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Journal articles on the topic 'Viroid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Barbosa, C. J., J. A. Pina, J. Pérez-Panadés, et al. "Mechanical Transmission of Citrus Viroids." Plant Disease 89, no. 7 (2005): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0749.

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Preliminary transmission assays conducted under greenhouse conditions demonstrated that Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV) can be mechanically transmitted from citron to citron (Citrus medica) by a single slash with a knife blade. The impact of mechanical transmission of viroids by pruning and harvesting operations was also demonstrated in experimental and commercial field plots. Transmission efficiency under field conditions ranged from 4% in ‘Nules’ clementine to 10% in ‘Navelina

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2

Ito, Takao, Hiroyuki Ieki, Katsumi Ozaki, et al. "Multiple Citrus Viroids in Citrus from Japan and Their Ability to Produce Exocortis-Like Symptoms in Citron." Phytopathology® 92, no. 5 (2002): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.5.542.

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Sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses showed many viroid-like RNAs in samples collected from citrus trees in Japan. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analyses of the amplified fragments verified that they were derived from variants of six citrus viroids, Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd) including CVd-I-LSS (a distinct variant of CBLVd), Hop stunt viroid, Citrus viroid III, Citrus viroid IV, and Citrus viroid OS. The samples induced symptoms with variable severity in Arizona 861-S1 ‘Etrog’ citrons (Citrus medica L.) li

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3

Kunta, Madhurababu, J. V. da Graça, and Mani Skaria. "Molecular Detection and Prevalence of Citrus Viroids in Texas." HortScience 42, no. 3 (2007): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.3.600.

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Viroids are graft- or mechanically transmissible agents, disseminated through budding. Biological indexing of commercially important citrus cultivars grown in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas showed that many are infected with citrus viroids. Most of these trees carried more than one viroid. In most cases, the infected trees are asymptomatic carriers because sour orange, the predominant rootstock used in Texas, does not show symptoms of viroid infection. Detection of viroids through biological indexing on sensitive indicator plants followed by sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

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4

Vernière, C., X. Perrier, C. Dubois, et al. "Interactions Between Citrus Viroids Affect Symptom Expression and Field Performance of Clementine Trees Grafted on Trifoliate Orange." Phytopathology® 96, no. 4 (2006): 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0356.

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Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), a noncachexia variant of Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV) were co-inoculated as two-, three-, four-, and five-viroid mixtures to Clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange to evaluate their effect on symptom expression, tree growth, and fruit yield. Most trees infected with CEVd-containing viroid mixtures developed exocortis scaling symptoms, as did CEVd alone, whereas most trees infected with HSVd- or CVd-IV-containing mixtures developed bark-cracking symptoms. Trees infected

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5

Sänger, Heinz L. "VIROIDS AND VIROID DISEASES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 234 (December 1988): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.234.9.

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6

SEČNIK, Andrej, Sebastjan RADIŠEK, Nataša ŠTAJNER, and Jernej JAKŠE. "Študij polarnosti verig različnih viroidov in njihovih kombinacij pri okuženih rastlinah hmelja." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 115, no. 1 (2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.115.1.1319.

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<p>Hop plant (<em>Humulus lupulus </em>L.) is an important industrial crop, grown for harvesting hop cones however, it is a host to four different viroids as well. The nature of viroid infections is not entirely clarified. In our work, we focused on analyzing viroid accumulation and their strands polarity through RNA sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in real time. RNA-seq data indicate that viroids amplify until saturation further demonstrating plant's biological capacity. Negative fold changes in accumulation of individual viroids between hop sam

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7

Adkar-Purushothama, Charith Raj, and Jean-Pierre Perreault. "Impact of Nucleic Acid Sequencing on Viroid Biology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (2020): 5532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155532.

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The early 1970s marked two breakthroughs in the field of biology: (i) The development of nucleotide sequencing technology; and, (ii) the discovery of the viroids. The first DNA sequences were obtained by two-dimensional chromatography which was later replaced by sequencing using electrophoresis technique. The subsequent development of fluorescence-based sequencing method which made DNA sequencing not only easier, but many orders of magnitude faster. The knowledge of DNA sequences has become an indispensable tool for both basic and applied research. It has shed light biology of viroids, the hig

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8

Venkataraman, Srividhya, Uzma Badar, Erum Shoeb, Ghyda Hashim, Mounir AbouHaidar, and Kathleen Hefferon. "An Inside Look into Biological Miniatures: Molecular Mechanisms of Viroids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (2021): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062795.

