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Journal articles on the topic 'Virginia opossum'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Vanstreels, Ralph Eric Thijl, Caroline Reis Araújo, Renata Hurtado, and Renata C. C. Bhering. "Albinism in Brazilian common opossums (Didelphis aurita)." Mammalia 85, no. 5 (April 20, 2021): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2020-0175.

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Abstract Albinism has been sporadically recorded in Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in the United States and Mexico, but records of pigmentation disorders in other Didelphis spp. are rare. The Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) is a cat-sized nocturnal omnivorous marsupial that inhabits Atlantic and Araucaria forests in South America. A litter of five young Brazilian common opossums was rescued at Espírito Santo state, southeast Brazil, of which two were albinos (one male, one female) and the remaining had normal pigmentation (three males). The two albinos had a complete lack of integumentary and retinal pigmentation, representing the first recorded cases of albinism in this species (and the first record in a Didelphis sp. other than the Virginia opossum).

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2

Wait, Kyle R., and Adam A. Ahlers. "Virginia opossum distributions are influenced by human-modified landscapes and water availability in tallgrass prairies." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz176.

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Abstract The Flint Hills represent the largest tract of tallgrass prairie in North America and is located near the western edge of the native range of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). This region is undergoing rapid landscape changes (e.g., urbanization, agriculture, woody encroachment) that are negatively affecting mammal communities. Although previous research has revealed northward distributional expansions of Virginia opossums facilitated by urban development, no studies have assessed how landscape change affects distribution patterns along the western edge of their geographic range. During 2016–2018, we monitored site (n = 74) occupancy along urban–rural transects in the Flint Hills to assess the influence of landscape change (i.e., urban, grassland, agriculture, woody encroachment) and water availability on the distribution of Virginia opossums. Sites surrounded by urban land cover had greater initial occupancy probabilities and lower extinction rates. Sites closer to permanent water sources experienced greater colonization rates and lower extinction rates. In addition, site extinction rates were lower in areas surrounded by woody encroachment. Our results concur with other studies suggesting that growing urban areas may expand opossum distributions along the edges of their geographic range. Our study also suggests that woody encroachment into tallgrass prairies may provide an alternative pathway for future distributional expansions. Future research must consider the potential for landscape change, along with dynamic water availability, in models predicting the distribution of Virginia opossums.

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3

Beatty, William S., James C. Beasley, Zachary H. Olson, and Olin E. Rhodes. "Influence of habitat attributes on density of Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in agricultural ecosystems." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 6 (June 2016): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0012.

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In agriculturally fragmented ecosystems, mesopredators play dominant roles in food webs through scavenging. We examined the influence of habitat attributes associated with carrion on local Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792) density in an agricultural landscape. We conducted opossum mark–recapture in 25 forest patches from 2005 to 2010, which represented the most extensive sampling of opossums to date. We analyzed mark–recapture data with a closed robust design and evaluated effects of landscape features linked to carrion on opossum density and female opossum density with generalized linear mixed-effects models. We included landscape-level (1481.6 m buffer) and patch-level covariates linked to carrion in addition to other covariates associated with high opossum densities. We developed a set of 19 candidate models and examined model fit with Akaike’s information criterion. The top model for opossum density included the density of adjoining roads, whereas the top model for female density included patch size, although the statistical null was a competing model in both cases. The long-distance dispersal capability and generalist diet of the opossum likely precluded us from detecting a definitive relationship between covariates and opossum density. The scale of effect for opossum density in agriculturally fragmented landscapes is likely larger than the spatial scales examined here.

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4

Carnevali, Vincenzo, Benjamín Nogueda-Torres, María E. Villagrán-Herrera, José A. De Diego-Cabrera, Gonzalo Rocha-Chávez, and José A. Martínez-Ibarra. "Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi and organ alterations in Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from western Mexico – short communication." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 65, no. 4 (December 2017): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2017.048.

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Small populations of Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in western Mexico are endangered by hunting and natural predators as well as by different kinds of diseases. After two serological analyses using Serodia® latex particle agglutination and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) tests, 35 (53.03%) of 66 collected opossums in two small towns in western Mexico were positive for the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi. Twenty-eight of the 35 seropositive opossums had pathological lesions: 11 had changes in only one organ, 13 in two organs, and four had pathological changes in three organs. Splenomegaly was the most common finding in the examined opossums, followed by hepatomegaly. These potentially fatal pathological changes could contribute to the scarcity of the opossum population, even leading to the extinction of this species in western Mexico.

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5

Nigenda-Morales, Sergio F., Ryan J. Harrigan, and Robert K. Wayne. "Playing by the rules? Phenotypic adaptation to temperate environments in an American marsupial." PeerJ 6 (March 27, 2018): e4512. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4512.

