Relevant bibliographies by topics / Virus distribution

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Virus distribution'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Virus distribution"

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Bessonov, Nikolai, Gennady A. Bocharov, Cristina Leon, Vladimir Popov, and Vitaly Volpert. "Genotype-dependent virus distribution and competition of virus strains." Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems 8, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/memocs.2020.8.101.

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Polák, J., and J. Zieglerová. "Distribution of Apple stem grooving virus in apple trees in the Czech Republic." Plant Protection Science 37, No. 1 (January 1, 2001): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8360-pps.

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From 1997 to 2000 the distribution of Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) in selected intensive apple orchards was investigated at six sites in the Czech Republic. Detection of ASGV was by ELISA. The virus was found to be commonly distributed; it was detected in over 50 % of the tested trees. Some cultivars were infected up to 100 %, while several were found to be virus-free. A high incidence of infected trees appeared in both older (20 years) and younger (7 to 8 years) orchards. This emphasizes the necessity to initiate the certification of the health condition of nursery material according to the system recommended by the EPPO.
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"Chrysanthemum virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500880.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Chrysanthemum virus B Viruses: Unassigned virus family: Carlavirus Hosts: Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum vestitum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Beigium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, UK, Ukraine, ASIA, India, Japan, Honshu, Korea Republic, NORTH AMERICA, USA, California, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, OCEANIA, Australia, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia.
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"Geographical Distribution of Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes from Animals in China." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 5, no. 3 (March 5, 2016): 1467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/v5i3.nov162186.

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CABI and EPPO. "Parietaria mottle virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, May 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20220233387.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Parietaria mottle virus. Martellivirales: Bromoviridae: Ilarvirus. Hosts: tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), pepper ( Capsicum spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (France, Greece, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Balearic Islands).
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CABI and EPPO. "Pepino mosaic virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, May 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20220233391.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pepino mosaic virus. Tymovirales: Alphaflexiviridae: Potexvirus. Hosts: tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), other Solanaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Egypt, Morocco, South Africa), Asia (China, Shanghai, Israel, Korea Republic, Syria, Turkey), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Spain, Canary Islands, Switzerland, Ukraine), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Texas), Oceania (New Zealand), South America (Chile, Ecuador, Peru).
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CABI and EPPO. "Tomato chlorosis virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, May 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20220233392.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Tomato chlorosis virus. Martellivirales: Closteroviridae: Crinivirus. Main host: tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, Mayotte, Morocco, Nigeria, Reunion, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia), Asia (China, Beijing, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey), Europe (Cyprus, France, Greece, Crete, Hungary, Italy Sardinia, Sicily, Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands), North America (Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana), South America (Brazil, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Distrito Federal, Goias, Minas Gerais, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Uruguay).
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"Potato yellowing virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, October (November 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20210455191.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Potato yellowing virus. Bromoviridae: Ilarvirus. Hosts: potato (Solanum tuberosum), wild Solanum spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in South America (Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru).
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"Tobacco etch virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20103281408.

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Abstract A new distribution map is given for Tobacco etch virus (Potyviridae: Potyvirus). The hosts include bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Information is provided on the geographical distribution in Europe (Cyprus, France, Hungary and Russia), Asia (China, Fujian, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, India, Karnataka, Singapore and Turkey), Africa (Sudan and Tunisia), North America (Canada, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Alabama, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia and Wisconsin), Central America and Caribbean (Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad and Tobago) and South America (Venezuela). The virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by 13 aphid species, especially Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae).
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"Satsuma dwarf virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500918.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Satsuma dwarf virus Viruses: Comoviridae: Nepovirus (tentative species) Hosts: Citrus spp., satsuma (Citrus unshiu), kumquat (Fortunella) and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, China, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Iran, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, North Korea, Korea Republic, Turkey.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Virus distribution"

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Ahlm, Clas. "Distribution of puumala virus in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Infektionssjukdomar, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-140825.

