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Journal articles on the topic 'Virus à transmission verticale'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Robillard, Pierre-Yves, Brahim Boumahni, Patrick Gérardin, Alain Michault, Alain Fourmaintraux, Isabelle Schuffenecker, Magali Carbonnier, et al. "Transmission verticale materno-fœtale du virus chikungunya." La Presse Médicale 35, no. 5 (May 2006): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0755-4982(06)74690-5.

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2

Codoñer-Franch, P., A. Sanchis, A. Bataller, A. Pineda, A. Sánchez, and M. J. Alcaraz. "Surveillance de transmission verticale du virus C de l'hépatite." Archives de Pédiatrie 3, no. 11 (November 1996): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-693x(96)89578-9.

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3

Roquelaure, B., S. Benali, M. Bourlière, V. Gerolami, P. Halfon, C. Valette, C. Dispa, et al. "Transmission verticale du virus de l'hépatite ( (VHC). Étude dans trois maternities." Archives de Pédiatrie 3, no. 11 (November 1996): 1173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-693x(96)89580-7.

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4

Halfon, P., B. Roquelaure, V. Gérolami, H. Khiri, G. Cartouzou, M. Bourlière, and J. Sarles. "Transmission verticale du virus de l'bépatite C (VHC): intérêt de l'étude des variants moléculaires du virus." Archives de Pédiatrie 3, no. 11 (November 1996): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-693x(96)89597-2.

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5

Lyras, Dena. "Vertical Transmission." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20044.

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I hope that this Vertical Transmission finds you and your families, friends and colleagues safe and well. Across Australia, we continue to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, mostly through the restrictions that have been imposed to prevent transmission of the virus. Thankfully these measures have been highly effective and we have not seen the high case numbers and deaths that we see reported daily in other countries.

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6

Lai, Zetian, Tengfei Zhou, Jiayong Zhou, Shuang Liu, Ye Xu, Jinbao Gu, Guiyun Yan, and Xiao-Guang Chen. "Vertical transmission of zika virus in Aedes albopictus." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): e0008776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008776.

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Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus is an important vector of ZIKV worldwide. To date, most experiments have focused on the vertical transmission of ZIKV in Ae. aegypti, while studies on Ae. albopictus are very limited. To explore vertical transmission in Ae. albopictus, a series of laboratory studies were carried out. Methodology/Principal findings In this study, Ae. albopictus were blood-fed with ZIKV-infectious blood, and the ovaries and offspring viral infection rates were analyzed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). ZIKV was detected in the ovaries and oviposited eggs in two gonotrophic cycles. The minimum filial egg infection rates in two gonotrophic cycles were 2.06% and 0.69%, and the effective population transmission rate was 1.87%. The hatching, pupation, and emergence rates of infected offspring were not significantly different from those of uninfected offspring, indicating that ZIKV did not prevent the offspring from completing the growth and development process. ZIKV was detected in three of thirteen C57BL/6 suckling mice bitten by ZIKV-positive F1 females, and the viremia persisted for at least seven days. Conclusions/Significance ZIKV can be vertically transmitted in Ae. albopictus via transovarial transmission. The vertical transmission rates in F1 eggs and adults were 2.06% and 1.87%, respectively. Even though the vertical transmission rates were low, the female mosquitoes infected via the congenital route horizontally transmitted ZIKV to suckling mice through bloodsucking. This is the first experimental evidence of offspring with vertically transmitted ZIKV initiating new horizontal transmission. The present study deepens the understanding of the vertical transmission of flaviviruses in Aedes mosquitoes and sheds light on the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases.

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7

Anderson, John F., Andrew J. Main, and Francis J. Ferrandino. "Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus by Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 5 (March 19, 2020): 1614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa049.

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Abstract West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) first caused human and veterinary disease, and was isolated from Culex pipiens pipiens L. and Aedes vexans (Meigen) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States in 1999. We report that a Connecticut strain of Ae. vexans was competent to transmit West Nile virus both horizontally to suckling mice and vertically to its progeny in the laboratory. Horizontal transmission was first observed on day 6 post-exposure (pe). Daily horizontal transmission rates generally increased with the day post-virus exposure with highest rates of 67–100% recorded on days 28–30 pe. One female vertically transmitted West Nile virus on day 21 pe, but only after it had taken its third bloodmeal. Horizontal and vertical transmission may contribute to West Nile virus infection rates in Ae. vexans in summer, and vertical transmission provides a means of survival of West Nile virus during winter.

