter of the Mb 5, December 22, 1875 Virginia Earthquake: New Findings from Documentary Sources." Seismological Research Letters 57, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.57.3.65.

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26

Motazedian, D., and S. Ma. "A Review Study of the Source Parameters of the 23 August 2011 Mw 5.7 Virginia Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 104, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 2611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120140036.

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27

Hegai, Valery, Anna Legenka, and Vitaly Kim. "Unusual Enhancement of Ionospheric F2 Layer Critical Frequency Before the 23 August 2011 Virginia (USA) Earthquake." Open Transactions on Geosciences 2014, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15764/geos.2014.01006.

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28

Jenson, Deborah. "Hegel and Dessalines: Philosophy and the African Diaspora." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 84, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2010): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002443.

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[First paragraph]Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History. Susan Buck-Morss. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009. xii + 164 pp. (Paper US$ 16.95)Universal Emancipation: The Haitian Revolution and the Radical Enlightenment. Nick Nesbitt. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008. x + 261 pp. (Paper US$ 22.50)These two books have relaunched universal history – not without controversy– as a dominant trope in the fields of colonial history and postcolonial theory. They have also highlighted tensions around the application of a Hegelian philosophical genealogy to Haiti, the first self-emancipated black postcolony, the state ghettoized as “the poorest country in the Western hemisphere,” and now the embattled zone of recovery from the catastrophic earthquake of January 2010.

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29

Graizer, V., C. G. Munson, and Y. Li. "North Anna Nuclear Power Plant Strong-Motion Records of the Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake of 23 August 2011." Seismological Research Letters 84, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220120138.

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30

Sun, Xiaodan, Stephen Hartzell, and Sanaz Rezaeian. "Ground‐Motion Simulation for the 23 August 2011, Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake Using Physics‐Based and Stochastic Broadband Methods." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 105, no. 5 (September 8, 2015): 2641–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120140311.

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31

Haque, Anmol, Jennifer L. Irish, and Yang Zhang. "INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL VULNERABILITY IN A STORM RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK APPLIED TO HAMPTON ROADS, VIRGINIA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.management.20.

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Risk assessment frameworks such as HAZUS-MH (FEMA, 2010) have been used globally to estimate potential losses like physical damage to structural establishments, economic loss, shelter requirements, displaced households, etc. due to multi-hazards like earthquake, flood and hurricane hazards. However, HAZUS-MH fails to consider interdependencies between physical and social capacities of affected communities. The present study aims to develop a conceptual risk assessment framework for storm hazards in coastal communities that addresses these limitations through an integrated physical and social vulnerability assessment applied to Hampton Roads, Virginia. By including interdependencies, interactions between the physical and social vulnerability will be studied. We hypothesize that changes in housing occupancy status affect the physical damage and changes in population density affect the social vulnerability. Therefore, the integrated physical and social vulnerability will change in response to a current event and therefore make the same region more or less impacted in a subsequent future event.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/JzCsvurKrxU

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32

McNamara, D. E., L. Gee, H. M. Benz, and M. Chapman. "Frequency-Dependent Seismic Attenuation in the Eastern United States as Observed from the 2011 Central Virginia Earthquake and Aftershock Sequence." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 104, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120130045.

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33

Li, Z., S. Ni, and P. Somerville. "Resolving Shallow Shear-Wave Velocity Structure beneath Station CBN by Waveform Modeling of the Mw 5.8 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake Sequence." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 104, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120130190.

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34

He, Xiaohui, Peizhen Zhang, Sidao Ni, and Wenjun Zheng. "Resolving Focal Depth in Sparse Network with Local Depth PhasesPL: A Case Study for the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake Sequence." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120180221.

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35

Carpenter, N. Seth, Andrew S. Holcomb, Edward W. Woolery, Zhenming Wang, John B. Hickman, and Steven L. Roche. "Natural Seismicity in and around the Rome Trough, Eastern Kentucky, from a Temporary Seismic Network." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 1831–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190015.

