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Journal articles on the topic 'Viroids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Moskalev, A. V., V. B. Sboychakov, A. V. Apchel та N. V. Tsygan. "Вiological effects of viroids". Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, № 2 (2018): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12333.

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Possible potential microbial agents of a human which represent by ring highly complementary one-chained ribonucleic acid with an absent of protein coating, as for viruses containing a ribonucleic acid, are characterized. Pathogenic effects of viroids in comparison with viruses and defective viruses are considered. Intimate viroid’s mechanisms on a host cell are described. So viroids do not code any proteins, their action on a plant should be consequence of direct interaction of viroid’s ribonucleic acid and host cell’s contents. However the molecular mechanism by which viroids causes plants’ d

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2

Hadidi, Ahmed, Liying Sun, and John W. Randles. "Modes of Viroid Transmission." Cells 11, no. 4 (2022): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11040719.

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Studies on the ways in which viroids are transmitted are important for understanding their epidemiology and for developing effective control measures for viroid diseases. Viroids may be spread via vegetative propagules, mechanical damage, seed, pollen, or biological vectors. Vegetative propagation is the most prevalent mode of spread at the global, national and local level while further dissemination can readily occur by mechanical transmission through crop handling with viroid-contaminated hands or pruning and harvesting tools. The current knowledge of seed and pollen transmission of viroids

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3

Zhang, Yuhong, Yuxin Nie, Luyou Wang, and Jian Wu. "Viroid Replication, Movement, and the Host Factors Involved." Microorganisms 12, no. 3 (2024): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030565.

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Viroids represent distinctive infectious agents composed solely of short, single-stranded, circular RNA molecules. In contrast to viruses, viroids do not encode for proteins and lack a protective coat protein. Despite their apparent simplicity, viroids have the capacity to induce diseases in plants. Currently, extensive research is being conducted on the replication cycle of viroids within both the Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae families, shedding light on the intricacies of the associated host factors. Utilizing the potato spindle tuber viroid as a model, investigations into the RNA structur

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Ito, Takao, Hiroyuki Ieki, Katsumi Ozaki, et al. "Multiple Citrus Viroids in Citrus from Japan and Their Ability to Produce Exocortis-Like Symptoms in Citron." Phytopathology® 92, no. 5 (2002): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.5.542.

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Sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses showed many viroid-like RNAs in samples collected from citrus trees in Japan. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analyses of the amplified fragments verified that they were derived from variants of six citrus viroids, Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd) including CVd-I-LSS (a distinct variant of CBLVd), Hop stunt viroid, Citrus viroid III, Citrus viroid IV, and Citrus viroid OS. The samples induced symptoms with variable severity in Arizona 861-S1 ‘Etrog’ citrons (Citrus medica L.) li

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5

Mathioudakis, Matthaios M., Nikolaos Tektonidis, Antonia Karagianni, Louiza Mikalef, Pedro Gómez, and Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska. "Incidence and Epidemiology of Citrus Viroids in Greece: Role of Host and Cultivar in Epidemiological Characteristics." Viruses 15, no. 3 (2023): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15030605.

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Viroids represent a threat to the citrus industry and also display an intricate matter for citrus tristeza virus (CTV) control as most of the commercial citrus rootstocks that are resistant/tolerant to CTV appear to be highly susceptible to viroid infection. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of the viroid’s incidence and distribution, along with the assessment of unexplored epidemiological factors leading to their occurrence, are necessary to further improve control measures. Herein, a large-scale epidemiological study of citrus viroids in five districts, 38 locations and 145 fields in Greece is

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Wang, Yafei, Yan Shi, Honglian Li, and Jiaxin Chang. "Understanding Citrus Viroid Interactions: Experience and Prospects." Viruses 16, no. 4 (2024): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16040577.

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Citrus is the natural host of at least eight viroid species, providing a natural platform for studying interactions among viroids. The latter manifests as antagonistic or synergistic phenomena. The antagonistic effect among citrus viroids intuitively leads to reduced symptoms caused by citrus viroids, while the synergistic effect leads to an increase in symptom severity. The interaction phenomenon is complex and interesting, and a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms induced during this viroid interaction is of great significance for the prevention and control of viroid diseases. Th

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7

Kunta, Madhurababu, J. V. da Graça, and Mani Skaria. "Molecular Detection and Prevalence of Citrus Viroids in Texas." HortScience 42, no. 3 (2007): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.3.600.