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Viroids are tiny single-stranded circular RNA pathogens that infect plants. Viroids do not encode any proteins, yet cause an assortment of symptoms. The following review describes viroid classification, molecular biology and spread. The review also discusses viroid pathogenesis, host interactions and detection. The review concludes with a description of future prospects in viroid research.

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9

Thomas, Tina P., Madhurababu Kunta, John V. da Graça, Mamadou Sétamou, Mani Skaria, and Apurba Bhattacharya. "Suppression of Phytophthora Infection in Citrus Infected with Viroids." HortScience 45, no. 7 (2010): 1069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.7.1069.

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Citrus viroid-induced resistance to Phytophthora infection in citrus was measured by the number of Phytophthora sporangia in ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) bait tissue infected with citrus viroids compared with non-inoculated controls. Different viroid isolates containing mixtures of viroids [Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV)] were designated by plant numbers and sources. Source 13E was associated with the lowest number of sporangia in bark, leaves, and roots used as baits, whereas CEVd E9, a known seve

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Wei, Shuang, Ruiling Bian, Ida Bagus Andika, et al. "Symptomatic plant viroid infections in phytopathogenic fungi." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 26 (2019): 13042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900762116.

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Viroids are pathogenic agents that have a small, circular noncoding RNA genome. They have been found only in plant species; therefore, their infectivity and pathogenicity in other organisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate whether plant viroids can replicate and induce symptoms in filamentous fungi. Seven plant viroids representing viroid groups that replicate in either the nucleus or chloroplast of plant cells were inoculated to three plant pathogenic fungi,Cryphonectria parasitica,Valsa mali, andFusarium graminearum. By transfection of fungal spheroplasts with viroid

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11

Vázquez Prol, Francisco, Joan Márquez-Molins, Ismael Rodrigo, et al. "Symptom Severity, Infection Progression and Plant Responses in Solanum Plants Caused by Three Pospiviroids Vary with the Inoculation Procedure." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (2021): 6189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126189.

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Infectious viroid clones consist of dimeric cDNAs used to generate transcripts which mimic the longer-than-unit replication intermediates. These transcripts can be either generated in vitro or produced in vivo by agro-inoculation. We have designed a new plasmid, which allows both inoculation methods, and we have compared them by infecting Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum melongena with clones of Citrus exocortis virod (CEVd), Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd), and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). Our results showed more uniform and severe symptoms in agro-inoculated plants. Viroid accu

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12

Wang, Yafei, Yan Shi, Honglian Li, and Jiaxin Chang. "Understanding Citrus Viroid Interactions: Experience and Prospects." Viruses 16, no. 4 (2024): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16040577.

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Citrus is the natural host of at least eight viroid species, providing a natural platform for studying interactions among viroids. The latter manifests as antagonistic or synergistic phenomena. The antagonistic effect among citrus viroids intuitively leads to reduced symptoms caused by citrus viroids, while the synergistic effect leads to an increase in symptom severity. The interaction phenomenon is complex and interesting, and a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms induced during this viroid interaction is of great significance for the prevention and control of viroid diseases. Th

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13

Hadidi, Ahmed, Liying Sun, and John W. Randles. "Modes of Viroid Transmission." Cells 11, no. 4 (2022): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11040719.

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Studies on the ways in which viroids are transmitted are important for understanding their epidemiology and for developing effective control measures for viroid diseases. Viroids may be spread via vegetative propagules, mechanical damage, seed, pollen, or biological vectors. Vegetative propagation is the most prevalent mode of spread at the global, national and local level while further dissemination can readily occur by mechanical transmission through crop handling with viroid-contaminated hands or pruning and harvesting tools. The current knowledge of seed and pollen transmission of viroids

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14

Singh, Rudra P., Xianzhou Nie, and Mathuresh Singh. "Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid: an evolutionary link in the origin of pospiviroids." Journal of General Virology 80, no. 11 (1999): 2823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-80-11-2823.

