Journal articles: 'Virus diseases of maize'

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Poudel, Nabin Sharma, and Kapil Khanal. "Viral Diseases of Crops in Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v6i2.19702.

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Viral diseases are the important diseases next to the fungal and bacterial in Nepal. The increase in incidence and severity of viral diseases and emergence of new viral diseases causes the significant yield losses of different crops in Nepal. But the research and studies on plant viral diseases are limited. Most of the studies were focused in viral diseases of rice (Rice tungro virus and Rice dwarf virus), tomato (Yellow leaf curl virus) and potato (PVX and PVY). Maize leaf fleck virus and mosaic caused by Maize mosaic virus were recorded as minor disease of maize. Citrus Tristeza Virus is an important virus of citrus fruit in Nepal while Papaya ringspot potyvirus, Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV), Tomato leaf curlJava betasatellite and Sida yellow vein Chinaalphasatellite were recorded from the papaya fruit. The Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) are the viral diseases of cucurbitaceous crop reported in Nepal. Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) found to infect the many crops Limabean, Kidney bean, blackgram and Mungbean. Bean common mosaic necrosis virus in sweet bean, Pea leaf distortion virus (PLDV), Cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic potyvirus (CABMV), Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV) in groundnut, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Chili veinal mottle potyvirus (CVMV) and Tomatoyellow leaf curl gemini virus (TYLCV) were only reported and no any further works have been carried out. The 3 virus diseases Soyabean mosaic (SMV), Soybean yellow mosaic virus and Bud blight tobacco ring spot virus (TRSV) were found in soybean.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 6(2): 75-80

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Snihur, H., A. Kharina, M. Kaliuzhna, V. Chumak, and I. Budzanivska. "First Report of Sugarcane Mosaic Virus in Zea mays L. in Ukraine." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, no. 5 (October 17, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.05.058.

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Maize viral diseases especially maize dwarf mosaic disease (MDMD), which is caused by potyviruses, lead to significant crop losses worldwide. Aim. The aim of this work was to identify the causal agent of mosaic symptoms, observed on maize plants during 2018—2020 in Kyiv region. Methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the DAS-ELISA modification using commercial Loewe Biochemica test systems for Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) were applied to identify the causal agent of maize disease in collected samples. Transmission electron microscopy was used in order to direct viral particle visualisation. Aphids, which are natural vectors of plant viruses, were found on diseased plants. Results. Plants with typical mosaic symptoms were observed in corn crops of the Kyiv region in early June 2018. The pathogen was transmitted by mechanical inoculation to maize and sweet maize plants with the manifestation of mosaic symptoms. Electron microscopy of the sap from diseased plants revealed the presence of flexible filamentous virions 750 nm long and 13 nm in diameter, typical for the genus Potyvirus. In August, mosaic symptoms and aphids Rhopalosiphum padi were found on previously healthy plants in the same maize crop. In 2020, in the same sown area, maize plants were free of viral infection during inspection in June, but a re-inspection in September revealed mosaic symptoms on maize crop and the presence of aphids in the leaf axils. The presence of SCMV in maize samples collected in June and August/September 2018 and 2020, as well as in inoculated maize and sweet maize plants, was confirmed by ELISA using a commercial test system. The obtained data allow suggesting that Rhopalosiphum padi is a natural vector of SCMV in agrocenoses of Ukraine. It should be noted that co-infection with MDMV and WSMV in the affected plants was not detected. Conclusions. This study presents the first report of SCMV in maize in Ukraine.

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Kannan, Maathavi, Ismanizan Ismail, and Hamidun Bunawan. "Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus: From Genome to Disease Management." Viruses 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10090492.

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Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) is a serious maize pathogen, epidemic worldwide, and one of the most common virus diseases for monocotyledonous plants, causing up to 70% loss in corn yield globally since 1960. MDMV belongs to the genus Potyvirus (Potyviridae) and was first identified in 1964 in Illinois in corn and Johnsongrass. MDMV is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus and is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by several aphid species. MDMV is amongst the most important virus diseases in maize worldwide. This review will discuss its genome, transmission, symptomatology, diagnosis and management. Particular emphasis will be given to the current state of knowledge on the diagnosis and control of MDMV, due to its importance in reducing the impact of maize dwarf mosaic disease, to produce an enhanced quality and quantity of maize.

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Cao, Ning, Binhui Zhan, and Xueping Zhou. "Nitric Oxide as a Downstream Signaling Molecule in Brassinosteroid-Mediated Virus Susceptibility to Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus in Maize." Viruses 11, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040368.

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Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) infection causes growth abnormalities in maize. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted to compare the global gene expression of MCMV-inoculated plants with that of mock-inoculated plants. Data analyses showed that brassinosteroid (BR)-associated genes were upregulated after MCMV infection. Exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (BL) or brassinazole (BRZ) applications indicated that BR pathway was involved in the susceptibility to MCMV infection. In addition, treatment of BL on maize induced the accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), and the changes of NO content played positive roles in the disease incidence of MCMV. Moreover, MCMV infection was delayed when the BL-treated plants were applied with NO scavenger, which suggested that BR induced the susceptibility of maize to MCMV infection in a NO-dependent manner. Further investigation showed the maize plants with knock-down of DWARF4 (ZmDWF4, a key gene of BR synthesis) and nitrate reductase (ZmNR, a key gene of NO synthesis) by virus-induced gene silencing displayed higher resistance to MCMV than control plants. Taken together, our results suggest that BR pathway promotes the susceptibility of maize to MCMV in a NO-dependent manner.

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THOTTAPPILLY, G., N. A. BOSQUE-PÉREZ, and H. W. ROSSEL. "Viruses and virus diseases of maize in tropical Africa." Plant Pathology 42, no. 4 (August 1993): 494–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01529.x.

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Ilbağı, Havva, Frank Rabenstein, Antje Habekuss, Frank Ordon, and Ahmet Çıtır. "Incidence of virus diseases in maize fields in the Trakya region of Turkey." Phytoprotection 87, no. 3 (May 29, 2007): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015853ar.

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Abstract A survey on maize virus diseases was conducted in the Trakya region of Turkey by examining 32 496 and 46 871 plants in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Rates of symptomatic plants were estimated at 3.7 to 63.6%, depending on locations. Biological and serological test results revealed the presence of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), and Johnson grass mosaic virus (JGMV). One hundred forty-two samples were collected randomly from 6492 symptomatic plants in 2004. Seventy-two out of the 142 samples were infected with MDMV, two were infected with BYDV-PAV, 19 with MDMV and BYDV-PAV, two with MDMV, BYDV-PAV and SCMV, and only one sample contained the four viruses. In 2005, 100 other leaf samples were collected randomly from 11 739 symptomatic maize plants. Serological tests revealed that 50% of the samples were infected with MDMV and SCMV; however, five showed mixed infections of two or three combinations of tested viruses. Individual MDMV, SCMV, BYDV-PAV and JGMV infections were detected in five, three, two and four samples, respectively. Presence of MDMV was confirmed by Western blot analysis and IC-RT-PCR. SCMV was also detected by IC-RT-PCR. This is the first study reporting the detection of SCMV and JGMV on maize plants in Turkey.

