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Journal articles on the topic 'Virtual cathode'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Roy, Amitava, R. Menon, Vishnu Sharma, Ankur Patel, Archana Sharma, and D. P. Chakravarthy. "Features of 200 kV, 300 ns reflex triode vircator operation for different explosive emission cathodes." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 1 (2012): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303461200095x.

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AbstractTo study the effect of explosive field emission cathodes on high power microwave generation, experiments were conducted on a reflex triode virtual cathode oscillator. Experimental results with cathodes made of graphite, stainless steel nails, and carbon fiber (needle type) are presented. The experiments have been performed at the 1 kJ Marx generator (200 kV, 300 ns, and 9 kA). The experimentally obtained electron beam diode perveance has been compared with the one-dimensional Child-Langmuir law. The cathode plasma expansion velocity has been calculated from the perveance data. It was f

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2

Hayashi, Hideki, Shien-Fong Lin, Boyoung Joung, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, James N. Weiss, and Peng-Sheng Chen. "Virtual electrodes and the induction of fibrillation in Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles: the role of intracellular calcium." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 295, no. 4 (2008): H1422—H1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00001.2008.

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A strong premature electrical stimulus (S2) induces both virtual anodes and virtual cathodes. The effects of virtual electrodes on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) transients and ventricular fibrillation thresholds (VFTs) are unclear. We studied 16 isolated, Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts with simultaneous voltage and [Ca2+]i optical mapping and for vulnerable window determination. After baseline pacing (S1), a monophasic (10 ms anodal or cathodal) or biphasic (5 ms-5 ms) S2 was applied to the left ventricular epicardium. Virtual electrode polarizations and [Ca2+]i varied dependi

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3

Anfinogentov, Vasilij, and Aleksandr Hramov. "Investigation of oscillations of electron beam with virtual cathode in vircator and virtod." Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 7, no. 2-3 (1999): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-1999-7-2-33-55.

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Nonlinear dynamics of the electron beam with virtual cathode in the vacuum drift tube is investigated with the aid of nmumerical simulation. Deterministic nature of the complex virtual cathode oscillations is demonstrated. It is proved, that one of the mechanisms of the chaotic dynamics origin is connected with nonlinear interaction between forming structures in the eleciron beam (virtual cathodes). Inner structures in the beam are analyzed by the orthogonal decomposition by Karunen — Loeve method and the wavelet transform method. Effect of external delay feedback (virtod scheme) processes of

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4

Anfinogentov, Vasilij. "Chaotic oscillation in the electron beam with virtual cathode." Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 2, no. 3 (1994): 69–83. https://doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-1994-2-5-69-83.

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Nonlinear oscillations of the electron beam with virtual cathode in the Pierce diode are studied by numerical simulation (PIC method). Different dynamical states including chaotic oscillations of the electron beam are recognized. Quantatively (correlation dimension and greatest Lapunov exponent) and qualitatively (autocorrelation function and unstable periodic orbits) characteristics of chaotic oscillations are obtained. Physical processes in the diode are investigated and it was shown that the second region reflecting the electrons may appear in the beam. This region was called the secondary

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5

Nikolski, Vladimir P., Aleksandre T. Sambelashvili, and Igor R. Efimov. "Mechanisms of make and break excitation revisited: paradoxical break excitation during diastolic stimulation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 282, no. 2 (2002): H565—H575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00544.2001.

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10.1152/ajpheart.00544.2001. Onset and termination of electric stimulation may result in “make” and “break” excitation of the heart tissue. Wikswo et al. (30) explained both types of stimulations by virtual electrode polarization. Make excitation propagates from depolarized regions (virtual cathodes). Break excitation propagates from hyperpolarized regions (virtual anodes). However, these studies were limited to strong stimulus intensities. We examined excitation during weak near-threshold diastolic stimulation. We optically mapped electrical activity from a 4 × 4-mm area of epicardium of Lang

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6

Capeáns, M., W. Dominik, M. Hoch, et al. "The virtual cathode chamber." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 400, no. 1 (1997): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(97)00947-9.