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Viroids are graft- or mechanically transmissible agents, disseminated through budding. Biological indexing of commercially important citrus cultivars grown in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas showed that many are infected with citrus viroids. Most of these trees carried more than one viroid. In most cases, the infected trees are asymptomatic carriers because sour orange, the predominant rootstock used in Texas, does not show symptoms of viroid infection. Detection of viroids through biological indexing on sensitive indicator plants followed by sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

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8

Lee, Benjamin D., and Eugene V. Koonin. "Viroids and Viroid-like Circular RNAs: Do They Descend from Primordial Replicators?" Life 12, no. 1 (2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12010103.

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Viroids are a unique class of plant pathogens that consist of small circular RNA molecules, between 220 and 450 nucleotides in size. Viroids encode no proteins and are the smallest known infectious agents. Viroids replicate via the rolling circle mechanism, producing multimeric intermediates which are cleaved to unit length either by ribozymes formed from both polarities of the viroid genomic RNA or by coopted host RNAses. Many viroid-like small circular RNAs are satellites of plant RNA viruses. Ribozyviruses, represented by human hepatitis delta virus, are larger viroid-like circular RNAs tha

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9

Wei, Shuang, Ruiling Bian, Ida Bagus Andika, et al. "Symptomatic plant viroid infections in phytopathogenic fungi." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 26 (2019): 13042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900762116.

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Viroids are pathogenic agents that have a small, circular noncoding RNA genome. They have been found only in plant species; therefore, their infectivity and pathogenicity in other organisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate whether plant viroids can replicate and induce symptoms in filamentous fungi. Seven plant viroids representing viroid groups that replicate in either the nucleus or chloroplast of plant cells were inoculated to three plant pathogenic fungi,Cryphonectria parasitica,Valsa mali, andFusarium graminearum. By transfection of fungal spheroplasts with viroid

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10

Bar-Joseph, Moshe. "On the Trail of Viroids a Return to Phytosanitary Awareness." Pathogens 14, no. 6 (2025): 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060545.

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Viroids are subviral plant pathogens composed of non-coding, small, circular, single-stranded RNAs that parasitize the transcriptional machinery of their host cells. For many years, viroid-induced diseases were mistakenly attributed to viruses due to similarities in symptoms and pathogenic behavior. However, advances in molecular biology over the past sixty years have clearly distinguished viroids from viruses and other pathogens in terms of genetic composition, structural features, and replication mechanisms. Citrus trees in the Mediterranean region appear to have been associated with viroid

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11

Venkataraman, Srividhya, Uzma Badar, Erum Shoeb, Ghyda Hashim, Mounir AbouHaidar, and Kathleen Hefferon. "An Inside Look into Biological Miniatures: Molecular Mechanisms of Viroids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (2021): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062795.

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Viroids are tiny single-stranded circular RNA pathogens that infect plants. Viroids do not encode any proteins, yet cause an assortment of symptoms. The following review describes viroid classification, molecular biology and spread. The review also discusses viroid pathogenesis, host interactions and detection. The review concludes with a description of future prospects in viroid research.

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SEČNIK, Andrej, Sebastjan RADIŠEK, Nataša ŠTAJNER, and Jernej JAKŠE. "Študij polarnosti verig različnih viroidov in njihovih kombinacij pri okuženih rastlinah hmelja." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 115, no. 1 (2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.115.1.1319.

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<p>Hop plant (<em>Humulus lupulus </em>L.) is an important industrial crop, grown for harvesting hop cones however, it is a host to four different viroids as well. The nature of viroid infections is not entirely clarified. In our work, we focused on analyzing viroid accumulation and their strands polarity through RNA sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in real time. RNA-seq data indicate that viroids amplify until saturation further demonstrating plant's biological capacity. Negative fold changes in accumulation of individual viroids between hop sam

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13

Barbosa, C. J., J. A. Pina, J. Pérez-Panadés, et al. "Mechanical Transmission of Citrus Viroids." Plant Disease 89, no. 7 (2005): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0749.

