Academic literature on the topic 'Viroc Portugal'

Euroopan unionin yhteisen maatalouspolitiikan (YMP) on määrä uudistua vuoden 2013 jälkeen. Keskustelua on käyty kiivaasti vuonna 2014 alkavan, uudistetun politiikan suuntaviivoista ja sisällöstä. EU:n komission ehdotus uuden YMP:n muodosta julkaistiin lokakuussa 2011. YMP:n uudistusneuvottelut ovat vahvasti sidoksissa 27 jäsenvaltion välisiin keskusteluihin vuonna 2014 käyttöönotettavasta EU:n pitkän aikavälin budjettirakenteesta. YMP vie yli 40 prosenttia unionin koko budjetista ja siihen liittyvät määrärahat ovat perinteisesti olleet yksi jäsenvaltioiden suurimmista kiistakapuloista. Komission kesäkuussa 2011 tekemässä budjettiehdotuksessa maatalouden rahoitus jäädytettäisiin vuoden 2013 tasolle ja YMP:n osuus koko EU:n budjetista laskisi vuoteen 2020 mennessä 34 prosenttiin. Tämä tutkimus pureutuu yhteisen maatalouspolitiikan uudistuskeskusteluun tarkastelemalla, kuinka vaihtoehtoiset lähestymistavat vaikuttaisivat maataloustukien jakautumiseen eri jäsenvaltioiden kesken. Päätavoite on arvioida kansallisten määrärahojen suuruudet erilaisissa maatalouspolitiikan uudistusvaihtoehdoissa. YMP-tukien jakoperusteisiin mahdollisesti tehtävien muutosten vaikutusten tuominen esille jo etukäteen lisää ymmärrystä uudistuksen poliittisista haasteista. Saksa ehdotti vuoden 2010 toukokuussa suorien tukien uudeksi jaoksi vähimmäistuen mallia, jossa EU:n jäsenmaan hehtaarille laskettava tuki olisi vähintään 200 euroa. Mallissa viiden maan (Latvia, Viro, Portugali, Liettua ja Romania) suorat tuet nousisivat 200 euroon. Kahdeksan maan (Slovakia, Espanja, Puola, Iso-Britannia, Suomi, Ruotsi, Tšekin tasavalta ja Luxemburg) suorien tukien määrään ei tulisi muutoksia, sillä niiden tuki on alle EU-27:n keskiarvon. Sen sijaan tukimäärää leikattaisiin noin 2 % yhteensä 14 maassa, joiden hehtaarituki on yli EU-27:n keskiarvon. Ranskan tekemä ehdotus 150 euron vähimmäistuesta nostaisi hehtaaritukia vain kahdessa jäsenmaassa (Viro ja Latvia). Vaihtoehtona suorien tukien jakamiseksi on esitetty siirtymistä ostovoimakorjattuun tasatukimalliin. Mikäli tukien jaossa otettaisiin eri maiden vaihteleva ostovoima huomioon, Kreikka ja Malta olisivat suurimpia menettäjiä nykyiseen tilanteeseen verrattuna. Saksa olisi selkeä häviäjä ostovoimalla korjatussa mallissa. Sen sijaan Ranska ja 12 muuta maata kuuluvat mallista voittavien maiden joukkoon. Merkittävää on, että peräti yhdeksän uuden jäsenmaan (Romania, Bulgaria, Puola, Unkari, Slovakia, Tšekin tasavalta, Malta, Slovenia ja Kypros) tuki laskisi alle nykyisen tason, mikäli EU:ssa otettaisiin käyttöön ostovoimakorjattu tasatukimalli. Suomi sitä vastoin kuuluisi Latvian, Viron ja Portugalin kanssa suurimpiin voittajiin nykyiseen tilanteeseen verrattuna. Suomen hehtaarikohtainen tuki nousisi yli 330 euron. EU:n komission esityksessä jäsenmaiden suorat tuet nousisivat tulosten mukaan 13 jäsenmaassa. Suhteessa eniten hehtaarituki nousee Baltian maissa. Euromääräisesti uudistuksen suurimpia voittajia olisivat Iso-Britannia ja Romania. Uudistuksessa suhteellisesti eniten menettäisivät nykytilanteeseen verrattuna Hollanti, Belgia, Italia ja Tanska. Euromääräisesti suurimpia häviäjiä ovat järjestyksessä Italia, Ranska ja Saksa. Suomen hehtaarituki laskee esityksessä 2 euroa nykytilanteeseen verrattuna. EU:n komission esitys suorien tukien uudeksi jaoksi muistuttaa Saksan ja Ranskan esittämää vähimmäistuen mallia. Rahoituskehyksen tiukkuus on johtanut siihen, että EU:n komissio on päätynyt ehdottamaan ensimmäisen pilarin tukien leikkaamiseen myös niissä maissa, joiden hehtaarituki on alle EU-27:n keskiarvon. Tämä pienentää tarvetta tukien leikkaamiseen Saksassa ja Ranskassa. Vaikka Saksa ja Ranska ovat esityksessä euromääräisesti kolmen eniten häviävän maan joukossa, ehdotus rahoituksen uudelleen jakamiseksi on tehty niiden tarpeita ajatellen.

