Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Virus de l’hépatite B'
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Billioud, Gaëtan. "Étude des performances de variants du virus de l’hépatite B." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10077.
Full textCurrent therapies against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) combine one or more nucleoside analogues that directly inhibit viral replication by blocking reverse transcription step. These treatments are very effective, however, faced with the emergence of viruses resistant to these treatments. These resistances are the result of the emergence and selection of mutants with mutations can be complex in both the polymerase gene (pol) and the viral envelope. The main objectives of this PhD was to study the sensitivity of resistant HBV variants vis-à-vis similar nucleos(t)ides and new compounds non-nucleos(t)idic acting against the nucleocapsid, but also compare the performance of different viral mutants to understand the process of selection of mutants that occurs in patients under therapeutic pressure. These studies have characterized the sensitivity of some resistance mutations to nucleoside analogues, to highlight the importance of the envelope changes due to resistance mutations in the process of emergence and selection of variants in the quasispecies virus and to identify new effective antiviral drugs may allow, in combination with nucleoside analogues, to greatly reduce the phenomenon of HBV resistance. Better understanding the phenomenon of resistance, the processes of emergence, selection and transmission of HBV mutants to develop the best clinical strategies of combination therapy can significantly reduce the number of people affected by this virus
Boukhebza, Houda. "Caractérisation de produits d'immunothérapie ciblant l’infection chronique par le virus de l’hépatite B." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10027.
Full textChronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects 400 million people worldwide and leads to 1 million of deaths per year as a result of liver complications. Current treatments can slow the progression of the disease but cure patients in very rare cases (3-5%). The medical need for new therapies is obvious, strong and immunotherapy approaches appear promising in this disease, where immune correlates of resolution are established. The aim of this thesis was a comprehensive study of immunotherapeutic candidates, based on a non-replicating human adenovirus serotype 5 vector, encoding several antigens of HBV. Studies in vitro and in a mouse model, showed the ability of: 1 / HBV antigens encoded by some candidates to form VLPs (electron microscopy) 2 / candidates to induce recruitment of immune cells at the injection site after subcutaneous administration. In vivo studies using a prototype candidate aimed at characterizing the induced immune responses and to study the impact of atypical immunization schedules, which could be clinically used. They demonstrated the ability of the prototype, injected once or multiple times, to induce strong, multispecific and sustained over time HBV specific CD8 + T cells, in naive or tolerant to HBV mouse models. Multiple administrations do not increase the proportion of HBV specific T cells expressing inhibitory molecules, such as PD1
Chardès, Brieux. "Inhibition du Virus de l’Hépatite Delta par des inducteurs de la voie NFκB." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1141.
Full textSuper-infection by Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) of chronically Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infected patients leads to the most aggressive forms of chronic viral hepatitis, with a faster progression towards fibrosis/cirrhosis and an increased risk of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Around 15-20 millions of people are co-infected with both viruses, which ranks this co-infection as one of the most prevalent and clinically challenging of the world. HDV infection is not susceptible to available direct anti-HBV. The only therapeutic option for HBV/HDV co-infected patients is the pegylated-interferon-α, a drug which has many side effects and suboptimal responses. Few molecules that target HDV are currently in development but none of them is affecting the replicative step of this virus. There is an urgent need to develop efficient treatment strategies for patients. An infection produced many cytokines. Different studies showed an activation of the interferon pathway during HDV infection in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, there is no current data available concerning an activation of the Nuclear factor κ B » (NFκB) pathway by HDV, and more than that our laboratory has suggested a lack of activation. Our purpose was to test the effect on HDV of various immunomodulatory drugs activating this pathway. After screening of various inducers of the canonical and non-canonical NFκB pathways we identified an agonist of the “toll like” receptor 1/2 (Pam3CSK4) and an agonist of the lymphotoxin β receptor (BS1) decreasing the HDV RNA and proteins. More extensive studies have shown a dose-dependent and stable anti-HDV effect despite an increase of the number of viral particles used to infect cells. Rebound experiments have shown a persistent antiviral effect and an alteration of the HDV particles infectivity. Its suggests an irreversible effect on HDV replication and transcription template. Transcriptomic analysis on HBV/HDV infected and treated with Pam3CSK4 and BS1 cells has confirmed the induction of the NFκB pathway and revealed the activation of numerous genes involved in an inflammatory response. A Gene Ontology study of molecular functions and cellular processes significantly modulated by Pam3CSK4 or BS1 treatments had enable us to identify a list of potential effectors targeting the RNA and responsible of the anti-HDV phenotype. The underlying mechanism (i.e. RNA degradation or negative regulation of transcription) remains to be deciphered. Our project has shown that the NFκB induction is a potential target to inhibit the HDV infection. Research of effector(s) will probably enable us to identify a new restriction factor. Thus, our research efforts should pave the way for the development of novel efficient antiviral strategies to eliminate HDV
Delaleau, Mildred. "Import nucléaire de la capside du virus de l’hépatite B et libération du génome viral." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21870/document.
Full textThe hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus which causes 1 to 2 million of death every year. Approximately 400 million individuals are chronically infected. HBV is enveloped and comprises a DNA genome of ~3.2 kbp within an icosaedral capsid. The capsid is formed by 240 copies of one single protein species termed core or capsid protein. During the infection, the capsid is imported to the nucleus in order to release the viral genome. The import is facilitated through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) using nuclear transport receptors. Biopsies of HBV-infected patients show nuclear capsids, which are derived from nuclear entry of the capsid but also from nuclear import of progeny core proteins.This work investigates the nuclear import of the HBV capsid and the release of the viral genome. We showed that the imports of core protein and capsid follow different pathways. Capsids were shown to use the heterodimer of importin α and β for nuclear import as it was demonstrated by nuclear import essay, based on digitonin-permeabilised cells. This finding is consistent with earlier observations, which also demonstrated the exposure of NLS on the capsid surface, to which importin attaches. Control experiments using GST-NLS demonstrated that binding of the NLS to importin required interaction with importin for stabilization of the import complex. Analysing the nuclear import of the unassembled core protein we observed an import based on interaction with only importin β implying that the core protein expose an importin -binding domain rather than an NLS.The transport through the NPC is terminated with the arrival of a cargo capsid in the nuclear basket, which is a cage like structure at the nuclear side of the NPC. Consistent with the literature we observed an attachment of importin to the C terminal domain of Nup153. Addition of RanGTP, which dissociates import complexes, did not dissociate importin from this domain, which led to the hypothesis that other Nup153 domains are involved. In contrast to other karyophilic cargos HBV capsids become arrested within the nuclear basket by capsid-Nup153 interaction. As the binding site of importin overlaps with the binding site of the capsid such importin -Nup153 interaction has to be dissociated. The subsequent capsid-Nup153 interaction was thought to destabilize the capsid allowing liberation of the viral genome into the nuclear and the diffusion of core proteins, supernumerous with regard to the Nup153 molecules, deeper into the nucleus. Accordingly, capsids show an imminent instability as we demonstrated by separation of capsids using size exclusion chromatography revealing not only capsids but assembly/disassembly intermediates. These experiments were limited to recombinant, E. coli-expressed due to the high amounts needed. To confirm the instability of other capsids e.g. genome-containing ones, we analyzed the accessibility of the capsid enclosed nucleic acids to the S7 nuclease. The results confirmed partial dissociation in vitro similar for all capsids but with a slow kinetic, which is not coherent with the in vivo reaction. Investigating the impact of Nup153 we observed that an additional nuclear factor, present in at least hepatoma cells accelerates the dissociation kinetic
Quétier, Ivan. "Protéine HBx du Virus de l’Hépatite B : impact sur la prolifération et la carcinogenèse hépatique." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T051.
Full textHepatitis B virus (HBV) is a worldwide health issue, as it is estimated that 350 millions people are chronically infected. Among the viral proteins, HBx is thought to be involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. In this work, we were interested in biological differences between HBx sequence from non tumoral region (HBx-NT) compared to HBx from tumoral region (HBx-T) from a single patient. In particular, we studied liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy et hepatocarcinogenesis in a transgenic mice model. We demonstrated that HBx-T did not modulate liver regenereation. We also showed that HBx-NT induced IL-6 overexpression during priming phase of liver regeneration, and that IL-6 overexpression was involved in STAT3 hyperactivation, SOCS3 accumulation and inhibition of ERK. Overall, HBx-NT induced IL-6 overexpression was responsible for a delay in liver regeneration. Moreover, we showed that HBx-T induced a faster development of hepatic tumor after DEN initiation, compared to HBx-NT. Both HBx forms were involved in an apoptosis sensibilization during acute liver injury, that could be involved in co-carcinogenic effect of HBx-T and HBx-NT. Overall, my results participate to the comprehension of HBx impact on liver carcinogenesis
Lereau, Myriam. "Synergisme entre le virus de l’hépatite B et l’aflatoxine B1 dans l’hépatocarcinogenèse : effets sur l’induction de p53." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10078.
Full textIn sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia, chronic infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) play a synergic role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However mechanisms are still largely unknown. HBV is a small DNA virus which induces different liver diseases from asymptomatic carriage to HCC. AFB1 is a mycotoxin which contaminates food. After activation into an epoxide, it forms DNA adducts and mutations, such as R249S mutation at codon 249 in tumor suppressor TP53 gene (AGG → AGT). We have taken advantage of the unique features of the cell line HepaRG to investigate interactions between both risk factors: cells differentiate in vitro into hepatocytes which metabolize AFB1 and can be infected by HBV. We have shown that AFB1 induces a dose-dependent p53 response and act as an antiviral agent by repressing production of HBV particles after 48 hours of exposure. Nevertheless HBV infection had no effect on adduct formation or repair. Moreover DNA synthesis activity associated to DNA repair and cell proliferation were observed following AFB1 treatment, suggesting the feasibility of mutation research in this model, especially R249S. Overall these results suggest that AFB1 may attenuate HBV chronic hepatitis while maintaining hepatocytes under intense mutagenic pressure, thus enhancing the progression towards HCC
Fournier, Maëlenn. "Implication du gène core dans l'accumulation de l'ADN circulaire clos de façon covalente du virus de l'hépatite B." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10058/document.
