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Recasens, Bosch Joan. "Key Factors for a Successful Utility-scale Virtual Power Plant Implementation." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277846.
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The high penetration of renewable energies (RE) in power systems is increasing the volatile production on the generation side and the presence of distributed energy resources (DER) over the territory. On the other hand, Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) are an aggregation of DER managed as a single entity to promote flexibility services to power systems. Therefore, VPPs are a valid approach to cope with the arising challenges in the power system related to RE penetration. This report defines the concept of a utility-scale VPP, as a tool to stabilize the grid and increase the flexibility capacity in power systems. For this purpose, the report places special emphasis in the use cases that can be developed with a utility-scale VPP. Nevertheless, implementing a utility-scale VPP is a complex procedure, as VPP solutions are highly customizable depending on the scope and the conditions of each project. For this reason, this report analyses the main factors that must be taken into account when implementing a VPP solution. The report concludes that the two most critical factors that define the viability of a VPP project are, first, the energy market design and regulatory framework and second, the technical requirements. These two must always align with the scope of the project and the use cases intended to be developed. Further, other minor factors, including a cost estimate for a VPP solution, are also considered in the report.<br>Den höga penetrationen av förnybara energier i kraftsystem ökar den flyktiga produktionen på produktionssidan och närvaron av distribuerade energiresurser över territoriet. Å andra sidan är virtuella kraftverk en sammanställning av distribuerade energiresurser som hanteras som en enda enhet för att främja flexibilitetstjänster till kraftsystem. Därför är virtuella kraftverk: er en giltig strategi för att hantera de uppkomna utmaningarna i kraftsystemet relaterat till förnybara energier genomslag. I denna rapport definieras konceptet med en virtuella kraftverk verktygsskala som ett verktyg för att stabilisera nätet och öka flexibilitetskapaciteten i kraftsystem. För detta ändamål lägger rapporten särskild tonvikt på användningsfall som kan utvecklas med en virtuella kraftverk-nytta. Trots det är implementering av en virtuella kraftverknyckelskala en komplex procedur, eftersom virtuella kraftverk-lösningar är mycket anpassningsbara beroende på omfattning och villkor för varje projekt. Av denna anledning analyserar denna rapport de viktigaste faktorerna som måste beaktas vid implementering av en VPP-lösning. Rapporten drar slutsatsen att de två mest kritiska faktorerna som definierar ett virtuella kraftverk projekts livskraft är, dels energimarknadens utformning och regelverk och för det andra de tekniska kraven. Dessa två måste alltid anpassa sig till projektets omfattning och användningsfall som är avsedda att utvecklas. Vidare beaktas även andra mindre faktorer, inklusive en kostnadsuppskattning för en virtuella kraftverk lösning, i rapporten.
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Ogden, Lillie. "Exploring Opportunities for Novel Electricity Trading Strategies within a Virtual Power Plant in the European Power Market : New Possibilities in Power Trading Due to the Increased Share of Variable Renewable Energy." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277841.
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This report explores the impacts of variable renewable energy (VRE) on power trading in the European wholesale electricity market. The intricate operation of a typical power exchange in Europe is accompanied by an equally complex balancing system. The increasing amount of VRE in the power system, such as wind and solar power, has far-reaching impacts for power traders in both this electricity market and the corresponding balancing system. As a result, the electricity market is evolving in unprecedented ways and new participants are entering the playing field to capitalize on the changing dynamics caused by VRE generators. One novel participant, the virtual power plant (VPP), possesses an advantage over other market participants by aggregating VRE generators with controllable renewable energy generators, like biogas and hydro plants, into one entity. This allows the VPP to both gain access to live VRE production data that larger plants don’t have, which it then utilizes to remotely dispatch various subpools of assets, and to provide balancing services to the grid. Subsequently, VPPs are able to trade VRE and other renewable electricity superiorly on the same spot markets and balancing systems as large central power plants and industrial consumers. The report asserts that VPP traders can earn profits through means of innovative trading strategies that exploit predictable market impacts caused by VRE power through a robust understanding of the electricity market and their unique access to data.<br>Denna rapport undersöker effekterna av variabel förnybar energi (VRE) på krafthandeln på den europeiska elhandelsmarknaden för stora aktörer. Den komplicerade driften av ett typiskt kraftutbyte i Europa åtföljs av ett lika komplicerat balanseringssystem. Den ökande mängden VRE i kraftsystemet, såsom vind- och solkraft, har långtgående effekter för krafthandlare på både denna elmarknad och motsvarande balanseringssystem. Som ett resultat utvecklas elmarknaden på enastående sätt och nya deltagare kommer in på spelplanen för att dra nytta av den förändrade dynamiken som orsakas av VRE-generatorer. En ny spelare, det virtuella kraftverket (VPP), har en fördel jämfört med andra marknadsaktörer genom att samla VRE-generatorer med styrbara förnybara energiproducenter, som biogas och vattenkraftverk, till en enhet. Detta gör att VPP både kan få tillgång till live VRE-produktionsdata som större anläggningar inte har, som den sedan använder för att distribuera olika underpooler av tillgångar och för att tillhandahålla balanstjänster till nätet. Därefter kan VPP: er handla med VRE och annan förnybar el på ett överlägset sätt på samma spotmarknader och balanseringssystem som stora centrala kraftverk och industrikonsumenter. Rapporten visar att VPP-handlare kan göra vinster genom innovativa handelsstrategier som utnyttjar förutsägbara marknadseffekter orsakade av VRE-kraft genom en detaljerad förståelse för elmarknaden och unik tillgång till data för produktionen av förnybar energi<br><p>QC 20201118</p>
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Zhang, Jiahui. "Bi-Objective Dispatch of Multi-Energy Virtual Power Plant: Deep-Learning based Prediction and Particle Swarm Optimization." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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This paper addresses the coordinative operation problem of multi-energy virtual power plant (ME-VPP) in the context of energy internet. A bi-objective dispatch model is established to optimize the performance of ME-VPP on both economic cost(EC) and power quality (PQ).Various realistic factors are considered, which include environmental governance, transmission ratings, output limits, etc. Long short-term memory (LSTM), a deep learning method, is applied to the promotion of the accuracy of wind prediction. An improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) is utilized as the solving algorithm. A practical case study is performed on Hongfeng Eco-town in Southwestern China. Simulation results of three scenarios verify the advantages of bi-objective optimization over solely saving EC and enhancing PQ. The Pareto frontier also provides a visible and flexible way for decision-making of ME-VPP operator. Two strategies, “improvisational” and “foresighted”, are compared by testing on IEEE 118-bus benchmark system. It is revealed that “foresighted” strategy, which incorporates LSTM prediction and bi-objective optimization over 5-hr receding horizon, takes 10 Pareto dominances in 24 hours.
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Lebel, Gaspard. "Coordination de GEDs pour la fourniture de services systèmes temps réel." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT048/document.