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Phenotypic variation along environmental gradients can provide evidence suggesting local adaptation has shaped observed morphological disparities. These differences, in traits such as body and extremity size, as well as skin and coat pigmentation, may affect the overall fitness of individuals in their environments. The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is a marsupial that shows phenotypic variation across its range, one that has recently expanded into temperate environments. It is unknown, however, whether the variation observed in the species fits adaptive ecogeographic patterns, or if phenotypic change is associated with any environmental factors. Using phenotypic measurements of over 300 museum specimens of Virginia opossum, collected throughout its distribution range, we applied regression analysis to determine if phenotypes change along a latitudinal gradient. Then, using predictors from remote-sensing databases and a random forest algorithm, we tested environmental models to find the most important variables driving the phenotypic variation. We found that despite the recent expansion into temperate environments, the phenotypic variation in the Virginia opossum follows a latitudinal gradient fitting three adaptive ecogeographic patterns codified under Bergmann’s, Allen’s and Gloger’s rules. Temperature seasonality was an important predictor of body size variation, with larger opossums occurring at high latitudes with more seasonal environments. Annual mean temperature predicted important variation in extremity size, with smaller extremities found in northern populations. Finally, we found that precipitation and temperature seasonality as well as low temperatures were strong environmental predictors of skin and coat pigmentation variation; darker opossums are distributed at low latitudes in warmer environments with higher precipitation seasonality. These results indicate that the adaptive mechanisms underlying the variation in body size, extremity size and pigmentation are related to the resource seasonality, heat conservation, and pathogen-resistance hypotheses, respectively. Our findings suggest that marsupials may be highly susceptible to environmental changes, and in the case of the Virginia opossum, the drastic phenotypic evolution in northern populations may have arisen rapidly, facilitating the colonization of seasonal and colder habitats of temperate North America.

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6

Beatty, William S., James C. Beasley, Guha Dharmarajan, and Olin E. Rhodes. "Genetic structure of a Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) population inhabiting a fragmented agricultural ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 1 (January 2012): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-119.

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Fragmentation has drastically altered the quality of habitats throughout numerous ecosystems, often leading to dramatic changes in the composition of wildlife communities. The ecology and associated movement behavior of a species may also be modified as a result of forest fragmentation, resulting in changes in genetic composition of the affected species. In this research, we evaluated the genetic structure of the Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792) at the landscape and local scales in a fragmented, agricultural ecosystem in northern Indiana using 13 microsatellite loci. We examined 290 samples from opossums inhabiting 28 discrete habitat patches, and evaluated partitioning of genetic variation of opossums among and within habitat patches. We observed low but significant levels of genetic structure (FST = 0.005) overall, and pairwise comparisons of FST values among habitat patches also were relatively low. Relatedness within patches was highly variable (–0.077 ≤ rxy ≤ 0.060), with a few patches exhibiting significantly higher levels of relatedness than random expectations, and we detected no evidence of sex-biased natal dispersal. These results contrast with previous field studies that documented male-biased dispersal in the Virginia opossum, indicating dispersal in this species is plastic and dependent upon local environmental conditions.

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7

Fenton, Karla A., Scott D. Fitzgerald, Steve Bolin, John Kaneene, James Sikarskie, Rena Greenwald, and Konstantin Lyashchenko. "Experimental Aerosol Inoculation and Investigation of Potential Lateral Transmission ofMycobacterium bovisin Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Veterinary Medicine International 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/842861.

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An endemic focus ofMycobacterium bovis(M. bovis) infection in the state of Michigan has contributed to a regional persistence in the animal population. The objective of this study was to determine if Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) contribute to disease persistence by experimentally assessing intraspecies lateral transmission. One wild caught pregnant female opossum bearing 11 joeys (young opossum) and one age-matched joey were obtained for the study. Four joeys were aerosol inoculated withM. bovis(inoculated), four joeys were noninoculated (exposed), and four joeys plus the dam were controls. Four replicate groups of one inoculated and one exposed joey were housed together for 45 days commencing 7 days after experimental inoculation. At day 84 opossums were sacrificed. All four inoculated opossums had a positive test band via rapid test, culture positive, and gross/histologic lesions consistent with caseogranulomatous pneumonia. The exposed and control groups were unremarkable on gross, histology, rapid test, and culture. In conclusion,M. bovisinfection within the inoculated opossums was confirmed by gross pathology, histopathology, bacterial culture, and antibody tests. However,M. boviswas not detected in the control and exposed opossums. There was no appreciable lateral transmission ofM. bovisafter aerosol inoculation and 45 days of cohabitation between infected and uninfected opossums.

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8

Walsh, L. L., and P. K. Tucker. "Contemporary range expansion of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) impacted by humans and snow cover." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 2 (February 2018): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0071.

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Range expansions are key demographic events driven by factors such as climate change and human intervention that ultimately influence the genetic composition of peripheral populations. The expansion of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792) into Michigan has been documented over the past 200 years, indicating relatively new colonizations in northern Michigan. Although most contemporary expansions are a result of shifts in climate regimes, the opossum has spread beyond its hypothesized climate niche, offering an opportunity to examine the compounding influence that climate change and humans have on a species’ distribution. The genetic consequences of two range expansions were investigated using genotypic data for nine microsatellite markers from opossums collected in Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin, USA. Two genetic clusters were identified: one on either side of Lake Michigan. Using general linear models, we found that measurements of genetic diversity across 15 counties are best explained by days of snow on the ground. Next best models incorporate anthropogenic covariates including farm density. These models suggest that opossum expansion may be facilitated by agricultural land development and at the same time be limited by their inability to forage in snow.