Full textThe feature of hepatitis B virus is the synthesis of a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) which is the persistence form of the virus in cell. cccDNA is maintained to 1 copy per human cell thanks to the recycling of capsids into the nucleus. Indeed, during the viral cycle, capsids are either transported into the nucleus to form cccDNA or enveloped and secreted to form new infectious virions. Because of its maintenance in the hepatocyte, cccDNA formation and regulation are still key elements of antiviral treatment. It has been shown that, in vitro, cccDNA accumulation was regulated by envelope proteins. Upon the study of cccDNA levels in liver biopsies of HIV-HBV co-infected patients, an individual with a cccDNA level 300 fold higher than the average of the cohort was identified. My thesis objective was to understand which is the mechanism leading to the cccDNA accumulation observed in vivo. This allowed us to highlight the role of core gene in cccDNA accumulation
Lepère-Douard, Charlotte. "Analyse du mécanisme d’entrée du virus de l’hépatite B : identification d’un nouveau déterminant de l’infectivité." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00498099.
Full textThe hepatitis B virus is an extremely contagious human pathogen responsible for severe hepatic diseases like cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Even though infection can be prevented by immunization with an efficient vaccine, about 2 billion people have been infected worldwide, resulting in 350 million chronic carriers that are prone to develop liver diseases. Current treatments consist either in the use of interferon, which modulates antiviral defenses and controls infection in 30 to 40% of cases, or in the use of viral polymerase inhibitors that allow a stronger response to treatment but require long-term utilization and frequently lead to the outcome of resistant viruses. A better understanding of the virus life cycle, and particularly of the mechanism by which the virus enters the cell, could provide background for therapeutics that inhibit the early steps of infection. Then, the objective of my PhD work was to study the mechanism of HBV entry. One approach to decipher viral entry is to interfere with the function of envelope proteins. Therefore, we introduced mutations in HBV surface proteins to identify new motives necessary for viral infectivity. This strategy highlighted the role of a new infectivity determinant, in the HBV large envelope protein, which is probably implicated in a fusion process allowing the release of nucleocapsids into the cytosol of infected cells
Lebossé, Fanny. "Interactions in vivo entre l’immunité innée intrahépatique et la réplication du virus de l’hépatite B." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10192.
Full textChronic HBV infections (CHB) are difficult to treat diseases because of viral persistence. It’s explained by the particular replication of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and its interplays with host immunity. CHB is characterized by different stages, which reflect a balance between viral replication and immune response. However, our knowledge regarding the natural history of CHB is insufficient to allow us to predict patients’ prognosis. Further clinical studies are needed to improve our understanding of interplays between HBV replication and host immunity. The first study is a retrospective one about interplays between serological and intrahepatic viral markers and intrahepatic innate immunity genes expression. Immunity genes seem to be down-regulated during CHB in comparison to healthy controls, without impact of the level of viral replication. HBsAg levels in blood may reflect the intrahepatic innate immune response and especially the type I IFN response for HBeAg negative patients. The second part is a prospective study which shows any relevance of adding PEG-IFN to HIV/HBV co-infected responders to NUCS therapy patients. The results highlight the potential interest of baseline HBsAg level to predict PEG-IFN response (low HBsAg levels being more favorable). Finally, these results highlight the role of interplays between HBV replication and innate immune response during the natural history of CHB. They may be interesting in the context of the development of new antiviral strategies
Gerossier, Laetitia. "L’influence de HBx sur la réplication du virus de l’Hépatite B et les conséquences sur la cellule." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1196/document.
Full textHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem worldwide as (1) despite an effective preventive vaccine over 240 million individuals are chronically infected and (2) the actual viral suppressive treatments available do not eliminate viral DNA from cells. Thus, infected individuals are at a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and understanding viral replication mechanisms and how it impacts on hepatocarcinogenesis is a major challenge.The role of the HBx protein, notably in viral replication and oncogenic processes, is the subject of many publications. However, many studies have often used non-physiological infection conditions. My thesis project has addressed these limitations by using cellular models, including primary human hepatocytes which can be infected by HBV, to investigate HBx’s role in these processes. I have shown that HBx is indispensable for HBV replication and that HBx associates with the infected cell’s DDB1/ E3 ubiquitin complex to target its Smc5/6 complex for degradation via the proteasome. These studies have identified that the Smc5/6 complex is a novel viral restriction factor that acts at an epigenetic level to block viral replication. This unexpected role of SMC5/6 has led to new research into the evolutionary conservation of restriction factors for episomal DNA viruses. As SMC5/6 is implicated in DNA Damage Repair (DDR), the last section of my thesis reports how SMC5/6 degradation in infected cells can sensitise cells to the cell killing effects of DNA damaging agents such as ionizing radiation and hydroxyurea. These results open-up possibilities for HCC treatment where HBx expression may be of therapeutic benefit
Floriot, Océane. "Virus de l’Hépatite B et transcription cellulaire : impact de la protéine HBx et de ses interactions avec les ARNs non-codants." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1319/document.
Full textHepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major health problem worldwide despite the availability of the vaccine. No cure is available for the 240 million peoples chronically infected with HBV that are at risk to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Viral suppression, achieved by long term treatment with nucleotides analogues (NUCs), impacts on liver fibrosis and prevents liver decompensation but HCC risk is not reduced in the first 5 years of treatment. HBV is a small hepatotropic virus with a partially double strand DNA (rcDNA) genome. After hepatocyte infection the rcDNA is converted into the cccDNA episome that is then organized into a viral minichromosome that is the template for all viral transcripts and initiates replication. The hepatitis B x protein (HBx) is recruited on the cccDNA and is required to launch and maintain cccDNA transcription. HBx has also been shown to directly target cellular genes and this has been related to HCC development.We used a ChIP-Seq approach to determine the full repertoire of HBx genomic targets in HBV replicating cells. HBx targets include both protein coding genes and ncRNA (75 miRNAs and 34 lncRNAs). We showed that HBx represses a subset of miRNAs that would negatively regulate viral replication (i.e. miR-24) and miRNAs involved in HCC development (i.e. miR-21). Among the HBx targeted lncRNAs we focused DLEU2, which is strongly upregulated in HBV infection and HCC. We further showed that DLEU2 binds both HBx the Ezh2 histone methyltransferase, the catalytic subunit of the repressive PRC2 complex. The interaction with DLEU2 and HBx re-wires Ezh2/PRC2 functions leading to the constitutive activation of a subset of Ezh2 target genes that are normally kept in a repressed state. We also showed that HBx interaction with DLEU2 occurs on the cccDNA minichromosome where it boosts HBV transcription/replication. Finally, we characterized by ATAC-Seq HBV imposed changes of chromatin accessibility in primary human hepatocytes
Péneau, Camille. "Mécanismes moléculaires et conséquences oncogéniques des intégrations du Virus de l’Hépatite B dans les tissus hépatiques." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/PENEAU_Camille_va2.pdf.
Full textDespite the existence of an effective vaccine and of treatments that suppress viral replication, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection remains one of the most frequent chronic diseases. 39% of HBV-related deaths are associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. HBV is indeed the main risk factor of HCC development in patients who generally already have a liver cirrhosis induced by the infection. However, the fact that some HBV-related HCC occur without chronic inflammation underlines the direct oncogenic properties of this DNA virus, which can promote hepatocyte cell transformation through integration into the human genome. This project aimed to describe the HBV genomes in tumor and non-tumor liver tissues from 177 patients, mostly with African and European origin, using viral capture and next-generation sequencing techniques, and characterized viral integrations according to the genetic and clinical data of the patients. We showed that non-tumor tissues contain more frequently replicating HBV DNA and a higher number of insertions, mainly located in open chromatin regions but without direct functional consequences. In tumors, on the other hand, HBV integrations are often clonal and enriched in proximity of genes involved in hepatocarcinogenesis such as TERT (in one-third of HBV-related HCC), CCNE1, or KMT2B, and can directly lead to tumor development by activating these genes in cis. HBV integrations in CCNA2 or CCNE1, for example, generate replicative stress and a specific signature of structural rearrangements, thus promoting the development of aggressive HCC in the absence of cirrhosis. We also described a novel oncogenic mechanism associated with HBV integrations based on rearrangements of the human genome delimited by integrated viral sequences, which induce copy number alterations of distant "driver" genes such as TP53 or MYC. We have therefore further characterized the viral integrations of HBV in HCC, but also those of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) which can also integrate into human DNA and promote tumor development through insertional mutagenesis by altering the same genes as HBV (TERT, CCNA2, CCNE1, KMT2B)
Tremblay, Marie-Pier. "Nouveau rôle oncogénique pour les virus de l’hépatite B et C : l’altération des événements d’épissage alternatif." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8169.
Full textAlfaiate, Dulce. "Study of the interplay between hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses and evaluation of investigational anti-HDV immuno-modulators in superinfection cell culture models." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10123/document.
