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Journal articles on the topic 'Virtual reflection seismic profiling'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Poletto, Flavio, and Biancamaria Farina. "Synthesis and composition of virtual-reflector (VR) signals." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 4 (July 2010): SA45—SA59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3433311.

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The virtual-reflector (VR) method creates new seismic signals by processing seismic traces that have been produced by impulsive or transient sources. Under proper recording-coverage conditions, this technique allows a seismogram to be obtained as if there were an ideal reflector at the position of the receivers (or sources). Only the reflected signals from this reflector are synthesized. The algorithm is independent of the medium-velocity model and is based on convolution of the recorded traces and on subsequent integration of the crossconvolved signals in the receiver (or source) space. We use the VR method in combination with seismic interferometry (SI) by crosscorrelation to compose corresponding virtual-reflection events in seismic exploration. For that purpose, we use weighted-summation and data-crossfiltering approaches. In applying these combination methods, we assume common travel paths in the virtual signals, taking into account that VR and SI by crosscorrelation imply different stationary-phase conditions. We present applications in which we combine the SI-by-crosscorrelation and VR signals to (1) suppress unwanted effects, such as marine water-layer reflections in synthetic ocean-bottom-cable data, and (2) obtain virtual two-way traveltime seismograms with real borehole data from walkaway vertical seismic profiling (VSP). Analysis shows that time gating and selection of reflection events are critical steps in processing water-layer multiples.

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2

Finlay, Tori S., Lindsay L. Worthington, Brandon Schmandt, Nishath R. Ranasinghe, Susan L. Bilek, and Richard C. Aster. "Teleseismic Scattered‐Wave Imaging Using a Large‐N Array in the Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190146.

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Abstract The advent of low‐cost continuously recording cable‐free autonomous seismographs, commonly referred to as nodes, enables dense spatiotemporal sampling of seismic wavefields. We create virtual source reflection profiles using P waves from five teleseismic events recorded by the Sevilleta node array experiment in the southern Albuquerque basin. The basin geology records a structurally complex history, including multiple Phanerozoic orogenies, Rio Grande rift extension, and ongoing uplift from a midcrustal magma body. The Sevilleta experiment densified the long term, regionally sparse seismograph network with 801 single channel vertical‐component 10 Hz geophone nodes deployed at ∼300 m spacing for 14 days in February 2015. Results show sediment‐basement reflections at <5 km depth and numerous sub‐basin structures. Comparisons to legacy crustal‐scale reflection images from the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling show agreement with structural geometries in the rift basin and upper crust. Comparisons of the teleseismic virtual reflection profiles to synthetic tests using 2D finite‐difference elastic wave propagation show strong P‐to‐Rayleigh scattering from steep basin edges. These high‐amplitude conversions dominate the record sections near the western rift margin and originate at the Loma Pelada fault, which acts as the primary contact between rift‐bounding basement‐cored fault blocks and rift basin sediments. At near offsets, these signals may interfere with interpretation of upper crustal structure, but their relatively slow moveout compared to teleseismic P‐wave multiples provides clear temporal separation from sediment‐basement reflections across most of the array. The high‐signal‐to‐noise ratio of these converted Rayleigh‐wave signals suggests that they may be useful for constraining short‐period (∼1 Hz) dispersion with strong sensitivity in the uppermost ∼1 km of the rift basin sediments.

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3

Zhang, Kai, Hongyi Li, Xiaojiang Wang, and Kai Wang. "Retrieval of shallow S-wave profiles from seismic reflection surveying and traffic-induced noise." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): EN105—EN117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0845.1.