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Les politiques entreprises dans le domaine de la production d’électricité pour lutter contre le changement climatique reposent communément sur le remplacement des moyens de production fossiles et centralisés par de nouveaux moyens de type renouvelables. Ces énergies renouvelables sont en grande partie distribuées dans les réseaux moyenne et basse tension et sont le plus souvent intermittentes (énergies éolienne et photovoltaïque principalement). Les gestionnaires de réseaux s’attentent à ce que ce changement de paradigme induise des difficultés conséquences dans leurs opérations. Les mondes de la recherche et de l’industrie se sont ainsi structurés depuis le milieu des années 2000 afin d’apporter une réponse aux problèmes anticipés. Cette réponse passe notamment par le déploiement de technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) dans les réseaux électriques, des centres de contrôle jusqu’au sein même des moyens de production distribués. C’est ce que l’on appelle le Smart Grid. Parmi le champ des possibles du Smart Grid, ces travaux de thèses se sont en particulier attachés à apporter une réponse aux enjeux de stabilité en fréquence du système électrique, mise en danger par la réduction anticipée de l’inertie des systèmes électriques et la raréfaction des moyens de fourniture de réserve primaire (FCR), auxquels incombent le maintien de la fréquence en temps réel. En vue de suppléer les moyens de fourniture de réserve conventionnels et centralisés, il a ainsi été élaboré un concept de coordination de charges électriques délestables distribuées, qui se déconnectent et se reconnectent de manière autonome sur le réseau au gré des variations de fréquence mesurées sur site. Ces modulations de puissance répondent à un schéma préétabli qui dépend de la consommation électrique effective de chacune des charges. Ces travaux ont été complétés d’une étude technico-économique visant à réutiliser cette infrastructure de coordination de charges délestables pour la fourniture de services systèmes ou de produits de gros complémentaires. Ce travail de thèse réalisée au sein des équipes innovation de Schneider Electric et du laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2Elab), est en lien avec les projets Européens EvolvDSO et Dream, financés dans le cadre du programme FP7 de la Commission Européenne<br>Climate change mitigation policies in the power generation industry lead commonly on the replacement of bulk generation assets by Renewable Energy Resources (RES-E). Such RES-E are largely distributed among the medium and low voltage grids and most of them are intermittent like photovoltaic and wind power. System Operators expect that such new power system paradigm induces significant complications in their operations. The communities of research and industry started thus to structure themselves in the mid-2000s in order to respond to these coming issues, notably through the deployment of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in power systems assets, from the Network Operations Centers (NOCs) down to Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) units. This is the Smart Grid. Among the range of possibilities of the Smart Grid, this Ph.D work aims in priority to provide a solution to handle the issue of frequency stability of the power system that are endangered by the combined loss of inertia of the power system and the phasing-out of conventional assets which used to be in charge of the maintain of the frequency in real time through the supply of Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR). The concept developed lead on a process of coordinated modulation of the level of loads of DERs, whose evolve depending on the system frequency measured in real time on-site. The strategy of modulation of each DER follows a pattern which is determined at the scale of the portfolio of aggregation of the DER, depending on the effective level of load of the DER at normal frequency (i.e. 50Hz in Europe). This work is completed by a cost benefit analysis that assesses the opportunity of sharing of the previous infrastructure of coordinated modulation of DERs for the supply of ancillary services and wholesale products. This thesis conducted within Schneider Electric’s Innovation teams and Grenoble Electrical Engineering Laboratory (G2Elab) is linked with the European projects Dream and EvolvDSO, and funded under European Commission’s FP7 program
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Setiawan, Eko Adhi. "Concept and controllability of virtual power plant." Kassel : Kassel Univ. Press, 2007. http://www.uni-kassel.de/hrz/db4/extern/dbupress/publik/abstract.php?978-3-89958-309-0.
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Chen, Zhenwei. "Virtual Power Plant Simulation and Control Scheme Design." Thesis, KTH, Industriella informations- och styrsystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-116752.
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Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is a concept that aggregate Distributed Energy Resources (DER) together, aims to overcome the capacity limits of single DER and the intermit-ted natural characteristics of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. The whole system can be viewed as a single large-capacity power plant from the system‘s point of view. In this project, the literature review of VPP concept, architecture, existed project and the survey of VPP in Sweden are being conducted first. Secondly, the simplified VPP model is built on MATLAB/Simulink software. The simplified system contains a wind farm, a hydro power plant, a dynamic system load and an infinite bus representing the large transmission grid. During the simulation process, the generation and consump-tion unites are running according to the real history data located in external database. In the third place, optimized control schemes for the hydro unit in VPP model to decrease its effects on transmission grid are implemented in Simulink model. At the same time, hydro turbine should be controlled in an optimized way that without large turbulence. Basically, the hydro power plant is responsible for balancing the active power between the wind farm and dynamic load. Since there is a limit for the hydro turbine output, the rest of either power shortage or surplus power need to be com-pensated by the grid. This is the fundamental control scheme, so called run time con-trol scheme. The advanced control schemes here are based on the moving average control method and forecast compensation control method. The forecast compensa-tion control method use the 24 hours ahead load forecasting data generated by Artifi-cial Neural Network. Later on, analysis of those three control schemes will be pre-sented. The last part of the project is the conclusion of the different control schemes according to comparison of their control results.
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Squillaci, Carmen. "Gestione dell’energia in Virtual Power Plants." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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I confini delle risorse di energia distribuita sono in continua espansione negli ultimi anni con conseguenti cambiamenti nella gestione ottimizzata di energia nelle Smart Grid per soddisfare la domanda di energia, apportare miglioramenti alle condizioni ambientali e minimizzare i prezzi. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo si utilizza un Virtual Power Plant con al suo interno un gestore di energia che coordina le unit`a distribuite relative al sistema di energia elettrico. Questo lavoro di tesi sviluppa un modello per la gestione energetica all’interno di un Virtual Power Plant per decidere come e con quali fonti energetiche soddisfare la domanda di energia elettrica. Le decisioni riguardanti le quantita` ed il tipo di risorse energetiche utilizzate ad intervalli orari nell’arco di una giornata avvengono dinamicamente e dipendono da fattori variabili provenienti dalla disponibilit`a delle risorse di energia rinnovabili, dal costo dell’energia elettrica acquistata dalla rete esterna, dal costo del diesel, dai carichi associati ad utenze domestiche e dalla possibilit`a di immagazzinare o rilasciare energia all’interno dell’unit`a di storage. La soluzione `e calcolata mediante l’utilizzo di una funzione costo minimizzata la quale prende in considerazione solo i costi diretti relativi all’impianto VPP. Le conclusioni teoriche e le aspettative sono verificate mediante una simulazione di uno scenario reale.
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Setiawan, Eko Adhi [Verfasser]. "Concept and controllability of virtual power plant / Eko Adhi Setiawan." Kassel : Kassel Univ. Press, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989833518/34.
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Gillie, Mary. "Operation and regulation of a 'virtual wind/gas' power plant." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405322.
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Le, Louarn Theobald. "Optimization Of A Virtual Power Plant In The German Electricity Market." Thesis, KTH, Elkraftteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217380.
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Distributed energy sources are becoming more and more important in the German electricitynetwork. One solution to manage this growing number of distributed assets liesin the Virtual Power Plant concept. A Virtual Power Plant aggregates decentralizedgenerators and loads to behave like a large power plant. Based on new technologies, ituses advanced communication technologies to provide different services (generation ofenergy, steering of power systems, balancing services ...). This thesis proposes a mixedintegerstochastic model of a Virtual Power Plant. The participation to different productsis being studied: selling power on day-ahead basis on the spot market, providingflexibility to the secondary and tertiary reserve market. The particularity of this modelis to consider the revenue generated by the stochastic activation of the reserve market.An operational tool named AlocaBid is implemented in Python, based on the developedmathematical model. The performance of the model is being evaluated using four studycases, representing typical market situations. The results demonstrate the advantage ofthe proposed model over state-of-the-art method for bids’ allocation.<br>Distribuerade energik¨allor blir allt viktigare i det tyska eln¨atverket. En l¨osning f¨or atthantera det v¨axande antalet distribuerade tillg°angar ¨ar Virtual Power Plant-konceptet.Ett virtuellt kraftverk styr decentraliserade generatorer och laster f¨or att efterlikna ettnormalt kraftverk. Baserat p°a ny teknik anv¨ander det avancerad kommunikationsteknikf¨or att tillhandah°alla olika tj¨anster (generering av energi, styrning av kraftsystem, balanseringstj¨anster ...). Denna avhandling f¨oresl°ar en stokastisk blanda heltalsmodell avett virtuellt kraftverk. Deltagandet i olika produkter studeras: F¨ors¨aljning av maktp°a daglig basis p°a spotmarknaden, vilket ger flexibilitet till den sekund¨ara och terti¨arareservmarknaden. Det speciella med denna modell ¨ar att den tar h¨ansyn till de int¨aktersom genereras av den stokastiska aktiveringen av reservmarknaden. Ett operationsverktygmed namnet AlocaBid implementeras i Python, baserat p°a den utvecklade matematiskamodellen. Modellens prestanda utv¨arderas med fyra studiefall, som representerartypiska marknadssituationer. Resultaten visar f¨ordelen med den f¨oreslagna modelleframf¨or den senaste tekniken f¨or budgivningens f¨ordelning.
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Simoni, Chiara. "Ottimizzazione offline/online in condizioni di incertezza con applicazione su Virtual Power Plant." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20079/.
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Le centrali elettriche virtuali (Virtual Power Plant) sono sistemi energetici che integrano diversi tipi di fonti rinnovabili e non, carichi e dispositivi di accumulo. Un tipico VPP è un grande impianto industriale con elevati carichi elettrici e termici (parzialmente shiftabili), generatori di energia rinnovabili e depositi elettrici e termici.
Il lavoro oggetto di questa tesi implementa un modello di ottimizzazione in due fasi per la generazione di flussi energetici.