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Over 40 isolates of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) have been reported from potato, other Solanum species and greenhouse tomato. These isolates have sequence similarities in the range 95–99%. A viroid which caused chlorotic leaves and severe dwarfing of plants in greenhouse tomato crops was detected. The viroid was found to hybridize readily with PSTVd probes. It migrated faster than PSTVd in return-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was not amplified in RT–PCR by a primer pair based on the lower strand of the central conserved region of PSTVd. Nucleotide sequencing of the viroid indic

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15

Zhang, Yuhong, Yuxin Nie, Luyou Wang, and Jian Wu. "Viroid Replication, Movement, and the Host Factors Involved." Microorganisms 12, no. 3 (2024): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030565.

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Viroids represent distinctive infectious agents composed solely of short, single-stranded, circular RNA molecules. In contrast to viruses, viroids do not encode for proteins and lack a protective coat protein. Despite their apparent simplicity, viroids have the capacity to induce diseases in plants. Currently, extensive research is being conducted on the replication cycle of viroids within both the Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae families, shedding light on the intricacies of the associated host factors. Utilizing the potato spindle tuber viroid as a model, investigations into the RNA structur

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16

Hodgson, R. A. J., G. C. Wall, and J. W. Randles. "Specific Identification of Coconut Tinangaja Viroid for Differential Field Diagnosis of Viroids in Coconut Palm." Phytopathology® 88, no. 8 (1998): 774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.8.774.

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Tinangaja is a widespread lethal disease of putative viroid etiology affecting coconut palm on the island of Guam. Determination of its distribution and mode of spread requires a simple and reliable diagnostic procedure that is specific for the associated coconut tinangaja viroid (CTiVd). A method of extracting tissue followed by analytical agarose gel electrophoresis for CTiVd detection has been developed and used to identify the viroid in leaf samples of suspect symptomatic palms growing in the field. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the viroid band contained ci

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17

Lee, Benjamin D., and Eugene V. Koonin. "Viroids and Viroid-like Circular RNAs: Do They Descend from Primordial Replicators?" Life 12, no. 1 (2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12010103.

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Viroids are a unique class of plant pathogens that consist of small circular RNA molecules, between 220 and 450 nucleotides in size. Viroids encode no proteins and are the smallest known infectious agents. Viroids replicate via the rolling circle mechanism, producing multimeric intermediates which are cleaved to unit length either by ribozymes formed from both polarities of the viroid genomic RNA or by coopted host RNAses. Many viroid-like small circular RNAs are satellites of plant RNA viruses. Ribozyviruses, represented by human hepatitis delta virus, are larger viroid-like circular RNAs tha

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18

Flores, Ricardo, Carmen Hernández, A. Emilio Martínez de Alba, José-Antonio Daròs, and Francesco Di Serio. "Viroids and Viroid-Host Interactions." Annual Review of Phytopathology 43, no. 1 (2005): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140243.

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19

Di Serio, Francesco, Enza Maria Torchetti, José-Antonio Daròs, and Beatriz Navarro. "Reassessment of Viroid RNA Cytosine Methylation Status at the Single Nucleotide Level." Viruses 11, no. 4 (2019): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040357.

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Composed of a few hundreds of nucleotides, viroids are infectious, circular, non-protein coding RNAs able to usurp plant cellular enzymes and molecular machineries to replicate and move in their hosts. Several secondary and tertiary RNA structural motifs have been implicated in the viroid infectious cycle, but whether modified nucleotides, such as 5C-methylcytosine (m5C), also play a role has not been deeply investigated so far. Here, the possible existence of m5C in both RNA polarity strands of potato spindle tuber viroid and avocado sunblotch viroid -which are representative members of the n

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Matsushita, Yosuke, Hironobu Yanagisawa, and Teruo Sano. "Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Pospiviroids." Viruses 10, no. 12 (2018): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120706.

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Viroids are highly structured, single-stranded, non-protein-coding circular RNA pathogens. Some viroids are vertically transmitted through both viroid-infected ovule and pollen. For example, potato spindle tuber viroid, a species that belongs to Pospiviroidae family, is delivered to the embryo through the ovule or pollen during the development of reproductive tissues before embryogenesis. In addition, some of Pospiviroidae are also horizontally transmitted by pollen. Tomato planta macho viroid in pollen infects to the ovary from pollen tube during pollen tube elongation and eventually causes s

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Aviña-Padilla, Katia, Erika Janet Zamora-Macorra, Daniel Leobardo Ochoa-Martínez, et al. "Mexico: A Landscape of Viroid Origin and Epidemiological Relevance of Endemic Species." Cells 11, no. 21 (2022): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11213487.