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Preliminary transmission assays conducted under greenhouse conditions demonstrated that Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV) can be mechanically transmitted from citron to citron (Citrus medica) by a single slash with a knife blade. The impact of mechanical transmission of viroids by pruning and harvesting operations was also demonstrated in experimental and commercial field plots. Transmission efficiency under field conditions ranged from 4% in ‘Nules’ clementine to 10% in ‘Navelina

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14

Lee, Benjamin D., Uri Neri, Caleb J. Oh, Peter Simmonds, and Eugene V. Koonin. "ViroidDB: a database of viroids and viroid-like circular RNAs." Nucleic Acids Research 50, no. D1 (2021): D432—D438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab974.

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Abstract We introduce ViroidDB, a value-added database that attempts to collect all known viroid and viroid-like circular RNA sequences into a single resource. Spanning about 10 000 unique sequences, ViroidDB includes viroids, retroviroid-like elements, small circular satellite RNAs, ribozyviruses, and retrozymes. Each sequence's secondary structure, ribozyme content, and cluster membership are predicted via a custom pipeline optimized for handling circular RNAs. The data can be explored via a purpose-built user interface that features visualizations, multiple sequence alignments, and a portal

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15

Seo, Hyesu, Ying Wang, and Woong June Park. "Time-Resolved Observation of the Destination of Microinjected Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd) in the Abaxial Leaf Epidermal Cells of Nicotiana benthamiana." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (2020): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8122044.

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Viroids are single-stranded noncoding RNA molecules of 250–400 nucleotides that cause plant diseases. One of the two families of viroids is Pospiviroidae, the members of which replicate in the nuclei of host cells. To replicate in plants, viroids of Pospiviroidae must enter the nucleus. However, the nuclear import of viroids remains understudied. In this work, we documented the time-dependent characteristics of the changes in microinjected fluorescently labeled potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). The cytoplasmic fluorescence disappeared gradually, with only nuclear fluorescence remaining as t

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16

Muhammad, Buhari. "The Impact of Viroid-Induced Diseases: The Need for Vigilance in Nigeria Amid Climate Change." International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability 10, no. 2 (2024): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.57233/ijsgs.v10i2.659.

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Viroids are small, non-coding RNA pathogens that pose significant threats to global agriculture, affecting a wide range of economically-important crops. In Nigeria, the impact of viroid-induced diseases is a growing concern, particularly amid changing climatic conditions as there is virtually no any effort made to uncover the presence of vioroids. Viroids, such as Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), and Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), are globally distributed and have severe economic repercussions. Despite their widespread presence, there is a notable dearth

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17

Kaponi, Maria, Panayota E. Kyriakopoulou, and Ahmed Hadidi. "Viroids of the Mediterranean Basin." Viruses 16, no. 4 (2024): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16040612.

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There has been substantial progress in the Mediterranean countries regarding research on viroids. Twenty-nine viroid species, all belonging to Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae genera, have been detected in the Mediterranean Basin. Not only have detection methods, such as reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing, been used for viroid detection, along with molecular hybridization techniques allowing for rapid detection, identification, and characterization of known and novel viroids in these countries, but eradication measures have also been take

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18

Fuji, Shin-ichi, Tomofumi Mochizuki, Mitsuru Okuda, et al. "Plant viruses and viroids in Japan." Journal of General Plant Pathology 88, no. 2 (2022): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-022-01051-y.

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AbstractAn increasing number of plant viruses and viroids have been reported from all over the world due largely to metavirogenomics approaches with technological innovation. Herein, the official changes of virus taxonomy, including the establishment of megataxonomy and amendments of the codes of virus classification and nomenclature, recently made by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses were summarized. The continued efforts of the plant virology community of Japan to index all plant viruses and viroids occurring in Japan, which represent 407 viruses, including 303 virus species

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19

Gillings, MR, P. Broadbent, and BI Gollnow. "Viroids in Australian Citrus: Relationship to Exocortis, Cachexia and Citrus Dwarfing." Functional Plant Biology 18, no. 5 (1991): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9910559.