L'ottimizzazione avviene in due fasi: la prima, offline, consiste in un approccio robusto per la modellazione dell'incertezza basata su scenari, che cerca di minimizzare il valore della funzione obiettivo lungo l'orizzonte temporale considerando diverse tipologie di funzioni obiettivo. La fase seguente, online, è costituita da un algoritmo greedy che utilizza i valori ottimizzati della domanda di carica ottenuti dalla fase offline e genera i valori dei flussi energetici. Tramite un'interfaccia appositamente realizzata è possibile personalizzare l'intero processo di ottimizzazione selezionando i componenti, lo step (offline, online), se e dove applicare l'incertezza, quale funzione obiettivo utilizzare. Tali scelte determinano risoluzioni diverse del modello elaborato in base alle quali il comportamento dei VPP si adatta. Il procedimento complessivo simula la fase decisionale dell’EMS, ovvero il centro decisionale nella gestione del VPP.
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Edwall, Bill. "Virtual Power Plant Optimization Utilizing the FCR-N Market : A revenue maximization modelling study based on building components and a Battery Energy Storage System. Based on values from Sweden's first virtual power plant, Väla." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279520.
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Renewable energy resources are projected to claim a larger part of the Swedish power mix in coming years. This could potentially increase frequency fluctuations in the power grid due to the intermittency of renewable power generating resources. These fluctuations can in turn cause issues in the power grid if left unchecked. In order to resolve these issues, countermeasures are employed. One such countermeasure is for private actors to regulate power; in exchange they are financially compensated through reserve markets. The reserve market studied in this thesis is called Frequency Containment Reserve – Normal (FCR-N). Currently hydroelectric power provides almost all regulated power within this market. As the need for power regulation is expected to increase in the coming years, there exists a need to study other technologies capable of power regulation. This thesis focuses on one such technology called, virtual power plants. While virtual power plants are operating in other parts of the world, there were no virtual power plants operating in Sweden. As a result, the nature of an optimized virtual power plant and the economic benefits of optimization had not been previously investigated. To answer such questions, this thesis modelled and optimized the revenue of a virtual power plant. The examined virtual power plant consisted of cooling chillers, lighting, ventilation fans and a battery energy storage system. Where varying their total power demand allowed for them to provide power regulation. With the virtual power plant market in Sweden being in its infancy, this thesis serves as a first look into how an optimized virtual power plant using these components could function. To put the economic results of the optimization into context, a comparative model was constructed. The comparative model was based on a semi-static linear model. This is what the thesis’s industry partner Siemens currently uses. For the simulated scenarios, the optimized model generated at least 85% higher net revenues than the semi-static linear model. The increase in revenue holds potential to increase the uptake of virtual power plants on the Swedish market, thus increasing stability in the power grid and easing the transition to renewable energy.<br>Då förnyelsebara energiresurser antas omfatta en större roll av den svenska elproduktionen inom kommande år, så kan detta leda till att frekvensfluktueringar i elnätet ökar. Detta sker på grund av att den oregelbundna elproduktionen från förnyelsebara energiresurser inte matchas med konsumtion. Om dessa fluktueringar inte hanteras kan det i sin tur leda till skadliga störningar inom elnätet. För att motverka detta och således stabilisera elnätet används diverse lösningar. Ett sätt att åstadkomma ökad stabilisering i elnätet är att låta privata aktörer kraftreglera. De privata aktörerna som står för kraftregleringen gör detta i utbyte mot ekonomisk kompensation, genom att delta i reservmarknader. Den reservmarknad som studerades inom detta examensarbete kallas Frequency Containment Reserve – Normal (FCR-N). I nuläget står vattenkraft för nästan all reglerad kraft inom den här marknaden. Men då behovet av kraftreglering antas öka inom kommande år så behövs nya teknologier studeras som kan bistå med kraftregleringen. Den studerade teknologin inom detta examensarbete var ett virtuellt kraftverk. Då inga virtuella kraftverk var i bruk i Sverige då denna uppsats skrevs fanns det osäkerheter kring hur man optimalt styr ett virtuellt kraftverk och de ekonomiska fördelarna som detta skulle kunna leda till. Detta examensarbete modellerade och optimerade ett virtuellt kraftverk ur ett vinstperspektiv. Det virtuella kraftverket var uppbyggt utav kylmaskiner, ljus, ventilationsfläktar och ett batterisystem. Deras kraftkonsumtion styrdes på ett sådant sätt som lätt de bidra till kraftreglering på reservmarknaden. För att kunna analysera de ekonomiska resultaten från det optimerade virtuella kraftverket, så byggdes en jämförelsemodell. Denna jämförelsemodell är baserad på en semistatisk linjär modell, vilket är det som examensarbetets industripartner Siemens använder. Den ekonomiska jämförelsens resultat påvisade att inkomsten från den optimerade modellen var minst 85% högre än den semistatiskt linjära modellen, inom de studerade scenarierna. Denna inkomstökning skulle potentiellt kunna öka användningen av virtuella kraftverk på den svenska reservmarknaden vilket i sin tur skulle medföra högre stabilitet på elnätet. Genom att öka stabiliteten på elnätet kan således förnyelsebara energiresurser i sin tur lättare implementeras.
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Fröhling, Judith [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Sonnenschein, Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Kramer, and Wei Lee [Akademischer Betreuer] Woon. "Abstract flexibility description for virtual power plant scheduling / Judith Fröhling ; Michael Sonnenschein, Oliver Kramer, Wei Lee Woon." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1141904462/34.
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Fröhling, Judith Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] [Sonnenschein, Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Kramer, and Wei Lee [Akademischer Betreuer] Woon. "Abstract flexibility description for virtual power plant scheduling / Judith Fröhling ; Michael Sonnenschein, Oliver Kramer, Wei Lee Woon." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1141904462/34.
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Lundkvist, Johanna. "Feasibility study of a VirtualPower Plant for Ludvika." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201895.
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This thesis is a feasibility study of avirtual power plant (VPP) in centralSweden and part of a project withInnoEnergy Instinct and STRI. The VPPconsists of a wind park, small hydroplant as well as solar photovoltaic andenergy storage. The 50 kVsubtransmission network was modeled inorder to evaluate the network servicesthat could be provided by coordinatingexisting distributed energy resources inthe network. Simulations where performedusing measured hourly variations inproduction and consumption of allnetwork nodes. The studied networkservices included both reactive andactive power control.The aim of this thesis is to evaluatethe potential contribution from the VPPfor capacity firming in order to allow abalance responsible party to meet placedbids on the day-ahead spot market,minimize peak load in order to reducesubscribed power, decrease networklosses, the contribution from reactivepower control using the power convertersis studied. Comparisons of the economicgains from spot and balance markets ofthe VPP distributed energy resources aremade for each operation case.Sponsor: InnoEnergy<br>InnoEnergy Instinct
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Bourdette, Romain. "An Economical & Technical Study of the Participation of a Virtual Power Plant on the Swiss Balancing Market : WRITTEN IN COLLABORATION WITH SWISSELECTRICITY." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187690.
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The current shift towards renewable energy resources creates volatility in the electricity production that must be compensated by nevi sources of balancing energy. To ensure a normal operation of the power system, the transmission system operators procure power reserves able to provide regulation energy through market processes. Virtual power plants are now likely to participate on the balancing markets. In this study, the technical and economic feasibility of having virtual power plants participate in the Swiss balancing market is assessed. The study begins with the evaluation and compa.rison of four European balancing market designs and continues with the clarification of the concept of virtual power plant. The focus is then set on the Swiss ancillary services market, recently open to virtual pmver plants. After a detailed market description, an economic model simulating the participation of a virtual power plant made of industrial resources on the secondary and tertiary control markets has been developed. This model \Vas evaluated on an actual market design: the Sv.riss ancillary servicel:l market. 5 cases were simulated, allowing to estimate the opportunity fom both the capacity and the energy market productl:l. The simulations indicated that an example company (based on an actual situation) could hope a decrease in its energy cost between :3 and 4% by participating in a control pool over a year. Other simulations demonstrated the greater profit expected from secondary reserves compared to tertiary rel:lerves, and the need to develop an automatized activation system. The encouraging economic study is followed by a technical overview of the envisioned system. A generic technical characterization of virtual power plant is presented, on v.rhich the Swiss use-case is later applied. The breakdown into functional requirements allowed to highlight specific issues. The design of the control strategy, particularly to deliver secondary control, as well as the hardware communication interface to use are tvw aspects that ,vill require further analysis. Additionally, on an economic level, the investment cost for remote communication modules are acceptable with respect to the economic potentials estimated in the first part, for mediumsized industrial energy resources. In conclusion, the study established the profitability of an aggregation project on the Swisl:l market but also demonstrated the need to pursue research for the project to be fully feasible on a technical level.
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Cimatti, Giampaolo. "Ottimizzazione di una microrete con unità di generazione da FER ed accumulo." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6376/.