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Yahaya, Adama, Danladi B. Dangora, Olufemi J. Alabi, Aisha M. Zongoma, and P. Lava Kumar. "Detection and diversity of maize yellow mosaic virus infecting maize in Nigeria." VirusDisease 30, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-019-00555-0.

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Charles, Alice K., William M. Muiru, Douglas W. Miano, and John W. Kimenju. "Distribution of Common Maize Diseases and Molecular Characterization of Maize Streak Virus in Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n4p47.

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Maize is an important food crop in Kenya and is susceptible to a wide range of diseases. A survey was conducted in 2012 in different agro-ecological zones (AEZ) of Kiambu, Embu and Nakuru counties to determine the distribution of northern leaf blight (NLB), common rust (CR), maize streak disease (MSD), gray leaf spot (GLS), head smut (HS) and common smut (CS). Data collected included prevalence, incidence and severity of each of the diseases. Maize leaf samples infected with MSD were also collected for molecular characterization of Maize streak virus (MSV). Northern leaf blight was reported in all counties surveyed with 100% disease prevalence. Kiambu had the highest incidence (100%) of CR whereas Embu had the highest prevalence (45%) of MSD. The incidences of GLS and HS were very low with averages of below 2.5%. The highest incidence of GLS was in Kiambu (5%). High altitude areas had higher incidences of NLB and GLS while CS and MSD were widespread in the three counties. Comparison of 797 nucleotides from the open reading frame (ORF) C2/C1 of MSV with other sequences from the GenBank showed sequence similarities of 99 to 100% with MSV-A strain. The study revealed that the major foliar diseases of maize are widespread in Kenya and therefore there is need to institute measures to manage these diseases and reduce associated losses. Also, the high percent sequence similarities of MSV indicate low variability which is good for breeders since developed resistant varieties can be adopted over a wider region.

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Batchelor, William D., L. M. Suresh, Xiaoxing Zhen, Yoseph Beyene, Mwaura Wilson, Gideon Kruseman, and Boddupalli Prasanna. "Simulation of Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Damage Using the CERES-Maize Model." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050710.

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Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), maize streak virus (MSV), grey leaf spot (GLS) and turcicum leaf blight (TLB) are among the major diseases affecting maize grain yields in sub-Saharan Africa. Crop models allow researchers to estimate the impact of pest damage on yield under different management and environments. The CERES-Maize model distributed with DSSAT v4.7 has the capability to simulate the impact of major diseases on maize crop growth and yield. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a method to simulate the impact of MLN on maize growth and yield. A field experiment consisting of 17 maize hybrids with different levels of MLN tolerance was planted under MLN virus-inoculated and non-inoculated conditions in 2016 and 2018 at the MLN Screening Facility in Naivasha, Kenya. Time series disease progress scores were recorded and translated into daily damage, including leaf necrosis and death, as inputs in the crop model. The model genetic coefficients were calibrated for each hybrid using the 2016 non-inoculated treatment and evaluated using the 2016 and 2018 inoculated treatments. Overall, the model performed well in simulating the impact of MLN damage on maize grain yield. The model gave an R2 of 0.97 for simulated vs. observed yield for the calibration dataset and an R2 of 0.92 for the evaluation dataset. The simulation techniques developed in this study can be potentially used for other major diseases of maize. The key to simulating other diseases is to develop the appropriate relationship between disease severity scores, percent leaf chlorosis and dead leaf area.

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Yu, Cui, Zhang Ai-hong, Ren Ai-jun, and Miao Hong-qin. "Types of Maize Virus Diseases and Progress in Virus Identification Techniques in China." Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (English Edition) 21, no. 1 (March 2014): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-8104(14)60026-x.

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Xia, Zihao, Zhenxing Zhao, Zhiyuan Jiao, Tengzhi Xu, Yuanhua Wu, Tao Zhou, and Zaifeng Fan. "Virus-Derived Small Interfering RNAs Affect the Accumulations of Viral and Host Transcripts in Maize." Viruses 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120664.

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RNA silencing is a conserved surveillance mechanism against invading viruses in plants, which involves the production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) that play essential roles in the silencing of viral RNAs and/or specific host transcripts. However, how vsiRNAs function to target viral and/or host transcripts is poorly studied, especially in maize (Zea mays L.). In this study, a degradome library constructed from Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV)-inoculated maize plants was analyzed to identify the cleavage sites in viral and host transcripts mainly produced by vsiRNAs. The results showed that 42 maize transcripts were possibly cleaved by vsiRNAs, among which several were involved in chloroplast functions and in biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, more than 3000 cleavage sites possibly produced by vsiRNAs were identified in positive-strand RNAs of SCMV, while there were only four cleavage sites in the negative-strand RNAs. To determine the roles of vsiRNAs in targeting viral RNAs, six vsiRNAs were expressed in maize protoplast based on artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs), of which four could efficiently inhibit the accumulations of SCMV RNAs. These results provide new insights into the genetic manipulation of maize with resistance against virus infection by using amiRNA as a more predictable and useful approach.

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Bosque-Pérez, Nilsa A. "Eight decades of maize streak virus research." Virus Research 71, no. 1-2 (November 2000): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00192-1.

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Li, Mingjun, Xi Sun, Dianping Di, Aihong Zhang, Ling Qing, Tao Zhou, Hongqin Miao, and Zaifeng Fan. "Maize AKINβγ Proteins Interact with P8 of Rice Black Streaked Dwarf Virus and Inhibit Viral Infection." Viruses 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121387.

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Rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is an important agent causing maize rough dwarf disease, whereas the host factors responding to RBSDV infection are poorly understood. To uncover the molecular interactions between RBSDV and maize, a yeast two-hybrid screen of a maize cDNA library was carried out using the viral P8 protein as a bait. ZmAKINβγ-1 and ZmAKINβγ-2 (βγ subunit of Arabidopsis SNF1 kinase homolog in maize) possessing high sequence similarities (encoded by two gene copies) were identified as interaction partners. Their interactions with P8 were confirmed in both Nicotiana benthamiana cells and maize protoplasts by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The accumulation levels of ZmAKINβγ mRNAs were upregulated at the stage of the viral symptoms beginning to appear and then downregulated. ZmAKINβγs are putative regulatory subunits of the SnRK1 complex, a core regulator for energy homeostasis. Knockdown of ZmAKINβγs in maize regulated the expression levels of the genes involved in sugar synthesis or degradation, and also the contents of both glucose and sucrose. Importantly, downregulation of ZmAKINβγs expressions facilitated the accumulation of RBSDV in maize. These results implicate a role of ZmAKINβγs in the regulation of primary carbohydrate metabolism, and in the defense against RBSDV infection.