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7

Choi, Eun Ha, Kew Yong Sung, Wook Jeon, and Yoon Jung. "Axially Extracted Virtual Cathode Oscillator with Annular Cathode." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 124, no. 9 (2004): 773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.124.773.

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8

Anfinogentov, Vasilij, and Aleksandr Hramov. "Influence of distributed feedback on chaotic virtual cathode oscillation." Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 6, no. 1 (1998): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-1998-6-1-93-107.

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Complex dynamics of clectron beam with virtual cathode and distributed feedback is considered with the aid of numerical simulation. Characteristics of virtual cathode complex dynamics is investigated. For the system with connection through electron beam formation of the different types of autostructures is considered. It is proved, that complications of virtual cathode oscillation are connected with an increase of interaction between structures. For е system with connection through clectromagnetic fields (vircator — BWO) structures formation processes are investigated. It is demonstrated, that

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9

Sze, H., J. Benford, and W. Woo. "High-power microwave emission from a virtual cathode oscillator." Laser and Particle Beams 5, no. 4 (1987): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003189.

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Pinched electron beams emit high power microwaves by formation of a virtual cathode. Radiation occurs simultaneously with pinching or slightly thereafter. Observations of strong electrostatic fields and the partitioning of current into reflexing and transmitting populations at the same time that microwaves are emitted indicate virtual cathode formation. Microwaves originate mainly from the virtual cathode side of the anode. A two-dimensional model for the electron flow in the presence of a virtual cathode is presented. The model allows for electron reflexing and velocity distribution spread. S

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10

Zhang, Yi Chen, Can Lun Li, Xin Ying Li, and Hui Li. "Virtual Design and Visual Simulation of Cathode Target on Magnetron Sputtering Coater." Advanced Engineering Forum 2-3 (December 2011): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.2-3.1088.

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In order to solve the traditional problems such as long designing cycle and high designing cost, the research applies the virtual simulation technology to the design of cathode target on magnetron sputtering vacuum coater. Through analyzing, modeling and simulating, the process model of a typical cathode target on magnetron sputtering coater is proposed. The virtual design of cathode target framework based on distributed collaborative simulation is constructed, which provides a theorial basis for the research of virtual design on cathode target.Using Solidworks software, parts modeling and ass

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11

Fiala, Pavel. "Pulse-powered virtual cathode oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 18, no. 4 (2011): 1046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2011.5976094.

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12

Belomyttsev, S. Ya, A. A. Grishkov, S. A. Kitsanov, et al. "Measuring the virtual cathode velocity." Technical Physics Letters 34, no. 7 (2008): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378500807002x.

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13

Chen, Y., J. Mankowski, J. Walter, M. Kristiansen, and R. Gale. "Cathode and Anode Optimization in a Virtual Cathode Oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 14, no. 4 (2007): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2007.4286545.

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14

Jiang, Weihua. "A Tutorial on One-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Virtual Cathode Oscillation." Plasma 8, no. 2 (2025): 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/plasma8020013.

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This review article is the continuation of a previous publication, by the same author, on one dimensional theory of space charge effect and virtual cathode. The virtual cathode is known to be unstable. However, the process of virtual cathode oscillation is very complicated both physically and mathematically. No satisfactory theoretical model exists that can fully describe the oscillatory behavior of the virtual cathode. On the other hand, computer simulations allow us to numerically observe this phenomenon and establish certain relations between the electron beam parameters and the virtual cat

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15

Turner, Geoffrey R. "A one-dimensional model illustrating virtual-cathode formation in a novel coaxial virtual-cathode oscillator." Physics of Plasmas 21, no. 9 (2014): 093104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4895500.

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16

Li, Jing-Ju, and J. X. Ma. "Sheath near a negatively biased electron-emitting wall in an ion-beam-plasma system and its implication to experimental measurement." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 1 (2023): 013510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0126650.