Full textHDV/HBV superinfection is the most aggressive form of chronic viral hepatitis and is estimated to affect 15-20 million patients worldwide. HDV is not susceptible to available direct anti-HBV drugs and sustained response to IFNα therapy occurs in less than 1/4 of patients. Despite the faster progression of liver disease, most HDV/ HBV infected patients present a suppression of HBV replication. The details of the interactions between HDV, HBV and the host cell innate immune response remain largely unexplored and research efforts have been limited by the lack of infection models. The aims of this thesis work were: i) to study HDV infection and the interplay with the host innate immune response; ii) to identify novel therapeutic strategies for the inhibition of HDV; iii) to further explore HDV/ HBV interference. The experimental strategy was based on infection of dHepaRG cells, which are known to be permissive to both HBV and HDV full replicative cycles and to present physiological innate immune responses. We observed that: i) HDV infection is associated with a strong, yet transient replication, a potent induction of the expression of ISGs; ii) IFN-α treatment of HDVinfected cells does not induce a further increase of ISG expression and has a modest antiviral activity. Conversely, some PRR agonists, in particular those inducing the NFkB pathway, induce a strong decline in HDV replication; iii) despite the low number of coinfected cells, HDV as well as its encoded proteins exert a repressive effect on HBV replication. Our work opens an array of perspectives on the pathogenesis of hepatitis delta and the identification of novel immune modulatory therapeutic strategies
Velay, Aurélie. "Influence des protéines d’enveloppe du virus de l’hépatite B sur la disparition de l’antigène HBs circulant lors du traitement de l’hépatite chronique B par analogues nucléos(t)idiques : mécanismes moléculaires impliqués et développement d’un traitement immunomodulateur à base d’anticorps monoclonaux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0284/document.
Full textHepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic infection remains difficult to eradicate. On treatment by nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs), HBs Antigen (Ag) clearance is the ultimate but difficult therapeutic goal. Our aim was to investigate how variability of HBV envelope protein, crucial in viral cellular entry and targeted by host immune response, could play a role in HBsAg clearance. HBV chronically infected patients, treated by NUCs with HBsAg clearance (resolver) were matched with patients without HBsAg clearance (non resolver). Combined mutations sT125M/sP127T, associated with HBsAg persistence, displayed a lower predicted antigenicity. Ultra Deep Sequencing of S gene showed a higher variability in non resolver. Functional assays on viral particles including sT125M and sP127T mutations versus reference particles are in progress. As a conclusion, molecular features observed in non NR argue in favor of a different pattern in HBV S characteristics according to variable NUCs efficiency
Ramière, Christophe. "Interactions entre le métabolisme hépatique des sels biliaires et des lipoprotéines et les infections par les virus des hépatites B et C." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10016.
Full textHepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) infections are tightly linked with hepatic lipid metabolism. HBV replication depends on specific nuclear receptors, such as HNF4α and PPARα, both implicated in this metabolism. HCV assembly depends on the synthesis of Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL), and the virus circulates in the blood as lipo-viral-particles associated in particular with apoB, an essential component of VLDL. In this study, we first studied the influence of FXRα, the nuclear receptor for bile acids, on HBV replication. We showed that, in vitro, bile acids, via FXRα, were able to activate the HBV Core promoter which controls the level of viral replication. Then, in the study of the interactions between HCV and lipoproteins, we demonstrated that apoB, which is associated with a proportion of viral particles, played an important role in HCV infectivity in vitro, and that Cideb, a protein involved in VLDL assembly, was implicated in the association between HCV and apoB and influenced the infectivity of secreted viral particles. Finally, we showed that, besides HCV infectious particles, sub-particles bearing only viral envelope glycoproteins circulated in the blood of infected patients. Interactions of HBV with the metabolism of bile acids, and of HCV with the metabolism of lipoproteins, are two examples of adaptation of a parasite to its host. The potential benefits from these interactions are still to be determined, as well as the possibility to develop anti-viral strategies targeting lipid metabolism
Kassab, Somar. "Variabilité du virus de l'hépatite B." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0056/document.
Full textThe genetic polymorphism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been investigated tounderstand its impact on disease evolution, with discordant results. This could be due to thenarrow range of genotype and plasmatic viral load in these studies.We analysed complete genome variability of circulating HBV, in 422 chronicallyinfected patients. All were naive of anti-viral treatement and 38% had a plasmatic viral loadbelow 103 UI/mL. After optimisation of full length genome PCR amplification, we obtainedSanger sequences for more than 90% of HBV genome in 320 samples. We detected by directsequencing multiples co-infections that were confirmed by clonal pyrosequencing in 27samples. Defective viruses were always observed in co-infection with wild type virus. Directsequences showed a large representation of the most frequent genotypes (A to E), but also 60potential inter-genotypic recombinants. Clonal pyrosequencing and vectorial sequencingshowed that these potential recombinants were co-infections with different genotypes orintermediate genotypes located between close genotypes. These observations are incontradiction with the hypothesis described in the literature on recombination by geneticmaterial exchange.This study will be completed by a correlation analysis between the polymorphisms andmarkers of bad prognosis during HBV-induced disease
Chabrolles, Hélène. "Interaction de la protéine Core du virus de l’Hépatite B avec les protéines de liaison aux ARN : effets sur la réplication virale et perspectives thérapeutiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1321.
Full textConverging evidences suggest that the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein, beside its well-known structural role to form nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm, could have important regulatory functions in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. Indeed, nuclear Core was shown to associate with the cccDNA and to the promoters of some cellular genes, suggesting that Core may control viral and/or cellular gene expression. In addition, Core has the capacity to bind RNA, and may thus regulate HBV RNA metabolism. To elucidate these functions, we performed a proteomic analysis of the cellular factors interacting with nuclear Core in human hepatocytes. This interactome revealed a majority of highly interconnected RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which participate in several steps of mRNA metabolism, including transcription, splicing and nuclear egress. We focused on two major Core-interacting factors, SRSF10 and RBMX that were previously involved in splicing and DNA repair. Functional analyses performed by a siRNA approach indicated that RBMX and SRSF10 were able to differentially regulate the levels of all viral RNAs most likely by acting at different steps of the viral life-cycle. Similarly, a small compound, affecting the activity of selected RBPs, severely impaired HBV replication by strongly reducing viral RNA accumulation. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that Core interacts with some selected RBPs to control the fate of viral and/or cellular RNAs and provide new critical information for the development of novel host-targeting antiviral agents (HTA)
Pivert, Adeline. "Mutations dans la région précore du virus de l’hépatite B et fibrose hépatique : approche épidémiologique et application fondamentale." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0075/document.
Full textThe hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant public health problem with more than 880 000 deaths every year worldwide. At the stage of chronic HBV infection, complications can occur such as fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The role of HBV, its protein and its genomic variability in fibrosis are still unclear. Meta-analysis seems to indicate a strong link between the double mutation A1762T/G1764A detection in the basal core promotor (BCP) of HBV and the development of fibrosis. In this context, our work aimed to explore: i. the implication of BCP or precore (PC) regions mutations on the severity of fibrosis, and ii. the role of HBc and HBe proteins in fibrosis induction. For the first approach, our studies confirmed the association between the presence of the BCP double mutation and severe fibrosis, independently of the viral genotype. We also showed that the G1899A mutation in the PC region presents an antagonist effect regarding the double BCP mutant for fibrosis severity. In the second part of our work, we developed an innovative technology to produce protein via the transduction of HepaRG cells using lentiviral technology with a plasmid vector containing GFP (greenfluorescent protein) sequence. We also obtained lentiviral particles containing the wild and mutated sequences for the BCP and PC regions, in order to produce HBc and HBeprotein in HepaRG cells and to explore of the pathogenic role of BCP and PC mutants
Osseman, Quentin. "Analyse du transport intracytoplasmique de la capside du virus de l’hépatite B : analyse des interactions entre les capsides du VHB et les chaînes du complexe de la dynéine." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0304/document.
Full textHepatitis B virus (HBV) needs the nuclear transcription machinery for replication. The virus thus depends on the transport of its genome from the cell periphery to the nuclear envelope. In general this retrograde intracytoplasmic trafficking is facilitated along Mt (MT) using motor protein complexes of the dynein family. As we showed earlier HBV capsid transport also depends upon intact MT in order to allow their arrival at the nuclear pores, which in turn is required for genome liberation from the capsid.In the analysis we used virus-derived HBV capsids obtained from the supernatant of HepG2.2.15, which contain the mature partially double-stranded DNA genome (mature capsids) and capsids expressed in E. coli. The latter were applied in two forms: as unspecific E. coli RNA- containing capsids and as empty capsids. Upon microinjection into Xenopus laevis oocytes we observed that mature and empty capsids were translocated to the nuclear pores with a similar kinetic. RNA-containing capsids failed to arrive at the pores implying that transport of the two other capsid types was active. Active translocation was confirmed by pre-injecting anti tubulin antibodies which interfere with MT-mediated translocation.In vitro reconstitution assays confirmed the specific attachment of mature and empty capsids to MTs and showed the need of further cytosolic proteins. Using pull-down and co-sedimentation experiments we identified one dynein light chain (DYNLL1, member of the Lc8 family) as interaction partner of the capsids. Injecting an excess of recombinant DYNLL1 with empty capsids into Xenopus laevis oocytes inhibited capsid transport to the nuclear pores indicating that DYNLL1 was only functional interaction partner implied in active transport.DNYLL2 did not interact with the capsids although differing from DYNLL1 by just six amino acids. Site directed mutagenesis of DYNLL1 revealed that two amino acids were critical for a direct interaction with the capsids. Both localized at the exterior of the DYNLL1 dimer and not in the groove of DYNLL1, which interacts with the dynein intermediate chain. Accordingly we could reconstitute a complex consisting of empty capsids, DYNLL1 and dynein intermediate chain as it should be in the in vivo situation
Mouzannar, Karim. "Identification du récepteur nucléaire des acides biliaires FXR alpha comme facteur proviral pour le virus de l’hépatite B." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1098/document.