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Yahaya, Adama, Danladi B. Dangora, Olufemi J. Alabi, Aisha M. Zongoma, and P. Lava Kumar. "Correction To: Detection and diversity of maize yellow mosaic virus infecting maize in Nigeria." VirusDisease 31, no. 3 (April 5, 2020): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00576-0.

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Eberwine, John W., and Edward S. Hagood. "Effect of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control on the Severity of Virus Diseases of Corn (Zea mays)." Weed Technology 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00022983.

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Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that johnsongrass control in corn causes increased maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV) disease severity because of increased movement of insect vectors from dying johnsongrass to the corn crop. Johnsongrass control treatments included 1) broadcast POST nicosulfuron, 2) directed POST imazethapyr, 3) mechanical control, and 4) no treatment. Disease severity in both a virus-susceptible and a virus-tolerant corn hybrid was evaluated. With the virus-susceptible hybrid, greater disease severity was observed where johnsongrass was controlled in the experimental area than where johnsongrass was not controlled. Increases in disease severity were independent of the method of johnsongrass control. Corollary studies conducted on the same site verified a double infection of corn with MDMV and MCDV and documented movement of blackfaced leafhoppers, the insect vector of MCDV, subsequent to treatment of johnsongrass.

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Zambrano, Jose Luis, David M. Francis, and Margaret G. Redinbaugh. "Identification of Resistance to Maize rayado fino virus in Maize Inbred Lines." Plant Disease 97, no. 11 (November 2013): 1418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-13-0037-re.

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Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) causes one of the most important virus diseases of maize in America. Severe yield losses, ranging from 10 to 50% in landraces to nearly 100% in contemporary cultivars, have been reported. Resistance has been reported in maize populations, but few resistant inbred lines have been identified. Maize inbred lines representing the range of diversity in the cultivated types and selected lines known to be resistant to other viruses were evaluated to identify novel sources of resistance to MRFV. The virus was transmitted to maize seedlings using the vector Dalbulus maidis, and disease incidence and severity were evaluated beginning 7 days postinoculation. Most of the 36 lines tested were susceptible to MRFV, with mean disease incidence ranging from 21 to 96%, and severity from 1.0 to 4.3 (using a 0 to 5 severity scale). A few genotypes, including CML333 and Ki11, showed intermediate levels of resistance, with 14 and 10% incidence, respectively. Novel sources of resistance, with incidence of less than 5% and severity ratings of 0.4 or less, included the inbred lines Oh1VI, CML287, and Cuba. In Oh1VI, resistance appeared to be dominant, and segregation of resistance in F2 plants was consistent with one or two resistance genes. The discovery of novel sources of resistance in maize inbred lines will facilitate the identification of virus resistance genes and their incorporation into breeding programs.

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Subedi, Subash. "A review on important maize diseases and their management in Nepal." Journal of Maize Research and Development 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmrd.v1i1.14242.

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In Nepal, maize ranks second after rice both in area and production. In recent years, maize area and production has shown a steady increase, but productivity has been low (2.46 t/ha). The major maize producing regions in Nepal are mid hill (72.85%), terai (17.36%) and high hill (9.79%) respectively. A literature review was carried out to explore major maize diseases and their management in Nepal. The omnipresent incidence of diseases at the pre harvest stage has been an important bottleneck in increasing production. Till now, a total of 78 (75 fungal and 3 bacterial) species are pathogenic to maize crop in Nepal. The major and economically important maize diseases reported are Gray leaf spot, Northern leaf blight, Southern leaf Blight, Banded leaf and sheath blight, Ear rot, Stalk rot, Head smut, Common rust, Downy mildew and Brown spot. Information on bacterial and virus diseases, nematodes and yield loss assessment is also given. Description of the major maize diseases, their causal organisms, distribution, time and intensity of disease incidence, symptoms, survival, spreads, environmental factors for disease development, yield losses and various disease management strategies corresponded to important maize diseases of Nepal are gathered and compiled thoroughly from the available publications. Concerted efforts of NARC commodity programs, divisions, ARS and RARS involving research on maize pathology and their important outcomes are mentioned. The use of disease management methods focused on host resistance has also been highlighted.Journal of Maize Research and Development (2015) 1(1):28-52DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34292

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Kiruwa, Fatma Hussein, Samuel Mutiga, Joyce Njuguna, Eunice Machuka, Senait Senay, Tileye Feyissa, Patrick Alois Ndakidemi, and Francesca Stomeo. "Status and Epidemiology of Maize Lethal Necrotic Disease in Northern Tanzania." Pathogens 9, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010004.

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Sustainable control of plant diseases requires a good understanding of the epidemiological aspects such as the biology of the causal pathogens. In the current study, we used RT-PCR and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to contribute to the characterization of maize lethal necrotic (MLN) viruses and to identify other possible viruses that could represent a future threat in maize production in Tanzania. RT-PCR screening for Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV) detected the virus in the majority (97%) of the samples (n = 223). Analysis of a subset (n = 48) of the samples using NGS-Illumina Miseq detected MCMV and Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) at a co-infection of 62%. The analysis further detected Maize streak virus with an 8% incidence in samples where MCMV and SCMV were also detected. In addition, signatures of Maize dwarf mosaic virus, Sorghum mosaic virus, Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV and Barley yellow dwarf virus were detected with low coverage. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral coat protein showed that isolates of MCMV and SCMV were similar to those previously reported in East Africa and Hebei, China. Besides characterization, we used farmers’ interviews and direct field observations to give insights into MLN status in different agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in Kilimanjaro, Mayara, and Arusha. Through the survey, we showed that the prevalence of MLN differed across regions (P = 0.0012) and villages (P < 0.0001) but not across AEZs (P > 0.05). The study shows changing MLN dynamics in Tanzania and emphasizes the need for regional scientists to utilize farmers’ awareness in managing the disease.

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Zambrano, Jose Luis, Mark W. Jones, Eric Brenner, David M. Francis, Adriana Tomas, and Margaret G. Redinbaugh. "Genetic analysis of resistance to six virus diseases in a multiple virus-resistant maize inbred line." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 127, no. 4 (February 6, 2014): 867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2263-5.

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Varsani, Arvind, Aderito L. Monjane, Lara Donaldson, Sunday Oluwafemi, Innocent Zinga, Ephrem K. Komba, Didier Plakoutene, et al. "Comparative analysis of Panicum streak virus and Maize streak virus diversity, recombination patterns and phylogeography." Virology Journal 6, no. 1 (2009): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-6-194.