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Le microreti caratterizzate da unità di generazione con Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili (FER), sono oggetto di crescente interesse in due contesti molto diversi tra loro: l’integrazione della Generazione Diffusa (GD) in reti di
distribuzione pubbliche nei paesi sviluppati e l’elettrificazione di zone rurali attualmente non servite dalla rete elettrica.
L’introduzione dei sistemi di accumulo nelle microreti rende possibile la compensazione della variabilità delle FER trasformando le microreti in sistemi di produzione che nel complesso risultano completamente regolabili.
L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è dimostrare come le microreti possono svolgere un ruolo fondamentale per lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture elettriche nei paesi in via di sviluppo e nelle economie emergenti ponendo le
basi per l’elettrificazione di aree remote e scarsamente popolate ad oggi non connesse alla rete di distribuzione dell’energia.
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Cabala, Ľuboš. "Spolupráce mikro zdrojů v rámci malé smart grid." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220153.
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This thesis concerns with design of micro sources and their implementation in Micro grid system. In the first part the work is aimed at definition of smart - grid, where describes their advantages, disadvantages and necessary changes, which has to be made in current distribution network for implementation this system. Further on the thesis concerns with detailed description of Micro grid, configuration of this kind of network, the issues in implementation and possibilities to provide ancillary services. The work also describes marginally virtual power plants, presents definition, components and types of virtual power plants. The final chapter describes the creation of micro sources in System modeler and subsequent testing of consumption cover to operate in island mode.
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Minerva, Michela. "Automated Configuration of Offline/Online Algorithms: an Empirical Model Learning Approach." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22649/.
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The energy management system is the intelligent core of a virtual power plant and it manages power flows among units in the grid. This implies dealing with optimization under uncertainty because entities such as loads and renewable energy resources have stochastic behaviors. A hybrid offline/online optimization technique can be applied in such problems to ensure efficient online computation.
This work devises an approach that integrates machine learning and optimization models to perform automatic algorithm configuration. It is inserted as the top component in a two-level hierarchical optimization system for the VPP, with the goal of configuring the low-level offline/online optimizer.
Data from the low-level algorithm is used for training machine learning models - decision trees and neural networks – that capture the highly complex behavior of both the controlled VPP and the offline/online optimizer. Then, Empirical Model Learning is adopted to build the optimization problem, integrating usual mathematical programming and ML models.
The proposed approach successfully combines optimization and machine learning in a data-driven and flexible tool that performs automatic configuration and forecasting of the low-level algorithm for unseen input instances.
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Darle, Maria, and Saga Lindqvist. "Identification of AdvantagesConnected to Aggregation of SeveralBattery Energy Storage Systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448432.
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In this study, an examination regarding what benefits an aggregatedpopulation of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) could result incompared to when the individual units in the population are being usedseparately has been executed. The increased flexibility and reducedsafety margins as results of the aggregation was also examined. Thestudy was executed on behalf of the smart energy service companyCheckWatt AB and the study furthermore rests upon results of earlierperformed master theses on behalf of the company. By investigating previous work and studies through a literature study,the enabling of anumerical study was done. The numerical study wasbased on a simple model of a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) where severalBESSs are smartly controlled in order to be used for both local peakshaving and as common providers of the frequency reserve FrequencyContainment Reserve - Normal (FCR-N). The study involved the formation of a numerical model which simulated cases of both aggregated and non-aggregated populations of up to 45 load profile units, this in order for advantages and differences to be distinguished. The data used inthe simulations was received mainly from the CheckWatt AB andconsisted of photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and load data of 45 customers of the company. A sensibility analysis of the numericalstudy was also performed, which showed that the studied model andsystem were quite stable. The results of the simulations of the case of the study proved thatthere are some advantages connected to aggregation of several BESSs,and that the aggregation enabled an added value and a higher level offlexibility within the system. The safety margins connected todelivery of FCR-N could be reduced when aggregating several BESS,while a more extensive study is requested regarding safety marginsconnected to peak shaving. The study’s results further showed that anaggregator can be used as a sustainable and flexible solution forbalancing the electrical grid in the transition to a sustainableenergy system allowing a higher penetration of intermittentenergy sources.
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Smugala, Ondrej. "Řízení a monitoring decentralizovaných zdrojů energie a akumulačních zařízení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377033.
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The diploma thesis is dealing with possible approaches to control distributed energy resources and storage systems. One of these approaches is a virtual power plant and its concept is described in the first part of the thesis. The virtual power plant is a controlled system of distributed energy resources, storage systems and controllable loads interconnected via communication network, that can act as a conventional power plant. The theoretical part contains a survey of control system's topologies, a brief summary of available communication infrastructures and standards. The second part of the thesis is focused on the description of operation and control of hybrid system that represents an inseparable component of virtual power plant. A Matlab Simulink model was created for this purpose. A simulation of hybrid inverter's step response is realised to test the operation of the hybrid system and it is compared with the real measurements in the laboratory. A comparison of control approaches of hybrid system implemented on the basis of measurements is also included in this thesis and was published in the scientific paper attached in the appendix.
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Camal, Simon. "Forecasting and optimization of ancillary services provision by renewable energy sources." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM016.
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Les énergies renouvelables variables prennent une part croissante de la production raccordée aux réseaux électriques. Par conséquent, elles doivent s’intégrer aux mécanismes de services système qui assurent l’équilibre entre production et con-sommation de puissance sur les réseaux. Toutefois la forte incertitude de la production variable est un obstacle à la fourniture de ces services qui requièrent une fiabilité élevée. L’agrégation de centrales renouvelables dispersées et contrôlées par une centrale virtuelle permet de diminuer cette incertitude en profitant du foisonnement entre les centrales. Cette thèse propose plusieurs modèles de prévision probabiliste afin d’évaluer la capacité d’une centrale virtuelle renouvelable variable à offrir des services système avec une fiabilité maximale: ces modèles sont des adaptations d’arbres de décisions, de réseaux de neurones récurrents et convolutifs, ainsi que de distributions dédiées aux quantiles extrêmement faibles. Une attention particulière est portée à la combinaison de sources d’énergie (Photovoltaïque, éolien, hydraulique au fil de l’eau). Ensuite, des stratégies d’offre optimale d’énergie et de réserve par une agrégation renouvelable sont établies en utilisant les prévisions de production et en considérant les incertitudes associées aux différents marchés. Ces stratégies explorent plusieurs options de modélisation: dépendance entre production renouvelable et prix par une copule, taux de défaillance contrôlé par optimisation sous contraintes probabilistes, et enfin offre de services système multiples à l’aide d’une formulation Lagrangienne<br>As variable renewable energy plants penetrate significantly the electricity generation mix, they are expected to contribute to the supply of reserve power, albeit the high uncertainty levels on their production. A solution to reduce the uncertainty consists in aggregating renewable plants dispersed over several climates to obtain a smoother production profile and operate them within a Virtual Power Plant control system. In this thesis, a series of probabilistic forecasting models are proposed to assess the capacity of a variable renewable Virtual Power Plant to provide ancillary services with maximum reliability: these models are adapted decision-tree regression models, recurrent and convolutional neural networks, as well as distributions dedicated to extremely low quantiles. The combination of energy sources (Photovoltaics, Wind, Run-of-river Hydro) is considered in detail. Optimal strategies for the joint offer of energy and ancillary services by a variable renewable Virtual Power Plant are later defined, based on production forecasts and market uncertainties. Offer strategies explore several modelling options:dependence between renewable production and prices via a copula, controlled rate of reserve underfullfilment with a chance-constraint optimization, and finally offer of multiple ancillary services thanks to a Lagrangian formulation
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Paniah, Crédo. "Approche multi-agents pour la gestion des fermes éoliennes offshore." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112067/document.