Full textHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem with more than 257 million chronic carriers worldwide that remain at significant risk for developing cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The natural history of infection is very different depending on the age at which the infection is contracted. Whereas in adults most HBV infections spontaneously resolve, in infants and young children they usually result in chronic infection. cccDNA is the molecular form of viral persistence in infected hepatocytes and serves as a transcription template for all viral RNAs. The viral protein HBx plays a crucial role in the recruitment of epigenetic factors to the cccDNA and promotes its transcriptional activity. Currently, interferon and nucleot(s)ide analogues are the first-line agents in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B without allowing eradication of cccDNA and their interruption are almost always followed by a reactivation of the replication of the virus. New therapeutic molecules targeting cccDNA are therefore needed to hope for a functional cure in chronically infected patients. HBV infection and bile acid (BA) metabolism are tightly linked. Therefore, our team has previously shown that the bile acid nuclear receptor, the farnesoid X receptor alpha (FXRalpha) bind to two response elements present in the Enhancer II - Core promoter region of HBV genome and modulate its transcriptional activity. Moreover, HBV and BA compete for the same entry receptor of hepatocytes NTCP and modify BA cell concentration with consequences on the function and expression of FXRalpha. Finally, HBx interacts with FXRalpha and modify its activity. During my PhD. we have first identified a reciprocal regulation between HBV replication and FXRalpha. Second, we have showed in vitro, in HepaRG differentiated cells and in primary human hepatocytes, that FXRalpha is a proviral factor for HBV and that FXRalpha agonists inhibit the expression of all HBV markers in a dependent or independent manner of the viral protein HBx. Finally, in an in vivo model of C3H/HeN mice transduced with a recombinant AAV2/8-HBV vector, we obtained the inhibitory effect of FXRalpha agonists but only in adult and not in young mice. Considering the evolution of the gut flora with age and its importance in the metabolism of BA, these results suggest that the high rate of chronic progression in young children might be related to the immaturity of BA metabolism. The identification of a link between BA metabolism, gut microbiome composition and evolution of HBV infection will represent a big step toward the understanding of HBV natural history. Moreover, the identification of FXRalpha as a proviral factor for HBV and the capacity of FXRalpha ligands to modulate the transcriptional activity of cccDNA suggest that FXR ligands might represent a new class of molecules with the aim to obtain functional cure for HBV infected patients
Pol, Jonathan. "Implication des particules défectives et de la protéine HBSP du Virus de l’Hépatite B dans la pathogenèse virale." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066498.
Full textWith almost 400 million chronic carriers, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a major issue of world public health. The follow-up of infected patients is necessary to prevent viral disease evolution and to adapt treatment. We tested and validated a new method for the diagnosis of circulating HBV, based on quantitative PCR, and characterized by a broader window of detection than standard methods based on molecular hybridization. In addition, our group suggested an impact of the genetic variability of HBV, implying the synthesis of defective viral particles, on viral pathogenesis. These HBV defective particles are generated after packaging-reverse transcription of a spliced viral RNA Moreover, this spliced viral RNA encodes for a new HBV protein, identified in our laboratory and called HBSP. In chronically infected patients, we showed that the proportion of circulating defective particles and the presence of anti-HBSP antibody were associated with the severity of the liver disease. In order to characterize the influence of HBSP protein on viral pathogenesis, we studied, in vitro, its impact on the transcriptional expression profile of cellular genes, by RT-qPCR. By this approach, we highlighted a decrease of the expression of NF-κB inducible genes. We confirmed an inhibition of the NF-κB pathway activation upon treatment with the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α Under these conditions, the inhibition of the anti-apoptotic NF-κB pathway was associated with an over-activation of the pro-apoptotic JNK pathway. These observations could explain the sensitization to apoptosis of cells expressing HBSP. In conclusion, our data contribute to widening our knowledge on HBV biology and bring new evidence for a direct role of the virus in pathogenesis
Latthaphasavang, Vatthanaphone. "Suivi prospectif d’une cohorte de femmes enceintes chroniquement infectées par le virus de l’hépatite B (VHB) et de leurs enfants en RDP Laos." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1336/document.
Full textBackground: An estimated 257 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide. Mother-to-child transmission accounts for the majority of new chronic HBV carriers, especially in Asia. HBV can be transmitted in utero, during delivery or during infancy and later. About 80–90% of infants infected at birth will develop a chronic HBV infection, and will have a high risk of developing serious complications including liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver-related death during adult age. We aimed at assessing the percentage of infants successfully immunized in two major hospitals in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) where HB immune globulin (HBIg) is not available. Methods: We studied a prospective cohort of chronically HBV infected pregnant women and their infants until 6 months post-partum from January 2015 to March 2017. All infants received the HB vaccine at birth and 6, 10 and 14 weeks thereafter, and their HBV status was assessed at 6 months of age. HBV surface gene sequencing was performed in infected mother-infant pairs.Results: Of 153 mothers with HB surface antigen (HBsAg), 60 (39%) had detectable serum HBe antigen (HBeAg). HBeAg positive pregnant women were younger than those negative (median age 26 versus 28 years; p=0.02) and had a significantly higher HBV viral load at delivery (median 8.0 versus 4.0 log10 IU/mL, p <0.001). A total of 141 infants including a pair of twins were included in the study and information at the time of vaccine administration after birth was available for 112 newborns. Of these, 110 (98%) received the HepB-BD within 24 hours after birth. One newborn received the vaccine 26 hours after birth because the vaccine was not available at the delivery room, and another newborn 3 days after birth due to fetal distress, which was erroneously considered to be a vaccine contra-indication. Among the 120 infants assessed at 6 months of age, 5 (4%) were positive for HBsAg and had a detectable HBV viral load by polymerase chain reaction. All were born to mothers with HBeAg and a viral load >8.5 log10 IU/mL. However, only four (3.3%, 95% CI 0.5% to 7.0 %) had a virus strain closely related to their mother’s strain. HBV surface gene mutations were detected in 4 of the 5 infected infants (G145G/R, G145G/A, M133T, M133I). Anti-HBs antibody level was above 10 IU/L in 105 (88%) infants at 6 months of age. Conclusions: Mother-to-child transmission occurred less frequently than expected without the use of HBIg. Adding HBIg and/or maternal antiviral prophylaxis may have prevented some of these infections. The observation of unsatisfactory levels of anti-HBs antibodies in 9% of the uninfected infants at 6 months highlights the need for improvement of the universal immunization procedures
Deroubaix, Aurélie. "Etude de la localisation intracellulaire de la protéine core du virus de l’hépatite B humaine et de ses multimères." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21907/document.
Full textHepatitis B is a liver inflammation caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is responsible of one to two millions deaths per year in the world. HBV is the cause of important liver damages and may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.HBV is a member of hepadnaviral family. It has a capsid composed of 240 copies of the same protein: the core protein. In literature, patients’ biopsies showed that capsid is found either in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm or both compartments of hepatocytes. In general, a cytoplasmic localization is related to an advanced state of the disease.In our study, we observed that in HuH-7 cells, core protein alone has a nuclear localization, whereas in viral context it is essentially found in the cytoplasm. We verified that these observations were not due to culture conditions. Then, we demonstrated that the cytoplasmic localization of core was due to viral factors. The viral polymerase is implied by its TP domain. The second component is the viral pregenomic RNA, by its Epsilon stem loop structure. At last, core localization is also influenced by the phosphorylation state of its serines 157, 170 and 172.Thus, we demonstrated that the core protein traffic is very complex and regulated by different viral and cellular factors. This work will further study the regulation of intracellular trafficking of the core protein and allow a better outcome for the infected patients
Eschlimann, Marine. "Influence de la variabilité des protéines d’enveloppe du virus de l’hépatite B sur l’évolution de l’infection évaluée par la persistance de l’antigène HBs." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0133/document.
Full textChronic hepatitis B affects about 257 million people worldwide. The loss of HBS antigen (HBsAg), a marker of the functional cure, is very rarely observed, even on anti-HBV treatment (3-16%). The hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope proteins (HBsAg) are highly variable and crucial for the viral infectivity and pathogeny. We hypothesized that the HBV variability in the envelope proteins could explain, at least partially, the evolution of HBV infection, evaluated by HBsAg clearance, in patients treated or not by anti-HBV nucleos(t)idic analogues. For 29 patients infected with different HBV genotypes (A, C and D), presenting different clinical profiles (acute or chronic infection, HBV/HIV co-infection) and therapies, a very high variability of HBV envelope proteins was observed. In these patients, the persistence of HBsAg was correlated with the presence of mutations and deletions located in areas that play a key role in the viral recognition by the immune system. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the study of HBV envelope proteins could highlight molecular signatures influencing HBV fitness which would subsequently modify the clinical evolution of HBV-related disease
Mazet, Anne-Aurélie. "Etude des souches du virus de l’hépatite B dans les compartiments sérique et leucocytaire chez des patients présentant une infection B occulte et chez des témoins." Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/9fac5114-2d6c-4480-8481-8baf46772e6e/blobholder:0/2006LIMO100E.pdf.