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a potexvirus recently identified as the causal agent of a new disease occurring in protected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops in the Netherlands (2). PepMV has been subsequently identified in England, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, and Spain. The new disease has become a serious problem for tomato production in Europe. Most infected tomato plants expressed leaf distortion, chlorosis, and yellow mosaic. Other plants expressed mosaic and bubbling of the leaf surface. Tomato fruits showing severe discoloration and mosaic were observed in protected tomato crops. Symptoms attenuated in tomato plants as the ambient temperature increased. At present, only Solanum muricatum Ait. (Peruvian pepino) and L. esculentum are affected by PepMV.To determine possible reservoir hosts for this virus, 70 samples from Amaranthus sp., A. viridis (L.) Britton et al., Chenopodium murale L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Malva parviflora L., Nicotiana glauca Grah., Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf., Senecio vulgaris L., Sisybrium sp., Solanum nigrum L., and Sonchus oleraceus L. were analyzed. The plants were collected around greenhouses affected by PepMV from different regions in Spain (Murcia and Canary Islands). The samples were analyzed for PepMV by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a commercial antiserum (DSMZ AS-0554, Biologische Bundesantstal, Braunschweig, Germany). Only Amaranthus sp., M. parviflora, N. glauca, Solanum nigrum, and Sonchus oleraceus tested postive. The presence of PepMV in these weed species was confirmed by electron microscopy and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers for potexvirus (1). All the hosts analyzed were asymptomatic. However, symptoms were reproduced by mechanically inoculating tomato plants with sap from naturally infected weeds. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of weeds by PepMV. References: (1) A. Gibbs et al. J. Virol. Methods 74:67, 1998. (2) R. A. A. Van der Vlugt et al. Plant Dis. 84:103, 2000.

In autumn 2001, severe yellowing symptoms were observed on greenhouse-grown cucumbers near Perpignan (southern France). Leaf samples were collected from two sites where plants displayed symptoms ranging from limited yellowing of the older leaves to severe, complete yellowing of the whole plant. Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus, a polerovirus that causes similar symptoms was not detected in doubleantibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) using a specific antiserum. Total RNA was extracted from fresh leaf tissues and used in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (1) with primers specific for two whitefly-borne viruses also inducing yellows and occurring in the Mediterranean basin (1): Beet pseudo yellows virus (BPYV, genus Closterovirus) transmitted by Trialeurodes vaporariorum (West.) and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV, genus Crinivirus) transmitted by Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). No BPYV was detected in this survey, but CYSDV was present in all samples. In subsequent surveys conducted in the spring and summer of 2002, BPYV and CYSDV were detected, sometimes in mixed infections, in samples collected from the same region. The complete CYSDV coat protein gene was amplified by PCR using specific primers (2), yielding the expected-size fragment of 756 bp. The French isolate (GenBank Accession No. AY204220) shared 99.6 to 100% nucleotide sequence identity in the sequenced CP fragments (700 nt) with isolates of the most common, highly homogenous subgroup of CYSDV that has emerged recently in the Middle East, southwestern Europe (Spain and Portugal), United States, and Morocco (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of CYSDV in France and it shows the threat represented by the current emergence of B. tabaci-transmitted viruses. References: (1) I. C. Livieratos et al. Plant Pathol. 47:362, 1998. (2) L. Rubio et al. J. Gen. Virol. 82:929, 2001.

In late summer 2000, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in greenhouses in Ierapetra, Tympaki, and Chania (Crete) showed leaf curling, reduced leaf size, yellowing, shortened internodes, and a bushy appearance. More than 30 ha of tomato greenhouses were affected and the disease incidence ranged from 15 to 60% with estimated crop losses of over $500,000. Similar symptoms were observed in tomato samples from Marathon (Attiki) and Southern Peloponnese. All greenhouses with infected plants were infested with high populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), which were also observed outside the greenhouses on several weeds. Tomato symptoms were similar to those caused by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). The assumed virus could not be transmitted mechanically but successful transmission was obtained by grafting onto healthy tomato plants. Over 100 samples of symptomatic tomato plants collected from Crete and southern Peloponnese gave positive reactions when tested by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies to TYLCV-European (Adgen Ltd). The serological results were confirmed by PCR using two pairs of primers, universal degenerate (1) and MA 13 and MA 17 (2), amplifying different parts of the virus genome. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis (AluI, HaeIII, and TaqI) of the 541 bp amplicon obtained with the degenerate primers showed patterns similar to TYLCV-Is (Israeli species). The second pair of primers gave the expected 348 bp product, which was sequenced. Sequence comparisons revealed 99% identity with TYLCV-Is (EMBL no. X15656, X76319). The resulting sequence was at least 97.7% identical to sequences of TYLCV isolates from the Dominician Republic (EMBL no. AF024715), Cuba (EMBL no. AJ223505), Portugal (EMBL no. AF105975), Iran (EMBL no. AJ13271), and Spain (EMBL no. AF071228). The disease appeared for the first time in 1992 in Tymbaki, but was limited to very few plants in one glasshouse. However, the cause was not determined. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TYLCV of the Begomovirus genus in Greece. References: (1) D. Deng et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 125:327, 1994. (2) J. Navas-Castillo et al. J. Virol. Methods 75:195, 1998.