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La raréfaction des sources de production conventionnelles et leurs émissions nocives ont favorisé l’essor notable de la production renouvelable, plus durable et mieux répartie géographiquement. Toutefois, son intégration au système électrique est problématique. En effet, la production renouvelable est peu prédictible et issue de sources majoritairement incontrôlables, ce qui compromet la stabilité du réseau, la viabilité économique des producteurs et rend nécessaire la définition de solutions adaptées pour leur participation au marché de l’électricité. Dans ce contexte, le projet scientifique Winpower propose de relier par un réseau à courant continu les ressources de plusieurs acteurs possédant respectivement des fermes éoliennes offshore (acteurs EnR) et des centrales de stockage de masse (acteurs CSM). Cette configuration impose aux acteurs d’assurer conjointement la gestion du réseau électrique.Nous supposons que les acteurs participent au marché comme une entité unique : cette hypothèse permet aux acteurs EnR de tirer profit de la flexibilité des ressources contrôlables pour minimiser le risque de pénalités sur le marché de l’électricité, aux acteurs CSM de valoriser leurs ressources auprès des acteurs EnR et/ou auprès du marché et à la coalition de faciliter la gestion des déséquilibres sur le réseau électrique, en agrégeant les ressources disponibles. Dans ce cadre, notre travail s’attaque à la problématique de la participation au marché EPEX SPOT Day-Ahead de la coalition comme une centrale électrique virtuelle ou CVPP (Cooperative Virtual Power Plant). Nous proposons une architecture de pilotage multi-acteurs basée sur les systèmes multi-agents (SMA) : elle permet d’allier les objectifs et contraintes locaux des acteurs et les objectifs globaux de la coalition.Nous formalisons alors l’agrégation et la planification de l’utilisation des ressources comme un processus décisionnel de Markov (MDP), un modèle formel adapté à la décision séquentielle en environnement incertain, pour déterminer la séquence d’actions sur les ressources contrôlables qui maximise l’espérance des revenus effectifs de la coalition. Toutefois, au moment de la planification des ressources de la coalition, l’état de la production renouvelable n’est pas connue et le MDP n’est pas résoluble en l’état : on parle de MDP partiellement observable (POMDP). Nous décomposons le POMDP en un MDP classique et un état d’information (la distribution de probabilités des erreurs de prévision de la production renouvelable) ; en extrayant cet état d’information de l’expression du POMDP, nous obtenons un MDP à état d’information (IS-MDP), pour la résolution duquel nous proposons une adaptation d’un algorithme de résolution classique des MDP, le Backwards Induction.Nous décrivons alors un cadre de simulation commun pour comparer dans les mêmes conditions nos propositions et quelques autres stratégies de participation au marché dont l’état de l’art dans la gestion des ressources renouvelables et contrôlables. Les résultats obtenus confortent l’hypothèse de la minimisation du risque associé à la production renouvelable, grâce à l’agrégation des ressources et confirment l’intérêt de la coopération des acteurs EnR et CSM dans leur participation au marché de l’électricité. Enfin, l’architecture proposée offre la possibilité de distribuer le processus de décision optimale entre les différents acteurs de la coalition : nous proposons quelques pistes de solution dans cette direction<br>Renewable Energy Sources (RES) has grown remarkably in last few decades. Compared to conventional energy sources, renewable generation is more available, sustainable and environment-friendly - for example, there is no greenhouse gases emission during the energy generation. However, while electrical network stability requires production and consumption equality and the electricity market constrains producers to contract future production a priori and respect their furniture commitments or pay substantial penalties, RES are mainly uncontrollable and their behavior is difficult to forecast accurately. De facto, they jeopardize the stability of the physical network and renewable producers competitiveness in the market. The Winpower project aims to design realistic, robust and stable control strategies for offshore networks connecting to the main electricity system renewable sources and controllable storage devices owned by different autonomous actors. Each actor must embed its own local physical device control strategy but a global network management mechanism, jointly decided between connected actors, should be designed as well.We assume a market participation of the actors as an unique entity (the coalition of actors connected by the Winpower network) allowing the coalition to facilitate the network management through resources aggregation, renewable producers to take advantage of controllable sources flexibility to handle market penalties risks, as well as storage devices owners to leverage their resources on the market and/or with the management of renewable imbalances. This work tackles the market participation of the coalition as a Cooperative Virtual Power Plant. For this purpose, we describe a multi-agent architecture trough the definition of intelligent agents managing and operating actors resources and the description of these agents interactions; it allows the alliance of local constraints and objectives and the global network management objective.We formalize the aggregation and planning of resources utilization as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), a formal model suited for sequential decision making in uncertain environments. Its aim is to define the sequence of actions which maximize expected actual incomes of the market participation, while decisions over controllable resources have uncertain outcomes. However, market participation decision is prior to the actual operation when renewable generation still is uncertain. Thus, the Markov Decision Process is intractable as its state in each decision time-slot is not fully observable. To solve such a Partially Observable MDP (POMDP), we decompose it into a classical MDP and an information state (a probability distribution over renewable generation errors). The Information State MDP (IS-MDP) obtained is solved with an adaptation of the Backwards Induction, a classical MDP resolution algorithm.Then, we describe a common simulation framework to compare our proposed methodology to some other strategies, including the state of the art in renewable generation market participation. Simulations results validate the resources aggregation strategy and confirm that cooperation is beneficial to renewable producers and storage devices owners when they participate in electricity market. The proposed architecture is designed to allow the distribution of the decision making between the coalition’s actors, through the implementation of a suitable coordination mechanism. We propose some distribution methodologies, to this end
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Kulmukhanova, Alfiya. "Mechanism Design for Virtual Power Plant with Independent Distributed Generators." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/628051.
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We discuss a model of a virtual power plant (VPP) that provides market access to privately-owned distributed generations (DGs). The VPP serves passive loads, processes bids from generators, and trades in the wholesale market. The generators can be renewable or thermal, and they act strategically to maximize their own profit. The VPP establishes the rules of the internal market to minimize the cost of energy and the cost of balancing while ensuring generator participation and load balancing. We derive a heuristic mechanism for internal market and propose a dynamic programming approach for minimizing the VPP cost. We present illustrative simulations for both single and multistage market bidding and then compare the resulting performance to the centralized VPP model, where the DGs are assumed to be owned by the VPP. We show that the proposed design incentivizes the DG agents to behave the same as in the centralized case, but the optimal cost paid by VPP is higher due to the payments to the DG owners.
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Okpako, O., Haile S. Rajamani, Prashant Pillai, U. R. Anuebunwa, and K. S. Swarup. "Evaluation of community virtual power plant under various pricing schemes." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/11096.
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Yes<br>Technological advancement on the electricity grid has focused on maximizing its use. This has led to the introduction of energy storage. Energy storage could be used to provide both peak and off-peak services to the grid. Recent work on the use of small units of energy storage like battery has proposed the vehicle to grid system. It is propose in this work to have energy storage device embedded inside the house of the energy consumer. In such a system, consumers with battery energy storage can be aggregated in to a community virtual power plant. In this paper, an optimized energy resource allocation algorithm is presented for a virtual power plant using genetic algorithm. The results show that it is critical to have a pricing scheme that help achieve goals for grid, virtual power plant, and consumers.<br>Mr. Oghenovo Okpako is grateful to the Niger Delta Development Commission of Nigeria for funding the work. The work has been also supported by the British Council and the UK Department of Business innovations and Skills under the GII funding of the SITARA project.
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Okpako, O., Haile S. Rajamani, Prashant Pillai, U. R. Anuebunwa, and K. S. Swarup. "Investigation of an optimized energy resource allocation algorithm for a community based virtual power plant." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/11098.
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Yes<br>Recently, significant advances in renewable energy generation have made it possible to consider consumers as prosumers. However, with increase in embedded generation, storage of electrical energy in batteries, flywheels and supercapacitors has become important so as to better utilize the existing grid by helping smooth the peaks and troughs of renewable electricity generation, and also of demand. This has led to the possibility of controlling the times when stored energy from these storage units is fed back to the grid. In this paper we look at how energy resource sharing is achieved if these storage units are part of a virtual power plant. In a virtual power plant, these storage units become energy resources that need to be optimally scheduled over time so as to benefit both prosumer and the grid supplier. In this paper, a smart energy resources allocation algorithm is presented for a virtual power plants using genetic algorithms. It is also proposed that the cause of battery depreciation be accounted for in the allocation of discharge rates. The algorithm was tested under various pricing scenarios, depreciation cost, as well as constraint. The results are presented and discussed. Conclusions were drawn, and suggestion for further work was made.<br>Mr. Oghenovo Okpako is grateful for the support of the Niger Delta Development Commission of Nigeria for supporting the work. The work has been also supported by the British Council and the UK Department of Business innovations and Skills under the GII funding of the SITARA project.
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Okpako, O., P. I. Adamu, Haile S. Rajamani, and Prashant Pillai. "Optimization of community based virtual power plant with embedded storage and renewable generation." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/11125.
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No<br>The current global challenge of climate change has made renewable energy usage very important. There is an ongoing drive for the deployment of renewable energy resource at the domestic level through feed-in tariff, etc. However the intermittent nature of renewable energy has made storage a key priority. In this work, a community having a solar farm with energy storage embedded in the house of the energy consumers is considered. Consumers within the community are aggregated in to a local virtual power plant. Genetic algorithm was used to develop an optimized energy transaction for the virtual power plant. The results shows that it is feasible to have a virtual power plant setup in a local community that involve the use of renewable generation and embedded storage. The result also show that when maximization of battery state of charge is considered as part of an optimization problem in a day ahead market, certain trade-off would have to be made on the profit of the virtual power plant, the incentive of the prosumer, as well as the provision of peak service to the grid.