Full textAs the origins of occult hepatitis B are still unknown, the aim of our study was to establish how hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection persists. Analysis of S gene sequence in isolated anti-HBc-positive carriers, particularly in a multiple infected patient, revealed that the lack of HBsAg in these patients could not be explained solely by mutations in the major hydrophilic loop of HBsAg. In a second time, we attempt to determine whether HBV replicates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), which may allow the virus to escape the immune response. We optimized a sensitive and specific method to quantify HBV cccDNA in various samples and adapted a published method for the detection of HBV integrated sequences. HBV DNA, detected in a high proportion of PBMC from HBsAg- patients, was mainly in relaxed form. Replicative (cccDNA) or integrated forms were found only infrequently and in extremely low levels in PBMC. Study of HBsAg+ patients suggests also that PBMC may serve as a passive reservoir. HBV DNA integration in host cellular DNA may cause rearrangement of the viral sequence and may alter the HBsAg expression. It remains uncertain whether the absence of integrated DNA is due to a lack of sensibility or to the absence of integrated sequences. Further investigations are ongoing to clarify the pathobiological basis of occult hepatitis B
Chabaud, Martine. "Étude des variations génotypiques chez les virus par amplification génique : application à l’hépatite b et aux infections à papillomavirus humains." Tours, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOUR3803.
Full textGouas, Doriane. "Association entre le mutant p.R249S de p53 et la protéine HBx du virus de l’hépatite B dans les carcinomes hépatocellulaires." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10280.
Full textR249S mutation (mutant p.R249S) of TP53 gene, characteristic of the exposure to aflatoxin B1, is the most frequent TP53 mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is highly associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (HBV). Indeed, a synergistic effect exists between these two main risk factors, thus increasing the risk to develop HCC. In a first part, we have studied the molecular mechanisms of this synergy in different cellular models and then, in a second part we have used an epidemiology-based approach to investigate the interaction between the R249S mutation and HBV. Firstly, we have shown that p.R249S has lost p53wt functions. Moreover, p.R249S formed a protein complex with the oncoprotein HBx from HBV in the HCC cell line PLC/PRF/5. In the second part, our results show that R249S mutation is detectable in plasma DNA of asymptomatic subjects from the rural Gambia (West Africa). Our work shows quantitative variations of R249S mutation that are dependent on the levels of exposition to AFB1 but also on the presence of HBV, suggesting an interaction between AFB1 and HBV. Finally, in another study performed in The Gambia and based on subjects with HCC or not (controls), our results show that R249S mutation is highly associated with HBX complete gene in HCC. Therefore this association could explain in part the synergistic effect observed between AFB1 and HBV. Eventually, a critical target may be identified for preventive or early therapeutic interventions on HCC of high-incidence regions
Locatelli, Maëlle. "The histone chaperone HIRA is crucial for the early establishment of hepatitis B virus minichromosome." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1169/document.
Full textHepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects 240 million people worldwide and is the major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently standard-of-care treatments can achieve longterm viral suppression, but are not able to completely eliminate the virus, due to the persistence of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). cccDNA, the viral minichromosome, resides in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes by virtue of its chromatin structure. Indeed, upon entry into hepatocytes, the partially double stranded viral DNA (relaxed circular (rc)DNA) is released into the nucleus, where it is repaired and wrapped by histones to form an episomal chromatinized structure. The mechanisms leading to cccDNA formation and chromatinization are still largely unknown and their elucidation would be a first step toward the identification of new therapeutic targets to impair cccDNA persistence. To this aim, we investigated the role of host factors belonging to DNA repair and nucleosome assembly pathways in cccDNA formation at early time points (i.e. between 30 minutes and 72 hours) post-infection in both HepG2-NTCP cell line and Primary Human Hepatocytes (PHH). We particularly focused on the histone chaperone Hira, which is known to deposit histone variant 3.3 (H3.3) onto cellular DNA in a replication-independent manner and in association to nucleosome reshuffling during transcription and DNA repair. We were able to detect cccDNA in the nuclear fraction of hepatocytes as early as 30 minutes and 24h post-infection, by qPCR and Southern Blotting (SB), respectively. Knock-down of Hira by RNA interference before virus inoculation led to a strong decrease in cccDNA accumulation (both in qPCR and SB) which was independent from HBx protein expression (using an HBx defective virus). rcDNA levels remained stable, indicating either a possible incomplete or delayed rcDNA to cccDNA transition. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that Hira was bound to cccDNA already at 2 hours post-infection and that its recruitment was concomitant with the deposition of histone H3.3 and the binding of HBV capsid protein (HBc). After 24 hours of infection, an increase of H3.3 and Pol2 binding on cccDNA was observed, correlating with the initiation of the transcription of the 3.5 kb RNA. By Co-Immunoprecipitation and Proximity Ligation Assay experiments, we showed that Hira was able to interact with HBc in infected hepatocytes and in a HepaRG cell line expressing HBc in an inducible manner. Altogether, our results suggest that chromatinization of incoming viral DNA is a very early event, requiring the histone chaperone Hira. While HBx is not required for this process, HBc could play a major role, suggesting that the interaction between Hira and HBc could represent a new therapeutic target to be investigated
Cao, Qian. "Caractérisation moléculaire des carcinomes hépatocellulaires liés au virus de l'hépatite B." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05S010/document.
Full textHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumors. Hepatic carcinogenesis is a complex and multifactorial process involving both genetic predisposition (e.g. SNPs) and environmental factors. Nearly 50% of HCC are caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection worldwide. During HBV infection, multiple genetic and viral alterations accumulate and promote tumor development. By analyzing resected HCC in France, we identified specific molecular features related to HBV infection. First, HBx inactivating mutations are selected in HCC tissues suggesting specific pressure of selection during hepatocarcinogenesis. Second, in patients with a low number of HBV DNA copies per liver cell, we identified additional risk factors like HCV infection, alcohol intake or NASH, suggesting a cooperative effect of these factors with HBV to induce the malignant transformation. Third, TP53 mutations associated with a poor prognostic for HBV infected resected HCC patients. At last, HBV-related tumors demonstrate more frequent progenitor phenotype compared to non-HBV HCC, with an up-regulation of genes that involved in cell cycle regulation and encoded onco-fetal/progenitor proteins. Four SNPs previously identified by genome-wide studies (GWAS) in Asian, have been validated in our European population. Allelic distributions seem to vary according to the etiologies of adjacent liver diseases. These findings underscore the complexity of the genetic predisposition of HCC; further study must consider the geographical origin of patients and associated risk factors
Amaddeo, Giuliana. "Altérations génomiques des carcinomes hépatocellulaires liées au virus de l'hépatite B." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05S012.
Full textPas de résumé en anglais
Introduzione: Il carcinoma epatocellulare (HCC) è il tumore primitivo più comune del fegato. Nel mondo, quasi il 50% di tutti gli HCC sono causati dal virus dell'epatite B (HBV). Durante le fasi dell’ infezione da HBV, si possono accumulare alterazioni genetiche e / o cromosomiche e quindi promuovere lo sviluppo del tumore. Obiettivi: a) analizzare in vitro e in vivo il ruolo potenziale di un nuovo gene potenzialmente coinvolto nella carcinogenesi epatica: IRF-2 (Interferon regulatory factor 2). Questo gene è stato identificato mediante l’analisi CGH-SNP come frequentemente deleto negli HCC correlati all’ HBV. b) caratterizzare una cohorte di HCC correlati all’HBV studiandone lo stato virale, le alterazioni genetiche e l’espressione di differenti geni al fine di comprendere meglio il ruolo di HBV nella carcinogenesis epatocellulare e confrontare questi parametri con una cohorte di HCC a diversa eziologia. Risultati: a) In laboratorio, Sandrine Imbeaud ha condotto un'analisi SNP-CGH microarray su una cohorte di 125 HCC che ha evidenziato una regione deleta in maniera omozigote localizzata sul braccio lungo del cromosoma 4 (4q34.3-35) in 4 campioni tumorali. La regione comprende un unico gene: IRF2. In altri due campioni sono state identificate mutazioni somatiche inattivatrici mediante sequenziamento della regione codante di IRF-2. In vitro, la soppressione di IRF-2 ha indotto un aumento della proliferazione cellulare, al contrario, la sua sovra-espressione ha causato un aumento dell’apoptosi cellulare. In vivo, la soppressione di IRF-2 è responsabile della formazione di tumori più grandi nei topi nude. I 6 tumori mutati per IRF2 sono tutti correlati all’ HBV (p = 0,0003. Nella cohorte di tumori studiati, le mutazioni di TP53 e di IRF-2 erano vicendevolmente esclusive. Inoltre, la soppressione dell’espressione della proteina IRF-2 induceva una riduzione dell’espressione della proteina p53 ed una stretta correlazione tra l’espressione delle due proteine è stata osservata (r2 = 0,72, p = 0,004). Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che il livello di espressione di IRF-2 è in grado di modulare l'espressione di alcuni geni target di TP53. Abbiamo, quindi, ipotizzato che IRF2 possa alterare la funzione di p53. Come è noto IRF2 può legarsi a MDM2, un regolatore negativo di p53 che induce la sua degradazione proteasomica. Il trattamento di cellule inattivate per IRF2 con MG132, un inibitore del proteasoma, induceva il restauro dell’espressione di p53. In vivo, il trattamento con bortezomib, chemioterapico inibitore del proteasoma, ha determinato la regressione del tumore inattivato per IRF2. b) 86 HCC correlati all’HBV sono stati caratterizzati dal punto di vista clinico e molecolare ed in seguito sono stati confrontati una serie di 90 HCC correlati ad altre eziologie. Gli HCC correlati all’HBV hanno delle caratteristiche cliniche e patologiche diverse da quelle degli HCC d’altra eziologia: insorgenza in pazienti più giovani (p <0,0001), di origine africana o asiatica (P <0.0001), alfa-fetoproteina sierica elevata (P = 0.008) e scarsa differenziazione istologica (P = 0,04). Mutazioni inattivatrici del gene HBX sono state identificate nel 71% dei tumori e il 33% dei tessuti non tumorali adiacenti (P <0.0001). Nel 63% dei casi, il numero di copie virali nel tessuto tumorale era inferiore rispetto al tessuto non tumorale adiacente (p <0,0001). Il gene TP53 è stato il gene più frequentemente mutato nella serie di HCC correlati a HBV (41%, p = 0,0002), con una considerevole presenza di mutazioni al codone 249 (R249S) (16%, p <0,0001). Questo tipo di mutazione è associate classicamente all’ aflatossina B1. Abbiamo osservato, inoltre, che TP53 mutato era un predittore indipendente di sopravvivenza solo per i pazienti infetti da HBV. Infine,
Gruffaz, Marion. "La protéine Core du virus de l’hépatite B est le déterminant majeur responsable de l’inhibition précoce de la réponse IFN dans les hépatocytes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10090/document.