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Viroids are the smallest infectious agents known, being unencapsidated RNAs of 240-380 bases. Citrus exocortis viroid (CEV) causes poor tree performance, especially when infected scions are grafted to trifoliate orange or citrange rootstocks. To eliminate infected budwood trees, various methods were used to detect CEV, including field inspections, bud inoculation of Etrog citron indicators (in which CEV causes severe epinasty) and hybridisation with CEV cDNA. A large number of trees with exocortis- like symptoms such as dwarfing and/or bud union abnormalities produced only mild epinasty when g

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20

Matsushita, Yosuke, Hironobu Yanagisawa, and Teruo Sano. "Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Pospiviroids." Viruses 10, no. 12 (2018): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120706.

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Viroids are highly structured, single-stranded, non-protein-coding circular RNA pathogens. Some viroids are vertically transmitted through both viroid-infected ovule and pollen. For example, potato spindle tuber viroid, a species that belongs to Pospiviroidae family, is delivered to the embryo through the ovule or pollen during the development of reproductive tissues before embryogenesis. In addition, some of Pospiviroidae are also horizontally transmitted by pollen. Tomato planta macho viroid in pollen infects to the ovary from pollen tube during pollen tube elongation and eventually causes s

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Thomas, Tina P., Madhurababu Kunta, John V. da Graça, Mamadou Sétamou, Mani Skaria, and Apurba Bhattacharya. "Suppression of Phytophthora Infection in Citrus Infected with Viroids." HortScience 45, no. 7 (2010): 1069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.7.1069.

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Citrus viroid-induced resistance to Phytophthora infection in citrus was measured by the number of Phytophthora sporangia in ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) bait tissue infected with citrus viroids compared with non-inoculated controls. Different viroid isolates containing mixtures of viroids [Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV)] were designated by plant numbers and sources. Source 13E was associated with the lowest number of sporangia in bark, leaves, and roots used as baits, whereas CEVd E9, a known seve

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Chiumenti, Michela, Beatriz Navarro, Thierry Candresse, Ricardo Flores, and Serio Francesco Di. "Reassessing species demarcation criteria in viroid taxonomy by pairwise identity matrices." Virus Evolution 7, no. 1 (2021): veab001. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veab001.

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With a small, circular and non-protein coding RNA genome, viroids are the smallest infectious agents. They invade plants, which in turn may develop symptoms. Since their discovery about 50 years ago, more than thirty viroids have been reported and classified using as species demarcation less than 90 per cent sequence identity on the overall genome and evidence of biological divergence with respect to the closest related viroids. In the last few years, new viroids have been identified that infect latently their (frequently) woody hosts and have a narrow experimental hosts range, complicating an

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Diener, Theodor. "Of Viroids and Prions." Viruses 10, no. 12 (2018): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120663.

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In 2017, Hadidi et al. edited a voluminous monograph entitled “Viroids and Satellites”, in which each known viroid and viroid-like satellite species was described in detail from many perspectives by more than 100 experts from 24 countries. In its 700+ pages, the book is a much needed detailed and reliable compendium of a subject, which, undoubtedly, is still little known by many potential readers. Because most users of the book may be expected to be practical plant pathologists, it appears essential that the book contain, in addition to the detailed viroid and satellite descriptions, one chapt

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Vernière, C., X. Perrier, C. Dubois, et al. "Interactions Between Citrus Viroids Affect Symptom Expression and Field Performance of Clementine Trees Grafted on Trifoliate Orange." Phytopathology® 96, no. 4 (2006): 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0356.

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Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), a noncachexia variant of Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV) were co-inoculated as two-, three-, four-, and five-viroid mixtures to Clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange to evaluate their effect on symptom expression, tree growth, and fruit yield. Most trees infected with CEVd-containing viroid mixtures developed exocortis scaling symptoms, as did CEVd alone, whereas most trees infected with HSVd- or CVd-IV-containing mixtures developed bark-cracking symptoms. Trees infected

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Hadidi, Ahmed. "Next-Generation Sequencing and CRISPR/Cas13 Editing in Viroid Research and Molecular Diagnostics." Viruses 11, no. 2 (2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020120.

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Viroid discovery as well as the economic significance of viroids and biological properties are presented. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies combined with informatics have been applied to viroid research and diagnostics for almost a decade. NGS provides highly efficient, rapid, low-cost high-throughput sequencing of viroid genomes and of the 21–24 nt vd-sRNAs generated by the RNA silencing defense of the host. NGS has been utilized in various viroid studies which are presented. The discovery during the last few years that prokaryotes have heritable adaptive immunity mediated through

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Di Serio, Francesco, Enza Maria Torchetti, José-Antonio Daròs, and Beatriz Navarro. "Reassessment of Viroid RNA Cytosine Methylation Status at the Single Nucleotide Level." Viruses 11, no. 4 (2019): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040357.