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Viroids are single-stranded, circular RNA molecules (234-406 nt) that infect a wide range of crop species and cause economic losses in agriculture worldwide. They are characterized by the existence of a population of sequence variants, attributed to the low fidelity of RNA polymerases involved in their transcription, resulting in high mutation rates. Therefore, these biological entities exist as quasispecies. This feature allows them to replicate within a wide range of host plants, both monocots and dicots. Viroid hosts include economically important crops such as tomato, citrus, and fruit tre

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Bar-Joseph, Moshe. "On the Trail of Viroids a Return to Phytosanitary Awareness." Pathogens 14, no. 6 (2025): 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060545.

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Viroids are subviral plant pathogens composed of non-coding, small, circular, single-stranded RNAs that parasitize the transcriptional machinery of their host cells. For many years, viroid-induced diseases were mistakenly attributed to viruses due to similarities in symptoms and pathogenic behavior. However, advances in molecular biology over the past sixty years have clearly distinguished viroids from viruses and other pathogens in terms of genetic composition, structural features, and replication mechanisms. Citrus trees in the Mediterranean region appear to have been associated with viroid

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Singh, R. P., A. D. Dilworth, V. K. Baranwal, and K. N. Gupta. "Detection of Citrus exocortis viroid, Iresine viroid, and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in New Ornamental Host Plants in India." Plant Disease 90, no. 11 (2006): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1457a.

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Columnea latent viroid, originating from ornamental plants, is known to be harmful to crop plants (2). Despite the potential threat to crop plants, the importance of ornamental plants in viroid evolution is not fully appreciated. Availability of a Pospiviroid genus-specific primer pair (1) to detect the most prevalent viroids in ornamental plants and a simplified nucleic acid preparation protocol (3) for use in reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have facilitated surveys of ornamental plants for pospiviroids. Using the above protocol in India, leaf and shoot samples were c

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Ortolá, Beltrán, and José-Antonio Daròs. "Viroids: Non-Coding Circular RNAs Able to Autonomously Replicate and Infect Higher Plants." Biology 12, no. 2 (2023): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020172.

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Viroids are a unique type of infectious agent, exclusively composed of a relatively small (246–430 nt), highly base-paired, circular, non-coding RNA. Despite the small size and non-coding nature, the more-than-thirty currently known viroid species infectious of higher plants are able to autonomously replicate and move systemically through the host, thereby inducing disease in some plants. After recalling viroid discovery back in the late 60s and early 70s of last century and discussing current hypotheses about their evolutionary origin, this article reviews our current knowledge about these pe

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Joubert, Melissa, Noëlani van den Berg, Jacques Theron, and Velushka Swart. "Transcriptomics Advancement in the Complex Response of Plants to Viroid Infection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (2022): 7677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147677.

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Viroids are the smallest plant pathogens, consisting of a single-stranded circular RNA of less than 500 ribonucleotides in length. Despite their noncoding nature, viroids elicit disease symptoms in many economically important plant hosts, and are, thus, a class of pathogens of great interest. How these viroids establish disease within host plants, however, is not yet fully understood. Recent transcriptomic studies have revealed that viroid infection influences the expression of genes in several pathways and processes in plants, including defence responses, phytohormone signalling, cell wall mo

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Stuchi, Eduardo Sanches, Simone Rodrigues da Silva, Luiz Carlos Donadio, Otávio Ricardo Sempionato, and Eduardo Toller Reiff. "Field performance of "marsh seedless" grapefruit on trifoliate orange inoculated with viroids in Brazil." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 6 (2007): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000600004.

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Some viroids reduce citrus tree growth and may be used for tree size control aiming the establishment of orchards with close tree spacing that may provide higher productivity than conventional ones. To study the effects of citrus viroids inoculation on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of 'Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) grafted on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], an experiment was set up in January 1991, in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments with two plants per plot: viroid isolat

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Steinbachová, Lenka, Jaroslav Matoušek, Gerhard Steger, Helena Matoušková, Sebastjan Radišek, and David Honys. "Transformation of Seed Non-Transmissible Hop Viroids in Nicotiana benthamiana Causes Distortions in Male Gametophyte Development." Plants 10, no. 11 (2021): 2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112398.