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Jones, Roger A. C. "Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising from New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops." Viruses 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121388.

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Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.

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Scheets, Kay. "Analysis of gene functions in Maize chlorotic mottle virus." Virus Research 222 (August 2016): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.024.

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Wangai, A. W., M. G. Redinbaugh, Z. M. Kinyua, D. W. Miano, P. K. Leley, M. Kasina, G. Mahuku, K. Scheets, and D. Jeffers. "First Report of Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Maize Lethal Necrosis in Kenya." Plant Disease 96, no. 10 (October 2012): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-12-0576-pdn.

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In September 2011, a high incidence of a new maize (Zea mays L.) disease was reported at lower elevations (1,900 m asl) in the Longisa division of Bomet County, Southern Rift Valley, Kenya. The disease later spread to the Narok South and North and Naivasha Districts. By March 2012, the disease was reported at up to 2,100 m asl. Diseased plants had symptoms characteristic of virus diseases: a chlorotic mottle on leaves, developing from the base of young whorl leaves upward to the leaf tips; mild to severe leaf mottling; and necrosis developing from leaf margins to the mid-rib. Necrosis of young leaves led to a “dead heart” symptom, and plant death. Severely affected plants had small cobs with little or no grain set. Plants frequently died before tasseling. All maize varieties grown in the affected areas had similar symptoms. In these regions, maize is grown continuously throughout the year, with the main planting season starting in November. Maize streak virus was present, but incidence was low (data not shown). Infected plants were distributed throughout affected fields, with heavier infection along field edges. High thrips (Frankliniella williamsi Hood) populations were present in sampled fields, but populations of other potential disease vectors, such as aphids and leafhoppers, were low. Because of the high thrips populations and foliar symptoms, symptomatic plants were tested for the presence of Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) (3) using tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA) (1). Of 17 symptomatic leaf samples from each Bomet and Naivasha, nine from Bomet and all 17 from Naivasha were positive for MCMV. However, the observed symptoms were more severe than commonly associated with MCMV, suggesting the presence of maize lethal necrosis (MLN), a disease that results from maize infection with both MCMV and a potyvirus (4). Therefore, samples were tested for the presence of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), which is present in Kenya (2). Twenty-seven samples were positive for SCMV by TBIA, and 23 of 34 samples were infected with both viruses. Virus identities were verified with reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR (Access RT-PCR, Promega) and MCMV or SCMV-specific primers. MCMV primers (2681F: 5′-ATGAGAGCAGTTGGGGAATGCG and 3226R: 5′-CGAATCTACACACACACACTCCAGC) amplified the expected 550-bp product from three leaf samples. Amplicon sequences were identical, and had 95 to 98% identity with MCMV sequences in GenBank. SCMV primers (8679F: 5′-GCAATGTCGAAGAAAATGCG) and 9595R: 5′-GTCTCTCACCAAGAGACTCGCAGC) amplified the expected 900-bp product from four leaf samples. Amplicon sequences had 96 to 98% identity, and were 88 to 96% identical with SCMV sequences in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first report of MCMV and of maize coinfection with MCMV and SCMV associated with MLN in Kenya and Africa. MLN is a serious threat to farmers in the affected areas, who are experiencing extensive to complete crop loss. References: (1) P. G. S. Chang et al. J. Virol. Meth. 171:345, 2011. (2) Delgadillo Sanchez et al. Rev. Mex. Fitopat. 5:21, 1987. (3) Jiang et al., Crop Prot. 11:248, 1992. (4) R. Louie, Plant Dis. 64:944, 1980.

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Pasztor, György, Zsuzsanna Galbacs N., Tamas Kossuth, Emese Demian, Erzsebet Nadasy, Andras P. Takacs, and Eva Varallyay. "Millet Could Be both a Weed and Serve as a Virus Reservoir in Crop Fields." Plants 9, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080954.

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Millet is a dangerous weed in crop fields. A lack of seed dormancy helps it to spread easily and be present in maize, wheat, and other crop fields. Our previous report revealed the possibility that millet can also play a role as a virus reservoir. In that study, we focused on visual symptoms and detected the presence of several viruses in millet using serological methods, which can only detect the presence of the investigated pathogen. In this current work, we used small RNA high-throughput sequencing as an unbiased virus diagnostic method to uncover presenting viruses in randomly sampled millet grown as a volunteer weed in two maize fields, showing stunting, chlorosis, and striped leaves. Our results confirmed the widespread presence of wheat streak mosaic virus at both locations. Moreover, barley yellow striate mosaic virus and barley virus G, neither of which had been previously described in Hungary, were also identified. As these viruses can cause severe diseases in wheat and other cereals, their presence in a weed implies a potential infection risk. Our study indicates that the presence of millet in fields requires special control to prevent the emergence of new viral diseases in crop fields.

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Hammond, Rosemarie W., and John Hammond. "Maize rayado fino virus capsid proteins assemble into virus-like particles in Escherichia coli." Virus Research 147, no. 2 (February 2010): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2009.11.002.

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Meyer, M. D., and J. K. Pataky. "Increased Severity of Foliar Diseases of Sweet Corn Infected with Maize Dwarf Mosaic and Sugarcane Mosaic Viruses." Plant Disease 94, no. 9 (September 2010): 1093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-9-1093.

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Maize dwarf mosaic (MDM), caused by Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), is an economically important viral disease of sweet corn (Zea mays). MDM is known to increase the severity of fungal root rots and southern corn leaf blight (SCLB). The effect of infection with MDMV-A and SCMV on eight foliar diseases was evaluated on 32 sweet corn hybrids (27 MDM-susceptible hybrids and five MDM-resistant hybrids) in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Virus infection substantially increased the severity of five diseases, including: SCLB, northern corn leaf spot (NCLS), gray leaf spot (GLS), Diplodia leaf streak (DLS), and eyespot. Among MDM-susceptible hybrids, mean severity of SCLB, NCLS, GLS, DLS, and eyespot on virus-infected plants was typically double that of plants that were asymptomatic of viral infection. Three diseases were not substantially increased by MDM, including: common rust, northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), and Stewart's wilt. Virus infection appeared to affect the severity of diseases caused by necrotrophic foliar fungi that colonize mesophyll tissue. MDM did not appear to substantially affect the severity of diseases caused by pathogens that form haustoria or invade the vascular system. The extent to which SCLB severity is increased by MDM in terms of changes in level of host resistance also was determined. For MDM-susceptible hybrids, reactions to SCLB ranged from resistant to moderately susceptible in MDM-free treatments, but each of these hybrids was classified as moderately susceptible to susceptible when infected with MDMV-A and/or SCMV. The results of this experiment demonstrate the importance of breeding for MDM resistance, not only to control this important viral disease of sweet corn, but also to lower the potential for detrimental effects from several other foliar diseases that often are of minor importance on sweet corn in the absence of MDM.