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9

Augustine, Rose. "Natural History and Rehabilitation of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 28, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v28.102.

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As the only pouched mammal in the United States, the Virginia opossum is a unique animal for rehabilitators. This paper focuses on the natural history and rehabilitation of orphan opossums, and addresses the common challenges faced in a captive rehabilitation setting. Some of the ideas discussed include feeding, indoor and outdoor housing, enrichment, and release considerations.

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Aragón-Pech, R. A., H. A. Ruiz-Piña, R. I. Rodríguez-Vivas, A. D. Cuxim-Koyoc, and E. Reyes-Novelo. "Prevalence, abundance and intensity of eggs and oocysts of gastrointestinal parasites in the opossum Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792 in Yucatan, Mexico." Helminthologia 55, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2018-0008.

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Summary Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana, is a synanthropic mammal associated with peridomestic areas of Yucatán, However, little is known about the gastrointestinal parasite infections of this species. The infection prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity of eggs and oocysts of gastrointestinal parasites, in opossums captured in the peridomestic areas were estimated in six rural localities of Yucatán, Mexico. Eighty-four faecal samples were processed by flotation technique. McMaster test was used to estimate the number of helminth eggs and protozoa oocysts per gram of feces. Seven genera of gastrointestinal parasites were identified, and then infection prevalence was estimated as follows: Protozoa Eimeria sp. (51.9 %) and Sarcocystis sp. (1 %); nematodes Ancylostoma sp. (80.56 %), Cruzia sp. (62.04 %), Trichuris sp. (60.19 %), Capillaria sp. (29.63 %), Turgida sp. (23.15 %), Toxocara sp. (11.11 %), and Ascaris sp. (1.85 %); and one acanthocephalan: Oligacanthorhynchus sp. (14.81 %). This is the first study on the diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in Virginia opossums, and first evidence about the potential role of opossums in the transmission of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites in peridomestic areas of Yucatán, Mexico.

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Santamaria–Bouvier, Ariane. "Medical Conditions of Wild Virginia Opossums (Didelphis virginiana)." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 30, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v30.56.

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While the Virginia opossum is a frequent admission for wildlife caretakers, there is limited published information on diseases of this animal. A review of noninfectious and infectious diseases of the Virginia opossum and reported treatment options highlights what is known and the need for further data on this North American marsupial species.

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12

Kanda, L. Leann, and Todd K. Fuller. "Demographic responses of Virginia opossums to limitation at their northern boundary." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-089.

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The precise response of a population at its distributional edge to the limiting extrinsic factor should be mediated by the demography of the species. We applied this principle to understanding the northern distributional potential of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792). We reviewed the literature for demographic data that we then used to build model populations. Juvenile over-winter survival was adjusted to determine the survival necessary for a stable population. To put the results in the context of life-history strategy and ecological niche, we built models for two other medium-sized mammals with similar distributions, the raccoon (Procyon lotor (L., 1758)) and the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus (L., 1766)). Northern raccoon populations may sustain juvenile winter survival rates of <0.50 because adult females live to reproduce in multiple years. Muskrat juveniles may need a winter survival rate of only 0.40 in average years because reproduction is very high. In contrast, young northern opossums need a survival rate of 0.81 over winter to compensate for low prewinter survival. Raccoons and muskrats, through different life-history strategies, should be able to expand their northern distribution to the winter-induced physiological limit. However, opossum populations should fail before the average individual physiological limit is reached.

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Beatty, William S., James C. Beasley, and Olin E. Rhodes. "Habitat selection by a generalist mesopredator near its historical range boundary." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 1 (January 2014): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0225.

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The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792) has expanded its geographic range northward since European settlement, which has been attributed to its ability to exploit anthropogenic resources. To examine the utility of anthropogenic resources to this species, we monitored 61 opossums from 2009 to 2010 with very high frequency (VHF) telemetry in a fragmented agricultural ecosystem in northern Indiana, USA, at the periphery of the opossum’s historical distribution. We examined the influence of anthropogenic (agricultural areas, developed land, roads), disturbed (corridor, forest edge, grassland, water), and native (forest, shrub land) habitats on habitat selection at the second- and third-order scales across three seasons. At the second-order scale, areas proximate to agricultural fields and developed land were selected in the breeding and postbreeding seasons, respectively. Areas proximate to roads were selected at both spatial scales during all seasons except winter at the third-order scale. Areas near forest with high forest-edge density were selected throughout the year at both spatial scales, but confidence intervals for forest during the postbreeding season marginally overlapped zero (third-order scale). Although anthropogenic habitats provide novel resources for opossums, forest and forest edge remain essential components to populations near their historical distributional limit in agricultural ecosystems.

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Weber, J. M., and T. O'Connor. "Energy metabolism of the Virginia opossum during fasting and exercise." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 8 (April 15, 2000): 1365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.8.1365.