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Domingos, Joana Loureiro Rodrigues Gil. "Comunidade de Energia como gestora de uma VPP: Agregação de produção dispersa e flexibilidade de consumo." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83384.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>Although there’s an increasing focus on the development of sustainable solutions for the electricity market, there are still many obstacles to its widespread adoption, particularly the lack of confidence or interest from consumers, the slow evolution of regulatory policies, and the lack of suitable business models.This dissertation aims to demonstrate and validate the concept of Community S, an energy community managing a virtual power plant as proposed by the project NetEffiCity. The community presents itself as an alternative energy management solution, which promotes the sustainability of the network through the aggregation of energy assets, strategies of demand response and integration of renewable energy resources in the electricity market. Community S aims to optimize the use of energy surpluses from self-consumption solar photovoltaic power by sharing them with the rest of consumers within the community. In addition, it intends to minimize the participant’s energy costs by reducing consumption at times when energy is most expensive and moving loads to periods with excess production within the Community, while at the same time making consumers more proactive by using tools appropriate to each user for consumption and energy cost management.This work aims to present conclusive results on the energetic and economic feasibility of Community S, based upon data monitoring of two demonstration projects implemented in the municipalities of Alfândega da Fé and Penela. Thus, it will be possible to conclude whether this type of solution really is a sustainable way of obtaining cleaner network power, increased energy efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, while at the same time contributing to the optimization of the electrical network’s operation. For the development of this work it’s also important to review the European policies regarding the electricity sector and evaluate their evolution regarding the new emerging alternatives for energy management.<br>Embora haja uma crescente aposta no desenvolvimento de soluções sustentáveis para o mercado de energia elétrica, existem ainda muitos entraves à sua adoção generalizada, nomeadamente, falta de confiança ou interesse por parte dos consumidores, evolução lenta das políticas regulatórias e falta de modelos de negócio adequados.Esta dissertação tem como objetivo validar e demonstrar o conceito de Comunidade S, como comunidade de energia gestora de uma virtual power plant, proposto pelo projeto NetEffiCity. A comunidade referida apresenta-se como uma solução de gestão energética alternativa, que promove a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de energia através da agregação de ativos de energia, estratégias de demand response e integração de fontes de energia renováveis no mercado de eletricidade. Esta propõe-se a otimizar o aproveitamento de excedentes energéticos de unidades de produção fotovoltaica para autoconsumo, partilhando-os com os restantes consumidores da comunidade. Além disso, prevê minimizar os custos energéticos aos participantes, reduzindo o consumo nos momentos em que a energia é mais cara e deslocando cargas para períodos com excesso de produção da comunidade, mas também tornar os consumidores mais proativos, através de ferramentas de gestão de consumos e custos energéticos adequadas à categoria de cada utilizador.O trabalho pretende apresentar resultados conclusivos sobre a viabilidade energética e económica da Comunidade S, baseando-se nos dados de monitorização de energia de dois projetos demonstradores implementados nos concelhos de Alfândega da Fé e de Penela. Assim, será possível concluir se este tipo de solução representa realmente uma forma sustentável de integrar na rede energia proveniente de fontes renováveis, aumentar a eficiência no consumo e diminuir as emissões de gases de efeito de estufa, ao mesmo tempo que contribui para a otimização da operação da rede elétrica.Para o conteúdo do trabalho é importante, também, rever as políticas europeias que dizem respeito ao setor de energia elétrica, avaliando a sua evolução face às novas alternativas de gestão energética que vão surgindo.
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Ullah, Zahid, Geev Mokryani, and I. Felician Campean. "Comprehensive review of VPPs planning, operation and scheduling considering the uncertainties related to renewable energy sources." 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17088.
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Yes<br>The penetration of renewable energies in the energy market has increased significantly over the last two decades
due to environmental concerns and clean energy requirements. The principal advantage of renewable energy resources (RESs)
over non-RESs is that it has no direct carbonisation impact on the environment and that it has none of the global warming
effects which are caused by carbon emissions. Furthermore, the liberalisation of the energy market has led to the realisation of
the virtual power plant (VPP) concept. A VPP is a unified platform for distributed energy resources that integrates the capacities
of various renewable energies together for the purpose of improving power generation and management as well as catering for
the buying and selling of energy in wholesale energy markets. This review study presents a comprehensive review of existing
approaches to planning, operation and scheduling of the VPP system. The methodologies that were adopted, their advantages
and disadvantages are assessed in detail in order to benefit new entrants in the power system and provide them with
comprehensive knowledge, techniques and understanding of the VPP concept.
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Lu, Kuei-Wan, and 呂奎宛. "An Integrated Environmental Assessment of Virtual Power Plant." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01195249843923802627.
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碩士<br>臺灣大學<br>環境工程學研究所<br>98<br>Virtual power plant (VPP) is contemplated in this research, which considers electricity supply and electricity final demand, to decrease the environmental impact by changing of the electricity consumption patterns. The electricity consumption varied with electricity final demand is analyzed by the electricity input-output analysis (EIOA), and the environment impact is quantified by life cycle assessment (LCA), including human toxicity (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic), respiratory, photochemical oxidation, terrestrial ecotoxicity, aquatic ecotoxicity, aquatic acidification, aquatic eutrophication and global warming.
According to EIOA in 2008, the electricity consumptions of industries account for 80% total electricity consumption in Taiwan, and the electricity consumptions of industries are provided to household consumption, export, and other demands. Export is the main demand, which accounts for 58% of the industrial electricity consumption. Besides, sensitive industries of electricity consumption in Taiwan are divided by EIOA into 11 industries, including chemical material, textiles mills, pulp paper and paper products, chemical products, plastic products, non-metallic mineral products, iron and steel, fabricated metal products, electronic parts & components, computers electronic & Optic Prod and electrical equipment.
Compared with EIOA in 2008, VPP is conducted in electricity strategy by adjusting electricity efficiency and electricity supply structure. On one hand, increasing 30% electricity efficiency in sensitive industries and insensitive industries reduce 16.38% and 13.62% industrial electricity consumption, respectively. On the other hand, electricity supply structure of sensitive industries is modified by using liquid nature gas (LNG) as an alternative fuel for the cogeneration system and installing decentralized generation system (DES). The fomer reduces 9-17% environmental impact in human toxicity (carcinogenic), respiratory, terrestrial ecotoxicity and aquatic acidification; the latter reduces 6-10% environmental impact in human toxicity (non-carcinogenic), aquatic ecotoxicity and aquatic eutrophication; and both reduce 7-9% environmental impact in photochemical oxidation and global warming. In summary, owing to reduction of environmental impact categorically, VPP is revealed enough as the electricity consumption pattern to decrease environmental impact.
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Lin, Sheng-kai, and 林聖開. "Operation Planning of Virtual Power Plant with Demand Response." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22681905795746090713.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>電機工程學系研究所<br>103<br>Owing to the increase of power demand and rising awareness of environmental protection, people start to adopt clean power. Many countries enact codes to promote the development of renewable energy, including photovoltaic, wind turbine and hydro generator. The growing demand has been a heavy burden on the power system. In order to meet the demand, the concept of virtual power plant has been proposed. The concept integrates the operation of supply-side and demand-side assets to meet customer demand for energy services in both the short-term and long-term. In short-term, virtual power plant makes extensive and sophisticated use of information technology, smart meter, automated control capabilities and electricity storage to match load fluctuations. The concept also treats long-term load reduction achieved through energy efficiency investments, distributed generation, and demand response.
Using real-time pricing and demand response schemes, customer energy usage can be charged according to tariff structure to move the non-critical demand to off-peak periods, such as washing machines, dehumidifiers and dish driers. Demand response is one of demand side management schemes. Through adequate incentive offers to customers, peak load demand can be reduced at rush hours, and customer bills can be reduced.
In this thesis, we build a virtual power plant model and use the concept of demand response and time of use pricing to control the distributed energy resources, such as battery energy storage system, to maximize the profits. A demand response contract is designed and different factors are taken into account in operation scheduling.
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Wu, Shang-Qing, and 吳尚慶. "System Operation Support by Virtual Power Plant in Distribution Network." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99q2tb.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>電機工程學系研究所<br>107<br>With the increase of power demand, rising concern of environment protection and decommission of nuclear and fossil fuel power plants, the utility companies are facing with various challenges. Renewable energy, such as solar photovoltaic, wind power in conjunction with energy storage system are integrated to the network in a rapid speed. Effective Coordination of these distributed energy resources could not only reduce the impacts to the system but also provide supports to system operations.