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Xu, Tengzhi, Lei Lei, Junpeng Shi, Xin Wang, Jian Chen, Mingshuo Xue, Silong Sun, et al. "Characterization of maize translational responses to sugarcane mosaic virus infection." Virus Research 259 (January 2019): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.013.

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Wakmana, W., M. S. Kontong, A. Muis, D. M. Persley, and D. S. Teakle. "MOSAIC DISEASE OF MAIZE CAUSED BY SUGARCANE MOSAIC POTYVIRUS IN SULAWESI." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 2, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v2n2.2001.56-59.

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Mosaic disease of maize and grasses is commonly found in Sulawesi. The symptoms resemble the common mosaic symptoms of virus infection, but the pathogen has not been identified. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent of the mosaic disease of maize and grasses in Sulawesi. Transmissions of the virus were studied by mechanical inoculation and the insect vector aphid. Serological study was done by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of mechanical inoculation showed that the disease was caused by a virus which was transmitted from diseased maize and grasses to healthy sweet corn seedlings. The disease was also transmitted by aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis). Serological study indicated that the virus was closely related to the sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the maize and grass mosaic disease was caused by SCMV. <br /><br />

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Wakmana, W., M. S. Kontong, A. Muis, D. M. Persley, and D. S. Teakle. "MOSAIC DISEASE OF MAIZE CAUSED BY SUGARCANE MOSAIC POTYVIRUS IN SULAWESI." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 2, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v2n2.2001.p56-59.

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Mosaic disease of maize and grasses is commonly found in Sulawesi. The symptoms resemble the common mosaic symptoms of virus infection, but the pathogen has not been identified. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent of the mosaic disease of maize and grasses in Sulawesi. Transmissions of the virus were studied by mechanical inoculation and the insect vector aphid. Serological study was done by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of mechanical inoculation showed that the disease was caused by a virus which was transmitted from diseased maize and grasses to healthy sweet corn seedlings. The disease was also transmitted by aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis). Serological study indicated that the virus was closely related to the sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the maize and grass mosaic disease was caused by SCMV. <br /><br />

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Trzmiel, K., and M. Jeżewska. "Identification of Maize dwarf mosaic virus in Maize in Poland." Plant Disease 92, no. 6 (June 2008): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0981a.

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From 2005 to 2007 in Southern Wielkopolska, Lower Silesia, and Malopolska regions, maize (Zea mays) plants showing leaf mosaic and stunting symptoms were found. ELISA tests using commercial polyclonal antisera against Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) obtained from Bioreba (Basel, Switzerland) and Loewe (Munich, Germany) gave positive results in 71 samples. However, the ELISA response for symptomatic plants, in most cases, was low, with OD values ranging from 0.05 to 0.18. Therefore, only eight plants with relatively high virus concentration were chosen for further identification assays. Examination of leaf extracts with an electron microscope revealed the presence of potyvirus-like particles. Symptomatic leaves were positive for MDMV by using immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) with antiserum raised against the Spanish isolate of MDMV (supplied as positive MDMV control from A. Achon, Centre Vdl-Irta, Lleida, Spain). A set of test plants, including sweet corn, dent corn, sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), and true millet (Panicum miliaceum), were mechanically inoculated with extracts from symptomatic plants in 0.05 M phosphate buffer plus 1% β-mercaptoethanol. Inoculated plants developed symptoms typical of MDMV in 2 to 5 weeks (1,2). For further investigations, three virus isolates were chosen. To confirm the identification of MDMV, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed with total RNA isolated from infected plants with primers 3MDF (5′ GAT GAG TTR AAY GTY TAT GCA CGA C 3′), a forward primer in the 3′ region of NIb gene and either 1MDR (5′ RTG CAT RAT TTG TCT GAA AGT TGG 3′) or 3MDR (5′ ACC AVA CCA TYA TWC CAC TC 3′), reverse primers in the 3′ region of the coat protein gene (A. Zare, Shiraz University, personal communication). 3MDF corresponds to nucleotides 8306 to 8330, 3MDR is complementary to nucleotides 8791 to 8813, and 1MDR is complementary to nucleotides 8917 to 8939 of the MDMV genome (GenBank Accession No. AJ001691). The RT-PCR products obtained were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplicons of the expected sizes (635 and 560 bp) were obtained with RNA from symptomatic plants, but not from asymptomatic plants. The sequence of the 576-bp PCR product was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. EU240460). In alignments done with BlastN ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast ), the highest nucleotide sequence identities were 99% with Spanish MDMV isolates (“SP” AM110758, “SP” AJ416645, and “S1” AJ416635), 91% with the Hungarian isolate “Sc/H, sweet corn” AJ542536, 90% with “MDMV-A” U07216, and 87% with an Israeli MDMV (AF395135). On the basis of these findings, the virus isolated from diseased maize plants was identified as MDMV. The significance of MDMV detection is noteworthy because maize has become an important crop in Poland in recent years and acreage is increasing systematically. References: (1) M. A. Achon et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 102:697, 1996. (2) A. J. Gibbs. Maize dwarf mosaic virus. Page 752 in: Viruses of Plants. Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE database. A. A. Brunt et al., eds. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1996.

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Ruiz, M., E. A. Rossi, N. C. Bonamico, and M. G. Balzarini. "MULTI-TRAIT MODELS FOR GENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MAL DE RÍO CUARTO AND BACTERIAL DISEASE IN MAIZE." Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 32, Issue 1 (July 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35407/bag.2021.32.01.03.

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Maize (Zea Mays L.) production has been greatly benefited from the improvement of inbred lines in regard to the resistance to diseases. However, the absence of resistant genotypes to bacteriosis is remarkable. The aim of the study was to identify genomic regions for resistance to Mal de Río Cuarto (MRC) and to bacterial disease (BD) in a diverse maize germplasm evaluated in the Argentinian region where MRC virus is endemic. A maize diverse population was assessed for both diseases during the 2019-2020 crop season. Incidence and severity of MRC and BD were estimated for each line and a genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted with 78,376 SNP markers. A multi-trait mixed linear model was used for simultaneous evaluation of resistance to MRC and BD in the scored lines. The germplasm showed high genetic variability for both MRC and BD resistance. No significant genetic correlation was observed between the response to both diseases. Promising genomic regions for resistance to MRC and BD were identified and will be confirmed in further trials. Key words: maize disease; genome wide association study; SNP; multi-trait model

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Ruiz, M., E. A. Rossi, N. C. Bonamico, and M. G. Balzarini. "MULTI-TRAIT MODELS FOR GENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MAL DE RÍO CUARTO AND BACTERIAL DISEASE IN MAIZE." Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 32, Issue 1 (July 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35407/bag.2020.32.01.03.