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Composed of a few hundreds of nucleotides, viroids are infectious, circular, non-protein coding RNAs able to usurp plant cellular enzymes and molecular machineries to replicate and move in their hosts. Several secondary and tertiary RNA structural motifs have been implicated in the viroid infectious cycle, but whether modified nucleotides, such as 5C-methylcytosine (m5C), also play a role has not been deeply investigated so far. Here, the possible existence of m5C in both RNA polarity strands of potato spindle tuber viroid and avocado sunblotch viroid -which are representative members of the n

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Sänger, Heinz L. "VIROIDS AND VIROID DISEASES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 234 (December 1988): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.234.9.

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Adkar-Purushothama, Charith Raj, and Jean-Pierre Perreault. "Impact of Nucleic Acid Sequencing on Viroid Biology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (2020): 5532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155532.

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The early 1970s marked two breakthroughs in the field of biology: (i) The development of nucleotide sequencing technology; and, (ii) the discovery of the viroids. The first DNA sequences were obtained by two-dimensional chromatography which was later replaced by sequencing using electrophoresis technique. The subsequent development of fluorescence-based sequencing method which made DNA sequencing not only easier, but many orders of magnitude faster. The knowledge of DNA sequences has become an indispensable tool for both basic and applied research. It has shed light biology of viroids, the hig

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Góra-Sochacka, Anna. "Viroids: unusual small pathogenic RNAs." Acta Biochimica Polonica 51, no. 3 (2004): 587–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2004_3546.

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Viroids are small (about 300 nucleotides), single-stranded, circular, non-encapsidated pathogenic RNA molecules. They do not code for proteins and thus depend on plant host enzymes for their replication and other functions. They induce plant diseases by direct interaction with host factors but the mechanism of pathogenicity is still unknown. They can alter the expression of selected plant genes important for growth and development. Viroids belong to two families, the Avsunviroidae and the Pospiviroidae. Viroids of the Avsunviroidae family adopt a branched or quasi rod-like secondary structure

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Joubert, Melissa, Noëlani van den Berg, Jacques Theron, and Velushka Swart. "Transcriptomics Advancement in the Complex Response of Plants to Viroid Infection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (2022): 7677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147677.

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Viroids are the smallest plant pathogens, consisting of a single-stranded circular RNA of less than 500 ribonucleotides in length. Despite their noncoding nature, viroids elicit disease symptoms in many economically important plant hosts, and are, thus, a class of pathogens of great interest. How these viroids establish disease within host plants, however, is not yet fully understood. Recent transcriptomic studies have revealed that viroid infection influences the expression of genes in several pathways and processes in plants, including defence responses, phytohormone signalling, cell wall mo

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Aviña-Padilla, Katia, Erika Janet Zamora-Macorra, Daniel Leobardo Ochoa-Martínez, et al. "Mexico: A Landscape of Viroid Origin and Epidemiological Relevance of Endemic Species." Cells 11, no. 21 (2022): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11213487.

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Viroids are single-stranded, circular RNA molecules (234-406 nt) that infect a wide range of crop species and cause economic losses in agriculture worldwide. They are characterized by the existence of a population of sequence variants, attributed to the low fidelity of RNA polymerases involved in their transcription, resulting in high mutation rates. Therefore, these biological entities exist as quasispecies. This feature allows them to replicate within a wide range of host plants, both monocots and dicots. Viroid hosts include economically important crops such as tomato, citrus, and fruit tre

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Ortega-Acosta, Candelario, Daniel L. Ochoa-Martínez, and Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva. "High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals New Viroid Species in Opuntia in Mexico." Viruses 16, no. 8 (2024): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16081177.