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Rates of oxygen consumption and CO(2) production were measured in Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) during fasting and prolonged exercise to quantify changes in total energy expenditure and oxidative fuel selection. We hypothesized that fasting would cause metabolic depression and a progressive shift towards lipid utilization to spare alternative substrates. It was also predicted that prolonged exercise would cause the same relative changes in fuel preference as fasting, but on a compressed time scale. The results show that hypometabolism is not used by the Virginia opossum to cope with food deprivation. However, a rapid exhaustion of limited carbohydrate reserves is prevented through a sixfold reduction in the percentage contribution of carbohydrates to total energy expenditure made possible by an increase in lipid utilization. No protein sparing is observed in this species. Prolonged low-intensity exercise elicits a potent mobilization of lipids that allows maximal running time to be extended by delaying the depletion of limited carbohydrate reserves. We conclude that fasting and prolonged low-intensity exercise cause similar changes in the relative use of lipids and carbohydrates, but on a different time scale, supporting the idea that endurance exercise is the metabolic equivalent of ‘accelerated fasting’. The absence of metabolic depression and protein sparing during fasting shows that such physiological strategies have not been necessary for the rapid range expansion towards the North recently shown by this species.

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15

Fournier, R. A., and J. M. Weber. "Locomotory energetics and metabolic fuel reserves of the Virginia opossum." Journal of Experimental Biology 197, no. 1 (December 1, 1994): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.197.1.1.

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Marsupials have lower resting metabolic rates than placental mammals, but it is not clear whether particular species can extend this energetic advantage to locomotion. Some active marsupials have a low cost of locomotion, but other more sedentary species, such as the Virginia opossum, appear to run very inefficiently. Steady-state rates of O2 consumption (VO2) and CO2 production (VCO2) were measured at rest and during horizontal treadmill exercise in wild-caught, trained opossums. Average daily VO2 in in undisturbed animals was 7.73 +/- 0.40 ml O2 kg-1 min-1 (5.67 +/- 0.20 ml O2 kg-1 min-1 during light and 9.84 +/- 0.81 ml O2 kg-1 min-1 during dark hours, mean +/- S.E.M., N = 6). Net cost of locomotion ranged between 6.16 and 8.99 J kg-1 s-1 as speed increased and was always higher than for an average mammal of equivalent mass. Net cost of transport decreased as speed increased and was 15-80% higher than for an average mammal. During aerobic locomotion, most of the energy was provided by carbohydrate oxidation, which accounted for 60-95% of VO2 as speed increased. Glycogen and triglyceride reserves were quantified in the major storage depots to estimate potential survival time and travelling distance. Enough metabolic fuel was stored to survive for at least 1 week without eating, and 95% of this energy was in adipose tissue triglycerides. However, maximal travelling distance was less than 2 km because opossum locomotion is mainly supported by carbohydrate reserves, which represented only 4% of the available energy. We conclude that aerobic, ground locomotion of Virginia opossums is associated with two major energetic handicaps because their particularly high cost of transport and the nature of the main oxidative fuel they consume are both incompatible with prolonged locomotion.

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Torhorst, Carson W., Zoe S. White, Chanakya R. Bhosale, Norman L. Beatty, and Samantha M. Wisely. "Identification of the parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, in multiple tissues of epidemiological significance in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana): Implications for environmental and vertical transmission routes." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): e0010974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010974.

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Background Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasitic protozoan, is endemic to the Americas and the causative agent of Chagas disease in humans. In South America, opossums facilitate transmission via infected anal gland secretions in addition to transmission via triatomine vectors. In North America, the Virginia opossum is a reservoir host for the parasite with transmission routes that are not clearly defined. The unique biology of this marsupial provides the opportunity to investigate vertical transmission in this wildlife species in situ. Our objectives were to investigate alternative routes of transmission that may facilitate spillover into other species and to determine if vertical transmission was evident. Methodology/Principal findings Virginia opossums were sampled at 10 trapping locations over a 10-month period in a 5-county region of north central Florida. Peripheral blood, fecal swabs, and anal gland secretions were collected from each adult individual, and peripheral blood was collected from joey opossums. Total DNA was extracted from each collected sample type, and T. cruzi infected individuals and the infecting Discrete Typing Unit (DTU) were identified using real time PCR methods. Adult Virginia opossums (n = 112) were infected with T. cruzi (51.8%, 95% CI [42.6–60.8%]) throughout the sampled period and at each location. T. cruzi DNA was found in each of the three biological sample types. Vertical transmission of T. cruzi was inferred in one litter of mother-dependent (n = 20, 5.0%, 95% CI [0.9–23.6%]) joey opossums where 2 joeys from this same litter were rtPCR positive for T. cruzi. Conclusions/Significance We inferred vertical transmission from mother to neonate which may serve to amplify the prevalence of T. cruzi in adult Virginia opossums. T. cruzi DNA was detected in the anal gland secretions of Virginia opossums. Infected anal gland secretions suggest a possible environmental route of transmission for T. cruzi via the deposition of contaminated feces and spraint at wildlife latrines. Only DTU1 was identified in the sampled population which is consistent with human autochthonous cases in the United States.