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Viroids are small, non-coding, parasitic RNAs that promote developmental distortions in sensitive plants. We analyzed pollen of Nicotiana benthamiana after infection and/or ectopic transformation with cDNAs of citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) variant AS1. These viroids were seed non-transmissible in N. benthamiana. All viroids propagated to high levels in immature anthers similar to leaves, while their levels were drastically reduced by approximately 3.6 × 103, 800 and 59 times in mature pollen of CBCVd, AFCVd and P

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Najar, A., and N. Duran-Vila. "Viroid Prevalence in Tunisian Citrus." Plant Disease 88, no. 11 (2004): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1286b.

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The citrus industry in Tunisia is based mainly on the production of local cultivars of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), common mandarin (C. reticulata), clementine (C. clementina), and lemon (C. limon). Sour orange (C. aurantium) is the only rootstock presently being used in the major growing area located at Cap Bon where 80% of citrus is being produced. The presence of tristeza disease in the Mediterranean basin is a threat to the Tunisian citrus industry, and new rootstocks giving tristeza tolerant rootstock/scion combinations are urgently needed as an alternative to sour orange. Since some p

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Hadidi, Ahmed. "Next-Generation Sequencing and CRISPR/Cas13 Editing in Viroid Research and Molecular Diagnostics." Viruses 11, no. 2 (2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020120.

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Viroid discovery as well as the economic significance of viroids and biological properties are presented. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies combined with informatics have been applied to viroid research and diagnostics for almost a decade. NGS provides highly efficient, rapid, low-cost high-throughput sequencing of viroid genomes and of the 21–24 nt vd-sRNAs generated by the RNA silencing defense of the host. NGS has been utilized in various viroid studies which are presented. The discovery during the last few years that prokaryotes have heritable adaptive immunity mediated through

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Cottilli, Patrick, Borja Belda-Palazón, Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama, et al. "Citrus exocortis viroid causes ribosomal stress in tomato plants." Nucleic Acids Research 47, no. 16 (2019): 8649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz679.

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Abstract Viroids are naked RNAs that do not code for any known protein and yet are able to infect plants causing severe diseases. Because of their RNA nature, many studies have focused on the involvement of viroids in RNA-mediated gene silencing as being their pathogenesis mechanism. Here, the alterations caused by the Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) on the tomato translation machinery were studied as a new aspect of viroid pathogenesis. The presence of viroids in the ribosomal fractions of infected tomato plants was detected. More precisely, CEVd and its derived viroid small RNAs were found to

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Eiras, Marcelo, Maria Luisa P. N. Targon, Thor V. M. Fajardo, Ricardo Flores, and Elliot W. Kitajima. "Citrus exocortis viroid and Hop Stunt viroid Doubly infecting grapevines in Brazil." Fitopatologia Brasileira 31, no. 5 (2006): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582006000500002.

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Viroids, non-protein-coding small (246-401 nt) circular single-stranded RNAs with autonomous replication, are currently classified into two families. Within the family Pospiviroidae, Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) belongs to the genus Pospiviroid while Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) is the single member of the genus Hostuviroid. These pathogens are distributed worldwide and infect a large number of hosts. In Brazil, isolates of CEVd and HSVd have been detected in both citrus and grapevine. To characterize and study the genetic variability of these viroids, total RNA from leaves of grapevine Vitis vin

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Matoušek, J. "Viroids: sequence variability and evolution of pathogenic RNA." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (2002): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10348-pps.

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Viroids as the smallest pathogenic circular single-stranded pathogenic RNAs form populations of quasi-species, which<br />has been recently identified by thermodynamic methods like TGGE pre-selection and heteroduplex analysis. It was found<br />that replication under thermal stress led to enormously high level of viroid mutagenesis. Mostly multiple mutants having<br />non-random distribution of base changes were found. A specific “hot spots” were identified in the regions, where<br />a characteristic “pathogenicity domains” are localised in different viroids of the posp

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Muhammad, Buhari. "The Impact of Viroid-Induced Diseases: The Need for Vigilance in Nigeria Amid Climate Change." International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability 10, no. 2 (2024): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.57233/ijsgs.v10i2.659.