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Abstract The Rome trough is a northeast-trending graben system extending from eastern Kentucky northeastward across West Virginia and Pennsylvania into southern New York. The oil and gas potential of a formation deep in the trough, the Rogersville shale, which is ∼1 km above Precambrian basement, is being tested in eastern Kentucky. Because induced seismicity can occur from fracking formations in close proximity to basement, a temporary seismic network was deployed along the trend of the Rome trough from June 2015 through May 2019 to characterize natural seismicity. Using empirical noise models and theoretical Brune sources, minimum detectable magnitudes, Mmin, were estimated in the study area. The temporary stations reduced Mmin by an estimated 0.3–0.8 magnitude units in the vicinity of wastewater-injection wells and deep oil and gas wells testing the Rogersville shale. The first 3 yr of seismicity detected and located in the study area has been compiled. Consistent with the long-term seismicity patterns in the Advanced National Seismic System Comprehensive Catalog, very few earthquakes occurred in the crust beneath the Rome trough—only three events were recorded—where the temporary network was most sensitive. None of these events appear to have been associated with Rogersville shale oil and gas test wells. Outside of the trough boundary faults, earthquakes are diffusely distributed in zones extending into southern Ohio to the north, and into the eastern Tennessee seismic zone to the south. The orientations of P axes from the seven first-motion focal mechanisms determined in this study are nearly parallel with both the trend of the Rome trough and with the orientation of maximum horizontal compressive stress in the region. This apparent alignment between the regional stress field and the strikes of faults in the trough at seismogenic depths may explain the relative lack of earthquake activity in the trough compared with the surrounding crust to the north and south.

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36

Schleicher, Lisa S., and Thomas L. Pratt. "Characterizing Fundamental Resonance Peaks on Flat-Lying Sediments Using Multiple Spectral Ratio Methods: An Example from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Eastern United States." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 111, no. 4 (July 6, 2021): 1824–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120210017.

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ABSTRACT Damaging ground motions from the 2011 Mw 5.8 Virginia earthquake were likely increased due to site amplification from the unconsolidated sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain (ACP), highlighting the need to understand site response on these widespread strata along the coastal regions of the eastern United States. The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method, using either earthquake signals or ambient noise as input, offers an appealing method for measuring site response on laterally extensive sediments, because it requires a single seismometer rather than requiring a nearby bedrock site to compute a horizontal sediment-to-bedrock spectral ratio (SBSR). Although previous studies show mixed results when comparing the two methods, the majority of these studies investigated site responses in confined sedimentary basins that can generate substantial 3D effects or have relatively small reflection coefficients at their base. In contrast, the flat-lying ACP strata and the underlying bedrock reflector should cause 1D resonance effects to dominate site response, with amplification of the fundamental resonance peaks controlled by the strong impedance contrast between the base of the sediments and the underlying bedrock. We compare site-response estimates on the ACP strata derived using the HVSR and SBSR methods from teleseismic signals recorded by regional arrays and observe a close match in the frequencies of the fundamental resonance peak (f0) determined by both methods. We find that correcting the HVSR amplitude using source term information from a bedrock site and multiplying the peak by a factor of 1.2 results in amplitude peaks that, on average, match SBSR results within a factor of 2. We therefore conclude that the HVSR method may successfully estimate regional linear weak-motion site-response amplifications from the ACP, or similar geologic environments, when appropriate region-specific corrections to the amplitude ratios are used.

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37

White, Jan L., and Marti F. Wolfe. "EARTHQUAKES AND OIL SPILLS: LESSONS FROM THE SANTA CLARA RIVER SPILL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 1038–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-1038.

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ABSTRACT On January 17, 1994, the Northridge earthquake struck southern California and caused multiple ruptures in a pipeline; the ruptures resulted in a 4607-barrel oil spill into the Santa Clara River. The veterinary mobile response vehicle equipped by the California Department of Fish and Game's Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response (CDFG-OSPR) was called into use for immediate field stabilization. The International Bird Rescue Research Center of Berkeley, California, was hired to retrieve and provide rehabilitation care for the birds. Thirty-seven birds, mainly Virginia and Sora rails, were retrieved, and 24 birds were released; thus the survival rate was 65%. This spill effort was unique because, for the first time, blood samples were taken at the retrieval site; these samples revealed an early and very crucial “snapshot” of the affected birds. There was a noticeable difference in blood values compared with blood samples taken in wildlife care centers during previous oil spill responses. White blood cell counts were in the low to normal range (average 7800; range of 2700 to 12,700) (n = 20). Birds regained a predominant number of lymphocytes (over heterophils) in a shorter period of time than in other spills (i.e., 14.9 days versus 4 weeks). Methods for reducing stress in oiled birds were improved. Protocols for stabilization, stress reduction, housing, and handling used in this spill may serve to improve avian care and survival rates in subsequent spill response efforts.

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38

Wu, Qimin, M. C. Chapman, and J. N. Beale. "The Aftershock Sequence of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake: Temporal and Spatial Distribution, Focal Mechanisms, Regional Stress, and the Role of Coulomb Stress Transfer." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 105, no. 5 (September 8, 2015): 2521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120150032.