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WALTER, W. D., J. W. FISCHER, C. W. ANDERSON, D. R. MARKS, T. DELIBERTO, S. ROBBE-AUSTERMAN, and K. C. VERCAUTEREN. "Surveillance and movements of Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in the bovine tuberculosis region of Michigan." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 7 (March 26, 2013): 1498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000629.

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SUMMARYWildlife reservoir hosts of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) include Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) and brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in the UK and New Zealand, respectively. Similar species warrant further investigation in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan, USA due to the continued presence of bTB on cattle farms. Most research in Michigan, USA has focused on interactions between white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and cattle (Bos taurus) for the transmission of the infectious agent of bTB, Mycobacterium bovis, due to high deer densities and feeding practices. However, limited data are available on medium-sized mammals such as Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana; hereafter referred to as opossum) and their movements and home range in Michigan near cattle farms. We conducted surveillance of medium-sized mammals on previously depopulated cattle farms for presence of M. bovis infections and equipped opossum with Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to assess potential differences in home range between farms inside and outside the bTB core area that has had cattle test positive for M. bovis. On farms inside the bTB core area, prevalence in opossum was comparable [6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·0–11·0] to prevalence in raccoon (Procyon lotor; 4%, 95% CI 1·0–9·0, P = 0·439) whereas only a single opossum tested positive for M. bovis on farms outside the bTB core area. The prevalence in opossum occupying farms that had cattle test positive for M. bovis was higher (6·4%) than for opossum occupying farms that never had cattle test positive for M. bovis (0·9%, P = 0·01). Mean size of home range for 50% and 95% estimates were similar by sex (P = 0·791) both inside or outside the bTB core area (P = 0·218). Although surveillance efforts and home range were not assessed on the same farms, opossum use of farms near structures was apparent as was selection for farms over surrounding forested habitats. The use of farms, stored feed, and structures by opossum, their ability to serve as vectors of M. bovis, and their propensity to ingest contaminated sources of M. bovis requires additional research in Michigan, USA.

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ROELLIG, DAWN M., KATHERINE McMILLAN, ANGELA E. ELLIS, JOHN L. VANDEBERG, DONALD E. CHAMPAGNE, and MICHAEL J. YABSLEY. "Experimental infection of two South American reservoirs with four distinct strains of Trypanosoma cruzi." Parasitology 137, no. 6 (February 4, 2010): 959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991995.

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SUMMARYTrypanosoma cruzi (Tc), the causative agent of Chagas disease, is a diverse species with 2 primary genotypes, TcI and TcII, with TcII further subdivided into 5 subtypes (IIa–e). This study evaluated infection dynamics of 4 genetically and geographically diverse T. cruzi strains in 2 South American reservoirs, degus (Octodon degus) and grey short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica). Based on prior suggestions of a genotype-host association, we hypothesized that degus (placental) would more readily become infected with TcII strains while short-tailed opossums (marsupial) would be a more competent reservoir for a TcI strain. Individuals (n=3) of each species were intraperitoneally inoculated with T. cruzi trypomastigotes of TcIIa [North America (NA)-raccoon (Procyon lotor) origin], TcI [NA-Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)], TcIIb [South America (SA)-human], TcIIe (SA-Triatoma infestans), or both TcI and TcIIa. Parasitaemias in experimentally infected degus peaked earlier (7–14 days post-inoculation (p.i.)) compared with short-tailed opossums (21–84 days p.i.). Additionally, peak parasitaemias were higher in degus; however, the duration of detectable parasitaemias for all strains, except TcIIa, was greater in short-tailed opossums. Infections established in both host species with all genotypes, except for TcIIa, which did not establish a detectable infection in short-tailed opossums. These results indicate that both South American reservoirs support infections with these isolates from North and South America; however, infection dynamics differed with host and parasite strain.

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Erickson, Richard A., and Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos. "THE VIRGINIA OPOSSUM (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA) IN BAJA CALIFORNIA." Southwestern Naturalist 64, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-64-2-137.

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Shaw, Shannon, Britton Grasperge, Javier Nevarez, Scott Reed, Lauren Long, Nathalie Rademacher, and David Sánchez-Migallón Guzmán. "Besnoitia darlingi Infection in a Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40, no. 1 (March 2009): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2008-0165.1.

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Gwinn, R. Nathan, Geoffrey H. Palmer, and John L. Koprowski. "Virginia Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana Virginiana) from Yavapai County, Arizona." Western North American Naturalist 71, no. 1 (April 2011): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/064.071.0115.

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Cervantes, Fernando A., and Verónica Oviedo-Martínez. "Epipubic bones of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) from México." Therya 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya-20-872.

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ALTEVOLMER, A. K. "VIRGINIA OPOSSUMS, MINIMUM REPRODUCTION AGE AND PREDATORS IN THE PENNA AGING MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics C 10, no. 04 (June 1999): 717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918319900053x.