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8

Sellier, Pierre, Amanda Lopes, and Jean-François Bergmann. "Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus." Annals of Internal Medicine 161, no. 10 (November 18, 2014): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/l14-5025.

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9

Kubo, Ai, Lyle Shlager, and Douglas A. Corley. "Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus." Annals of Internal Medicine 161, no. 10 (November 18, 2014): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/l14-5025-2.

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10

THALER, M. MICHAEL, CHOONG-KEE PARK, DANIEL V. LANDERS, DIANE W. WARA, MICHAEL HOUGHTON, GENEVIEVE VEEREMAN-WAUTERS, RICHARD L. SWEET, and JANG H. HAN. "Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 47, no. 1 (January 1992): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-199201000-00012.

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11

Lifson, AlanR, and MarthaF Rogers. "VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS." Lancet 328, no. 8502 (August 1986): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90020-6.

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12

Tanaka, I., M. Shima, Y. Kubota, Y. Takahashi, O. Kawamata, and A. Yoshioka. "Vertical transmission of hepatitis A virus." Lancet 345, no. 8946 (February 1995): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90389-5.

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13

Khuroo, M. S., S. Kamali, and S. Jameel. "Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus." Lancet 345, no. 8956 (April 1995): 1025–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90761-0.

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14

O'NEIL, LYNNE L., MARY JO BURKHARD, LAURI J. DIEHL, and EDWARD A. HOOVER. "Vertical Transmission of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 11, no. 1 (January 1995): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.1995.11.171.

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15

Morrison, J., and N. J. Alp. "Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus." QJM 90, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/90.1.5.

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16

Schackman, B. R., and K. Oneda. "Preventing Vertical Hepatitis C Virus Transmission." Clinical Infectious Diseases 45, no. 6 (September 15, 2007): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/521172.

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17

Kulonen, Katariina, and Irving Millman. "Vertical transmission of woodchuck hepatitis virus." Journal of Medical Virology 26, no. 3 (November 1988): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890260303.

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18

Thaler, M. M., D. W. Wara, G. Veereman-Wauters, D. V. Landers, R. L. Sweet, C.-K. Park, M. Houghton, and J. H. Han. "Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus." Lancet 338, no. 8758 (July 1991): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)90006-b.

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19

Pospieszny, Henryk, Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska, Natasza Borodynko-Filas, and Santiago F. Elena. "Effect of defective interfering RNAs on the vertical transmission of Tomato black ring virus." Plant Protection Science 56, No. 4 (September 18, 2020): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/54/2020-pps.

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Viruses are thought to be the ultimate parasites, using host resources for multiplication. Interestingly, many viruses also have their own 'parasites', such as defective interfering RNAs (DI RNAs). One of the plant viruses whose infection can be accompanied by subviral RNAs is the Tomato black ring virus (TBRV). DI RNAs associated with the TBRV genome were generated de novo as a result of prolonged passages in one host. DI RNAs modulate the TBRV accumulation and the severity of the symptoms induced on the infected plants. In this study, we have addressed the question of whether DI RNAs can also affect TBRV vertical transmission through seeds. The experiments were conducted using the TBRV-Pi isolate and Chenopodium quinoa plants. C. quinoa plants were infected with TBRV-Pi with and without DI RNAs. Overall, 4 003 seeds were tested, and the analysis showed that the presence of DI RNAs made the TBRV-Pi seed transmission 44.76% more efficient. Moreover, for the first time, we showed that DI RNAs are being transferred from generation to generation.

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20

Wiwanitkit, Viroj. "Unusual mode of transmission of dengue." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4, no. 01 (November 30, 2009): 051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.145.

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Dengue is the most important tropical mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by an arbovirus, the dengue virus. It should be noted that there are still other unusual modes of transmission of dengue infection. This paper summarizes those non vector-borne transmissions of dengue including vertical transmission, transfusion related transmission, transplantation related transmission, and needle-stick-related transmission.

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21

Rood, Julian. "Vertical Transmission, June 2005." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 2 (2005): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05050.