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In urban subsurface exploration, seismic surveys are mostly conducted along roads where seismic vibrators can be extensively used to generate strong seismic energy due to economic and environmental constraints. Generally, Rayleigh waves also are excited by the compressional wave profiling process. Shear-wave (S-wave) velocities can be inferred using Rayleigh waves to complement near-surface characterization. Most vibrators cannot excite seismic energy at lower frequencies (<5 Hz) to map greater depths during surface-wave analysis in areas with low S-wave velocities, but low-frequency surface waves ([Formula: see text]) can be extracted from traffic-induced noise, which can be easily obtained at marginal additional cost. We have implemented synthetic tests to evaluate the velocity deviation caused by offline sources, finding a reasonably small relative bias of surface-wave dispersion curves due to vehicle sources on roads. Using a 2D reflection survey and traffic-induced noise from the central North China Plain, we apply seismic interferometry to a series of 10.0 s segments of passive data. Then, each segment is selectively stacked on the acausal-to-causal ratio of the mean signal-to-noise ratio to generate virtual shot gathers with better dispersion energy images. We next use the dispersion curves derived by combining controlled source surveying with vehicle noise to retrieve the shallow S-wave velocity structure. A maximum exploration depth of 90 m is achieved, and the inverted S-wave profile and interval S-wave velocity model obtained from reflection processing appear consistent. The data set demonstrates that using surface waves derived from seismic reflection surveying and traffic-induced noise provides an efficient supplementary technique for delineating shallow structures in areas featuring thick Quaternary overburden. Additionally, the field test indicates that traffic noise can be created using vehicles or vibrators to capture surface waves within a reliable frequency band of 2–25 Hz if no vehicles are moving along the survey line.

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4

Hurich, Charles, and Sharon Deemer. "Combined surface and borehole seismic imaging in a hard rock terrain: A field test of seismic interferometry." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): B103—B110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0325.1.

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Seismic images are inherently directionally biased by the source-receiver geometry. This directional bias is particularly problematic for seismic imaging in hard rock terrains where structural dips may have any orientation with respect to the surface. We tested a technique for partially mitigating directional bias by combining surface and borehole seismic data and evaluated the results of a first field test of the technique. In this technique, surface data acquired using standard 2D acquisition procedures were combined with borehole data derived from a walk-away vertical seismic profile (VSP). The VSP data were transformed into the borehole datum using seismic interferometry. The interferometry created virtual shot records comprising sources and receivers in the borehole. The virtual shot records were then processed, using standard common midpoint techniques, resulting in an image from the borehole datum. The combination of the surface and borehole data increased the range of illumination angles resulting in seismic images that included reflections from structures with a wider range of dips than is available to surface profiling alone. The field test demonstrated that the surface and borehole data provide complementary information, which is more than either data set alone can provide. The test also verified the robustness of the virtual source technique even when the original VSP data are highly contaminated by high-amplitude tube waves. These results demonstrated that the combined imaging approach has significant potential for application in the polydeformed hard rock domains often encountered in minerals exploration.

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5

White, Robert S. "Seismic reflection profiling comes of age." Geological Magazine 122, no. 2 (March 1985): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800031149.

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6

Pugin, Andre J. M., Susan E. Pullan, and James A. Hunter. "Multicomponent high-resolution seismic reflection profiling." Leading Edge 28, no. 10 (October 2009): 1248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3249782.

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7

ASANO, Shuzo, Tomohiko TSUNODA, Kunioki HIRAMA, Toru KUWAHARA, Yuzuru YASUI, Takeshi IKAWA, Tohru KURODA, Akihisa TAKAHASHI, Ikuhisa ADACHI, and Takao NIHEI. "Seismic Reflection Profiling in Kiyose, Tokyo Metropolis." Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan. 2nd ser.) 44, no. 2 (1991): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4294/zisin1948.44.2_131.

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8

Wright, C., R. J. Korsch, D. M. Finlayson, and B. R. Goleby. "Deep seismic reflection profiling and continental evolution." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 70, no. 23 (1989): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/89eo00187.

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9

Stadtlander, Ralf, and Larry Brown. "Turning waves and crustal reflection profiling." GEOPHYSICS 62, no. 1 (January 1997): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444135.

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In the past, steeply dipping features were often recognized on seismic reflection profiles only from indirect evidence such as vertical offsets of cross‐cutting structures. New imaging algorithms, as for example, turning wave migration have had dramatic success in delineating steep, even‐overturned reflectors in sedimentary environments. Evaluation of the applicability of this technology to deep seismic recordings indicates that steep‐dip and turning wave migration will have limited practicality, generally, in the imaging of basement features because of the weak velocity gradients involved and the corollary requirement for large recording offsets. A potential exception arises when the basement structures to be imaged lie beneath a significant thickness of relatively young (i.e., steep velocity gradient) sedimentary cover.