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Puumala virus, belonging to the genus hantavirus, is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a relatively mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Puumala virus occurs endemically in Central and Northern Europe and Western Russia. In Sweden, NE is reported from the northern and central parts but virtually not at all from the southern part of the country. The bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) is the main reservoir of Puumala virus and humans are infected by inhalation of aerosolized animal secreta. In northern Sweden, the density of the bank vole population varies cyclically in intervals of 3-4 years and the incidence of NE shows a covariation. The prevalence of serum antibodies to hantaviruses in northern Sweden was studied in a stratified and randomly selected adult population sample comprising 1538 subjects. As expected, the prevalence increased with age. There was no difference between men and women, which was unexpected based on a male:female ratio of > 2:1 in clinical reports. By use of an immunofiuorescent assay, a seroprevalence of 5.4% and by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein as antigen, a prevalence of 8.9% was recorded. This is about or more than ten times higher than what would be calculated from clinical reports. By use of the ELISA, an occupational risk of acquisition of Puumala virus infection was demonstrated. Serum samples from 910 farmers and 663 referent subjects living in various rural parts of Sweden were tested. Among farmers from the Puumala virus-endemic northern and central parts of the country, the seroprevalence (12.9%) was higher (p=0.01) than in referents (6.8%). In the southern part of Sweden, only 2/459 persons had antibodies. Only a limited number of children with NE had been previously reported. In a separate study, 32 children with Puumala virus infection were identified and the clinical picture of NE in children was found to be similar to that of adult cases. Variations in the prevalence of Puumala virus in the bank vole population within an endemic region are not well known. Here, a higher mean rodent density and a higher prevalence of Puumala virus-specific serum antibodies were recorded in the vicinity of households afflicted with NE than in rural control areas. The data indicated that the risk of exposure locally within an endemic region may vary widely and tentatively suggested that a threshold density of bank voles might be necessary to achieve before effective spread of Puumala virus within the rodent population may occur. There is no firm evidence of the occurrence of Puumala virus among wild living animals other than rodents. A study of Swedish moose, an animal which is ecologically well characterized, was performed. Convincing evidence of past Puumala virus infection was found in 5/260 moose originating from Puumala virus-endemic areas but in none of 167 animals from nonendemic areas. Based on the low seroprevalence recorded, moose seemed to serve as endstage hosts rather than being active parts of the enzootic circle of transmission. In conclusion, the present investigations confirmed that the exposure to Puumala virus is geographically well restricted in Sweden. Seroprevalence studies indicated that only a minor proportion of individuals infected with Puumala virus are clinically reported, with a bias in favour of men. NE was confirmed to occur in children, with a clinical picture similar to that of adults. An occupational risk was defined for acquisition of Puumala virus infection. Studies in rodents suggested that there may be wide local variations within a limited area in the risk of exposure to Puumala virus. The studies validated the usefulness of a newly developed ELISA based on recombinant nucleocapsid peptides of hantaviruses and finally, methodological progress was reached when Puumala virus was, for the first time, successfully isolated from a Scandinavian patient.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1998


digitalisering@umu
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Caioni, Massimo. "Epstein-Barr virus subtype distribution in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy /." [S.l : s.n.], 1994. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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LaVenture, George M. "Software and the virus threat : providing authenticity in distribution." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28547.

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Van, Eijl Henriette Joselijn Leonie. "The distribution and topology of the vaccinia virus A36R protein." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325640.

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Komurian-Pradel, Florence. "Variabilité génomique du virus HTLV-I (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type I) en fonction de la géographie et des pathologies associées." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1T001.

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Elom, Hilary, and Shimin Zheng. "The distribution of hepatitis c virus genotypes in US population. Data from NHANES 2006-2016." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/116.