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Age-specific predators are introduced into the Penna model of biological aging. It is shown that populations with a variable minimum reproduction age find a stable state with an earlier onset of reproduction, if older ages are eaten by the predators. This behavior agrees with the demographic data of the Virgina opossum.

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Jones, Kenneth Dale. "Opossum Nematodiasis: Diagnosis and Treatment of Stomach, Intestine, and Lung Nematodes in the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 22, no. 4 (October 2013): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2013.10.014.

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Ellis, R. Darrell, Oscar J. Pung, and Dennis J. Richardson. "Site Selection by Intestinal Helminths of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Journal of Parasitology 85, no. 1 (February 1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3285690.

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Monet-Mendoza, Anne, David Osorio-Sarabia, and Luis García-Prieto. "Helminths of the Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana (Mammalia: Didelphidae) in Mexico." Journal of Parasitology 91, no. 1 (February 2005): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-273r.

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Fidino, Mason A., Elizabeth W. Lehrer, and Seth B. Magle. "Habitat Dynamics of the Virginia Opossum in a Highly Urban Landscape." American Midland Naturalist 175, no. 2 (April 2016): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-175.2.155.

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Cheadle, M. A. "SARCOCYSTIS GREINERIN. SP. (PROTOZOA: SARCOCYSTIDAE) IN THE VIRGINIA OPOSSUM (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA)." Journal of Parasitology 87, no. 5 (October 2001): 1085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1085:sgnsps]2.0.co;2.

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29

Cruz-Salazar, Bárbara, Lorena Ruiz-Montoya, Ella Vázquez-Domínguez, Darío Navarrete-Gutiérrez, Eduardo E. Espinoza-Medinilla, and Luis-Bernardo Vázquez. "Genetic diversity of Didelphis virginiana related to different levels of disturbance in the Highlands and the Central Depression regions of Chiapas, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 2 (March 2016): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000080.

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Abstract:The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is considered highly adaptable to anthropogenic disturbances; however, the genetic effects of disturbance on this marsupial have not been studied in wild populations in Mexico. Here we evaluated the genetic diversity of D. virginiana at sites with different levels of disturbance within the Highlands and Central Depression regions of Chiapas in southern Mexico. Twelve microsatellite loci were used and the results demonstrated moderate mean heterozygosity (He = 0.60; Ho = 0.50). No significant differences in heterozygosity were found among sites with different levels of disturbance in both regions (range Ho = 0.42–0.57). We observed low but significant levels of genetic differentiation according to disturbance level. The inbreeding coefficient did not differ significantly from zero, suggesting that low genetic differentiation in these environments may be associated with sufficient random mating and gene flow, a result associated with the high dispersal and tolerance characteristics of this marsupial. Our results for D. virginiana in this particular area of Mexico provide a foundation for exploring the impact of human disturbance on the genetic diversity of a common and generalist species.

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Johnston, S. D., F. C. Camacho, L. Carrillo, N. Guy, J. Govea, O. Martinez, A. Parãs, A. T. Lisle, and M. D'Occhio. "The development of a testosterone stimulation test in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and its use in evaluating deslorelin contraception." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 5 (2008): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd07215.

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The aims of the present study were to examine the variability of testosterone secretion in the Virginia Opossum over a 24 h period and to develop a testosterone stimulation test that would provide an index of the prevailing testosterone biosynthetic capacity of the testes; the latter was used to clinically evaluate the efficacy of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist contraceptive. Sexually-mature captive opossums (n = 12) located in Africam Safari (Mexico) sampled every 12 h over 24 h consistently showed basal (<0.21 ng mL–1) blood testosterone concentrations. Intra-muscular injection of buserelin (2 μg mL–1) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG; 1000 IU) resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) of plasma testosterone concentrations with maximal concentrations (3.9 ng mL–1 and 5.8 ng mL–1 respectively) occurring 120 min after injection. Plasma testosterone declined relatively rapidly to basal concentrations after 240 min with hCG but remained elevated after the same period of time with buserelin. Male opossums treated with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) a controlled-release deslorelin implant (Suprelorin; 4.7 mg deslorelin) were evaluated over a 10-week period for changes in testosterone secretion (hCG stimulation test) and sperm production (spermatorrhea). At the end of this period, the animals were hemi-castrated and their relative testicular quantitative histology compared. Testosterone concentration decreased over the course of the study in both treated and control animals (P < 0.0001) but there was no apparent effect of deslorelin on testosterone secretion, testicular histology (relative proportions of testicular cell types and seminiferous tubule diameter), or sperm production (presence of sperm in the cauda epididymis or urine)

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Cheadle, M. A. "Sarcocystis greineri n. sp. (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) in the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Journal of Parasitology 87, no. 5 (October 2001): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3285237.

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32

KASPARIAN, MARAL A., ERIC C. HELLGREN, SHAUNA M. GINGER, LAURENCE P. LEVESQUE, JAY E. CLARK, DANA L. WINKELMAN, and DAVID M. ENGLE. "Population Characteristics of Virginia Opossum in the Cross Timbers During Raccoon Reduction." American Midland Naturalist 151, no. 1 (January 2004): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2004)151[0154:pcovoi]2.0.co;2.