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10

Vejmelek, Libor, and Scott B. Smithson. "Seismic reflection profiling in the Boulder batholith, Montana." Geology 23, no. 9 (1995): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0811:srpitb>2.3.co;2.

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11

Pant, D. R., and S. A. Greenhalgh. "Multicomponent Seismic Reflection Profiling–Some Scale Model Experiments." Exploration Geophysics 22, no. 3 (September 1991): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg991515.

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12

Smythe, D. K. "Deep seismic reflection profiling of the Lewisian foreland." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 27, no. 1 (1987): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.027.01.17.

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13

Milkereit, Bernd, David Eaton, J. Wu, G. Perron, Matthew H. Salisbury, E. K. Berrer, and G. Morrison. "Seismic imaging of massive sulfide deposits; Part II, Reflection seismic profiling." Economic Geology 91, no. 5 (August 1, 1996): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.5.829.

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14

IKAWA, Takeshi. "Exploration of Subsurface Structures: Reflection Seismic Method and VSP (Vertical Seismic Profiling)." Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan. 2nd ser.) 47, no. 1 (1994): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4294/zisin1948.47.1_103.

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15

Sheikh-Zade, E. R. "Results of seismic reflection profiling in the Turanian Platform." Tectonophysics 264, no. 1-4 (October 1996): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(96)00122-9.

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16

Matthews, Drummond, and Catherine Smith. "Preface: Deep seismic reflection profiling of the continental lithosphere." Geophysical Journal International 89, no. 1 (April 1987): vii—xii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1987.tb04378.x.

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17

England, Richard. "Seismic reflection profiling to expand knowledge of U.K. shelf." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 75, no. 29 (1994): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94eo00980.

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18

Gochioco, Lawrence M. "Advances in seismic reflection profiling for US coal exploration." Leading Edge 10, no. 12 (December 1991): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1436798.

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19

Peddy, Carolyn, and Charlotte Keen. "Deep seismic reflection profiling: How far have we come?" Leading Edge 6, no. 6 (June 1987): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1439399.

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20

Juhlin, C., S. Kashubin, J. H. Knapp, V. Makovsky, and T. Ryberg. "Project conducts seismic reflection profiling in the Ural Mountains." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 76, no. 19 (1995): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95eo00110.

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21

Geissler, Paul E. "Seismic reflection profiling for groundwater studies in Victoria, Australia." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 1 (January 1989): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442574.

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Experimental seismic reflection profiling was employed for groundwater studies in southeastern Australia. Equipment consisted of a simple engineering seismograph and tape recorder, and data reduction was carried out on a minicomputer using a graphics‐based processing system specifically written for the project. The investigation area is the site of a proposed induced groundwater recharge scheme in which surface water would be diverted to infiltrate aquifers outcropping several kilometers from a bore field which supplies up to half of the drinking water for the city of Geelong. The unconsolidated Tertiary aquifers of the region are known to be interrupted in places by steep normal and reverse faults. Since similar faulting had been inferred along the proposed recharge avenue, the objective of the seismic study was to verify, if possible, the assumption of aquifer continuity along the survey line. The reflection results reveal monoclinal folding in the upper unconsolidated sediments produced by recent movement on bedrock faults. The seismic study confirms that the aquifers are continuous between the proposed recharge and extraction areas despite structural complexity along the recharge avenue.

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22

Knapp, Ralph W., and Don W. Steeples. "High‐resolution common‐depth‐point seismic reflection profiling: Instrumentation." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 2 (February 1986): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442087.

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Seismic recording hardware must be a deliberately designed system to extract and record high‐resolution information faithfully. The single most critical element of this system is the detector. The detector chosen must be capable of faithfully generating the passband expected and furthermore, must be carefully coupled to the ground. Another important factor is to shape the energy passband so that it is as flat and broad as possible. This involves low‐cut filtering of the data before A/D conversion so the magnitude of the low‐frequency signal does not swamp the high‐frequency signal. The objective is to permit boosting the magnitude of the high‐frequency signals to fill a significant number of bits of the digital word. Judicious use of a low‐cut filter is the main element of this step, although detector selection is also a factor because detectors have a −6 dB/octave velocity response at frequencies less than the resonant frequency of the detector. Finally, recording instrument quality must be good. Amplifiers should have low system noise, large dynamic range, and precision of 12 or more bits.