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39

Munsey, Jeffrey W., and G. A. Bollinger. "Focal mechanism analyses for Virginia earthquakes (1978-1984)." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 1613–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0750061613.

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Abstract Focal mechanisms are presented for 11 earthquakes from the Giles County, Virginia, seismic zone and for 12 earthquakes from the central Virginia seismic zone. These earthquakes (0 ≦ M ≦ 4) were monitored by local networks between January 1978 and October 1984. In Giles County, six single-event focal mechanisms and five composite-event focal mechanisms were determined. In central Virginia, eleven single-event focal mechanisms and four composite-event focal mechanisms were obtained. A computer program, FOCMEC, that systematically searches the focal sphere for valid mechanism solutions, based on both P-wave polarities and (SV/P)z amplitude ratios, was used to determine the focal mechanism solutions. The results for the Giles County seismic zone show predominately strike-slip mechanisms on steeply dipping (73° ± 16°) NNE (right-lateral motion) and ESE (left-lateral motion) trending nodal planes. However, some (4/11) of the solutions show similar movement on nodal planes rotated 45° counterclockwise. The means and standard deviations for the trends and plunges of the P axes are N46°E ± 24° and 13.5° ± 20°, respectively, as computed from the six single-event focal mechanisms and two composite-event focal mechanisms. Focal mechanisms from central Virginia exhibit much more scatter in mechanism types and nodal plane orientations than observed in Giles County. The P axes in central Virginia are generally northeast-trending for shallow earthquakes (<8 km) and northwest-trending for deeper ones (>8 km). The focal mechanisms exhibit a mixture of reverse and strike slip faulting on planes that dip 62° ± 16°. The two Virginia seismic zones are separated by only 200 km, yet their seismogenic characteristics are very different. In Giles County, the earthquakes occur beneath the Appalachian decollement, and the faulting and inferred stress orientations are uniform. In central Virginia, however, the seismicity is occurring at and above the decollement and the associated fault planes and stress orientations are quite variable.

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Bache, Thomas C., Steven R. Bratt, James Wang, Robert M. Fung, Cris Kobryn, and Jeffrey W. Given. "The Intelligent Monitoring System." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 80, no. 6B (December 1, 1990): 1833–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa08006b1833.

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Abstract The Intelligent Monitoring System (IMS) is a computer system for processing data from seismic arrays and simpler stations to detect, locate, and identify seismic events. The first operational version processes data from two high-frequency arrays (NORESS and ARCESS) in Norway. The IMS computers and functions are distributed between the NORSAR Data Analysis Center (NDAC) near Oslo and the Center for Seismic Studies (Center) in Arlington, Virginia. The IMS modules at NDAC automatically retrieve data from a disk buffer, detect signals, compute signal attributes (amplitude, slowness, azimuth, polarization, etc.), and store them in a commercial relational database management system (DBMS). IMS makes scheduled (e.g., hourly) transfers of the data to a separate DBMS at the Center. Arrival of new data automatically initiates a “knowledge-based system (KBS)” that interprets these data to locate and identify (earthquake, mine blast, etc.) seismic events. This KBS uses general and area-specific seismological knowledge represented in rules and procedures. For each event, unprocessed data segments (e.g., 7 min for regional events) are retrieved from NDAC for subsequent display and analyst review. The interactive analysis modules include integrated waveform and map display/manipulation tools for efficient analyst validation or correction of the solutions produced by the automated system. Another KBS compares the analyst and automatic solutions to mark overruled elements of the knowledge base. Performance analysis statistics guide subsequent changes to the knowledge base so it improves with experience. The IMS is implemented on networked Sun workstations, with a 56 kbps satellite link bridging the NDAC and Center computer networks. The software architecture is modular and distributed, with processes communicating by messages and sharing data via the DBMS. The IMS processing requirements are easily met with major processes (i.e., signal processing, KBS, and DBMS) on separate Sun 4/2xx workstations. This architecture facilitates expansion in functionality and number of stations. The first version was operated continuously for 8 weeks in late-1989. The Center functions were then transferred to NDAC for subsequent operation. Later versions will be distributed among NDAC, Scripps/IGPP (San Diego), and the Center to process data from many stations and arrays. The IMS design is ambitious in its integration of many new computer technologies, but the operational performance of the first version demonstrates its validity. Thus, IMS provides a new generation of automated seismic event monitoring capability.