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In the previous experiment by Li et al., [Phys. Plasmas 19, 113511 (2012)], a deep virtual cathode was measured within an ion sheath near a negatively biased stainless steel plate immersed in an ion-beam-plasma system. The appearance of a virtual cathode was attributed to secondary electrons produced by the high speed ion beam instead of the plasma electrons since these electrons are depleted in the sheath. This paper presents a theoretical model of the sheath structure in the ion-beam-plasma system near an electron-emitting wall. The results show that the presence of the ion beam will compres

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17

Li, Limin, L. Chang, L. Zhang, J. Liu, G. Chen, and J. Wen. "Development mechanism of cathode surface plasmas of high current pulsed electron beam sources for microwave irradiation generation." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 4 (2012): 541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612000468.

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AbstractThis paper presents the development mechanism of surface plasmas of carbon-fiber-cathode electron beam source and its effects on the operation of a high-power microwave source, reflex triode vircator powered by about 400 kV, 9 kA, about 350 ns pulsed power accelerator. Based on the current and voltage characteristics of diodes using carbon fiber cathode, the axial expansion velocity is 1.2 cm/μs and the delay time of explosive emission is 2 ns. Further, the comparison of carbon fiber and stainless steel cathodes is made. It was found that the threshold electric field for carbon fiber c

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18

Anfinogentov, Vasilij, and Aleksandr Hramov. "Nonauthonomous oscillations of electron beam with virtual cathode in the planar diode region." Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 5, no. 6 (1998): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-1997-5-6-61-75.

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The influence of external action on the oscillations of electron beam with virtual cathode in the planar diode is investigated. The results of numerical simulations are shown for model with modulated electron beam and model with action of external signal on the virtual cathode oscillation. It is shown that system demonstrates different nonlinear oscillations, including deterministic chaos and synchronization regimes. Features of both types of external action are considered and it is shown that modulation is the most effective method of control of the virtual cathode oscillation. The investigat

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19

Su Dong, Deng Li-Ke, and Wang Bin. "Plasma-based multistage virtual cathode radiation." Acta Physica Sinica 63, no. 23 (2014): 235204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.63.235204.

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20

Onoi, Masahiro, Koji Minami, Hikaru Tanaka, and Mitsuyasu Yatsuzuka. "Development of Repetitive Virtual Cathode Oscillator." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 123, no. 1 (2003): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.123.20.

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21

Fazio, M. V., J. Kinross‐Wright, B. Haynes, and R. F. Hoeberling. "The virtual cathode microwave amplifier experiment." Journal of Applied Physics 66, no. 6 (1989): 2675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.344236.

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22

Su, Dong, and Changjian Tang. "Plasma-based multistage virtual cathode radiation." Physics of Plasmas 18, no. 12 (2011): 123104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3672059.

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23

Jiang, Weihua, and Magne Kristiansen. "Theory of the virtual cathode oscillator." Physics of Plasmas 8, no. 8 (2001): 3781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1382643.

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24

Lin, Tsang‐Lang, Wen‐Ting Chen, Wen‐Chung Liu, Yuan Hu, and Mien‐Win Wu. "Computer simulation of virtual cathode oscillations." Journal of Applied Physics 68, no. 5 (1990): 2038–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.346554.

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25

Seo, Yoonho, Eun Ha Choi, Chil Goo Byun, and Myung Choul Choi. "Leaked Electrons from Virtual Cathode Oscillation." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 40, Part 1, No. 2B (2001): 1136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.40.1136.

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26

Fuks, Mikhail I., Sarita Prasad, and Edl Schamiloglu. "Efficient Magnetron With a Virtual Cathode." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 44, no. 8 (2016): 1298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2016.2525921.

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27

Hoeberling, R. F., and M. V. Fazio. "Advances in virtual cathode microwave sources." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 34, no. 3 (1992): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/15.155837.

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28

Fuks, Mikhail, Dmitrii Andreev, Artem Kuskov, and Edl Schamiloglu. "Low-Energy State Electron Beam in a Uniform Channel." Plasma 2, no. 2 (2019): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma2020016.