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Maize (Zea Mays L.) production has been greatly benefited from the improvement of inbred lines in regard to the resistance to diseases. However, the absence of resistant genotypes to bacteriosis is remarkable. The aim of the study was to identify genomic regions for resistance to Mal de Río Cuarto (MRC) and to bacterial disease (BD) in a diverse maize germplasm evaluated in the Argentinian region where MRC virus is endemic. A maize diverse population was assessed for both diseases during the 2019-2020 crop season. Incidence and severity of MRC and BD were estimated for each line and a genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted with 78,376 SNP markers. A multi-trait mixed linear model was used for simultaneous evaluation of resistance to MRC and BD in the scored lines. The germplasm showed high genetic variability for both MRC and BD resistance. No significant genetic correlation was observed between the response to both diseases. Promising genomic regions for resistance to MRC and BD were identified and will be confirmed in further trials. Key words: maize disease; genome wide association study; SNP; multi-trait model

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Bradfute, O. E., and Raymond Louie. "Maize Necrotic Lesion Virus Particles and Associated Cellular Inclusions." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103541.

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Maize necrotic lesion virus (MNLV), a newly found soil-borne virus, is apparently one of a complex of viruses infecting roots of maize (Zea mays L.) in northern Ohio (1). Maize roots become infected when plants are grown in infested, field soil that has undergone air-dry storage or in autoclaved, greenhouse soil infested with diseased roots. Symptoms on leaves of rub-inoculated maize and other monocot seedlings first appear as chlorotic local lesions that become necrotic after 24-36 hr.Numerous isometric virus particles of two sizes, ca. 17 and 29 nm in diameter, were observed in crude extracts from MNLV lesions negatively stained in phosphotungstic acid, pH 4.8 (Fig. 1). At pH 6.9 the larger virus particles were frequently stain-penetrated and clumped together or embedded in an amorphous matrix (Fig. 2). MNLV-infected cells were also examined in thin sections cut from fixed and embedded chlorotic lesions (Fig. 3-4). In the cytoplasm of some mesophyll cells, numerous isometric virus particles of both sizes were clearly recognized in close proximity to each other and to masses of electron-dense, amorphous inclusions.

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Rodríguez-Gómez, Gustavo, Pablo Vargas-Mejía, and Laura Silva-Rosales. "Differential Expression of Genes between a Tolerant and a Susceptible Maize Line in Response to a Sugarcane Mosaic Virus Infection." Viruses 14, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14081803.

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To uncover novel genes associated with the Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) response, we used RNA-Seq data to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcript expression pattern clusters between a tolerant/resistant (CI-RL1) and a susceptible (B73) line, in addition to the F1 progeny (CI-RL1xB73). A Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment of DEGs led us to propose three genes possibly associated with the CI-RL1 response: a heat shock 90-2 protein and two ABC transporters. Through a clustering analysis of the transcript expression patterns (CTEPs), we identified two genes putatively involved in viral systemic spread: the maize homologs to the PIEZO channel (ZmPiezo) and to the Potyvirus VPg Interacting Protein 1 (ZmPVIP1). We also observed the complex behavior of the maize eukaryotic factors ZmeIF4E and Zm-elfa (involved in translation), homologs to eIF4E and eEF1α in A. thaliana. Together, the DEG and CTEPs results lead us to suggest that the tolerant/resistant CI-RL1 response to the SCMV encompasses the action of diverse genes and, for the first time, that maize translation factors are associated with viral interaction.

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Ammar, El-Desouky, and L. R. Nault. "Assembly and Accumulation Sites of Maize Mosaic Virus in Its Planthopper Vector." Intervirology 24, no. 1 (1985): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000149616.

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Mlotshwa, Sizolwenkosi, Nitika Khatri, Jane Todd, Hong Hanh Tran, and Lucy R. Stewart. "First report of cDNA clone-launched infection of maize plants with the polerovirus maize yellow mosaic virus (MaYMV)." Virus Research 295 (April 2021): 198297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198297.

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Teakle, DS, S. Hicks, RM Harding, RS Greber, and RG Milne. "Pangola stunt virus infecting pangola grass and summer grass in Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 6 (1988): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9881075.

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A widespread disease of pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) and summer grass (D. ciliaris) in south-eastern Queensland was characterized by a bunched and stunted growth habit, yellow or red discolouration of the foliage, seed heads with crimped, distorted racemes, and sometimes premature plant death. Virus-like particles present in extracts of diseased plants were unstable, 50-70 nm in diameter, had a core and outer coat and were morphologically similar to particles of viruses in the genus Fijivirus, family Reoviridae. The particles were shown by immune electron microscopy to be serologically closely related to pangola stunt and maize rough dwarf viruses, but unrelated to oat sterile dwarf virus. Similar virus-like particles were observed in crystalline arrays in ultrathin sections of cells in vein enations of D. ciliaris. Extracts of diseased pangola grass and summer grass contained 10 double-stranded RNA species, which were somewhat similar in size to those reported for pangola stunt virus. A planthopper, Sogatella kolophon, which is related to the South American vector of pangola stunt virus, S. furcifera, was associated with diseased pangola grass and summer grass in the field, and was shown to be a vector. However, efforts to infect maize, a major host of maize rough dwarf virus, were unsuccessful. On the basis of these properties the Australian virus is considered to be pangola stunt virus.

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Jones, Roger A. C., Murray Sharman, Piotr Trębicki, Solomon Maina, and Benjamin S. Congdon. "Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges." Viruses 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102051.

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This review summarizes research on virus diseases of cereals and oilseeds in Australia since the 1950s. All viruses known to infect the diverse range of cereal and oilseed crops grown in the continent’s temperate, Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical cropping regions are included. Viruses that occur commonly and have potential to cause the greatest seed yield and quality losses are described in detail, focusing on their biology, epidemiology and management. These are: barley yellow dwarf virus, cereal yellow dwarf virus and wheat streak mosaic virus in wheat, barley, oats, triticale and rye; Johnsongrass mosaic virus in sorghum, maize, sweet corn and pearl millet; turnip yellows virus and turnip mosaic virus in canola and Indian mustard; tobacco streak virus in sunflower; and cotton bunchy top virus in cotton. The currently less important viruses covered number nine infecting nine cereal crops and 14 infecting eight oilseed crops (none recorded for rice or linseed). Brief background information on the scope of the Australian cereal and oilseed industries, virus epidemiology and management and yield loss quantification is provided. Major future threats to managing virus diseases effectively include damaging viruses and virus vector species spreading from elsewhere, the increasing spectrum of insecticide resistance in insect and mite vectors, resistance-breaking virus strains, changes in epidemiology, virus and vectors impacts arising from climate instability and extreme weather events, and insufficient industry awareness of virus diseases. The pressing need for more resources to focus on addressing these threats is emphasized and recommendations over future research priorities provided.