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Viroids are small, non-coding RNA pathogens that pose significant threats to global agriculture, affecting a wide range of economically-important crops. In Nigeria, the impact of viroid-induced diseases is a growing concern, particularly amid changing climatic conditions as there is virtually no any effort made to uncover the presence of vioroids. Viroids, such as Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), and Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), are globally distributed and have severe economic repercussions. Despite their widespread presence, there is a notable dearth

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Diener, Theodor. "Of Viroids and Prions." Viruses 10, no. 12 (2018): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120663.

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In 2017, Hadidi et al. edited a voluminous monograph entitled “Viroids and Satellites”, in which each known viroid and viroid-like satellite species was described in detail from many perspectives by more than 100 experts from 24 countries. In its 700+ pages, the book is a much needed detailed and reliable compendium of a subject, which, undoubtedly, is still little known by many potential readers. Because most users of the book may be expected to be practical plant pathologists, it appears essential that the book contain, in addition to the detailed viroid and satellite descriptions, one chapt

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Bessolicyna, E., and A. Harina. "Development of a PCR-test system for detection of the Potato spindle tuber viroid." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 6 (December 28, 2022): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2022-6-84-88.

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The Potato spindle tuber viroid infects potato plants, causing a serious damage to agriculture by reducing yields. Therefore, there is a need to identify this pathogen. Viroids are RNA molecules and so cannot be detected with the immunological methods and the classical PCR. The aim of this work is to develop a method for detection of the Potato spindle tuber viroid. Primers have been selected for the reverse transcription reaction and the subsequent PCR, the annealing temperatures and the size of the amplified fragment have been calculated. Primers and reaction conditions have been tested on p

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Kalantidis, K., M. A. Denti, S. Tzortzakaki, E. Marinou, M. Tabler, and M. Tsagris. "Virp1 Is a Host Protein with a Major Role in Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid Infection in Nicotiana Plants." Journal of Virology 81, no. 23 (2007): 12872–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00974-07.

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ABSTRACT Viroids are small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that, while not coding for any protein, cause several plant diseases. Viroids rely for their infectious cycle on host proteins, most of which are likely to be involved in endogenous RNA-mediated phenomena. Therefore, characterization of host factors interacting with the viroid may contribute to the elucidation of RNA-related pathways of the hosts. Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) infects several members of the Solanaceae family. In an RNA ligand screening we have previously isolated the tomato protein Virp1 by its ability t

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Leichtfried, Thomas, Stefanie Dobrovolny, Helga Reisenzein, Siegrid Steinkellner, and Richard A. Gottsberger. "Apple chlorotic fruit spot viroid: a putative new pathogenic viroid on apple characterized by next-generation sequencing." Archives of Virology 164, no. 12 (2019): 3137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04420-9.

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Abstract Viroid-like symptoms were observed in 2016 on apple fruits of the cultivar “Ilzer Rose” in southern Burgenland, Austria. Preliminary molecular biological investigations indicated that the symptoms were caused by a new unknown viroid. Therefore, new primers were designed, and the whole genome sequence of the viroid (354 nt) was determined by next-generation amplicon sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq® platform (San Diego, California, USA). The viroid secondary structure has a rod-like conformation and contains conserved regions (the TCR, CCR upper strand, and CCR lower strand) that ar

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Kaponi, Maria, Panayota E. Kyriakopoulou, and Ahmed Hadidi. "Viroids of the Mediterranean Basin." Viruses 16, no. 4 (2024): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16040612.

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There has been substantial progress in the Mediterranean countries regarding research on viroids. Twenty-nine viroid species, all belonging to Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae genera, have been detected in the Mediterranean Basin. Not only have detection methods, such as reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing, been used for viroid detection, along with molecular hybridization techniques allowing for rapid detection, identification, and characterization of known and novel viroids in these countries, but eradication measures have also been take

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Flores, Ricardo, Beatriz Navarro, Sonia Delgado, Pedro Serra, and Francesco Di Serio. "Viroid pathogenesis: a critical appraisal of the role of RNA silencing in triggering the initial molecular lesion." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 44, no. 3 (2020): 386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuaa011.