During the fall of 2003, mild mosaic symptoms were observed in melon (Cucumis melo L.) plants grown in glasshouses near Eyragues (southeastern France) resembling those caused by the Bemisia tabaci transmitted Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV, genus Ipomovirus, family Potyviridae). In addition, large numbers of B. tabaci were observed to be colonizing these crops. The identification of CVYV was established through differential host range reaction, immunosorbent electron microscopy (IEM), and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR experiments. Crude sap from symptomatic leaves was used to inoculate differential host plants. Mild mosaic symptoms were observed on melon, and cucumber developed vein-clearing symptoms typical of CVYV. No symptoms were observed in Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum, and Vigna sinensis. Numerous, slightly flexuous, elongated virus particles were observed in infected plant extracts; these particles were decorated by a polyclonal antiserum raised against a Sudanese CVYV isolate. To confirm CVYV identification, total RNA extracts (TRI-Reagent, Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) were obtained from the original symptomatic melon tissues. RT-PCR was carried out using CVYV-specific primers CVYV-CP-5′: 5′-GCTTCTGGTTCTCAAGTGGA-3′ and CVYV-CP- 3′: 5′-GATGCATCAGTTGTCAGATG-3′ designed according to the partial sequence of the coat protein gene of CVYV-Isr (GenBank Accession No. AF233429) (2). A 540-bp fragment corresponding to the central region of CVYV coat protein was amplified from total RNA extracted from symptomatic but not from asymptomatic melon tissue. Direct sequencing was done on RT-PCR products (GenBank Accession No. EF441272). The sequence was 95 and 99% identical to that reported for CVYV isolates from Israel and Spain, respectively. CVYV was first described in Israel and has recently emerged as the cause of important diseases in Spain and Portugal (1,3). Shortly after detecting CVYV during 2003, efforts were made to eradicate the virus in susceptible crops. CVYV was not detected again during intensive surveys conducted in southeastern France during 2004, 2005, and 2006, suggesting that the CVYV detected during 2003 resulted from an accidental introduction and that the virus has not become established in France. References: (1) I. M. Cuadrado et al. Plant Dis. 85:336, 2001. (2) H. Lecoq et al. J. Gen. Virol. 81:2289, 2000. (3) D. Louro et al. Plant Pathol. 53:241, 2004.

Citrus production in the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro has a strategic importance to the agricultural sector. Approximately 400,000 trees are now grown in the major citrus producing region, which is the Montenegrin Coastal Region. Satsuma mandarins and lemons grafted on Poncirus trifoliata are the most cultivated varieties. In December 2003, eight samples taken from the coastal region close to the towns of Bar and Ulcinj were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with SP7 antibodies produced at Universidade do Algarve, Portugal (3). Further analysis was done using immunocapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) targeting the entire coat protein (CP) gene (forward primer CTV1: 5′- ATGGACGACGAAACAAAGAA-3′ and reverse primer CTV10: 5′-ATCAACGTGTGTTGAATTTCC-3′). Using both techniques, seven of eight samples analyzed were found to be infected by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), including samples from five trees that exhibited chlorosis, gummosis, and fruit deformation, and two trees that were symptomless. When analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis, PCR products from the positive samples consisted of a single amplicon of the expected size for the CP gene compared with a positive control. The PCR products of two samples were TA cloned (pGEM-T Easy Vector; Promega, Madison, WI) in E. coli cells and the CP inserts were analyzed using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing. In both cases, the SSCP analysis of several clones showed a variety of different patterns, suggesting the occurrence of infections with a mixture of genomic variants. Sequence analysis of different variants showed a CP gene with 669 nucleotides having greater than 90% nucleotide identity to most CTV CP gene sequences available in GenBank. A genomic variant (GenBank Accession No. AY764154) was closely related (98.5% nucleotide identity) to the T30 mild strain from Florida (GenBank Accession No. AF260651). However, other sequences obtained showed only 93% nucleotide identity with this variant and were closely related to other CP gene sequences obtained from Croatian isolates. A previous report (1) refers to the existence of CTV-infected Satsuma plants illegally introduced in Italy from the former Yugoslavia. The presence of CTV in the former Yugoslavia was later confirmed (2) but in a region that became part of the Croatian Republic. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CTV in the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, although a relationship with Croatian isolates cannot be excluded. Although a very small number of samples were analyzed in this study, CTV appears to be very common in the Satsuma orchards. This could be due to the traditional use of the trifoliate rootstock that prevents the appearance of tristeza decline, thus enabling the unnoticed propagation of infected material. Because the kind of symptoms observed in five trees are not typical of CTV and two infected trees were symptomless, the virus is probably not responsible for the symptoms observed in the field. References:(1) M. Davino et al. Pages 8–13 in: Proc. Conf. Int. Organ Citrus Virol. IOCV, Riverside, 1988. (2) A. Ŝarić and I. Dulić. Agric. Conspectus Sci. 55:171, 1990. (3) Z. Sequeira and G. Nolasco, Phytopathol. Mediterr. 41:552, 2002.