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Congratulations are in order. I am pleased to announce that Associate Professor Bill Rawlinson from the Department of Microbiology at the Prince of Wales Hospital in Sydney is the recipient of the 2004 Fenner Prize. A/Prof Rawlinson is a medical graduate who went on to obtain his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1993. He then returned to Australia to take up his position at the Prince of Wales Hospital, where he is currently Senior Medical Virologist within South East Health Laboratories. His research has been very productive and has involved antiviral agents, cytomegalovirus and hepatitis C virus. Bill has been very active in ASM in the role of a Division 2 Chair on NSAC and as the guest editor of the March 2005 edition of Microbiology Australia. He will present his Fenner Lecture entitled ?Virus transmission from mother to baby ? infections, disease and emerging paradigms? at the Canberra meeting in September.

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22

Fischler, Björn, Gudrun Lindh, Susanne Lindgren, Marianne Forsgren, Madeleine Von Sydow, Per Sangfelt, Anette Alaeus, Lena Harland, Erik Enockson, and Antal Nemeth. "Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 28, no. 4 (January 1996): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365549609037918.

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23

Gillett, Peter, Nicholas Hallam, and Jacqueline Mok. "Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 28, no. 6 (January 1996): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365549609037958.

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24

Lam, J. P. H., F. McOmish, S. M. Burns, P. L. Yap, J. Y. Q. Mok, and P. Simmonds. "Infrequent Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus." Journal of Infectious Diseases 167, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/167.3.572.

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25

Allison, Robin W., and Edward A. Hoover. "Covert Vertical Transmission of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 19, no. 5 (May 2003): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/088922203765551764.

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26

Choe, Won Hyeok, and June Sung Lee. "Preventing Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B virus." Korean Journal of Medicine 87, no. 5 (2014): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2014.87.5.557.

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27

Bosch, M., I. Puig, M. Bonastre, O. Altirriba, N. Margall, G. Verges, and J. Cubells. "5. VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS." Pediatric Research 24, no. 5 (November 1988): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198811000-00027.

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28

Motha, M. X. J., and J. R. Egerton. "Vertical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens." Avian Pathology 16, no. 1 (January 1987): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079458708436359.

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29

KOWALAPIASKOWSKA, A. "Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus infection." Hepatology Research 30, no. 3 (November 2004): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hepres.2004.08.017.

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30

Ishii, S., H. Yoshizawa, and K. Tanaka. "Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus infection." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 39, no. 3 (November 1992): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(92)90662-3.

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31

Domachowske, J. B. "Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 9, no. 4 (October 1996): 448–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.9.4.448.

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In the past decade, an increase in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has had a substantial impact on childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. The vertical transmission of HIV from mother to infant accounts for the vast majority of these cases. Identification of HIV-infected pregnant women needs to be impoved so that appropriate therapy can be initiated for both mothers and infants. While recent data demonstrate a dramatic decrease in HIV transmission from a subset of women treated with zidovudine during pregnancy, further efforts at reducing transmission are desperately needed. This review focuses on vertically transmitted HIV infection in children, its epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, natural history, and clinical manifestations including infectious and noninfectious complications. An overview of the complex medical management of these children ensues, including the use of antiretroviral therapy. Opportunistic infection prophylaxis is reviewed, along with the important role of other supportive therapies.

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32

Arragain, L., N. Sigur, A. C. Gourinat, A. Barthel, C. Cazorla, J. P. Grangeon, and E. Descloux. "COL03-03: Risque de transmission verticale du virus de la dengue en période périnatale et au cours de l’allaitement." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 44, no. 6 (June 2014): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(14)70051-4.

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33

Silverstein, Peter S., Nour A. Aljouda, and Anil Kumar. "Recent developments in vertical transmission of ZIKA virus." Oncotarget 7, no. 39 (August 25, 2016): 62797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.11619.

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34

Ciota, Alexander T., Sean M. Bialosuknia, Dylan J. Ehrbar, and Laura D. Kramer. "Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus byAedes aegyptiandAe. albopictusMosquitoes." Emerging Infectious Diseases 23, no. 5 (May 2017): 880–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2305.162041.

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35

Hyndman, Timothy H., and Robert S. P. Johnson. "Evidence for the vertical transmission of Sunshine virus." Veterinary Microbiology 175, no. 2-4 (February 2015): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.008.