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ABSTRACT The initial molecular lesions through which viroids, satellite RNAs and viruses trigger signal cascades resulting in plant diseases are hotly debated. Since viroids are circular non-protein-coding RNAs of ∼250–430 nucleotides, they appear very convenient to address this issue. Viroids are targeted by their host RNA silencing defense, generating viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) that are presumed to direct Argonaute (AGO) proteins to inactivate messenger RNAs, thus initiating disease. Here, we review the existing evidence. Viroid-induced symptoms reveal a distinction. Those attribut

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Matoušek, Jaroslav, Lenka Steinbachová, Lenka Záveská Drábková, et al. "Elimination of Viroids from Tobacco Pollen Involves a Decrease in Propagation Rate and an Increase of the Degradation Processes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (2020): 3029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21083029.

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Some viroids—single-stranded, non-coding, circular RNA parasites of plants—are not transmissible through pollen to seeds and to next generation. We analyzed the cause for the elimination of apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) and citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) from male gametophyte cells of Nicotiana tabacum by RNA deep sequencing and molecular methods using infected and transformed tobacco pollen tissues at different developmental stages. AFCVd was not transferable from pollen to seeds in reciprocal pollinations, due to a complete viroid eradication during the last steps of pollen develop

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Seo, Hyesu, Ying Wang, and Woong June Park. "Time-Resolved Observation of the Destination of Microinjected Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd) in the Abaxial Leaf Epidermal Cells of Nicotiana benthamiana." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (2020): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8122044.

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Viroids are single-stranded noncoding RNA molecules of 250–400 nucleotides that cause plant diseases. One of the two families of viroids is Pospiviroidae, the members of which replicate in the nuclei of host cells. To replicate in plants, viroids of Pospiviroidae must enter the nucleus. However, the nuclear import of viroids remains understudied. In this work, we documented the time-dependent characteristics of the changes in microinjected fluorescently labeled potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). The cytoplasmic fluorescence disappeared gradually, with only nuclear fluorescence remaining as t

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Rizza, S., A. Catara, X. F. Ma, and Z. Deng. "Detection of Multiple Infections of Citrus exocortis viroid, Citrus viroid III, and Hop stunt viroid Variants in Hunan Province, China." Plant Disease 91, no. 9 (2007): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-9-1205a.

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Citrus cultivation in China has increased since the late 1970s, with China now having the largest area of citrus in culture in the world that is spread in 22 provinces and municipalities. Hunan Province has undergone a program to become one of the major citrus producers in China. Poncirus trifoliata is the main rootstock, so citrus viroids are a limiting factor for further citriculture development. In mainland China, only the presence of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) has been reported from Etrog citron indexing, sPAGE (sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis (2), and reverse t

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Murcia, N., S. M. Bani Hashemian, P. Serra, J. A. Pina, and N. Duran-Vila. "Citrus Viroids: Symptom Expression and Performance of Washington Navel Sweet Orange Trees Grafted on Carrizo Citrange." Plant Disease 99, no. 1 (2015): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-14-0457-re.

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Citrus are natural hosts of several viroid species. Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) are the causal agents of two well-known diseases of citrus, exocortis and cachexia. Other viroids have been found to induce specific symptoms and different degrees of stunting in trees grafted on trifoliate orange and trifoliate orange hybrids. A field assay was initiated in 1989 to establish the effect of CEVd, HSVd, Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd), and Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) on Washington navel sweet orange trees grafted on Carrizo citrang

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Patzak, Josef, Alena Henychová, Karel Krofta, Petr Svoboda, and Ivana Malířová. "The Influence of Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) Infection on Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Contents in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Glandular Trichomes." Plants 10, no. 11 (2021): 2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112297.

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Viroids are small infectious pathogens, composed of a short single-stranded circular RNA. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) plants are hosts to four viroids from the family Pospiviroidae. Hop latent viroid (HLVd) is spread worldwide in all hop-growing regions without any visible symptoms on infected hop plants. In this study, we evaluated the influence of HLVd infection on the content and the composition of secondary metabolites in maturated hop cones, together with gene expression analyses of involved biosynthesis and regulation genes for Saaz, Sládek, Premiant and Agnus cultivars. We confirmed that t

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Verhoeven, Jacobus Th J., Ellis T. M. Meekes, Johanna W. Roenhorst, Ricardo Flores, and Pedro Serra. "Dahlia latent viroid: a recombinant new species of the family Pospiviroidae posing intriguing questions about its origin and classification." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 4 (2013): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.048751-0.