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Jenkins, Parish A., and W. A. Weijs. "The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Journal of Zoology 188, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 379–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03423.x.

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FIKE, JENNIFER A., JAMES C. BEASLEY, and OLIN E. RHODES, JR. "Isolation of 21 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Molecular Ecology Resources 9, no. 4 (July 2009): 1200–1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02606.x.

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35

Nigenda-Morales, Sergio F., Yibo Hu, James C. Beasley, Hugo A. Ruiz-Piña, David Valenzuela-Galván, and Robert K. Wayne. "Transcriptomic analysis of skin pigmentation variation in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Molecular Ecology 27, no. 12 (June 2018): 2680–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14712.

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36

Richardson, Dennis J., and Joanna D. Campo. "Gastrointestinal Helminths of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in South-Central Connecticut, U.S.A." Comparative Parasitology 72, no. 2 (July 2005): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/4189.

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37

K Rice, Jane. "Crenosoma vulpis larva (fox lungworm) in a juvenile opossum from Northern Virginia, USA." International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology 3, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 4–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00072.

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38

Higbie, Christine T., James W. Carpenter, Shambhunath Choudhary, Brad DeBey, Mary Bagladi-Swanson, and David Eshar. "CUTANEOUS EPITHELIOTROPIC T-CELL LYMPHOMA WITH METASTASES IN A VIRGINIA OPOSSUM (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 46, no. 2 (June 2015): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2014-0201r1.1.

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39

Cheadle, M. A., J. B. Dame, and E. C. Greiner. "Sporocyst size of isolates of Sarcocystis shed by the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Veterinary Parasitology 95, no. 2-4 (February 2001): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00396-4.

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40

Ginger, Shauna M., Eric C. Hellgren, Maral A. Kasparian, Laurence P. Levesque, David M. Engle, and David M. Leslie. "NICHE SHIFT BY VIRGINIA OPOSSUM FOLLOWING REDUCTION OF A PUTATIVE COMPETITOR, THE RACCOON." Journal of Mammalogy 84, no. 4 (November 2003): 1279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/103.

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41

Samollow, Paul B., Edwards S. Robinson, Allen L. Ford, and John L. Vandeberg. "Developmental progression ofGpd expression from the inactive X chromosome of the virginia opossum." Developmental Genetics 16, no. 4 (1995): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020160410.

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42

Samollow, Paul B., Allen L. Ford, and John L. VandeBerg. "X-Linked Gene Expression in the Virginia Opossum: Differences Between the Paternally Derived Gpd and Pgk-A Loci." Genetics 115, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/115.1.185.

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ABSTRACT Expression of X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and phosphoglycerate kinase-A (PGK-A) in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) was studied electrophoretically in animals from natural populations and those produced through controlled laboratory crosses. Blood from most of the wild animals exhibited a common single-banded phenotype for both enzymes. Rare variant animals, regardless of sex, exhibited single-banded phenotypes different in mobility from the common mobility class of the respective enzyme. The laboratory crosses confirmed the allelic basis for the common and rare phenotypes. Transmission of PGK-A phenotypes followed the pattern of determinate (nonrandom) inactivation of the paternally derived Pgk-A allele, and transmission of G6PD also was consistent with this pattern. A survey of tissue-specific expression of G6PD phenotypes of heterozygous females revealed, in almost all tissues, three-banded patterns skewed in favor of the allele that was expressed in blood cells. Three-banded patterns were never observed in males or in putatively homozygous females. These patterns suggest simultaneous, but unequal, expression of the maternally and paternally derived Gpd alleles within individual cells (i.e., partial paternal allele expression). The absence of such partial expression was noted in a parallel survey of females heterozygous at the Pgk-A locus. Thus, it appears that Gpd and Pgk-A are X-linked in D. virginiana and subject to preferential paternal allele inactivation, but that dosage compensation may not be complete for all paternally derived X-linked genes. The data establish the similarity between the American and Australian marsupial patterns of X-linked gene regulation and, thus, support the hypothesis that this form of dosage compensation was present in the early marsupial lineage that gave rise to these modern marsupial divisions. In addition, the data provide the first documentation of the differential expression of two X-linked genes in a single marsupial species. Because of its combination of X-linked variation, high fecundity, and short generation time, D. virginiana is a unique model for pursuing questions about marsupial gene regulation that have been difficult to approach through studies of Australian species.

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43

Cervantes, Fernando A., Jésica Arcangeli, Yolanda Hortelano-Moncada, and Alex V. Borisenko. "DNA barcodes effectively identify the morphologically similar Common Opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) and Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) from areas of sympatry in Mexico." Mitochondrial DNA 21, sup1 (December 2010): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2010.538051.

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44

Parker, Israel D., Roel R. Lopez, Raghupathy Karthikeyan, Nova J. Silvy, Donald S. Davis, and James C. Cathey. "A model for assessing mammal contribution of Escherichia coli to a Texas floodplain." Wildlife Research 42, no. 3 (2015): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15015.