This research uses the concept of virtual power plant to integrate the distributed resources in the distribution system to provide ancillary services to distribution system operator. Mathematical formulations of several ancillary services, including line losses optimization, congestion relief, voltage regulation and service restoration support, are presented. The dispatch of virtual power plant resources in a feeder level network during normal and emergency situations are studied and the enhancement of system efficiency and reliability due to the dispatch of the distributed energy resources is demonstrated.
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Hsu, Ming-Hsiu, and 許銘修. "An Exploratory Study of Business Model of Virtual Power Plant Service." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80347080871819969088.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>管理學院高階主管管理碩士學程<br>104<br>The purpose of this thesis is to study a new business model for energy service providers at power market. Taiwan government announced that all the nuclear power plants will turn off and the renewable energy generations would reach 20% by 2025. This is a challenging target for Taiwan power grid. To achieve this target requires, creative technologies and new business models to overcome the uncertainty of the power supply from renewable energy generations. In this thesis, first, the status of demand side electricity liberalization in major countries are studied. Second, the demand side demand response result of Taiwan is evaluated. Finally, a sharing economy model is proposed as the concept framework to derive the virtual power plant (VPP) service as power system ancillary service for system balancing and peak load reducing. The related technologies and the business model of VPP are explored and discussed in the thesis respectively.
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Hsu, Wan-Li, and 許婉莉. "Virtual Reality Applied to Establishing for A High Concentration Photovoltaic Power Plant." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04037332561484741333.
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碩士<br>元智大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>99<br>To make a precise and reliable decision for choosing installation site for a high concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) power plant, experts make their decision based on the plant’s characteristics and applications. Various algorithms are used, such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Label setting algorithm, and etc. Moreover, several different algorithms can be used together to compensate the defects of the others. The in-site installation factors, either man-made or natural, should be analyzed first before decision for site location. This research employs the AHP and Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) for strategic planning of choosing the appropriate installation site of a HCPV power plant.
Virtual Reality (VR) technology manipulated by Avatar, which is a computer terminology often used to abstractly and perfectly display the animated human shape, has topped the global box office record since January 2010. VR becomes the spotlight not only in the entertainment, but also in engineering design, where it gradually replaces 2D and 3D design work. This research used VR technology to develop an interactive scene of a High Concentration Photovoltaic power plant for establishing. This work constructed a dynamic image simulation system using VR. The techniques use by the system include the solar trajectory and trackers, programming, image processing, 3D object tools, etc. Moreover, the simulation system developed by the research supports user interaction and participation; it allows designers to view the construction results based on different time, place, and conditions. It helps designers optimize the design, avoid unnecessary faults, shorten design schedule, and enhance establishment efficiency, and reduce design cost.
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Jhang, Jhih-Yuan, and 張志遠. "Applications of data mining techniques to an power scheduling system for renewables-based virtual power plant." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nckmz3.
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碩士<br>國立東華大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>105<br>With the rapid development of the emerging technologies and significant cost reduction of the deployment for solar energy and wind power, the replacement of traditional power generation by renewable energy becomes feasible in the future. However, different from currently deployed centralized power sources, renewables are categorized as one kind of intermittent energy sources, and the scale of renewables is small and scattered. In the recent literature, the architecture of virtual power plant was proposed to replace the current smart grid in the future. However, the energy sharing concept and the uncertainties of intermittent energy sources will cause the short-term energy management for the future virtual power plant much more complicated than current centralized control energy management for traditional power generation system. To the best of our knowledge, no researcher has addressed on the above-mentioned short-term energy management problems for the future virtual power plant so far. Accordingly, a hierarchical day-ahead energy management system based on the architecture of virtual power plant is proposed in this work to tackle the complex energy management problems. We first collect electricity consumption data from smart appliances used in households and predict power-generating capacity of renewable energy sources at the prosumer level. Then, the proposed hierarchical energy management system is employed to schedule the usage of electricity for the customers by considering the efficiency of the use of distributed renewables. Notably, a reallocation mechanism is presented in this work to allocate excess electricity generated in a community virtual power plant to others facing with power supply shortage, and the maximal usage of renewables and reduction of the burden on community virtual power plants during time period of peak load can be achieved accordingly. The experimental results show that the hierarchical day-ahead energy management system proposed in this work can mitigate the dependency on community virtual power plants effectively, and balance peak and off-peak period load of electricity market.
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Almeida, Tiago Poças de. "Coordinated operation of Electric Vehicle Solar Parking Lot as a Virtual Power Plant." Dissertação, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/126259.
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Almeida, Tiago Poças de. "Coordinated operation of Electric Vehicle Solar Parking Lot as a Virtual Power Plant." Master's thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/126259.
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Zhang, Fan. "Coordinated Control and Optimization of Virtual Power Plants for Energy and Frequency Regulation Services in Electricity Markets." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10552.
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With increasing penetration of intermittent resources such as wind and solar, power system operations are facing much more challenges in cost effective provision of energy balancing and frequency regulation services. Enabled by advances in sensing, control and communication, the concept of Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is proposed as one possible solution which aggregates and firms up spatially distributed resources? net power injection to the system. This thesis proposes a coordinated control and bidding strategy for VPPs to provide energy balancing and grid frequency regulation services in electricity market environment. In this thesis, the VPP consists of two energy conversion assets: a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based wind farm and a co-located Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS). The coordination of the VPP is implemented through power electronics?based controllers. A five-bus system test case demonstrates the technical feasibility of VPPs to respond to grid frequency deviation as well as to follow energy dispatch signals. To enable the participation of VPPs in electricity market, this thesis also proposes an optimization based bidding strategy for VPPs in both energy balancing and frequency regulation service markets. The potential economic benefits of this bidding strategy are demonstrated under Denmark wholesale electricity market structure. Four case studies show the economic benefit of coordinating VPPs.
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Quesado, Luís Barreiro Carvalho. "Desenvolvimento de um algoritmo para a gestão integrada de Recursos Energéticos Distribuídos num ambiente de Virtual Power Plant." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/86640.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>As crescentes necessidades energéticas e preocupações ambientais, associadas à diminuição dos custos das tecnologias permitiram acelerar o processo de desenvolvimento e integração de pequenas unidades geradoras, muitas vezes de fonte primária renovável e produção intermitente. Este tipo de geração, apesar do seu potencial contributo para uma operação mais eficiente dos Sistemas de Energia Elétrica (SEE), algumas preocupações, quer relativamente à capacidade de assegurar a continuidade e estabilidade do fornecimento de energia, quer relativamente à qualidade do abastecimento. Para além disso, a proliferação de uma grande quantidade de unidades geradoras de pequena capacidade coloca questões quanto à gestão e controlo dos SEE. Por outro lado, digitalização da rede elétrica, com a possibilidade de comunicação bidirecional entre a rede e o consumidor permite que mesmo recursos do lado da procura possam ser considerados na gestão global do SEE. É neste contexto que surge o conceito de VPP, definida como um conjunto de geradores distribuídos (DGs) despacháveis e não despacháveis, de elementos de armazenamento de energia e de cargas controláveis acompanhado de tecnologias de informação e comunicação que permite gerir todos estes recursos distribuídos como se fosse um recurso único (por exemplo, uma central), planeando, monitorizando a operação e coordenando os fluxos de energia nos seus componentes, habitualmente com objectivos de minimizar os custos de geração, minimizar a produção de gases de efeito de estufa; e/ou maximizar os lucros/receitas.A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida com o propósito de criar um algoritmo em ferramenta Matlab®, capaz de executar a gestão integrada de Recursos Energéticos Distribuídos (DER) num ambiente VPP com o objetivo de maximizar lucro através da sua participação no mercado diário. Neste trabalho a definição de VPP e os problemas socioeconómicos, tecnológicos, e de regulamentação que esta enfrenta, bem como os possíveis DERs a agregar num ambiente VPP, são analisados de forma sucinta e objetiva. Alguns exemplos práticos, em desenvolvimento ou de investigação científica, no contexto de VPP, são descritos, dando especial enfâse à gestão integrada de DERs. É desenvolvido um algoritmo genético para a gestão integrada de DER e analisados os resultados de estudos de caso.Assim, este trabalho permite concluir que o conceito de VPP é uma forma inovadora e eficaz de efetuar a gestão dos diferentes DERs visando a maximização de lucro no mercado diário, mas que poderá ter outras funções, como por exemplo a prestação de serviços de sistema. Para tal, é necessário ter um conhecimento rigoroso dos recursos energéticos a integrar numa VPP, bem como dos sistemas de gestão elétrica e algoritmos a utilizar para a otimização da gestão de recursos. A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida no âmbito da Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores, lecionada no Departamento de Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias da Universidade de Coimbra.<br>The increasing energy needs and environmental concerns associated with lower technology costs have made it possible to accelerate the process of developing and integrating small generating units, often from renewable primary sources and intermittent production. This type of generation, despite its potential contribution to a more efficient operation of the Electric Power Systems, has some concerns, both regarding the capacity to ensure the continuity and stability of the energy supply and the quality of supply. In addition, the proliferation of a large number of small capacity generating units raises concerns about the management and control of the Electric Power Systems. On the other hand, network scanning, with the possibility of bidirectional communication between the network and the consumer, allows even demand-side resources to be considered in the overall management of Electric Power System. It is in this context that the concept of VPP arises, defined as a set of dispatchable and non-dispatchable distributed generators, energy storage elements and controllable loads accompanied by information and communication technologies that allows to manage all these distributed resources as if it were a single resource, planning, monitoring the operation and coordinating the energy flows in its components, usually with the aim of minimizing generation costs, minimizing the production of greenhouse gases; and/or maximize profits/revenues.The present dissertation was developed with the purpose of creating an algorithm in Matlab®, capable of performing integrated Distributed Energy Resources (DER) management in a VPP environment with the objective of maximizing profit through its participation in the daily market. In this work, the definition of VPP and the socioeconomic, technological, and regulatory problems that it faces, as well as the possible DERs to be aggregated in a VPP environment, are analyzed in a succinct and objective way. Some practical examples, under development or scientific research, in the context of VPP, are described, with special emphasis on the integrated management of DERs. A genetic algorithm is developed for the integrated management of DERs and the results of case studies are analyzed.This study allows to conclude that the concept of VPP is an innovative and effective way of managing the different DERs not only in order to maximize profit in the day-ahead market. To do this, it is necessary to have a thorough knowledge of the energy resources to be integrated in a VPP, as well as the electrical management systems and algorithms to be used for the optimization of resource management. The present dissertation was developed within the scope of the Master Dissertation Integrated in Electrical and Computer Engineering, taught in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of the University of Coimbra.