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Background: Unlike other non-hepatitis c viral infection, hepatitis c viral infection is a non-vaccine preventable disease. Thus, effective treatment is an important part in the prevention of complication of chronic hepatitis c infection. The viral genotype plays a significant role in the choice of treatment regimen. Aim: the purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis c viral infection and the distribution of viral genotype in the US population. Methods: Diagnosis of Hepatitis C viral infection was made by assaying the blood specimen collected from the study participants using Ampiclor monitor (Roche Diagnostic System, Inc Branchburg NJ), and genotype determined from the NS5b region. The data is from NHANSE 2006-2016. SAS v 9.4 software was used to perform the analysis. Results: Of the 356 participants (2006-2016) who tested positive to Hepatitis C virus-RNA, 205 persons had genotype 1a, 1b (n=66), other forms of genotype 1 (n=1), genotype 2(n=41), genotype 3 (n=30), genotype 4 (n=1), genotype 6(n=1), undetermined genotype (n=8). Based on weighted analysis of person infected with genotype 1, 2, 3; genotype 1 was highest across all ages and gender (78.2%). Of 271 participants infected with genotype 1, there were 5.09% Mexican Americans, 3.94% other Hispanics, 56.58% non-Hispanic whites, 28.74% non-Hispanic black, and 5.65% other races including multiracial population. Subjects aged 50 years or above was 27.7% less likely being infected with HCV genotype 1 vs 2 and 3, compared with younger individuals (adjusted Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval) (aOR): 0.72 (0.72-0.73)). Non-Hispanic black were about 13 times (aOR: 13.1 (13.0-13.2)) as likely to be infected with genotype 1 vs 2 and 3 as non-Hispanic white. Conclusion: Hepatitis C virus genotype 1 is predominant among those infected with hepatitis c virus in the US population. Improvement in therapy targeting genotype 1 is essential to reduce the burden and complication of chronic hepatitis C in the United States.
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McCormick, Benjamin Joseph James. "The determinants of the distribution of louping ill virus in Britain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433369.

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Rauf, Abdul. "PERSISTENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS IN CHICKENS." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299612513.

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Clerissi, Camille. "Diversité et distribution des Prasinovirus (Phycodnaviridae) : influence des facteurs environnementaux et mécanismes évolutifs." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066371.

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Les picoeucaryotes contribuent fortement à la production primaire dans les océans, mais peu d'informations se rapportent à leurs virus. Ainsi, nous nous sommes intéressés à un système hôte-virus abondant et répandu, les Prasinovirus et leurs hôtes de la classe des Mamiellophyceae, pour décrire comment les facteurs environnementaux influencent la diversité et la distribution de ces virus, et quels sont les mécanismes évolutifs impliqués dans leur diversification. L'étude de la spécificité virale a montré qu'une souche ne pouvait pas infecter des genres différents, et que la majorité était spécifique d'une espèce. Il est donc possible de prédire les hôtes de séquences environnementales de Prasinovirus. Nous avons développé des amorces spécifiques pour amplifier l'ADN polymérase (PolB) et la protéine majeure de la capside (MCP) de virus environnementaux. La PolB a dévoilé une diversité plus homogène que la MCP, et a ainsi été utilisée pour étudier des milieux contrastés tels que des étangs méditerranéens et des sites ouverts de Méditerranée et de l'Océan Indien. Nous avons trouvé que leur distribution est corrélée à la géographie et à l'environnement, et que la disponibilité en phosphates pourrait contraindre les assemblages viraux. Enfin, leur diversité pourrait être favorisée par des gènes à évolution rapide impliqués dans la reconnaissance des hôtes, et par des échanges génétiques. En effet, la PolB peut contenir un gène égoïste appelé " intéine ", capable de transferts latéraux dans des allèles n'en contenant pas. Notre analyse suggère que des transferts entre virus sont courants et que des évènements de recombinaison sont possibles dans l'évolution des Prasinovirus
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Loveday, Rachel Ellen Leonard. "Influence of Seed Treatment on Tobacco Mosaic Virus Incidence in Tobacco Seedlings and Virus Distribution in Greenhouse Transplant Production." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31396.