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In the main cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)-producing region in the State of Mexico, fruit production occupies the largest cultivated area with 15,800 ha, while 900 ha are cultivated for edible young Opuntia pads (“nopalitos”) which are consumed as vegetables. Two composite samples consisting of cladodes of plants for fruit production (n = 6) and another of “nopalitos” (n = 6) showing virus-like symptoms were collected. Both sample sets were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to identify the viruses and viroids. The HTS results were verified using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Su

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Steinbachová, Lenka, Jaroslav Matoušek, Gerhard Steger, Helena Matoušková, Sebastjan Radišek, and David Honys. "Transformation of Seed Non-Transmissible Hop Viroids in Nicotiana benthamiana Causes Distortions in Male Gametophyte Development." Plants 10, no. 11 (2021): 2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112398.

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Viroids are small, non-coding, parasitic RNAs that promote developmental distortions in sensitive plants. We analyzed pollen of Nicotiana benthamiana after infection and/or ectopic transformation with cDNAs of citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) variant AS1. These viroids were seed non-transmissible in N. benthamiana. All viroids propagated to high levels in immature anthers similar to leaves, while their levels were drastically reduced by approximately 3.6 × 103, 800 and 59 times in mature pollen of CBCVd, AFCVd and P

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Hodgson, R. A. J., G. C. Wall, and J. W. Randles. "Specific Identification of Coconut Tinangaja Viroid for Differential Field Diagnosis of Viroids in Coconut Palm." Phytopathology® 88, no. 8 (1998): 774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.8.774.

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Tinangaja is a widespread lethal disease of putative viroid etiology affecting coconut palm on the island of Guam. Determination of its distribution and mode of spread requires a simple and reliable diagnostic procedure that is specific for the associated coconut tinangaja viroid (CTiVd). A method of extracting tissue followed by analytical agarose gel electrophoresis for CTiVd detection has been developed and used to identify the viroid in leaf samples of suspect symptomatic palms growing in the field. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the viroid band contained ci

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Bang, Yoon Hyun, Eun Gyeong Song, Younghye Lee, and Ki Hyun Ryu. "Occurrence of Viruses and Viroids in Chrysanthemum Plants (Dendranthema morifolium) Cultivated in Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do in Korea." Research in Plant Disease 28, no. 4 (2022): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2022.28.4.237.

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Chrysanthemum plants are one of the most economically important plants in South Korea. Both virus and viroid can cause diseases and economic damage to the plants. In this study, we investigated the detection of seven viruses and two viroids in 350 chrysanthemum plants cultivated in Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do. Two viruses, chrysanthemum virus B (CVB) and tomato aspermy virus (TAV), and two viroids, chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) and chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd), were detected in this study. The two viruses were detected in six samples and one sample, respectively. The two

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Cottilli, Patrick, Borja Belda-Palazón, Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama, et al. "Citrus exocortis viroid causes ribosomal stress in tomato plants." Nucleic Acids Research 47, no. 16 (2019): 8649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz679.

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Abstract Viroids are naked RNAs that do not code for any known protein and yet are able to infect plants causing severe diseases. Because of their RNA nature, many studies have focused on the involvement of viroids in RNA-mediated gene silencing as being their pathogenesis mechanism. Here, the alterations caused by the Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) on the tomato translation machinery were studied as a new aspect of viroid pathogenesis. The presence of viroids in the ribosomal fractions of infected tomato plants was detected. More precisely, CEVd and its derived viroid small RNAs were found to

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Jevremović, Darko, Bojana Vasilijević, and Vera Katanić. "Viruses and viroids infecting pears." Biljni lekar 51, no. 6 (2023): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2306764j.

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One of the most common fruit species in the world is the pears. Compared to stone and small fruit trees, pears and other pome fruits are infected by a lesser number of viruses and viroids. The majority of commercial pear cultivars do not exhibit symptoms on their leaves, fruits, or other plant parts due to viruses. Only foliage and fruits show symptoms in susceptible cultivars. Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple chlorotic leafspot virus (ACLSV), and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) are widespread and economically significant pear viruses. Pear blister canker viro

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Seo, Hyesu, Kyunghee Kim, and Woong June Park. "Effect of VIRP1 Protein on Nuclear Import of Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd)." Biomolecules 11, no. 1 (2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11010095.