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Jones, Roger A. C., Murray Sharman, Piotr Trębicki, Solomon Maina, and Benjamin S. Congdon. "Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges." Viruses 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102051.

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This review summarizes research on virus diseases of cereals and oilseeds in Australia since the 1950s. All viruses known to infect the diverse range of cereal and oilseed crops grown in the continent’s temperate, Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical cropping regions are included. Viruses that occur commonly and have potential to cause the greatest seed yield and quality losses are described in detail, focusing on their biology, epidemiology and management. These are: barley yellow dwarf virus, cereal yellow dwarf virus and wheat streak mosaic virus in wheat, barley, oats, triticale and rye; Johnsongrass mosaic virus in sorghum, maize, sweet corn and pearl millet; turnip yellows virus and turnip mosaic virus in canola and Indian mustard; tobacco streak virus in sunflower; and cotton bunchy top virus in cotton. The currently less important viruses covered number nine infecting nine cereal crops and 14 infecting eight oilseed crops (none recorded for rice or linseed). Brief background information on the scope of the Australian cereal and oilseed industries, virus epidemiology and management and yield loss quantification is provided. Major future threats to managing virus diseases effectively include damaging viruses and virus vector species spreading from elsewhere, the increasing spectrum of insecticide resistance in insect and mite vectors, resistance-breaking virus strains, changes in epidemiology, virus and vectors impacts arising from climate instability and extreme weather events, and insufficient industry awareness of virus diseases. The pressing need for more resources to focus on addressing these threats is emphasized and recommendations over future research priorities provided.

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Falk, Bryce W., and James H. Tsai. "The Two Capsid Proteins of Maize Rayado Fino Virus Contain Common Peptide Sequences." Intervirology 25, no. 2 (1986): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000149664.

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Arrey, Doris Besem, Etanke Sylvie Essomo, Anyinkeng Neculina, and Afanga Yannick Afanga. "EVALUATION OF VIRUS DISEASE STATUS ON SUGARCANE GERMPLASM IN WESTERN CAMEROON." International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research 08, no. 02 (2022): 326–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51193/ijaer.2022.8209.

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Sugarcane cultivation is hindered by several biotic constraints of which viral disease plays a major disaster. This study was carried out to evaluate the virus disease situation of sugarcane germplasm in western Cameroon, consisting of three regions (Southwest, Northwest and West region). A survey was carried out in 66 villages in these regions. Landraces identified included SMU58, SBK36, SNC16, NBfPc48 and NBfAg53. Representative samples of the landraces were collected and grown in an experimental field in the Department of Plant Science, University of Buea. Canes were observed for virus disease symptoms eleven months after planting. Single leaf samples of the symptomatic plants were collected from 10 randomly selected plants constituted a batch sample. A total of 66 and 15 batch samples collected from the field and experimental plot respectively were tested for the detection of Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) and Maize Streak Virus (MSV) by direct Double Antibody Sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA). Of the 66 composite samples tested for SCMV and MSV, 54 samples tested positive for at least one virus. Maize streak virus was the most prevalent, with an incidence of 11.25%. Mixed infection was also recorded. Sugarcane in western Cameroon is infected with some virus diseases though the prevalence is low. This is a course of concern.

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Dumón, A. D., E. B. Argüello Caro, M. F. Mattio, V. Alemandri, M. del Vas, and G. Truol. "Co-infection with a wheat rhabdovirus causes a reduction inMal de Río Cuarto virustiter in its planthopper vector." Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, no. 2 (September 11, 2017): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317000803.

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AbstractMal de Río Cuarto virus(MRCV,Fijivirus,Reoviridae) causes one of the most important diseases in maize (Zea maysL.) in Argentina and has been detected in mixed infections with a rhabdovirus closely related to Maize yellow striate virus. In nature both viruses are able to infect maize and several grasses including wheat, and are transmitted in a persistent propagative manner byDelphacodes kuscheliFennah (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). This work describes the interactions between MRCV and rhabdovirus within their natural vector and the consequences of such co-infection regarding virus transmission and symptom expression. First- and third-instarD. kuschelinymphs were fed on MRCV-infected wheat plants or MRCV-rhabdovirus-infected oat plants, and two latency periods were considered. Transmission efficiency and viral load of MRCV-transmitting and non-transmitting planthoppers were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis (RTqPCR). Vector transmission efficiency was related to treatments (life stages at acquisition and latency periods). Nevertheless, no correlation between transmission efficiency and type of inoculum used to infect insects with MRCV was found. Treatment by third-instar nymphs 17 days after Acquisition Access Period was the most efficient for MRCV transmission, regardless of the type of inoculum. Plants co-infected with MRCV and rhabdovirus showed the typical MRCV symptoms earlier than plants singly infected with MRCV. The transmitting planthoppers showed significantly higher MRCV titers than non-transmitting insects fed on single or mixed inocula, confirming that successful MRCV transmission is positively associated with viral accumulation in the insect. Furthermore, MRCV viral titers were higher in transmitting planthoppers that acquired this virus from a single inoculum than in those that acquired the virus from a mixed inoculum, indicating that the presence of the rhabdovirus somehow impaired MRCV replication and/or acquisition. This is the first study about interactions between MRCV and a rhabdovirus closely related to Maize yellow striate virus in this insect vector (D. kuscheli), and contributes to a better understanding of planthopper–virus interactions and their epidemiological implications.

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SOUZA, ISABEL REGINA PRAZERES DE, JOSÉ HENRIQUE SOLER GUILHEN, CAMILO DE LELIS TEIXEIRA DE ANDRADE, MARCOS DE OLIVEIRA PINTO, UBIRACI GOMES DE PAULA LANA, and MARIA MARTA PASTINA. "MAJOR EFFECT QTL ON CHROMOSOME 3 CONFERRING MAIZE RESISTANCE TO SUGARCANE MOSAIC VIRUS." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 18, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 322–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v18n3p322-339.