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Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an economically important pathogen that has been studied for over one hundred years. Seedlings, seed coats, and nutrient solution were assayed for the presence of the virus and seed treatments were tested on seeds. Double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS ELISA) and biological local lesion assay data were collected. Seed coats from seed collected from TMV infected plants were always positive for TMV regardless of chemical treatment. Seed from infected source plants have lower germination than seed from healthy plants. Trisodium phosphate and hydrochloric acid treatments reduced virus infection of seedlings when grown under controlled conditions. Virus particles were serologically and biologically detected in both the leaves and roots of seedlings mechanically inoculated with TMV. Nutrient solution collected from 28 day old seedlings, 12 days post inoculation, tested positive for biologically active TMV by ELISA and infectivity assay. Infected water in float bed production could facilitate viral movement to all seedlings sharing nutrient solution. Seed transmission of TMV was shown to occur at a rate of 0.2%. This is in contrast to other research attempting to demonstrate seed transmission where visual symptoms on seedlings have been used to assess seed transmission.
Master of Science
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Books on the topic "Virus distribution"

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LaVenture, George M. Software and the virus threat: Providing authenticity in distribution. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1991.

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Spence, Nicola Jane. The identification, distribution and ecology of bean common mosaic virus in Africa. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1992.

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Kaupp, W. J. Ecology of European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) nuclear polyhedrosis virus: The distribution and accumulation of viral inclusion bodies in forest soils. [Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.]: Forest Pest Management Institute, 1989.

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Bānēt, Paphāsiri. Rāingān chabap sombūn rư̄ang kānphrǣkračhāi læ kānthāithō̜t chư̄a wairat rawāng kung khāo kap kung phư̄nmư̄ang nai lum Mǣnam Bāng Pakong =: Distribution and transmission of virus diseases between Litopenaeus vannamei and native shrimp species in Bangpakong watershed. [Bangkok]: Samnakngān Khana Kammakān Wičhai hǣng Chāt, 2007.

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Bānēt, Paphāsiri. Rāingān khrōngkān wičhai pī thī 2 rư̄ang kānphrǣ kračhāi læ kānthāithō̜t chư̄a wairat rawāng kung khāo kap kung phư̄nmư̄ang nai lum mǣnam Bāng Pakong =: Distribution and transmission of virus diseases between Litopenaeus vannamei and native shrimp species in Bangpakong watershed. [Bangkok?]: Samnakngān Khana Kammakān Wičhai hǣng Chāt, 2006.

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World Health Organization (WHO). Water Safety in Distribution Systems. World Health Organization, 2014.

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Chang, L. W. H. Pests not known to occur in the United States or of limited distribution. 88. Plum pox virus. 1987.

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Chang, L. W. H. Pests not known to occur in the United States or of limited distribution. 89. Soybean dwarf virus. 1987.

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Books, Jonathon. Virus Transmission in Humans: Picture Quizzes Words Activity and Coloring Book 45 Image Blood Test, Distribution, Eyes, Fever, Dinner, Cough, Eye, Disease Prevention for Kids. Independently Published, 2020.

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Vinod, Nikhra. COVID-19: Perspective, Patterns and Evolving strategies. Heighten Science Publications Inc., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/ebook1003.

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The Global Virome: The viruses have a global distribution, phylogenetic diversity, and host specificity. They are obligate intracellular parasites with single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA genomes, and afflict bacteria, plants, animals, and human population. The infecting virus binds to receptor proteins on the host cell surface, followed by internalisation, replication, and cell lysis. Further, trans-species interactions of viruses with bacteria, small eukaryotes and host are linked with various zoonotic viral diseases and disease progression.
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Book chapters on the topic "Virus distribution"

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van der Groen, Guido. "Hantavirus Variation and Disease Distribution." In Virus Variability, Epidemiology and Control, 317–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9271-3_18.

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Alexander, D. J. "The Classification, Host Range and Distribution Of Avian Paramyxoviruses." In Acute Virus Infections of Poultry, 52–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4287-5_6.

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Stosic, S., J. Marinkovic, M. Spalajkovic, B. Krejovic, and G. de-Thé. "Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Yugoslavia: Geographical Distribution, Clinical, Pathological and Virological Data." In Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Disease, 21–24. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4590-2_3.

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Bowden, D. S., and E. G. Westaway. "Rubella Virus Products and Their Distribution in Infected Cells." In Subcellular Biochemistry, 203–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1675-4_7.