Full textCurrent treatments against Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronic infection (IFNs and nucleos(t)ide analogues) are inefficient due to the persistence of cccDNA and emergence of viral resistance observed in infected patients. So far, up to 70 % of these patients are non responders to IFN treatments and it seems that the virus itself is able to counteract actively the host innate immune responses to establish a persistent infection. Therefore, the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in this immunosuppression is crucial to design new immunotherapeutic strategies. In this context, the aim of my thesis was to investigate the early interactions between HBV and the hepatocyte antiviral responses. We have determined that HBV is not only a weak inducer of the host immune response, but is also able to inhibit very early and actively type I/III IFNs and proinflammatory pathways to persist in the hepatocytes. Furthermore, we have identified HBc protein as the major determinant involved specifically in the inhibition of IFN responses by counteracting host innate immune gene activations leading to repressive epigenetic marks such as H3K9/K27me3, or the recruitment of histone methyl transferase enzymes to the host IFN gene promoters. These results highlight new immunotherapeutic strategies and proposed the use of anticapsids components to degrade or block the nuclear localization of HBc proteins in order to restore a potent immune response in the hepatocytes. These anticapsid treatments may be also combined to PRRs agonists in order to improve the host antiviral state and HBV replication control
Saindou, Maoulide. "Prévalence et déterminants des infections sexuellement transmissibles chez les femmes enceintes de Mayotte : étude épidémiologique concernant le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine, le virus de l’hépatite B et du Treponema pallidum." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10043/document.
Full textThe epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is poorly documented in Mayotte especially among pregnant women (PW) and knowledge of determinants that increased STI in the island, and in this particular socio-economic and health situation, is needed. The objectives of this study were to estimate the frequency and risk factors associated with HIV, HBV, and syphilis, to study the HBV vaccination and describe the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS-STIs in PW. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 671 PW followed in Mayotte public prenatal clinic (Protection Maternelle et Infantile (PMI)) services. No case of HIV seropositivity was observed. The prevalence of HBsAg of HBV was 3.4% and of active syphilis was 2.1%, but the prevalence of HBV infection and HBV vaccination was respectively 35.5% and 18.6%. The HBV infection was associated with birthplace (Comoros), behavioral factors and history of STIs. Syphilis was rather associated with lack of education and history of STIs. The HBV vaccination was associated with sociodemographic determinants. The socio-behavioral study showed that there is a good knowledge of HIV/AIDS-STIs in PW despite the practice of some risky sexual behaviors. This work has helped to draw up an update of HIV and STIs, and their determinants among PW in Mayotte, and could lead to the development of prevention methods adapted to this context
Abdul, Fabien. "Développement et évaluation de nouvelles stratégies pour le traitement des hépatites B chroniques, dans le modèle du canard de Pékin infecté par le DHBV." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10284.
Full textDevelopment and evaluation of new strategies for treating chronic hepatitis B in the model of Peking duck infected with DHBVChronic infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, leading to more than one million deaths each year. The low success rate of current therapies against HBV infection shows the need of alternative therapeutics. Thus, we studied a new strategy based on the use of antisense molecules (PNAs) coupled with cell penetrating peptides (CPPs). We have shown that PNAs targeting the DHBV encapsidation signal coupled to CPPs penetrated into the cells and led to an inhibition of viral replication. In addition, we have demonstrated an antiviral activity of the CCP (Arg)8 itself. We then evaluate the mechanism of antiviral action of this CPP in vitro and have shown that it inhibited the late stages of viral morphogenesis, leading to a strong inhibition of the release of viral particles. Furthermore, we were interested in evaluating immunotherapeutic strategies, based on DNA vaccination. We have demonstrated the benefits of co-administration of cytokines (IFNy), with a DNA vaccine directed against the DHBV large envelope protein (preS/S), enhancing the magnitude of humoral response and enhancing neutralizing anti-DHBV antibody response. Finally we evaluated the benefits of a heterologous immunization approach or prime-boost immunization involving DNA vaccination and a recombinant viral vector (AdenoCELO) encoding the DHBV preS/S and IFNy proteins. We have shown that heterologous immunization induced a humoral response stronger than that induced by homologous immunization. By contrast, the heterologous prime-boost strategy was less effective than homologous DNA immunization for therapy of chronic DHBV-carrier ducks
Eller, Carla. "Un criblage gain-de-fonction identifie CDKN2C comme facteur d'hôte impliqué dans le cycle viral du virus de l'hépatite B." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ103.
Full textHepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is a major cause of progressive liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. HBV infects human hepatocytes, and, because of the tiny size of its genome, depends on multiple host functions, contributing to species and tissue tropism. However, fundamental virus-host interactions remain obscure, owing to the lack of robust infectious models for HBV research. An innovative functional genomics screen revealed the role of CDKN2C as proviral host factor promoting HBV replication in a step of the life cycle after the formation of covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA via its function as cell cycle regulator. This provides a better understanding of virus-host interactions and limitations of currently available cell culture systems, and will contribute to the development of physiological infectious model systems and novel therapeutic strategies for viral cure
Isorce, Nathalie. "Du criblage de l’activité antivirale de divers interférons et cytokines pro-inflammatoires contre HBV, vers la description du mécanisme antiviral de l’interleukine-1β dépendant de NF-κB." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10130.
Full textIn HBV-infected patients, therapies with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) or interferon α (IFNα) remain ineffective in eradicating the infection, because of a persistent form of HBV DNA, namely the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which is organized as a minichromosome. Our aim was to revisit the anti-HBV activity of a panel of IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro using nontransformed cultured hepatocytes of HBV infection, to identify new immunotherapeutic options. Amongst all molecules tested, IFNβ, IFNγ, IFNλ, TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β and tenofovir showed a suppressive effect on HBV replication at least as strong as, but sometimes stronger than IFNα. The cytokine showing the highest effect on intracellular total HBV DNA without any cytotoxicity, was interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which is naturally produced by Kupffer cells (KC), representing the macrophages of the liver. Importantly, total HBV RNAs and secreted HBeAg, but nor HBsAg, neither cccDNA, were strongly decreased. Thus, we hypothesized that even if cccDNA was not degraded, specific viral promoters on cccDNA could be silenced. Then, we investigated the mechanism of IL-1β antiviral activity. We have shown that all HBV promoters were early inhibited by IL-1β. In the meantime, we have verified that IL-1β can induce nuclear Translocation and expression of NF-κB. We also checked NF-κB functionality. Thanks to this study, IL-1β has been found to have very potent antiviral effect against HBV in vitro, through the binding of NF-κB on cccDNA
Saviano, Antonio. "Physiopathologie du foie à l'échelle de la cellule unique : caractérisation de l'hétérogénéité cellulaire et identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans les maladies hépatiques chroniques et le cancer hépatocellulaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ093.
Full textHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of death worldwide and the current treatments are unsatisfactory. One reason is the limited knowledge on the complexity and microenvironment of healthy and diseased liver. To address this gap, we have developed a single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) pipeline for primary human liver tissues. We have assembled an atlas of human liver cells and compared the scRNA-seq profile of normal liver and HCC. The atlas revealed an unknown heterogeneity within the main populations of liver cells, the transcriptomic zonation of endothelial cells and the existence of an epithelial progenitor in the adult liver capable of differentiating into both cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. ScRNA-seq analysis uncovered the marked cell heterogeneity of HCC, its microenvironment changes at single-cell level and the interactions between tumor cells and hepatitis B virus discovering previously unknown pathways and drivers of hepatocarcinogenesis
Chapus, Fleur. "Role of the DEAD-box Helicases DDX5 and DDX17 in Hepatitis B Virus RNA processing." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1098.
Full textRole of the DEAD-box helicases DDX5 and DDX17 in HBV transcriptional regulation and RNA processingChronicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection hinges on the persistence of covalently-closed-circular DNA (cccDNA) in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. The viral genome associates with histones and non-histone proteins to build a chromatin structure that is subjected to epigenetic regulation translating into different levels of biological activity. A better understanding of the host factors orchestrating HBV minichromosome transcriptional regulation and RNA processing is fundamental for deciphering the mechanisms at the basis of HBV persistence and reactivation. In order to identify the cellular factors regulating cccDNA biology, an ambitious project of cccDNA proteomics (ChroP) has been initiated by Dr. Barbara Testoni. Among the identified cccDNA-associated proteins, the DEAD-box RNA helicases DDX5 and DDX17 particularly interested us for their driving role in mammalian transcriptional regulation and RNA metabolism. Thus, we investigated their role in cccDNA transcriptional activity regulation and HBV RNA processing. Precise characterization of HBV transcripts was performed with a 5' RACE approach set up and published in our lab by Dr. Bernd Stadelmayer. This technique was applied to study viral transcript in a context of DDX5/17 depletion. Furthermore, DDX5/17 belong to the insulator complex CCCTC-binding protein (CTCF). We therefore investigated the role of CTCF in cccDNA biology and viral RNA metabolism. In HBV infected HepG2-NTCP and Primary Human Hepatocytes, siRNA knockdown of DDX5/17 led to a shortening of all the viral transcripts, together with an increase in viral transcript levels and viral particles accumulation in the cytoplasm, without affecting the global level of cccDNA. Next and third generation sequencing allowed the identification of alternative splicing of pgRNA-derived spliced variants and differential usage of polyadenylation site during HBV RNA transcription. Moreover, RNA immunoprecipitation of DDX5 and DDX17 revealed that both of these proteins are directly associated to the viral transcripts and recruit two factors, CPSF6 and NUDT21, involved in alternative polyadenylation site choice. Moreover, we identified CTCF binding sites on HBV genome and by site directed mutagenesis we showed that mutations in CTCF binding sites affect CTCF and DDX5/17 recruitment to cccDNA and subsequently impact HBV RNA processing. Altogether, our data highlight an essential role of DDX5 and DDX17 in the fine tuning of HBV RNA processing, in complex with the insulator protein CTCF and termination factors at the interface between cccDNA and HBV transcripts
Yim, Seung-Ae. "Multimodal study of the interactions between the hepatitis B virus and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase cGAS." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ041/document.