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Context Free-ranging mammals contribute to faecal pollution in United States water bodies. However, research into wildlife impact on water quality is dependent upon unreliable data (e.g. data uncertainty, unknown importance of parameters). Aims Our goal was to determine the potential impacts of common free-ranging mammal species and their management on Escherichia coli in the study floodplain. Our objectives for this research were to construct a model from study area- and literature-derived data, determine important species for E. coli deposition, and conduct sensitivity analyses on model parameters to focus future research efforts. Methods We constructed a model that incorporated parameters for four wildlife species known to contribute E. coli in central Texas: raccoons (Procyon lotor), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and wild pigs (Sus scrofa). These parameters were (1) population density estimates, (2) defaecation rates, (3) defaecation areas, (4) E. coli concentration in faecal material estimates, and (5) E. coli survival. We conducted sensitivity analyses on the model parameters to determine relative importance of each parameter and areas for additional study. Key results We found that adjustment of raccoon and Virginia opossum population densities had higher impacts on E. coli in the floodplain than similar changes in other species across all spatial and seasonal variations. We also found that the changes in E. coli survival, E. coli concentration in raccoon faecal material, and defaecation rates had the highest impacts on E. coli in the floodplain. Conclusions Our sensitivity analyses indicated that the largest impacts to projected E. coli loads were from changes in defaecation rates followed by E. coli concentration in faecal material and E. coli survival. Watershed planners, ranchers, and regulators must be cautioned that faecal deposition patterns are location specific and could significantly impact which species are considered the most important contributors. Implications Although all parameters require more research, we recommend that researchers determine defaecation rates for contributing species due to their relatively large impacts on E. coli in comparison to the other parameters. We also suggest additional research in free-ranging wildlife faecal morphology (form and structure) and area of deposition. Finally, species-specific E. coli survival studies for free-ranging wildlife should be conducted.

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Fahn-Lai, Philip, Andrew A. Biewener, and Stephanie E. Pierce. "Broad similarities in shoulder muscle architecture and organization across two amniotes: implications for reconstructing non-mammalian synapsids." PeerJ 8 (February 18, 2020): e8556. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8556.

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The evolution of upright limb posture in mammals may have enabled modifications of the forelimb for diverse locomotor ecologies. A rich fossil record of non-mammalian synapsids holds the key to unraveling the transition from “sprawling” to “erect” limb function in the precursors to mammals, but a detailed understanding of muscle functional anatomy is a necessary prerequisite to reconstructing postural evolution in fossils. Here we characterize the gross morphology and internal architecture of muscles crossing the shoulder joint in two morphologically-conservative extant amniotes that form a phylogenetic and morpho-functional bracket for non-mammalian synapsids: the Argentine black and white tegu Salvator merianae and the Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana. By combining traditional physical dissection of cadavers with nondestructive three-dimensional digital dissection, we find striking similarities in muscle organization and architectural parameters. Despite the wide phylogenetic gap between our study species, distal muscle attachments are notably similar, while differences in proximal muscle attachments are driven by modifications to the skeletal anatomy of the pectoral girdle that are well-documented in transitional synapsid fossils. Further, correlates for force production, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), muscle gearing (pennation), and working range (fascicle length) are statistically indistinguishable for an unexpected number of muscles. Functional tradeoffs between force production and working range reveal muscle specializations that may facilitate increased girdle mobility, weight support, and active stabilization of the shoulder in the opossum—a possible signal of postural transformation. Together, these results create a foundation for reconstructing the musculoskeletal anatomy of the non-mammalian synapsid pectoral girdle with greater confidence, as we demonstrate by inferring shoulder muscle PCSAs in the fossil non-mammalian cynodont Massetognathus pascuali.

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Richardson, Dennis J. "Life Cycle of Oligacanthorhynchus tortuosa (Oligacanthorhynchidae), an Acanthocephalan of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." Comparative Parasitology 73, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/4207.1.

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47

Weber, Jean-Michel, Randy Fournier, and Cassandra Grant. "Glucose kinetics of the Virginia opossum: Possible implications for predicting glucose turnover in mammals." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 118, no. 3 (November 1997): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9629(97)00020-0.

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48

King, Kama A., Wayne D. Lord, Heather R. Ketchum, and R. Christopher O’Brien. "Postmortem scavenging by the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana): Impact on taphonomic assemblages and progression." Forensic Science International 266 (September 2016): 576.e1–576.e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.06.021.

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49

Baird, K. L., M. A. Cheadle, and E. C. Greiner. "Prevalence and Site Specificity of Sarcocystis greineri Sarcocysts in Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in Florida." Journal of Parasitology 88, no. 3 (June 2002): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3285461.

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Bosco-Lauth, Angela, Jessica R. Harmon, R. Ryan Lash, Sonja Weiss, Stanley Langevin, Harry M. Savage, Marvin S. Godsey, et al. "West Nile Virus Isolated from a Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in Northwestern Missouri, USA, 2012." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50, no. 4 (October 2014): 976–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2013-11-295.

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