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Kang, Thomas H. K., Seung Yong Jeong, Sanghee Kim, Seongwon Hong, and Byong Jeong Choi. "A Comparative Case Study of 2016 Gyeongju and 2011 Virginia Earthquakes." Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea 20, no. 7 Special (December 1, 2016): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5000/eesk.2016.20.7.443.

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Carrara, Paul E., and J. Micheal O’Neill. "Tree-ring dated landslide movements and their relationship to seismic events in southwestern Montana, USA." Quaternary Research 59, no. 1 (January 2003): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-5894(02)00010-8.

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AbstractTo determine periods of incremental landslide movement and their possible relationship to regional seismic events, the tree-ring records of 32 tilted and damaged conifers at three sites on landslides in the Gravelly Range of southwestern Montana were examined. Several signs of disturbance in the tree-ring record indicating landslide movement were observed. Commonly, the tree-ring record displayed a marked reduction in annual ring width and/or the reaction wood formation. The tree-ring records from the three landslide sites indicate multiple periods of movement during the 20th century. Many of the periods of movement indicated by the strongest signals (most trees) at the sites occurred the year following significant earthquakes in the region. Those seismic events for which evidence in the tree-ring record was found at one or more of the three sites are the 1983 Borah Peak, 1959 Hebgen Lake, 1935 Helena, 1925 Clarkson, and 1908 Virginia City earthquakes. This study suggests that many of the landslide movements were triggered by, or are coincident with, earthquakes as much as 200 km from the study area.

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Muço, Betim. "The atmospheric water as a triggering factor for earthquakes in the central Virginia seismic zone." Natural Hazards 71, no. 1 (October 30, 2013): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0902-9.

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44

Pope, Mike C., J. Fred Read, Richard Bambach, and Hans J. Hofmann. "Late Middle to Late Ordovician seismites of Kentucky, southwest Ohio and Virginia: Sedimentary recorders of earthquakes in the Appalachian basin." Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, no. 4 (April 1997): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0489:lmtlos>2.3.co;2.

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Bassan, Shy, Abishai Polus, and Ardeshir Faghri. "Modeling of freeway breakdown process with log-periodic oscillations." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 12 (December 2007): 1577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-071.

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Urban and suburban freeways are designed to allow smooth traffic flow at high speed. However, when traffic demand is high or during irregular events, significant congestion may develop. Traffic breakdown occurs during the phase transition from dense congested stable (DCS) flow to breakdown flow. In this study, the process of freeway flow breakdown was investigated by calibrating models in the density–time plane using morning peak data from Interstate 66, a US highway connecting Washington, D.C., and Virginia. It was shown that the models, which describe the collective behavior of drivers using the mathematical property of the log-periodic oscillations (LPO) process, reflect suitably the phase transition in freeway traffic flow. The LPO process has been used in the past to model stock market crashes and the occurrences of large earthquakes. The cyclic properties of the LPO models developd in this study were found to identify the “critical transition period,” which triggers the traffic breakdown process. This period starts when the density rate of change reaches its maximum during the first cycle that follows the DCS flow regime. This triggers a breakdown of flow conditions, which occur 5–8 min after the density rate of change has achieved its maximum.

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46

Perkins, Sid. "Virginia earthquake wins by a landslide." Nature, November 7, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature.2012.11763.

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Pulinets, Sergey A., Lidia I. Morozova, and Ilya A. Yudin. "Synchronization of atmospheric indicators at the last stage of earthquake preparation cycle." Research in Geophysics 4, no. 1 (January 23, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rg.2014.4898.

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We consider the dynamics of different parameters in the boundary layer of atmosphere and low level cloud structure around the time of three recent moderate and strong earthquakes: Virginia M 5.8 earthquake on August 23 2011 in USA, Van M 7.1 earthquake on October 23 2011 in Turkey, and Northwestern Iran M 6.4 earthquake on August 11, 2012, Iran. Using as indicators the water vapor chemical potential correction value, aerosol optical thickness, and linear cloud structures appearance we discovered their coherence in space and time within the time interval 3-5 days before the seismic shock. Obtained results are interpreted as synergetic result of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling process.

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48

"5.8-magnitude earthquake strikes near Mineral, Virginia." Physics Today, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.025531.

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"Virginia nuclear plant inspected after August earthquake." Physics Today, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.025563.

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Pratt, Thomas, Martin Chapman, Anjana Shah, J. Horton Jr., and Oliver Boyd. "Ten Years on from the Quake That Shook the Nation’s Capital." Eos 102 (August 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2021eo162330.

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