Full textChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of liver disease and cancer worldwide. The mechanisms of viral genome sensing and the evasion of innate immune responses by HBV infection are still poorly understood. Recently, the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) was identified as a DNA sensor. In this PhD work, we aimed to investigate the functional role of cGAS in sensing of HBV infection and elucidate the mechanisms of viral evasion. We performed functional studies including loss- and gain-of-function experiments combined with cGAS effector gene expression profiling in an HBV infection-susceptible cell culture model. Collectively, our data show that (1) the cGAS-STING pathway exhibits robust antiviral activity against HBV infection including reduction of viral cccDNA levels; (2) naked HBV genomic rcDNA is sensed in a cGAS-dependent manner whereas packaging of the viral genome during infection abolishes host cell recognition of viral nucleic acids; (3) HBV infection down-regulates the cGAS/STING pathway actors as well as innate immune effector gene expression in vitro and vivo. Overall, this work led to describing new aspects of the complex interaction between HBV and the DNA sensor cGAS in hepatocytes
Sahuc, Marie-Emmanuelle. "Identification de composés naturels inhibant le virus de l’hépatite C." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S056/document.
Full textHepatitis C is a liver disease affecting 170 million people worldwide. This disease is caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). New treatments, recently marketed, against HCV are very expensive and not really accessible for most-infected patients especially in low-income countries. Moreover, the use of these new molecules generates the emergence of HCV resistant variants responsible for treatment failure for 5 to 10% of the patients. Therefore, the discovery of new antiviral molecules is always needed. Since centuries, plants are used in traditional medicine. They are a very attractive source of bio-active compounds. Plant extracts or natural molecules used in combination with actual therapy, could significantly reduce the cost of these new treatments and render them accessible to more patients.Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and delphinidin are natural molecules derived respectively from green tea and red berries. These two molecules inhibit HCV entry into hepatocyte cells. We have shown that this inhibition is due to a deformation of viral particles by the molecules inducing a blockade of virus attachment to the cell surface. We further investigated the process leading to this deformation, and conclude that it might be related to aggregation of viral envelope glycoproteins.We screened extracts of extremophile plants from Tunisia and showed that the crude extract of Juncus maritimus rhizome inhibited HCV replication step. J. maritimus is a plant present in arid soils in Tunisia but also in French coasts. In collaboration with the Pharmacognosy laboratory of Lille and thanks to a bioguided fractionation, the active compound present in this plant could be isolated. It was identified as dehydrojuncusol, which inhibits viral replication with a half maximal effective concentration of 1.31 μM. We have also shown that dehydrojuncusol is able to inhibit replication of viruses with resistance mutations to current treatments targeting the viral protein NS5A. We have also tried to identify the viral target of dehydrojuncusol, and it seems that the target might also be the NS5A protein.The results obtained in this thesis confirm the hypothesis that natural molecules could be used in the treatment of hepatitis C
Ndongo, Thiam Ndiémé. "Etude de la réponse humorale neutralisante contre le Virus de l’Hépatite C." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10019/document.
Full textHepatitis C Virus (HCV) is the major etiological agent of liver disease in the world with approximately180 million people who are seropositive. The majority (60‐90%) of infected individuals progressesto chronic hepatitis that increases their risk for developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.One of the major limitations of HCV research is the lack of efficient in vitro culture systems andappropriateanimal models. vitro direct cell‐binding assay and an infection system of the human HepaRG cell line were developedby using HCVsp. The HepaRG cells possess potent ability to acquire a mature hepatocyte phenotype.The E1E2‐specific mAb D32.10 was shown to inhibit efficiently and specifically high affinityinteractionsthrough glycosaminoglycans and the CD81 tetraspanin between HCVsp and HepaRGcells with an IC50 = 0.5 μg/ml. This inhibition was more efficient when E1E2‐positive envelopedHCVsp were used selectively for binding studies (IC50 < 0.5 μg/ml). Establishment of infection,replication and propagation of HCVsp were shown to depend on the proliferation/differentiationstage of HepaRG cells. Persistent HCV infection in HepaRG cells could be obtained with production ofE1E2/RNA(+) infectious HCV particles. Preliminary data showed a complete early inhibitory effect ofthe D32.10 mAb on virion RNA production in HepaRG culture supernatants (95% at D14 and 80% atD21 post‐infection).Furthermore, the detection of the anti‐E1E2/D32.10‐binding peptide antibodies during natural HCVinfection demonstrated significant prevalence (90%) of these antibodies: (1) in patients whorecovered spontaneously from HCV infection with high titers compared to patients with chronichepatitis C, and (2) in patients who are complete responders compared to non responders toantivirals. Kinetic analyses revealed that the anti‐E1E2/D32.10‐like humoral response appeared veryearly with high titers (≥ 1/1000) and was associated with complete virus eradication. The positiveand negative predictive values (ROC curve analysis) for achieving or not a sustained viral response toantiviral therapy are 100% and 86%, respectively, reflecting diagnostic accuracy. The anti‐E1E2/D32.10‐binding peptide antibodies may thus predict the outcome of HCV infection andrepresent a new relevant pronostic marker in serum for the HCV diagnosis.Convergence of in vitro and in vivo data strongly support the neutralizing activity of the D32.10 mAb,and thus immunotherapeutic potential of this unique anti‐E1E2 D32.10 mAb
Maurin, Guillemette. "Etude de l’entrée cellulaire du virus de l’hépatite C et de sa neutralisation." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0608.
Full textThe process of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) entry is induced by the two envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 which represent the focus of this thesis. After isolation of E1E2 sequences derived from sera or B lymphocytes, genetic analysis showed the existence of HCV quasi-species specific to hepatocytes or lymphocytes (named compartimentalisation) suggesting adaptation of E1E2 to these compartments. On the other hand, the strains isolated from lymphocytes, tested in a HCVpp model, do not infect efficiently lymphocyte cell-lineages but are still hepatotropic which confirms the idea that B lymphocytes could play a role as a viral reservoir in vivo. Secondly, a study of neutralization of different HCVpp of sera from patients HIV/HCV coinfected and liver transplanted, highlighted that sera from these patients are weakly neutralizing and that the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes is positively correlated with neutralization. Our results confirm that the facilitation of infection by the sera involves SR-BI and HVR1. The weak neutralization is negatively correlated with the immune status of patients and the neutralisation and facilitation of sera could be implicated in pathology severity. Our third study exploited E1E2 chimeric heterodimers composed of H77 and Con1 strains of HCV which are non functional for entry. Using chimeras or point mutants, we isolated domains in E1E2 that have co-evolved (come from the same strain) reflecting the inter-relationship necessary for entry. Our results have highlighted an interaction, in the H77, between the N-terminal domain and the transmembrane domain of E1. These data confirm the important role of E1 in HCV entry
Benzoubir, Nassima. "Rôle du TGF-béta dans la carcinogenèse hépatique liée au virus de l’hépatite C." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T080/document.
Full textChronic HCV infection) may progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV core binds several cellular proteins and in particular Smad3, a major protein of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-Β) signalling.. The aim of this study was to determine the implication of HCV core protein in TGF-Β responses. High genetic variability is a characteristic of HCV and it was previously shown that HCV core protein isolated from tumour (cT) or adjacent non-Tumour (cNT) livers displayed different sequences. Both were able to shift TGF-B responses from tumour suppressor to tumour promotor by decreasing hepatocyte apoptosis and increasing epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT). Core cT was more potent than core cNT to promote this effect that was mainly attributed to the capacity of HCV core to alleviate Smad3 activity. Moreover, HCV core protein activated the latent form of TGF-Β through increased thrombospondin expression. It is commonly accepted that αSMA (alpha smooth muscle actin) is a hallmark of EMT. In the current study another SMA isoform, γSMA was found to be polymerized during hepatocyte EMT. γSMA was expressed in HCC tissues and correlated with EMT, stem cell and aggressiveness markers. In conclusion, this work contributed to a better understanding of the HCV core role in hepatitis fibrosis and HCC related to HCV. Indeed, HCV core might act both as an autocrine and paracrine way by modulating TGF-Β responses within hepatocytes and by activating hepatic stellate cells in stromal environment through its capacity to activate TGF-Β
Trotard, Maud. "Identification de kinases cellulaires impliquées dans l’entrée et la réplication du virus de l’hépatite C." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S109.