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23

Davy, Bryan. "Seismic Reflection Profiling of the Taupo Caldera, New Zealand." Exploration Geophysics 24, no. 3-4 (September 1993): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg993443.

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24

Hart, Patrick E. "High-resolution marine seismic reflection profiling: Systems and capabilities." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 5 (2007): 2982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2942634.

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25

Rǎileanu, Victor, Camelia Diaconescu, and Florin Rǎdulescu. "Characteristics of Romanian lithosphere from deep seismic reflection profiling." Tectonophysics 239, no. 1-4 (December 1994): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90113-9.

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26

Baker, Gregory S., Jeffrey C. Strasser, Edward B. Evenson, Daniel E. Lawson, Kendra Pyke, and Robert A. Bigl. "Near‐surface seismic reflection profiling of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 1 (January 2003): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1543202.

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Several common‐midpoint seismic reflection profiles collected on the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, clearly demonstrate the feasibility of collecting high‐quality, high‐resolution near‐surface reflection data on a temperate glacier. The results indicate that high‐resolution seismic reflection can be used to accurately determine the thickness and horizontal distribution of debris‐rich ice at the base of the glacier. The basal ice thickens about 30% over a 300‐m distance as the glacier flows out of an overdeepening. The reflection events ranged from 80‐ to 140‐m depth along the longitudinal axis of the glacier. The dominant reflection is from the contact between clean, englacial ice and the underlying debris‐rich basal ice, but a strong characteristic reflection is also observed from the base of the debris‐rich ice (bottom of the glacier). The P‐wave propagation velocity at the surface and throughout the englacial ice is 3600 m/s, and the frequency content of the reflections is in excess of 800 Hz. Supporting drilling data indicate that depth estimates are correct to within ± 1 m.

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27

Blundell, D. J. "Deep structure of the Anglo–Brabant massif revealed by seismic profiling." Geological Magazine 130, no. 5 (September 1993): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800020859.

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AbstractDeep seismic reflection profiles over the Anglo–Brabant massif in the southern North Sea reveal reflection patterns throughout the crust that are distinctive and which differ significantly from those observed beneath adjacent areas with Mesozoic basins. Comparisons with reflection profiles from other platform areas suggest that the reflection patterns indicate large-scale structural features associated with compressional tectonics. If so, they may represent thrust structures associated with continental accretion of preferred Caledonian age.

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28

Suprajitno, M., and S. A. Greenhalgh. "Theoretical vertical seismic profiling seismograms." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 6 (June 1986): 1252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442178.

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Offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) theoretical seismograms which include multiples and mode conversions can be computed using a modified “reflectivity” method. In this method, the transformed displacement potentials are first calculated by multiplying the source spectrum by the composite reflectivity function. Integration over wavenumber, followed by inverse Fourier transformation over the frequency range of the signal, yields the synthetic trace. The composite reflectivity function for a buried receiver is derived from Kennett’s matrices (Kennett, 1974, 1979) which are synthesized to form phase‐related reflection and transmission coefficients from a layer stack. Both conventional fixed source‐moving receiver and fixed receiver‐walkaway source (multioffset) VSP geometries can be handled easily. The method can also readily accommodate deviated‐hole VSP. The method is general in that no ray needs to be specified. Because the order of the multiples can be controlled, wraparound problems with the discrete Fourier transform can be avoided. The normal‐incidence VSP seismograms can be rapidly generated as a special case. Several examples illustrate the method. Some classes of laterally varying structures can be approximately handled by restricting the range of ray‐angle integration and by using the principle of superposition.

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29

TAKAHASHI, Akira, Tomoaki TAKEUCHI, Yoshitaka NIINOMI, Yoshikazu MATSUBARA, Masato YAMAMOTO, and Toshifumi MATSUOKA. "ESTIMATING GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES USING SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILING FROM SHIELD TUNNEL." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu C 64, no. 1 (2008): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejc.64.90.