Epidemics of tomato yellow leaf curl have occurred annually in greenhouse- and field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops in southern Spain since 1992 (2). The nucleotide sequences of two tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) isolates from this region, TYLCV-M (GenBank accession no. Z25751) and TYLCV-Alm (L27708), have been determined and these isolates are closely related to isolates reported from Italy (X61153 and Z28390), suggesting the existence of a geographical cluster of closely related TYLCV isolates in the Western Mediterranean Basin (2). In June 1997, new and unusually severe symptoms of stunting, yellowing, and curling of leaflet margins, with a marked reduction in leaf size, were observed in some plants of a greenhouse-grown tomato crop in Almeria (southeastern Spain). Tomato plants showing milder symptoms similar to those previously described for TYLCV infection in that region (2) were also present in the same greenhouse. Total nucleic acids extracts from plants exhibiting both types of symptoms were analyzed by dot blot hybridization with a probe prepared by random priming on a 1,674-bp SalI fragment of the pSP95 clone of TYLCV-M (3). A strong reaction was obtained with the samples that showed mild symptoms, whereas a weak reaction was observed with the severely affected plants. Specific pairs of primers were prepared to amplify the complete pre-coat (V1) (MA10: 5′-ATGTGGGATCCTTTATTAAATG-3′; MA11: 5′-TCAGGGCTTCTGTACATTC-3′) and C2 (MA12: 5′-TAAAGACTCTTAAAAAATGACC-3′; MA13: 5′-AATGCAATCTTCGTCACC-3′) genes based on TYLCV-M sequence. With polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the expected fragments were amplified from extracts of both types of plants. The PCR products were submitted to single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Clearly distinguishable SSCP patterns were obtained: one for the plants with mild symptoms, identical to that of known TYLCV-M infected plants, and another for the plants with more severe symptoms. Further analyses done on tomato samples collected from the same area showed that both SSCP patterns were present simultaneously in several severely affected plants. The nucleotide sequences of the V1 and C2 PCR products from two samples differing in their SSCP pattern were obtained by direct sequencing, and compared with available TYLCV sequences. The sequences corresponding to the sample with mild symptoms were 100% identical to those previously reported for TYLCV-M. In contrast, the sequences from the sample that showed severe symptoms (GenBank accesion no. AF022219 for V1, and AF022220 for C2) were only 80 and 76% identical to TYLCV-M V1 and C2 genes, respectively, but were 99% identical to the sequence reported for an isolate of TYLCV-Is from Israel (X15656). Epidemics in tomato caused by TYLCV-Is have been recently reported from Portugal (1). Our results demonstrate that the unusually severe symptoms observed are associated with an isolate of TYLCV-Is that coexists in the field with the milder TYLCV previously reported from this area. This is the first report of the occurence of TYLCV-Is in Spain. References: (1) D. Louro et al. Plant Dis. 80:1079, 1996. (2) E. Noris et al. Arch. Virol. 135:165, 1994.

Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção
Este trabalho tem como objectivo o enquadramento de um sistema de manutenção preventiva existente, à realidade da empresa Viroc Portugal S.A. e ao seu sistema de ERP. Para tal é feita uma pesquisa bibliográfica. Esta pesquisa permitiu que fosse possível um conhecimento prévio da realidade da manutenção, das suas funções, indicadores de fiabilidade, abordando ainda a sua gestão. Este conhecimento é importante para poder, então, enquadrar da melhor forma o sistema. São depois apresentados um modelo de preparação para o departamento e ,de seguida, as metas da implementação, o que será implementado, como e onde e ,ainda, os meios necessários para a implementação.