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Suzuki, Yasuo. "Avian and Human Influenza Virus Receptors and Their Distribution." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 443–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_23.

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Young, L. S., T. B. Sculley, G. W. Bornkamm, M. Rowe, D. J. Moss, J. H. Pope, and A. B. Rickinson. "Distribution of Epstein-Barr Virus Strains with Different EBNA 2 Genotypes in Burkitt-Endemic Areas." In Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Disease, 293–97. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4590-2_64.

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Munir, Muhammad, Siamak Zohari, and Mikael Berg. "Epidemiology and Distribution of Peste des Petits Ruminants." In Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, 69–104. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31451-3_5.

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Yamamoto, K., T. Ishida, and Y. Hinuma. "Distribution of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type- I (HTLV-I) Family Among Non-Human Primates." In Virus Diseases in Laboratory and Captive Animals, 407–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2091-3_23.

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Liu, Wei, Li-Qun Fang, and Hao Li. "Epidemiology of severe fever with thrombocytopaenia syndrome in China." In Climate, ticks and disease, 382–90. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249637.0055.

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Abstract Severe fever with thrombocytopaenia syndrome (SFTS) is a novel emerging virus infection that was first reported in the People's Republic of China in 2010. This expert opinion describes the epidemiological characters of SFTS (geographical distribution, demographic characteristics, seasonal distribution) and epidemiological risks of SFTS infection in China.
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Bente, Dennis. "Tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever infections." In Climate, ticks and disease, 341–48. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249637.0048.

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Abstract This expert opinion discusses a group of tick-transmitted viruses that can cause a bonafide haemorrhagic fever in the human incidental host. It also discusses the potential impact of climatic change on virus-vector-host dynamics and on the distribution and intensity of disease.
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Conference papers on the topic "Virus distribution"

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Ning, Fanghua, Zichen Chen, and Li Xiong. "Virus evolutionary genetic algorithm for task collaboration of logistics distribution." In ICMIT 2005: Control Systems and Robotics, edited by Yunlong Wei, Kil To Chong, Takayuki Takahashi, Shengping Liu, Zushu Li, Zhongwei Jiang, and Jin Young Choi. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.664555.

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Plotnikov, Kirill, Valeriya Ryabinina, Alevtina Khodakova, and Natalia Blazhko. "Viral Load Distribution of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus in Leaves." In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference The Fifth Technological Order: Prospects for the Development and Modernization of the Russian Agro-Industrial Sector (TFTS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200113.171.

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Lee, Ja-Yun, Ming-Xiu Wu, Chia-Yun Kao, Tzong-Yuan Wu, and I.-Jen Hsu. "Dynamic measurement of fluorescent proteins spectral distribution on virus infected cells." In Photonics North 2006, edited by Pierre Mathieu. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.707490.

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Velkov, S., JJ Ott, U. Protzer, and T. Michler. "Estimation of the genotype distribution within global chronic hepatitis B virus infections." In 35. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Arbeitsgemeinschaft zum Studium der Leber. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1677297.

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Souza, DC, SH Shin, IC Fernandes, AM Ventura, JC Simas, D. Crema, and MB Martinez. "Seasonal Distribution of Respiratory Syncycial Virus Infections in Hospitalized Children in Brazil." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a5997.

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Shrestha, Rajendra, Juanpablo Delgado, Douglas Fontes, Bernhard Stiehl, Jonathan Reyes, Steven Schroeder, Kareem Ahmed, and Michael Kinzel. "On to Quantifying the Effect of Droplet Size Distribution on the Airborne Transmission of the Virus." In ASME 2022 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2022-87718.