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30

Green, A. G., B. Milkereit, L. Mayrand, C. Spencer, R. Kurtz, and R. M. Clowes. "Lithoprobe seismic reflection profiling across Vancouver Island: results from reprocessing." Geophysical Journal International 89, no. 1 (April 1987): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1987.tb04392.x.

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31

Milkereit, B., and A. Green. "Deep geometry of the Sudbury structure from seismic reflection profiling." Geology 20, no. 9 (1992): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0807:dgotss>2.3.co;2.

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32

Hawman, Robert B., Cynthia L. Prosser, and Jeffrey E. Clippard. "Shallow seismic reflection profiling over the Brevard zone, South Carolina." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 5 (September 2000): 1388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444829.

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Shallow reflection profiles over crystalline rocks of the Brevard zone show events that correlate with projections of mapped lithologic contacts, in spite of strong attenuation and statics effects associated with a zone of severe chemical weathering (saprolite). The profiles, which were collected in western South Carolina about 5 km from Appalachian ultra Deep Core Hole (ADCOH) regional lines 1 and 3, straddle the contact between the Brevard fault zone and the wider Brevard mylonitic shear zone to the southeast. The principal goal of these experiments was to test the feasibility of using a hammer source and 24-channel seismograph to image near‐surface brittle and ductile structures to a depth of several hundred meters. We recorded two dip lines and one strike line with a total common midpoint (CMP) coverage of 1 km. Processing focused on eliminating static shifts and separating reflections from overlapping refracted S-waves. A statics approach based on the alignment of first arrivals on common‐offset gathers effectively removed most of the statics variations. Suppressing S-waves by apparent velocity filtering of shot gathers caused considerable smearing in the stacked section because of the short receiver spreads. Moreover, for shot gathers with high levels of incoherent noise and/or residual statics, velocity filtering imposed a level of coherency on the output that was not present in the original gather. Better results were obtained by applying severe surgical mutes to isolate the most reliable portions of the velocity‐filtered shot gathers prior to CMP stacking. Final CMP stacked sections show distinct packages of moderately dipping reflections with a lateral continuity of 25 to 100 m over a depth range of 85 to 400 m. The reflections are attributed to compositional layering, variations in degree of anisotropy, near‐horizontal expansion joints, and variations in fracture density. Southeast‐dipping reflections imaged for a 450-m dip line straddling the southeast flank of the brittle Brevard fault zone correlate with projected lithologic contacts of thrust‐faulted units mapped at the surface. Reflections show poorer continuity for lines recorded over a thick sequence of more uniform lithology within the adjacent Brevard mylonite zone. Reflections with apparent dips to the northwest are consistent with images in the ADCOH regional profiles and may reflect late‐stage folding and normal faulting.

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33

Dong, Shu‐Wen, Rui Gao, and SinoProbe Team. "Deep seismic reflection profiling of the continental China by SinoProbe." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 93, S1 (May 2019): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.13914.

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34

Rich, Jamie P., and Alan J. Witten. "A theoretical and experimental comparison of three-dimensional seismic reflection and offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP)." GEOPHYSICS 70, no. 4 (July 2005): R25—R32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1988185.

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Diffraction tomography imaging has been applied to data acquired with two different measurement geometries at a buried waste disposal site. The experimental scale is quite small, having a horizontal extent on the order of 10 m and considering features at depths (most importantly, a layer of buried waste) of less than 10 m. Both a 3D reflection and a pseudo-3D offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) geometry were used. The use of these two different geometries allows for a comparison of the results and limitations of each method. Images derived from both techniques must be interpreted with a knowledge of the theoretical resolution and limitations imposed by each measurement geometry and imaging algorithm. The reflection algorithm leads to images that contain hollow objects, a consequence of the reflection geometry and linearized theory; this algorithm is unable to image the sides of objects because of a lack of information at oblique reflection angles. Offset VSP experiences a blurring of objects along a line between the source and receiver because information is integrated over transmission raypaths. The two techniques provide images which are consistent with each other and the expectations based on theoretical considerations.