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Before replicating, Pospiviroidae viroids must move into the plant nucleus. However, the mechanisms of viroid nuclear import are not entirely understood. To study the nuclear import of viroids, we established a nuclear import assay system using onion cell strips and observed the import of Alexa Fluor-594-labeled citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd). To identify the plant factors involved in the nuclear import of viroids, we cloned the Viroid RNA-binding Protein 1 (VIRP1) gene from a tomato cultivar, Seokwang, and heterologously expressed and purified the VIRP1 protein. The newly prepared VIRP1 prote

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Rizza, S., A. Catara, X. F. Ma, and Z. Deng. "Detection of Multiple Infections of Citrus exocortis viroid, Citrus viroid III, and Hop stunt viroid Variants in Hunan Province, China." Plant Disease 91, no. 9 (2007): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-9-1205a.

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Citrus cultivation in China has increased since the late 1970s, with China now having the largest area of citrus in culture in the world that is spread in 22 provinces and municipalities. Hunan Province has undergone a program to become one of the major citrus producers in China. Poncirus trifoliata is the main rootstock, so citrus viroids are a limiting factor for further citriculture development. In mainland China, only the presence of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) has been reported from Etrog citron indexing, sPAGE (sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis (2), and reverse t

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Stuchi, Eduardo Sanches, Simone Rodrigues da Silva, Luiz Carlos Donadio, Otávio Ricardo Sempionato, and Eduardo Toller Reiff. "Field performance of "marsh seedless" grapefruit on trifoliate orange inoculated with viroids in Brazil." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 6 (2007): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000600004.

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Some viroids reduce citrus tree growth and may be used for tree size control aiming the establishment of orchards with close tree spacing that may provide higher productivity than conventional ones. To study the effects of citrus viroids inoculation on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of 'Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) grafted on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], an experiment was set up in January 1991, in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments with two plants per plot: viroid isolat

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Najar, A., and N. Duran-Vila. "Viroid Prevalence in Tunisian Citrus." Plant Disease 88, no. 11 (2004): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1286b.

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The citrus industry in Tunisia is based mainly on the production of local cultivars of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), common mandarin (C. reticulata), clementine (C. clementina), and lemon (C. limon). Sour orange (C. aurantium) is the only rootstock presently being used in the major growing area located at Cap Bon where 80% of citrus is being produced. The presence of tristeza disease in the Mediterranean basin is a threat to the Tunisian citrus industry, and new rootstocks giving tristeza tolerant rootstock/scion combinations are urgently needed as an alternative to sour orange. Since some p

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Singh, R. P., A. D. Dilworth, V. K. Baranwal, and K. N. Gupta. "Detection of Citrus exocortis viroid, Iresine viroid, and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in New Ornamental Host Plants in India." Plant Disease 90, no. 11 (2006): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1457a.

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Columnea latent viroid, originating from ornamental plants, is known to be harmful to crop plants (2). Despite the potential threat to crop plants, the importance of ornamental plants in viroid evolution is not fully appreciated. Availability of a Pospiviroid genus-specific primer pair (1) to detect the most prevalent viroids in ornamental plants and a simplified nucleic acid preparation protocol (3) for use in reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have facilitated surveys of ornamental plants for pospiviroids. Using the above protocol in India, leaf and shoot samples were c

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Tian, Mengyuan, Shuang Wei, Ruiling Bian, et al. "Natural Cross-Kingdom Spread of Apple Scar Skin Viroid from Apple Trees to Fungi." Cells 11, no. 22 (2022): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11223686.

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Viroids are the smallest known infectious agents that are thought to only infect plants. Here, we reveal that several species of plant pathogenic fungi that were isolated from apple trees infected with apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) carried ASSVd naturally. This finding indicates the spread of viroids to fungi under natural conditions and further suggests the possible existence of mycoviroids in nature. A total of 117 fungal isolates were isolated from ASSVd-infected apple trees, with the majority (85.5%) being an ascomycete Alternaria alternata and the remaining isolates being other plant-pat

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Wang, X. F., C. Y. Zhou, K. Z. Tang, and Z. A. Li. "Occurrence of Four Citrus Viroids in Chongqing, China." Plant Disease 92, no. 6 (2008): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0978b.