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Abstract This research will study a novel aspect of the physics of COVID-19 transmission associated with actively altering droplet size distribution. Viruses can be transmitted through droplets and aerosols released during speaking, sneezing, and coughing phenomena. We previously found that these distributions can be altered using food ingredients. The study will be carried out to study the hypothesis of relaxed guidance in social distancing and mask usage is possible with the proposed approach using CFD models of human sneezes. The adult human is positioned inside a ventilated room condition and the droplet/aerosols are to be released to explore the impacts of the various distributions that relate to how the food ingredients vary the function, hence, the size of the droplets will be the function of the use of food ingredients. Results study the concentration of droplet particles at various distances away from the mouth, also called exposure maps and indicate that Corn Starch and Xanthum usage increase the exposure intensity level, while Xanthum reducing the exposure area implies that social distancing can be reduced with its use. In contrast, the use of Lozenge and Zingiber reduces the exposure level, related to the increase in the viscosity and reduction of the mass flow rate of saliva.
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Rodionov, Nikolay I., and Shalabh C. Maroo. "Charge Distribution and Surface Properties of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus 4-nm Central-Pore." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87098.

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The uniform distribution of charged amino acids along the exterior surface of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) along with its unusual structural stability over a large pH and temperature range has made it a model organism for inorganic deposition and nanostructure fabrication studies on biomolecules. However, the potential engineering applications of the virus’s central pore, which is about 300 nm long and 4 nm in diameter, has been overlooked. We aim to expand TMV applications by understanding the surface characteristics of its central pore. We have identified the set of amino acids and atoms that create the surface of the pore, mapped the partial charge distribution of the pore using AMBER9 force fields, and determined the electrostatic potential of the pore surface through Coulomb’s law and Poisson-Boltzmann Equation (PBE). Our analysis has revealed that the pore contains a dense helical distribution of negatively charged glutamic amino acid residues, which results in a strong negative electrostatic potential across the pore. This can potentially be used for water filtration by creating overlapping electric double layer within the central pore.
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Radhakrishnan, D., A. Ouedraogo, S. Z. Shariff, D. McNally, E. Benchimol, and K. Clemens. "Do Climate Factors Influence the Geographic Distribution of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalizations Among Children in Ontario?" In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a1183.

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Liu, Hsing-Yeh, and Robert T. Lewellen. "Distribution and differentiation of resistance-breaking isolates of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus in the United States." In American Society of Sugar Beet Technologist. ASSBT, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2007.54.

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Vojinović, Dragan, and Nevena Kapor. "THE IMPACT OF PANDEMIC CORONA VIRUS ON COMMUNICATION IN TOURISM." In The Sixth International Scientific Conference - TOURISM CHALLENGES AMID COVID-19, Thematic Proceedings. FACULTY OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM IN VRNJAČKA BANJA UNIVERSITY OF KRAGUJEVAC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52370/tisc21180dv.

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Communication and information technologies have greatly influenced the changes of tourism as an activity, especially when it comes to distribution channels in tourism, achieving more accurate and closer communication with customers/tourists, easier access to information, which ultimately affected the creation of market competition with the focus on the tourist. Communication in the tourism industry is of universal importance if the goal is an adequate level of tourist satisfaction as well as competitiveness in the local and global market. Communication is not just promotional activity aimed at attracting tourists, but the totality of relationships that are realized before arrival, during staying and after the departure of tourists, and their quality determines the ratio of expected and achieved satisfaction of a service user. The aim of the research is to understand the different effects that communication (verbal and non-verbal) has in restrictive business conditions. In addition, the paper seeks to point out the practical aspects of the communication process of all participants, directly or indirectly, involved in the creation and provision of services in the tourism industry, with reference to the time of the pandemic.
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Reports on the topic "Virus distribution"

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Bertke, Andrea S. Influence of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency-Associated Transcript (LAT) on the Distribution of Latently Infected Neurons. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1013850.

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Rahai, Hamid, and Jeremy Bonifacio. Numerical Investigations of Virus Transport Aboard a Commuter Bus. Mineta Transportation Institute, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2048.