Full textThe hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically infects ~170 million people worldwide and is responsible for life-threatening liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. No vaccine is available and current treatments have limited effectiveness. Understanding the interactions between host and pathogen will define new therapeutic targets. In this context, the objective of my PhD thesis was to identify cellular factors involved in the HCV spread. Our strategy was to analyze the impact of the extinction of individual cellular genes on the susceptibility of cells to HCV infection. Our results have shown that the partial knockdown of genes involved in clathrin mediated endocytosis protected cells from infection. Furthermore, we also found that a decreased expression of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type III-α (PI4KIIIα) could prevent the entry of viruses into cells. Additional experiments performed on different PI4Ks family members showed that the expression levels of PI4KIIIα and β in cells not only influenced the cell susceptibility to HCV infection but also their ability to ensure the HCV replication. Conversely, the PI4KIIα and β did not seem to be involved in any stage of the HCV life cycle. We also demonstrated that the HCV dependency to PI4KIIIs vary depending on the viral genotype. Finally, my researches revealed that the kinases PI4KIIIα and β represent new interesting therapeutic targets for viral hepatitis C
Régeard, Morgane. "Caractérisation de l’étape d’infection des hépatocytes humains en culture primaire par le virus de l’hépatite C." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NSARI047.
Full textHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a human pathogen responsible for liver diseases including acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its high prevalence, the absence of a prophylactic vaccine and the poor efficiency of current therapies raises huge medical problems. In order to control HCV infection and to develop direct or indirect antivirals, our knowledge of the virus has to be improved. Hepatitis C virus has been identified in 1989 and is an developed, positive-stranded virus classified in the Flaviridae family. The development of HCV pseudoparticles in 2003 and, most recently, in 2005 of cell culture grown HCV allowed the study of the early event occurring during infection of hepatoma cell lines. The originality of this work is to make use of an in vitro infection model base on the infection of human hepatocytes in primary culture by HCV particles contained in the sera of infected individuals. This model is closed to the physiological situation of infection and reproduces the entire life cycle of HCV. In this infection system, three different research projects have been developed to decipher the early event of infection
Traoré, Kuan Abdoulaye. "Aspects épidémiologiques et caractérisation moléculaire des souches du virus de l’hépatite E (VHE) au Burkina Faso." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA114819/document.
Full textThe hepatitis E virus (HEV) is causative agent several acute or fulminant hepatitis which mainly occur in developing countries where HEV genotype 1 or 2 appears to have a endemic profile punctuated with epidemic outbreaks (Africa, Asia) (Lui et al., 2013). Genotype 3 and 4 distributed widely in animal reservoirs, were the cause many zoonotic infection in northern and southern countries. In most cases, it is a self-limited infection with rapid viral clearance, but it can evolve into more severe forms with a mortality level ranging from 1 to 4% in the general population to nearly 20% in pregnancy during outbreaks (WHO, 2014). In Burkina Faso, very little epidemiological data are available on HEV. The objective of this work is to improve our understanding of this agent hepatitis. The first part of our study was devoted to the evaluation HEV seroprevalence among blood donors and women attending antenatal care in Ouagadougou. In total more than 1,700 volunteers serum samples were collected in blood banks and medical centers in Burkina Faso. Between 2010 and 2012 on 178 blood donors and 189 pregnant women tested, 19.1% [CI95, 13.3-24.9%] and 11.6% [CI95, 7.1-16.2%], were respectively positive for anti-HEV IgG. These high rates in the general population may be associated a low income and the poor hygienic status (Traoré et al., 2012). In 2014, 3.19% [CI95, 1.70-4.68%] on 525 blood donors tested, were positive for anti-HEV IgM. These results indicate a residual risk for transfusion, probably associated with silent infections and confirm the importance to identify the sources of the virus. The second part of this work was 1) to assess HEV infection among humans in Burkina Faso by exploring the HEV seroprevalence in a high risk population, i.e., butchers; 2) to explore a possible pig-to-human zoonotic transmission cycle by assessing the HEV seroprevalence in slaughter swine; and 3) to identify the genotype of HEV circulating in pigs. The global HEV prevalence among Ouagadougou butchers was estimated to 76%, CI95 [67, 63–84.37%] with a significant risk factor, 3 times higher compared with the general population (OR = 3.46 [95%CI 2.85 - 4.21] p <0.001). IgG anti-HEV in pigs older than 6 months of age were estimated at 80% CI95 [72-87%]. This high prevalence confirms the presence and active circulation HEV among domestic pigs in Burkina Faso as evidenced by the positive sample of liver for HEV RNA which strongly supports the risk of zoonosis. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that genotype 3 HEV is circulating among swine population in Burkina. A similarity >98% was found between swHEV-BF from Yaounde and Madagascar. This data showed for the first time the role of swine in introduction of new HEV in African population. In conclusion, these results latter sign a persistent introduction of HEV infection in the population and hence deserved to be taken in account in transfusion associated risk. Further assessments of the transfusion risk associated require an evaluation of the cost/benefit ratio for the addition of routine HEV RNA screening to the panel of tests on donated blood, to guarantee transfusion safety for the recipient
Badillo, Aurélie. "Analyses structurales et fonctionnelles de la protéine non-structurale 5A (NS5A) du virus de l’hépatite C." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10239.
Full textNS5A is essential for HCV replication and particle assembly, and constitutes a very promising drug target. However, no clear function has yet been described for NS5A, and structural knowledge remains limited. We characterized the intrinsically disordered nature of NS5A domains D2 and D3, and describe their folding propensity and their overall conformational behaviour by combining different biophysical methods. We also highlighted the structural variability of D2 domain in HCV genotypes, which might be correlated with the disparities observed between genotypes in terms of pathogenesis and efficiency of therapies. The interactions between D2 and D3 with human cyclophilin A (CypA) was analysed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We showed that mutations in the D2 domain conferring resistance of HCV replication to CypA inhibitors did not prevent the interaction between D2 and CypA. However, they induce structural perturbations that may affect the kinetics of conformers interconversion of D2. We also showed by SPR that D2 and D3 interact with the of DNA-binding domain of the nuclear receptor FXR (farnesoid X receptor alpha). This interaction reduce the binding of FXR to its DNA target, suggesting an involvement of NS5A in the modulation of the transcriptional activity of FXR. All this data led us to propose a model of the overall structure of NS5A, which provides a useful template for a better understanding of structural and functional properties of this enigmatic protein
Maqbool, Muhammad Ahmad. "Etude de l’impact de la variabilité génétique de la protéine NS5A du virus de l’hépatite C dans la pathogenèse et la réplication virale." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST0026/document.
Full textHepatitis C virus (HCV) causes a chronic infection in the majority of infected patients,ultimately leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although the rolesof the HCV proteins in the viral life cycle are increasingly understood, the precise function ofthe HCV NS5A protein has yet to be elucidated. To date, the only putative direct functionattributed to NS5A is its transcriptional transactivation properties. Our group has previouslyshown that quasispecies variants of NS5A isolated from the serum samples of the samepatient bear different transactivating properties according to their amino acid sequence. Basedon these observations, we performed preliminary phylogenetic and functional analysis ofNS5A variants isolated from liver tissue of individuals infected with HCV of genotype 1b.This analysis revealed genetic and functional compartmentation of NS5A variants in tumoraland adjacent non-tumoral tissue. We hypothesized that the natural variability of NS5A mayimpact its proposed transactivation properties. We also hypothesized that NS5A’s putativetransactivation properties could play a role in HCV replication and in liver pathogenesis. Theaim of the study presented in this thesis was to investigate the role of NS5A transactivationproperties in the development of HCV-induced liver pathogenesis as well as in viralreplication. To study the role of NS5A transcriptional activation properties in liver pathogenesis, wedeveloped lentiviral vectors for the expression of selected NS5A variants bearing differenttransactivation potentials in cultured primary human hepatocytes. We now intend to extendthese preparations using RNAseq technology to analyse the, transcriptome of primaryhepatocytes transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding strongly and weakly transactivatingNS5A variants to identify the cellular pathways targeted by NS5A, allowing us to decipherthe role of NS5A mediated host gene regulation in development of HCV inducedpathogenesis. For in vivo studies, we have begun the development of transgenic mice allowingliver-specific conditional expression of NS5A variants with high and low transactivationpotentials. These transgenic mice will be used to study the possible role of NS5Atransactivation properties in development of HCC. To study the role of NS5A transcriptional activation properties in HCV RNA replication, weused the sub-genomic replicon system expressing previously characterized NS5A sequences..Using this system, we have demonstrated that a subset of NS5A protein can translocate to thenucleus and is recruited to cellular promoters of host cell genes known to be required forefficient replication of HCV replicon RNA as well as those implicated in pathogenesis.Moreover, we have shown that NS5A directly regulate the expression of these genes.Consequently, it was observed that replicons encoding NS5A variants with differenttransactivation potentials exhibited different replication capacities, and that this correlatedwith the transactivation potential of the corresponding NS5A variant. In agreement with theseobservations, inhibition of nuclear translocation of NS5A resulted in the inhibition ofreplication of the HCV subgenomic replicon, further confirming the role of NS5Atransactivation properties in viral RNA replication. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that NS5A-mediated transcriptional regulation ofcellular genes is required for HCV replication. Such NS5A-mediated modulation of cellulargenes may also constitute one of the mechanisms involved in HCV-related liver pathogenesisand development of HCC, an aspect which is currently under investigation using the toolsdeveloped during this project. This study will contribute towards deciphering the role ofNS5A in viral replication as well as providing insight into its role in HCV-induced liverpathogenesis
駱淑芳 and Suk-fong Anna Lok. "Replication of hepatitis B virus in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31981392.
Full textLemasson, Matthieu. "Détournement du métabolisme lipidique hépatocytaire par le virus de l’hépatite C : exemple de la lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransférase 1." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB225/document.
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