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Θεοτόκης, Εμμανουήλ. "Χαρακτηριστικά και ρυθμίσεις Α.Π.Ε. σύμφωνα με τις απαιτήσεις σύνδεσης στο δίκτυο". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/7515.
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Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται μία αναφορά στις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας και αναλύεται περισσότερο η αιολική. Αναφέρεται η πορεία αξιοποίησής της, και παραθέτονται πληροφορίες για την τωρινή χρήση της στην παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας αλλά και μελλοντικές βλέψεις.
Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα χαρακτηριστικά του ανέμου και οι εξισώσεις της ανεμογεννήτριας που μας επιτρέπουν να απομαστεύουμε ενέργεια από τον άνεμο μέσω των ανεμογεννητριών.
Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα δομικά στοιχεία και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο γίνεται η κατηγοριοποίηση των ανεμογεννητριών, οι έλεγχοι που χρησιμοποιούνται και τα είδη των ανεμογεννητριών που χρησιμοποιούνται σήμερα στη βιομηχανία.
Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται οι τεχνικές απαιτήσεις για τους αιολικούς σταθμούς στο ελληνικό Σ.Η.Ε.
Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται η προσομοίωση μέσω του προγράμματος Matlab - Simulink ενός μη γραμμικού ελέγχου ισχύος ανεμογεννητριών DFIG για ενσωμάτωση σε εικονικούς σταθμού ισχύος (V.P.P).<br>In the first chapter, there is a general description about renewable energy resources and more specific, about the wind energy. We present the current worldwide electrical power production and the future requirements for electrical power production in Europe and Greece.
In the second chapter, we study the features of the wind performance and the equations that allows us to drain energy from the wind ,using a wind turbine.
The third chapter presents the components, the kinds of control and the categories of wind turbines that are in use in industry nowadays.
The fourth chapter presents the technical requirements for the wind farms in the Greek System of Electrical Energy.
In the fifth chapter we use the program Matlab - Simulink in order to simulate a non-linear direct power control of DFIG wind turbines for Virtual Power Plant (V.P.P.) integration.
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Nordlund, Edvard, and Emil Lind. "Determining the Technical Potential of Demand Response on the Åland Islands." Thesis, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451184.
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With increasing intermittency from renewable energy production, such as solar and wind power, the need of increased flexibility is quickly arising. The Åland Islands have an energy transition agenda to reach the goal of having a 100 % renewable energy system. Since there is no possibility of hydro power acting as regulatory power on Åland, reaching the goal is a challenging task. Increasing flexibility can be achieved by either implementing energy storage in the system or by matching the demand with the production. Therefore the purpose of this study was to estimate and evaluate the technical potential of demand response (DR) on Åland, both for 2019 and for a scenario in 2030 where the domestic production of wind and solar have increased. Six areas of interests were identified; electric heating, refrigeration processes, lighting, ventilation and air conditioning, electric vehicles and industries. The import from Sweden to Åland was examined since high import coincides with either low domestic renewable production or high consumption and therefore indicates when flexibility is most required. The results show that the technical potential of DR on Åland can lower the maximum electricity import from Sweden by 18 % in 2019. 4.3 % of the total import can be moved to times when there is less stress on the grid. Electric heating is the biggest contributor, and can by itself lower the import with three fourths of the total reduction. The domestic renewable production in 2019 is too low for DR to have an effect on self-sufficiency. For 2030 the self-sufficiency and utilization of domestic renewable production could be increased with 4.2-9.9 % and 5.4-12 % respectively when using DR, depending on if vehicle-to-grid is implemented on a large scale or not. The cost of DR is still unclear, and it varies between the different resources. However, electric heating seems to be a less expensive alternative to batteries, while providing a similar service.
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Singh, Inderjeet 1978. "Risk-averse periodic preventive maintenance optimization." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4203.
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We consider a class of periodic preventive maintenance (PM) optimization problems, for a single piece of equipment that deteriorates with time or use, and can be repaired upon failure, through corrective maintenance (CM). We develop analytical and simulation-based optimization models that seek an optimal periodic PM policy, which minimizes the sum of the expected total cost of PMs and the risk-averse cost of CMs, over a finite planning horizon. In the simulation-based models, we assume that both types of maintenance actions are imperfect, whereas our analytical models consider imperfect PMs with minimal CMs. The effectiveness of maintenance actions is modeled using age reduction factors. For a repairable unit of equipment, its virtual age, and not its calendar age, determines the associated failure rate. Therefore, two sets of parameters, one describing the effectiveness of maintenance actions, and the other that defines the underlying failure rate of a piece of equipment, are critical to our models. Under a given maintenance policy, the two sets of parameters and a virtual-age-based age-reduction model, completely define the failure process of a piece of equipment. In practice, the true failure rate, and exact quality of the maintenance actions, cannot be determined, and are often estimated from the equipment failure history.
We use a Bayesian approach to parameter estimation, under which a random-walk-based Gibbs sampler provides posterior estimates for the parameters of interest. Our posterior estimates for a few datasets from the literature, are consistent with published results. Furthermore, our computational results successfully demonstrate that our Gibbs sampler is arguably the obvious choice over a general rejection sampling-based parameter estimation method, for this class of problems. We present a general simulation-based periodic PM optimization model, which uses the posterior estimates to simulate the number of operational equipment failures, under a given periodic PM policy. Optimal periodic PM policies, under the classical maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian estimates are obtained for a few datasets. Limitations of the ML approach are revealed for a dataset from the literature, in which the use of ML estimates of the parameters, in the maintenance optimization model, fails to capture a trivial optimal PM policy.
Finally, we introduce a single-stage and a two-stage formulation of the risk-averse periodic PM optimization model, with imperfect PMs and minimal CMs. Such models apply to a class of complex equipment with many parts, operational failures of which are addressed by replacing or repairing a few parts, thereby not affecting the failure rate of the equipment under consideration. For general values of PM age reduction factors, we provide sufficient conditions to establish the convexity of the first and second moments of the number of failures, and the risk-averse expected total maintenance cost, over a finite planning horizon. For increasing Weibull rates and a general class of increasing and convex failure rates, we show that these convexity results are independent of the PM age reduction factors. In general, the optimal periodic PM policy under the single-stage model is no better than the optimal two-stage policy. But if PMs are assumed perfect, then we establish that the single-stage and the two-stage optimization models are equivalent.<br>text