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In our earlier work, we showed that a low-energy state of an electron beam exists in a nonuniform channel between two virtual cathodes in a magnetron with diffraction output, which consists of three uniform sections with increasing radius. A uniform axial magnetic field fills the interaction space. This led to magnetron operation with >90% efficiency when combined with a magnetic mirror field at the output end. In this present paper, we show that a low-energy state of an electron beam can be realized in a uniform channel in which an increasing magnetic field is used in order to create a mag

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29

Li, Shu-han, and Jian-quan Li. "Studies of virtual cathode characteristics near thermionic emission cathodes in a vacuum." Vacuum 192 (October 2021): 110496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2021.110496.

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30

Luginsland, J. W., S. McGee, and Y. Y. Lau. "Virtual cathode formation due to electromagnetic transients." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 26, no. 3 (1998): 901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.700866.

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31

Neira, E., Y. Z. Xie, and F. Vega. "On the virtual cathode oscillator’s energy optimization." AIP Advances 8, no. 12 (2018): 125210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5045587.

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32

Frolov, N. S., A. A. Koronovskii, A. E. Runnova, and A. E. Hramov. "Generalized synchronization of coupled virtual cathode generators." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 78, no. 12 (2014): 1316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873814120065.

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33

Barabanov, V. N., A. E. Dubinov, M. V. Loiko, S. K. Saikov, V. D. Selemir, and V. P. Tarakanov. "Beam discharge excited by distributed virtual cathode." Plasma Physics Reports 38, no. 2 (2012): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x12010023.

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34

Kwan, Thomas J. T. "High-Efficiency, Magnetized, Virtual-Cathode Microwave Generator." Physical Review Letters 57, no. 15 (1986): 1895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.57.1895.

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35

Dubinov, A. E., and I. A. Efimova. "On the current through a virtual cathode." Technical Physics 48, no. 9 (2003): 1205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1611909.

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36

Kadish, Abraham, Rickey J. Faehl, and Charles M. Snell. "Analysis and simulation of virtual cathode oscillations." Physics of Fluids 29, no. 12 (1986): 4192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.865711.

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37

Weihua Jiang. "Time–Frequency Analysis of Virtual-Cathode Oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 38, no. 6 (2010): 1325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2010.2043371.

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38

De Sousa Coutinho, Sofia, Rémi Federicci, Stéphane Holé, and Brigitte Leridon. "Virtual cathode induced in Rb2Ti2O5 solid electrolyte." Solid State Ionics 333 (May 2019): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2019.01.012.

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39

Dubinov, A. E., I. A. Efimova, K. E. Mikheev, V. D. Selemir, and V. P. Tarakanov. "Hybrid microwave oscillators with a virtual cathode." Plasma Physics Reports 30, no. 6 (2004): 496–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1768583.

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40

Saxena, Ayush, Navdeep M. Singh, Kunal Y. Shambharkar, and Faruk Kazi. "Modeling of Reflex Triode Virtual Cathode Oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 42, no. 6 (2014): 1509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2014.2303854.

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41

Barach, John Paul. "Simulation Calculations of Cardiac Virtual Cathode Effects." Computers and Biomedical Research 29, no. 2 (1996): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cbmr.1996.0008.

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42

Chong, Min-Woo, Myong-Chul Choi, Yun-Ho Seo, Gaung-Sup Cho, Eun-Ha Choi, and Han-Sup Uhm. "Virtual Cathode Oscillator under Various Cathode Radii with Intense Relativistic Electron Beam." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 40, Part 1, No. 2B (2001): 1130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.40.1130.

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43

Shager, Azza M., Amany T. Sroor, Hoda A. El Tayeb, Hoda A. El Gamal, and Mohamed M. Masoud. "Nitrogen Glow Discharge by a DC Virtual Cathode." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 63, no. 7-8 (2008): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2008-7-805.

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A DC glow discharge operating with a virtual cathode is studied. The system consists of a solid disc cathode and mesh anode. The discharge occurs in nitrogen gas at the left-hand side of Paschen’s curve. The plasma electron density in the axial direction has been found to be 0.2 · 108 cm−3 at 2 cm from the mesh. The electron temperature peak value has been found to be 3.5 eV at 6 cm from the mesh. The radial distribution of the plasma electron density and temperature are discussed. The variation of the plasma parameters are in good agreement with the experimental results.