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36

NITTONO, HIROSHI, TOYOHIKO WATANABE, NORIKO NAKATSU, TOSHIO MORI, TAKESHI MARUYAMA, MOTOHIKO HAYASHI, AKIFUMI TOKITA, and KAORU OBINATA. "Prevention of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus." Juntendo Medical Journal 35, no. 3 (1989): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14789/pjmj.35.312.

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37

Freitas, Rogério Caixeta Moraes De, Annie Caroline Magalhães Santos, and Wagner Izidoro De Brito. "Vertical transmission of Zika virus and perinatal microcephaly." Placenta 83 (August 2019): e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2019.06.131.

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38

Bhatta, Anil Kumar, Uma Keyal, Yeqiang Liu, and Emese Gellen. "Vertical transmission of herpes simplex virus: an update." JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 16, no. 6 (May 15, 2018): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddg.13529.

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39

Tóth, Ferenc D., Attila Bácsi, Zoltán Beck, and et al. "Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (A review)." Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 48, no. 3-4 (September 2001): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/amicr.48.2001.3-4.10.

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40

Witter, R. L., and D. W. Salter. "Vertical Transmission of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus in Breeder Turkeys." Avian Diseases 33, no. 2 (April 1989): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590836.

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41

Agusto, F. B., S. Bewick, and W. F. Fagan. "Mathematical model of Zika virus with vertical transmission." Infectious Disease Modelling 2, no. 2 (May 2017): 244–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2017.05.003.

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42

Maccabruni, A., D. . Case, M. Mondelli, M. Degioanni, and A. Cerino. "Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus and HIV." AIDS 7, no. 7 (July 1993): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199307000-00024.

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43

Vike, Siri, Stian Nylund, and Are Nylund. "ISA virus in Chile: evidence of vertical transmission." Archives of Virology 154, no. 1 (November 26, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-008-0251-2.

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44

Bruguera, M., E. Fos, J. M. Sánchez-Tapias, J. Costa, N. Artigas, and J. Rodés. "Vertical transmission of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection." Journal of Hepatology 9 (January 1989): S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8278(89)90419-4.

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45

Carla Re, Maria, Giuliano Furlini, Monica Vignoli, Ennio Ricchi, Eric Ramazzotti, Sonia Bianchi, Brunella Guerra, Paolo Costigliola, and Michele La Placa. "Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 15, no. 6 (August 1992): 553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0732-8893(92)90108-6.

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46

Ferreira, Fátima Cristiane Pinho de Almeida Di Maio, Anamaria Szrajbman Vaz da Silva, Judith Recht, Lusiele Guaraldo, Maria Elisabeth Lopes Moreira, André Machado de Siqueira, Patrick Gerardin, and Patrícia Brasil. "Vertical transmission of chikungunya virus: A systematic review." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 23, 2021): e0249166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249166.

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Objectives To describe and estimate the frequency of pregnancy outcomes, clinical and laboratory characteristics of vertical transmission of CHIKV in the neonate. Study design We performed a systematic review evaluating the clinical presentation of perinatally-acquired CHIKV infection in neonates. The search was performed using Medline (via PubMed), LILACS, Web of Science, Scielo, Google Scholar and Open grey to identify studies assessing vertical transmission of CHIKV up to November 3, 2020. There were no search restrictions regarding the study type, the publication date or language. Studies with no documented evidence of CHIKV infection in neonates (negative RT-PCR or absence of IgM) were excluded. Results From the 227 studies initially identified, 42 were selected as follows: 28 case reports, 7 case series, 2 cross-sectional studies and 5 cohort studies, for a total of 266 CHIKV infected neonates confirmed by serological and/or molecular tests. The vertical transmission rate was 50% in the Reunion Island outbreak, which was the subject of the majority of the studies; the premature delivery were reported in 19 (45.2%) studies; the rate of fetal distress was 19.6% of infected babies and fetal loss occurred in 2% of the cases. Approximately 68.7% of newborns were diagnosed with encephalopathy or encephalitis after perinatally acquired CHIKV. Most of the infected neonates were born healthy, developing CHIKV sepsis clinical syndrome within the first week of life. Conclusions We alert neonatologists to the late manifestations of neonatal CHIKV infection, relevant to the management and reduction of morbidity. A limitation of our review was that it was not possible to carry out meta-analysis due to differences in study design and the small number of participants.

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47

Chen, Y. P., J. S. Pettis, A. Collins, and M. F. Feldlaufer. "Prevalence and Transmission of Honeybee Viruses." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 1 (January 2006): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.606-611.2006.