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The Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), a maize pathogen epidemic worldwide, is the causal agent of common mosaic, one of the most important viral diseases in Brazil. In this study, we mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance to SCMV in a maize population consisting of 127 F2:3 families from the cross between two Brazilian maize inbred lines, L18 (resistant) × L19 (susceptible). Field trials were carried out in two years to evaluate the F2:3 families according to a resistance score after artificial inoculation. QTLs were detected via composite interval mapping, using a linkage map based on 82 SSRs, 3 CAPS and 296 SNPs. The heritability ranged from 73.68 to 95.16% and SCMV resistance QTLs were consistently identified on chromosomes 1 and 3, showing minor and major effects, respectively. The major QTL on chromosome 3 explained a large proportion of the genetic variance, being 50 and 70% in year 1 and 2, respectively, while the minor QTL on chromosome 1 explained 11 and 8% in year 1 and 2, respectively. The SNP marker co-localized with the major QTL peak on chromosome 3 and its right flanking marker are positioned inside the predicted gene GRMZM2G122443 encoding a glucosidase II, and the left flanking marker inside the GRMZM2G140537 that encodes a protein tyrosine kinase. Moreover, within this QTL region there are also the GRMZM2G160902 and GRMZM2G122481 predicted genes, encoding a bZIP transcription factor and a cytochrome C oxidase, respectively. The colocalization with this major effect QTL suggests a putative involvement of these candidate genes with maize responses to SCMV resistance, but further functional studies are required for such validation. Our results provide resistance source and genomic target for marker-assisted breeding aiming the development of maize resistant cultivars to SCMV.

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Johnmark, Onyino, Stephen Indieka, Gaoqiong Liu, Manje Gowda, L. M. Suresh, Wenli Zhang, and Xiquan Gao. "Fighting Death for Living: Recent Advances in Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease Resistance." Viruses 14, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122765.

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Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) disease, caused by a synergistic co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and any member of the Potyviridae family, was first reported in EasternAfrica (EA) a decade ago. It is one of the most devastating threats to maize production in these regions since it can lead up to 100% crop loss. Conventional counter-measures have yielded some success; however, they are becoming less effective in controlling MLN. In EA, the focus has been on the screening and identification of resistant germplasm, dissecting genetic and the molecular basis of the disease resistance, as well as employing modern breeding technologies to develop novel varieties with improved resistance. CIMMYT and scientists from NARS partner organizations have made tremendous progresses in the screening and identification of the MLN-resistant germplasm. Quantitative trait loci mapping and genome-wide association studies using diverse, yet large, populations and lines were conducted. These remarkable efforts have yielded notable outcomes, such as the successful identification of elite resistant donor lines KS23-5 and KS23-6 and their use in breeding, as well as the identification of multiple MLN-tolerance promising loci clustering on Chr 3 and Chr 6. Furthermore, with marker-assisted selection and genomic selection, the above-identified germplasms and loci have been incorporated into elite maize lines in a maize breeding program, thus generating novel varieties with improved MLN resistance levels. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for MLN resistance require further elucidation. Due to third generation sequencing technologies as well functional genomics tools such as genome-editing and DH technology, it is expected that the breeding time for MLN resistance in farmer-preferred maize varieties in EA will be efficient and shortened.

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Wang, Rong, Kaitong Du, Tong Jiang, Dianping Di, Zaifeng Fan, and Tao Zhou. "Comparative Proteomic Analyses of Susceptible and Resistant Maize Inbred Lines at the Stage of Enations Forming following Infection by Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus." Viruses 14, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122604.

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Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is the main pathogen causing maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) in China. Typical enation symptoms along the abaxial leaf veins prevail in RBSDV-infected maize inbred line B73 (susceptible to RBSDV), but not in X178 (resistant to RBSDV). Observation of the microstructures of epidermal cells and cross section of enations from RBSDV-infected maize leaves found that the increase of epidermal cell and phloem cell numbers is associated with enation formation. To identify proteins associated with enation formation and candidate proteins against RBSDV infection, comparative proteomics between B73 and X178 plants were conducted using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) with leaf samples at the enation forming stage. The proteomics data showed that 260 and 316 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in B73 and X178, respectively. We found that the majority of DEPs are located in the chloroplast and cytoplasm. Moreover, RBSDV infection resulted in dramatic changes of DEPs enriched by the metabolic process, response to stress and the biosynthetic process. Strikingly, a cell number regulator 10 was significantly down-regulated in RBSDV-infected B73 plants. Altogether, these data will provide value information for future studies to analyze molecular events during both enation formation and resistance mechanism to RBSDV infection.

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Rivera, Carmen, and Rodrigo Gámez. "Multiplication of Maize Rayado Fino Virus in the Leafhopper Vector Dalbulus maidis." Intervirology 25, no. 2 (1986): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000149659.

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Aliyu, Taiye Hussein, and Olusegun Samuel Balogun. "Effect of Spatial Arrangement on the Incidence of Virus Diseases Associated with Cowpea Intercropped with Maize." International Journal of Virology 8, no. 4 (September 15, 2012): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijv.2012.299.306.

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He, Er-Qi, Wen-Qing Bao, Sheng-Ren Sun, Chun-Yu Hu, Jian-Sheng Chen, Zheng-Wang Bi, Yuan Xie, Jia-Ju Lu, and San-Ji Gao. "Incidence and Distribution of Four Viruses Causing Diverse Mosaic Diseases of Sugarcane in China." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020302.

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Mosaic diseases of sugarcane caused by various viruses have been reported in most sugarcane planting countries and threaten global sugar production. There is a lack of extensive, systematic investigation of mosaic diseases and their causal viruses in China. In this study, a total of 901 leaf samples showing mosaic symptoms were collected from commercial fields in eight provincial regions in China and tested for sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), and maize yellow mosaic virus (MaYMV) using RT-PCR with four specific primer pairs. Of 901 tested samples, 38.5% (347/901) of samples were infected with one of the four viruses alone. Infection by two or more viruses was seen for 42.6% (384/901) of samples. The highest incidence of virus-causing sugarcane mosaic disease was SrMV (70.1%), followed by SCMV (33.4%) and SCSMV (30.3%), and the lowest incidence was seen for MaYMV (5.1%). Three viruses (SrMV, SCMV, and SCSMV) were found in eight sugarcane-planting provinces, whereas MaYMV was only found in Fujian, Guangxi, and Sichuan provinces. Mixed infections of the three main viruses, particularly for SrMV + SCMV and SrMV + SCSMV, were commonly found in the sugarcane samples. Our systematic determination of the occurrence and distribution of four RNA viruses associated with sugarcane mosaic diseases can provide evidence to guide the development of strategies for the prevention and control of sugarcane mosaic diseases in China.

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van der Walt, Eric, Darren P. Martin, Arvind Varsani, Jane E. Polston, and Edward P. Rybicki. "Experimental observations of rapid Maize streak virus evolution reveal a strand-specific nucleotide substitution bias." Virology Journal 5, no. 1 (2008): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-5-104.

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Chicas, Mauricio, Mario Caviedes, Rosemarie Hammond, Kenneth Madriz, Federico Albertazzi, Heydi Villalobos, and Pilar Ramírez. "Partial characterization of Maize rayado fino virus isolates from Ecuador: Phylogenetic analysis supports a Central American origin of the virus." Virus Research 126, no. 1-2 (June 2007): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.011.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Virus diseases of maize'

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