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A viroid-like RNA has been detected in two asymptomatic dahlia accessions by return and double PAGE. It appeared smaller than Chrysanthemum stunt viroid and Potato spindle tuber viroid, the two members of the genus Pospiviroid, family Pospiviroidae, reported in this ornamental previously. RT-PCR with primers designed for amplifying all pospiviroids produced no amplicons, but RT-PCR with random primers revealed a 342 nt RNA. The sequence of this RNA was confirmed with specific primers, which additionally revealed its presence in many dahlia cultivars. The RNA was named Dahlia latent viroid (DLV

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Matoušek, J., L. Orctová, J. Ptáček, et al. "Experimental Transmission of Pospiviroid Populations to Weed Species Characteristic of Potato and Hop Fields." Journal of Virology 81, no. 21 (2007): 11891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01165-07.

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ABSTRACT Weed plants characteristic for potato and hop fields have not been considered in the past as potential hosts that could transmit and lead to spreading of potato spindle tuber (PSTVd) and hop stunt (HSVd) viroids, respectively. To gain insight into this problem, we biolistically inoculated these weed plants with viroid populations either as RNA or as cDNA. New potential viroid host species, collected in central Europe, were discovered. From 12 weed species characteristic for potato fields, high viroid levels, detectable by molecular hybridization, were maintained after both RNA and DNA

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Ortega-Acosta, Candelario, Daniel L. Ochoa-Martínez, and Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva. "High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals New Viroid Species in Opuntia in Mexico." Viruses 16, no. 8 (2024): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16081177.

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In the main cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)-producing region in the State of Mexico, fruit production occupies the largest cultivated area with 15,800 ha, while 900 ha are cultivated for edible young Opuntia pads (“nopalitos”) which are consumed as vegetables. Two composite samples consisting of cladodes of plants for fruit production (n = 6) and another of “nopalitos” (n = 6) showing virus-like symptoms were collected. Both sample sets were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to identify the viruses and viroids. The HTS results were verified using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Su

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Vernière, C., X. Perrier, C. Dubois, et al. "Citrus Viroids: Symptom Expression and Effect on Vegetative Growth and Yield of Clementine Trees Grafted on Trifoliate Orange." Plant Disease 88, no. 11 (2004): 1189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1189.

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Citrus are natural hosts of five viroid species: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV). CEVd and specific sequence variants of HSVd are the causal agents of the wellknown diseases of citrus, exocortis and cachexia. Other viroids have been found to induce different degrees of stunting. Since commercial citrus trees are commonly infected with mixtures of these viroids, only limited information is available on their effect in species other than Etrog citron. A field assay was conducted t

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Wang, X. F., C. Y. Zhou, K. Z. Tang, and Z. A. Li. "Occurrence of Four Citrus Viroids in Chongqing, China." Plant Disease 92, no. 6 (2008): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0978b.

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Chongqing Municipality, located in the superior citrus belt of the upper-middle Yangtze River, is one of the most important citrus-producing areas in China. A survey was performed to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of citrus viroids in this area, where Poncirus trifoliata is the main rootstock. From 2002 to 2006, 72 samples of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis), lemons (C. jambhiri), mandarins (C. reticulata), and mandarin hybrids, which showed stunting, bark scaling, and cracking symptoms on the rootstock, were collected and graft inoculated into Arizona 861-S1 Etrog citron (C. medica)

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Itaya, Asuka, Yoshie Matsuda, Robert A. Gonzales, Richard S. Nelson, and Biao Ding. "Potato spindle tuber viroid Strains of Different Pathogenicity Induces and Suppresses Expression of Common and Unique Genes in Infected Tomato." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 10 (2002): 990–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.10.990.

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Viroids are the smallest plant pathogens. These RNAs do not encode proteins and are not encapsidated, and yet they can replicate autonomously, move systemically, and cause diseases in infected plants. Notably, strains of a viroid with subtle differences in nucleotide sequences can cause dramatically different symptoms in infected plants. These features make viroids unique probes to investigate the role of a pathogenic RNA genome in triggering host responses. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the differential gene expression patterns of tomato plants at various stages of infection by a m

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