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The authors performed unsteady numerical simulations of virus/particle transport released from a hypothetical passenger aboard a commuter bus. The bus model was sized according to a typical city bus used to transport passengers within the city of Long Beach in California. The simulations were performed for the bus in transit and when the bus was at a bus stop opening the middle doors for 30 seconds for passenger boarding and drop off. The infected passenger was sitting in an aisle seat in the middle of the bus, releasing 1267 particles (viruses)/min. The bus ventilation system released air from two linear slots in the ceiling at 2097 cubic feet per minute (CFM) and the air was exhausted at the back of the bus. Results indicated high exposure for passengers sitting behind the infectious during the bus transit. With air exchange outside during the bus stop, particles were spread to seats in front of the infectious passenger, thus increasing the risk of infection for the passengers sitting in front of the infectious person. With higher exposure time, the risk of infection is increased. One of the most important factors in assessing infection risk of respiratory diseases is the spatial distribution of the airborne pathogens. The deposition of the particles/viruses within the human respiratory system depends on the size, shape, and weight of the virus, the morphology of the respiratory tract, as well as the subject’s breathing pattern. For the current investigation, the viruses are modeled as solid particles of fixed size. While the results provide details of particles transport within a bus along with the probable risk of infection for a short duration, however, these results should be taken as preliminary as there are other significant factors such as the virus’s survival rate, the size distribution of the virus, and the space ventilation rate and mixing that contribute to the risk of infection and have not been taken into account in this investigation.
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Hall, Derek. Mosquito Distribution and West Nile Virus Surveillance Results on the Nevada National Security Site in South Central Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1734865.

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Hedrick, Ronald, and Herve Bercovier. Characterization and Control of KHV, A New Herpes Viral Pathogen of Koi and Common Carp. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695871.bard.

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In this project we proposed to characterize the virus genome and the structural virion polypeptides to allow development of improved diagnostic approaches and potential vaccination strategies. These goals have been mostly achieved and the corresponding data were published in three papers (see below) and three more manuscripts are in preparation. The virion polypeptides of KHV strains isolated from USA (KHV-U) and Israel (KHV-I) were found to be identical. Purified viral DNA analyzed with a total of 5 restriction enzymes demonstrated no fragment length polymorphism between KHV-I and KHV-U but both KHV isolates differed significantly from the cyprinid herpesvirus (CHV) and the ictalurid herpesvirus (channel catfish virus or CCV). Using newly obtained viral DNA sequences two different PCR assays were developed that need to be now further tested in the field. We determined by pulse field analysis that the size of KHV genome is around 280 kbp (1-1. Bercovier, unpublished results). Sequencing of the viral genome of KHV has reached the stage where 180 kbp are sequenced (twice and both strands). Four hypothetical genes were detected when DNA sequences were translated into amino acid sequences. The finding of a gene of real importance, the thymidine kinase (TK) led us to extend the study of this specific gene. Four other genes related to DNA synthesis were found. PCR assays based on defined sequences were developed. The PCR assay based on TK gene sequence has shown improved sensitivity in the detection of KHV DNA compared to regular PCR assays. </P> <P><SPAN>With the ability to induce experimental infections in koi with KHV under controlled laboratory conditions we have studied the progress and distribution of virus in host tissues, the development of immunity and the establishment of latent infections. Also, we have investigated the important role of water temperature on severity of infections and mortality of koi following infections with KHV. These initial studies need to be followed by an increased focus on long-term fate of the virus in survivors. This is essential in light of the current &quot;controlled exposure program&quot; used by farmers to produce KHV &quot;naturally resistant fish&quot; that may result in virus or DNA carriers. </SPAN></P> <P><SPAN>The information gained from the research of this project was designed to allow implementation of control measures to prevent the spread of the virus both by improved diagnostic approaches and preventive measures. We have accomplished most of these goals but further studies are needed to establish even more reliable methods of prevention with increased emphases on improved diagnosis and a better understanding of the ecology of KHV. </SPAN>
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Bercovier, Herve, and Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.
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Gafny, Ron, A. L. N. Rao, and Edna Tanne. Etiology of the Rugose Wood Disease of Grapevine and Molecular Study of the Associated Trichoviruses. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575269.bard.