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35

Yuan, Hemin, De-hua Han, Hui Li, and Danping Cao. "Joint inversion of seismic, vertical seismic profiling, and crosswell data — A case study from China." Interpretation 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): T107—T119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0187.1.

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Three-dimensional poststack and prestack seismic inversion results such as P- and S-impedance are commonly used for reservoir characterization. However, the frequency bandwidth of surface-based reflection seismic surveys usually ranges from 10 to 70 Hz, and these surveys have limited vertical resolution. The frequency bandwidth of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and crosswell data is much wider than that of surface reflection seismic data, and it can give a detailed illumination of the subsurface around the borehole. We test a joint inversion method that integrated surface reflection seismic, VSP, and crosswell data. To better constrain the inversion results, we further integrate a posteriori information on the reflectivity obtained from petrophysics data into the inversion procedure. The a posteriori distribution we use is a modified-Cauchy distribution obtained from the statistical analysis of petrophysics data. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm, we applied our inversion strategy to a 2D synthetic model and a real seismic data set, and an uncertainty assessment was also performed. The joint inversion method can detect the thin layers that surface seismic inversion fail to, demonstrating the higher resolution of the method.

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36

Liu, Lanbo, and Kuang He. "Wave Interferometry Applied to Borehole Radar: Virtual Multioffset Reflection Profiling." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45, no. 8 (August 2007): 2554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2007.900686.

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37

Wu, Jianjun. "Potential pitfalls of crooked‐line seismic reflection surveys." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 1 (January 1996): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443949.

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During the last few years, the Geological Survey of Canada has pioneered the application of seismic reflection profiling to mineral exploration, in close collaboration with Canadian mining companies and with the Lithoprobe project (e.g., Spencer et al., 1993; Milkereit et al., 1994). Because of the rugged terrain in crystalline rock environments (Dahle et al., 1985; Spencer et al., 1993), vibroseis seismic surveys are frequently conducted along existing roads, resulting in extremely crooked survey profiles. Crooked profiling geometry, coupled with the complex nature of the geological targets, pose special challenges for seismic data processing and interpretation. Many common‐midpoint seismic processing techniques are based on an implicit assumption of a straight‐line survey and are most effective with uniform fold and even offset distribution within common‐midpoint (CMP) gathers. However, with crooked‐line acquisition the CMP gathers are characterized by variable fold and uneven offset distribution. Based on experience with several seismic data sets from mining camps, I have identified two potential pitfalls that stem from acquisition along crooked profiles: (1) seismic transparent zones; and (2) coherent noise. To address these problems, I have critically re‐examined the basic aspects of the CMP processing techniques and have developed robust strategies for dealing with crooked profiles. In this paper, I present a field data example to demonstrate the artifacts and also discuss solutions to eliminate them. Although developed for seismic prospecting in mining camps, the methods presented here are applicable to seismic data acquired in any environment.

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38

Brown, Larry D., and Doyeon Kim. "Extensive Sills in the Continental Basement from Deep Seismic Reflection Profiling." Geosciences 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110449.

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Crustal seismic reflection profiling has revealed the presence of extensive, coherent reflections with anomalously high amplitudes in the crystalline crust at a number of locations around the world. In areas of active tectonic activity, these seismic “bright spots” have often been interpreted as fluid magma at depth. The focus in this report is high-amplitude reflections that have been identified or inferred to mark interfaces between solid mafic intrusions and felsic to intermediate country rock. These “frozen sills” most commonly appear as thin, subhorizontal sheets at middle to upper crustal depths, several of which can be traced for tens to hundreds of kilometers. Their frequency among seismic profiles suggest that they may be more common than widely realized. These intrusions constrain crustal rheology at the time of their emplacement, represent a significant mode of transfer of mantle material and heat into the crust, and some may constitute fingerprints of distant mantle plumes. These sills may have played important roles in overlying basin evolution and ore deposition.

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39

Korsch, R. J., B. R. Goleby, J. H. Leven, and B. J. Drummond. "Crustal architecture of central Australia based on deep seismic reflection profiling." Tectonophysics 288, no. 1-4 (March 1998): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00283-7.