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44

Kim, Se-Hoon, Chang-Jin Lee, Wan-Il Kim, and Kwang-Cheol Ko. "Operation Features of a Coaxial Virtual Cathode Oscillator Emitting Electrons in the Outer Radial Direction." Electronics 11, no. 1 (2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010082.

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The operation features of the coaxial virtual cathode oscillator emitting electrons in the outer radial direction were investigated through simulations and experiments. A coaxial vircator was compared with an axial vircator when the anode to cathode distance of both vircators was 6 mm. The proposed coaxial vircator was operated when the anode to cathode distance was 5 mm, 6 mm, and 7 mm. The peak power and frequency of the microwave generated from the proposed coaxial vircator when the anode to cathode distance was 6 mm were 20.18 MW and 6.17 GHz, respectively. The simulations and experiments

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45

Fu, Jianqiang, Qianying Zhang, Jian Yang, Yuchao Yan, and Xiangyin Li. "Concept and characterization of the virtual cathode method for pixelated CZT detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 05 (2025): T05006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/05/t05006.

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Abstract A virtual cathode method is proposed for achieving bi-parametric correction in pixelated CZT detectors. The concept involves using the addition signal of two adjacent pixels with a relative gain to closely emulate the function of a common cathode. The circuit structure enables straightforward implementation in pixelated CZT detectors. This report focuses on discussing this promising method, which can enhance the performance of pixelated CZT detectors with a large number of pixels. The principles and associated electronics of the virtual cathode are presented. The feasibility of this m

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46

Cao, Xifeng, Hui Liu, and Daren Yu. "Simulation of discharge process of Hall thruster under the internal and external cathode conditions." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 90, no. 1 (2020): 10801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020190357.

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Hall thruster has been used widely in orbit correction and station-keeping of geostationary satellites for the advantage of high specific impulse, long life, and high reliability. The cathode is an important part of Hall thruster, which can neutralize ion beam and provide electrons to the thruster for ionization. At present, the position of cathode can be divided into two kinds: internal cathode and external cathode. And the discharge parameters under the two different cathode positions is very different, such as the coupling voltage and the ion density. And this paper considers the mechanism

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47

Fetzer, R., W. An, A. Weisenburger, and G. Mueller. "Different operation regimes of cylindrical triode-type electron accelerator studied by PIC code simulations." Laser and Particle Beams 35, no. 1 (2016): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034616000768.

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AbstractThe performance of the converging electron beam generated in cylindrical triodes is systematically studied by particle-in-cell code simulations. Depending on the cathode and grid potentials applied, different operation regimes are identified. For low voltages between cathode and grid, laminar flow and homogeneous beam energy density at the target (anode) is obtained. This applies both to the case of unipolar electron flow and to bipolar flow with counter-streaming ions. Hereby, the electron emission current is enhanced by about 50% for bipolar flow compared with unipolar flow. A furthe

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48

Liu, Lie, Li-Min Li, Xiao-Ping Zhang, Jian-Chun Wen, Hong Wan, and Ya-Zhou Zhang. "Efficiency Enhancement of Reflex Triode Virtual Cathode Oscillator Using the Carbon Fiber Cathode." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 35, no. 2 (2007): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2007.893266.

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49

Ki Baek Song, Jeong Eun Lim, Yoonho Seo, and Eun Ha Choi. "Output Characteristics of the Axially Extracted Virtual Cathode Oscillator With a Cathode-Wing." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 37, no. 2 (2009): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2008.2010547.

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50

Kornienko, Vladimir, and Aleksej Privezencev. "Fractional brownian motion in virtual cathode discrete models." Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 11, no. 4-5 (2003): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-2003-11-4-114-123.

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Results of modeling virtual cathode dynamics for the determined flat sheet model and simple probabilistic model have been compared. It has been shown that stochastic component of mass center motion is formed as fractional Brownian motion for both the stochastic and determined models.

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