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ABSTRACT Transmission mechanisms of six honeybee viruses, including acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and sacbrood bee virus (SBV), in honey bee colonies were investigated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) methods. The virus status of individual queens was evaluated by examining the presence of viruses in the queens' feces and tissues, including hemolymph, gut, ovaries, spermatheca, head, and eviscerated body. Except for head tissue, all five tissues as well as queen feces were found to be positive for virus infections. When queens in bee colonies were identified as positive for BQCV, DWV, CBPV, KBV, and SBV, the same viruses were detected in their offspring, including eggs, larvae, and adult workers. On the other hand, when queens were found positive for only two viruses, BQCV and DWV, only these two viruses were detected in their offspring. The presence of viruses in the tissue of ovaries and the detection of the same viruses in queens' eggs and young larvae suggest vertical transmission of viruses from queens to offspring. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of vertical transmission of viruses in honeybee colonies.

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48

Sánchez Pina, María Amelia, Cristina Gómez-Aix, Eduardo Méndez-López, Blanca Gosalvez Bernal, and Miguel A. Aranda. "Imaging Techniques to Study Plant Virus Replication and Vertical Transmission." Viruses 13, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030358.

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Plant viruses are obligate parasites that need to usurp plant cell metabolism in order to infect their hosts. Imaging techniques have been used for quite a long time to study plant virus–host interactions, making it possible to have major advances in the knowledge of plant virus infection cycles. The imaging techniques used to study plant–virus interactions have included light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Here, we review the use of these techniques in plant virology, illustrating recent advances in the area with examples from plant virus replication and virus plant-to-plant vertical transmission processes.

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49

Bergren, Nicholas A., Erin M. Borland, Daniel A. Hartman, and Rebekah C. Kading. "Laboratory demonstration of the vertical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by Culex tarsalis mosquitoes." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): e0009273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009273.

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Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus with proven ability to emerge into naïve geographic areas. Limited field evidence suggests that RVFV is transmitted vertically from parent mosquito to offspring, but until now this mechanism has not been confirmed in the laboratory. Furthermore, this transmission mechanism has allowed for the prediction of RVFV epizootics based on rainfall patterns collected from satellite information. However, in spite of the relevance to the initiation of epizootic events, laboratory confirmation of vertical transmission has remained an elusive research aim for thirty-five years. Herein we present preliminary evidence of the vertical transmission of RVFV by Culex tarsalis mosquitoes after oral exposure to RVFV. Progeny from three successive gonotrophic cycles were reared to adults, with infectious RVFV confirmed in each developmental stage. Virus was detected in ovarian tissues of parental mosquitoes 7 days after imbibing an infectious bloodmeal. Infection was confirmed in progeny as early as the first gonotrophic cycle, with infection rates ranging from 2.0–10.0%. Virus titers among progeny were low, which may indicate a host mechanism suppressing replication.

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50

Lambrechts, Louis, and Thomas W. Scott. "Mode of transmission and the evolution of arbovirus virulence in mosquito vectors." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1660 (January 13, 2009): 1369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1709.

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Abstract:

The traditional assumption that vector-borne pathogens should evolve towards a benign relationship with their arthropod vectors has been challenged on theoretical grounds and empirical evidence. However, in the case of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses), although a number of investigators have reported experimental evidence for virus-induced vector mortality, others have failed to detect any significant impact. Whether this variation in the observed level of arbovirus virulence depends on biological traits or experimental design is unclear. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of studies across a range of mosquito–virus systems to show that, overall, arboviruses do reduce the survival of their mosquito vectors, but that the magnitude of the effect depends on the vector/virus taxonomic groups and the mode of virus transmission. Alphaviruses were associated with highest virulence levels in mosquitoes. Horizontal transmission (intrathoracic inoculation or oral infection) was correlated with significant virus-induced mortality, whereas a lack of adverse effect was found for Aedes mosquitoes infected transovarially by bunyaviruses—a group of viruses characterized by high natural rates of vertical transmission in their enzootic vectors. Our findings are consistent with the general prediction that vertically transmitted pathogens should be less virulent than those transmitted horizontally. We conclude that varying degrees of virulence observed among vector–virus systems probably reflect different selective pressures imposed on arboviruses that are primarily transmitted horizontally versus vertically.

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