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40

Holbrook, W. S. "Thermohaline Fine Structure in an Oceanographic Front from Seismic Reflection Profiling." Science 301, no. 5634 (August 8, 2003): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1085116.

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41

Nelson, K. D., T. F. Zhu, A. Gibbs, R. Harris, J. E. Oliver, S. Kaufman, L. Brown, and R. A. Schweickert. "Cocorp deep seismic reflection profiling in the northern Sierra Nevada, California." Tectonics 5, no. 2 (April 1986): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/tc005i002p00321.

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42

Cape, C. D., S. H. Lamb, P. Vella, P. E. Wells, and D. J. Woodward. "Geological structure of Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand, from seismic reflection profiling." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 20, no. 1 (March 1990): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1990.10426734.

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Rǎileanu, V., D. Taloş, V. Varodin, and D. Stiopol. "Crustal seismic reflection profiling in Romania on the Urziceni-Mizil line." Tectonophysics 223, no. 3-4 (August 1993): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90147-c.

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Shih, Ruey-Chyuan, Chien-Ying Wang, Wen-Shan Chen, Yin-Kai Wang, Hsuan-Yu Kuo, Ting-Ching Yen, Chia-Chi Huang, et al. "Seismic reflection profiling of the first deep geothermal field in Taiwan." Geothermics 74 (July 2018): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.01.011.

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Klemperer, Simon L. "Deep seismic reflection profiling and the growth of the continental crust." Tectonophysics 161, no. 3-4 (April 1989): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90156-x.

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46

Matthews, D. H. "Progress in BIRPS deep Seismic reflection profiling around the British Isles." Tectonophysics 173, no. 1-4 (February 1990): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90232-w.

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47

Liu, Lanbo. "Virtual multi-offset reflection profiling with interferometric imaging for borehole radar." Signal Processing 132 (March 2017): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2016.06.028.

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48

Best, John A. "Mantle reflections beneath the Montana Great Plains on Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling Seismic Reflection Data." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 96, B3 (March 10, 1991): 4279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jb02353.

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49

Li, Tonglin, and David W. Eaton. "Delineating the Tuwu porphyry copper deposit at Xinjiang, China, with seismic-reflection profiling." GEOPHYSICS 70, no. 6 (November 2005): B53—B60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2122409.

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Abstract:

The Tuwu deposit is one of a series of recently discovered porphyry copper deposits in the eastern Tian Shan range of Xinjiang, China. Since its discovery in 1997, more than ten boreholes have been drilled and a suite of geophysical surveys has been acquired to delineate the deposit. As part of the geophysical program, a set of eight seismic reflection profiles was acquired in 2000, followed by a physical rock-property study in 2001. The ores are characterized by slightly higher density (Δρ ∼ 0.1 g/cm[Formula: see text]) and significantly higher P-wave velocity ([Formula: see text] ∼ 1.0–1.5 km/s) than the dioritic host rocks. The seismic surveys used 0.6- to 0.9-kg shallow dynamite sources, with a 24-channel end-on spread and offsets up to 350 m. The orebody and associated igneous layers dip steeply (>45°) toward the south, so careful processing of the seismic data was required. Weak reflections from stratigraphic contacts are visible on most of the profiles, including the top of the intrusion and the base of the orebody. Since the observed reflections include a significant out-of-plane component, we developed a simple 2.5D migration procedure. This method was applied to line drawings of the seismic profiles, providing the basis for delineation of the orebody in three dimensions. Synthetic seismic sections computed using the inferred bounding surfaces of the ore deposit are in reasonable agreement with observed reflections, even for along-strike lines not used to build the model. The ability to verify interpreted reflections using line intersections was critical to the development of our model. The results of this work indicate that seismic methods may be useful as an aid for mapping the flanks of shallow, moderately dipping porphyry copper orebodies and associated strata, particularly for defining the structure of deeper sections of the mineralized zones in advance of drilling.

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Lloyd, G. E., and J. M. Kendall. "Petrofabric-derived seismic properties of a mylonitic quartz simple shear zone: implications for seismic reflection profiling." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 240, no. 1 (2005): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2005.240.01.07.

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