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Chongqing Municipality, located in the superior citrus belt of the upper-middle Yangtze River, is one of the most important citrus-producing areas in China. A survey was performed to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of citrus viroids in this area, where Poncirus trifoliata is the main rootstock. From 2002 to 2006, 72 samples of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis), lemons (C. jambhiri), mandarins (C. reticulata), and mandarin hybrids, which showed stunting, bark scaling, and cracking symptoms on the rootstock, were collected and graft inoculated into Arizona 861-S1 Etrog citron (C. medica)

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Flores, Ricardo, Carmen Hernández, A. Emilio Martínez de Alba, José-Antonio Daròs, and Francesco Di Serio. "Viroids and Viroid-Host Interactions." Annual Review of Phytopathology 43, no. 1 (2005): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140243.

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Eiras, Marcelo, Maria Luisa P. N. Targon, Thor V. M. Fajardo, Ricardo Flores, and Elliot W. Kitajima. "Citrus exocortis viroid and Hop Stunt viroid Doubly infecting grapevines in Brazil." Fitopatologia Brasileira 31, no. 5 (2006): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582006000500002.

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Viroids, non-protein-coding small (246-401 nt) circular single-stranded RNAs with autonomous replication, are currently classified into two families. Within the family Pospiviroidae, Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) belongs to the genus Pospiviroid while Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) is the single member of the genus Hostuviroid. These pathogens are distributed worldwide and infect a large number of hosts. In Brazil, isolates of CEVd and HSVd have been detected in both citrus and grapevine. To characterize and study the genetic variability of these viroids, total RNA from leaves of grapevine Vitis vin

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Flores, Ricardo, Beatriz Navarro, Sonia Delgado, Pedro Serra, and Francesco Di Serio. "Viroid pathogenesis: a critical appraisal of the role of RNA silencing in triggering the initial molecular lesion." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 44, no. 3 (2020): 386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuaa011.

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ABSTRACT The initial molecular lesions through which viroids, satellite RNAs and viruses trigger signal cascades resulting in plant diseases are hotly debated. Since viroids are circular non-protein-coding RNAs of ∼250–430 nucleotides, they appear very convenient to address this issue. Viroids are targeted by their host RNA silencing defense, generating viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) that are presumed to direct Argonaute (AGO) proteins to inactivate messenger RNAs, thus initiating disease. Here, we review the existing evidence. Viroid-induced symptoms reveal a distinction. Those attribut

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Di Serio, Francesco, Silvia Ambrós, Teruo Sano, Ricardo Flores, and Beatriz Navarro. "Viroid Diseases in Pome and Stone Fruit Trees and Koch’s Postulates: A Critical Assessment." Viruses 10, no. 11 (2018): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10110612.

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Composed of a naked circular non-protein-coding genomic RNA, counting only a few hundred nucleotides, viroids—the smallest infectious agents known so far—are able to replicate and move systemically in herbaceous and woody host plants, which concomitantly may develop specific diseases or remain symptomless. Several viroids have been reported to naturally infect pome and stone fruit trees, showing symptoms on leaves, fruits and/or bark. However, Koch’s postulates required for establishing on firm grounds the viroid etiology of these diseases, have not been met in all instances. Here, pome and st

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Itaya, Asuka, Yoshie Matsuda, Robert A. Gonzales, Richard S. Nelson, and Biao Ding. "Potato spindle tuber viroid Strains of Different Pathogenicity Induces and Suppresses Expression of Common and Unique Genes in Infected Tomato." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 10 (2002): 990–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.10.990.

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Viroids are the smallest plant pathogens. These RNAs do not encode proteins and are not encapsidated, and yet they can replicate autonomously, move systemically, and cause diseases in infected plants. Notably, strains of a viroid with subtle differences in nucleotide sequences can cause dramatically different symptoms in infected plants. These features make viroids unique probes to investigate the role of a pathogenic RNA genome in triggering host responses. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the differential gene expression patterns of tomato plants at various stages of infection by a m

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Bessolicyna, E., and A. Harina. "Development of a PCR-test system for detection of the Potato spindle tuber viroid." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 6 (December 28, 2022): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2022-6-84-88.

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The Potato spindle tuber viroid infects potato plants, causing a serious damage to agriculture by reducing yields. Therefore, there is a need to identify this pathogen. Viroids are RNA molecules and so cannot be detected with the immunological methods and the classical PCR. The aim of this work is to develop a method for detection of the Potato spindle tuber viroid. Primers have been selected for the reverse transcription reaction and the subsequent PCR, the annealing temperatures and the size of the amplified fragment have been calculated. Primers and reaction conditions have been tested on p

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