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Rugose wood is a complex disease of grapevines, characterized by modification of the woody cylinder of affected vines. The control of rugose wood is based on the production of healthy propagation material. Detection of rugose wood in grapevines is difficult and expensive: budwood from tested plants is grafted onto sensitive Vitis indicators and the appearance of symptoms is monitored for 3 years. The etiology of rugose wood is complex and has not yet been elucidated. Several elongated clostero-like viruses are consistently found in affected vines; one of them, grapevine virus A (GVA), is closely associated with Kober stem grooving, a component of the rugose wood complex. GVA has a single-stranded RNA genome of 7349 nucleotides, excluding a polyA tail at the 3' terminus. The GVA genome includes five open reading frames (ORFs 1-5). ORF 4, which encodes for the coat protein of GVA, is the only ORF for which the function was determined experimentally. The original objectives of this research were: 1- To produce antisera to the structural and non-structural proteins of GVA and GVB and to use these antibodies to establish an effective detection method. 2- Develop full length infectious cDNA clones of GVA and GVB. 3- Study the roll of GVA and GVB in the etiology of the grapevine rugose wood disease. 4- Determine the function of Trichovirus (now called Vitivirus) encoded genes in the virus life cycle. Each of the ORFs 2, 3, 4 and 5 genes of GVA were cloned and expressed in E. coli and used to produce antisera. Both the CP (ORF 4) and the putative MP (ORF 3) were detected with their corresponding antisera in-GVA infected N. benthamiana and grapevine. The MP was first detected at an early stage of the infection, 6-12 h after inoculation, and the CP 2-3 days after inoculation. The MP could be detected in GVA-infected grapevines that tested negative for CP, both with CP antiserum and with a commercially available ELISA kit. Antisera to ORF 2 and 5 encoded proteins could react with the recombinant proteins but failed to detect both proteins in GVA infected plants. A full-length cDNA clone of grapevine virus A (GVA) was constructed downstream from the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Capped in vitro transcribed RNA was infectious in N. benthamiana and N. clevelandii plants. Symptoms induced by the RNA transcripts or by the parental virus were indistinguishable. The infectivity of the in vitro-transcribed RNA was confirmed by serological detection of the virus coat and movement proteins and by observation of virions by electron microscopy. The full-length clone was modified to include a gus reporter gene and gus activity was detected in inoculated and systemic leaves of infected plants. Studies of GVA mutants suggests that the coat protein (ORF 4) is essential for cell to cell movement, the putative movement protein (ORF 3) indeed functions as a movement protein and that ORF 2 is not required for virus replication, cell to cell or systemic movement. Attempts to infect grapevines by in-vitro transcripts, by inoculation of cDNA construct in which the virus is derived by the CaMV 35S promoter or by approach grafting with infected N. benthamiana, have so far failed. Studies of the subcellular distribution of GFP fusion with each of ORF 2, 3 and 4 encoded protein showed that the CP fusion protein accumulated as a soluble cytoplasmatic protein. The ORF 2 fusion protein accumulated in cytoplasmatic aggregates. The MP-GFP fusion protein accumulated in a large number of small aggregates in the cytoplasm and could not move from cell to cell. However, in conditions that allowed movement of the fusion protein from cell to cell (expression by a PVX vector or in young immature leaves) the protein did not form cytoplasmatic aggregates but accumulated in the plasmodesmata.
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Zimmermann, Ivan, Maria Gonçalves, Loraine Dal-Ri, and Lais Morais. Systematic review on the utility values of health states in patients with herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0125.

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Review question / Objective: The study aims to synthesize, through a review of existing scientific literature, the Health State Utility Value (HSUV) of patients with herpes zoster or postherpetic neuralgia. Condition being studied: Herpes zoster is caused by the reactivation of a primary varicella zoster virus infection. Postherpetic neuralgia is the most common complication, which is defined as pain in a dermal distribution that is maintained for at least 90 days after the rash. The pain caused by postherpetic neuralgia is often debilitating and affects physical functioning, psychological and well-being. Thus, the postherpetic neuralgia has a profound negative impact on functional status and quality of life, and generally results in substantial utilization of health services. An increase in the incidence of post-herpetic neuralgia and herpes zoster is expected, due to the increase in life expectancy, therefore, the result of this review may be important for public policy decisions.
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Zchori-Fein, Einat, Judith K. Brown, and Nurit Katzir. Biocomplexity and Selective modulation of whitefly symbiotic composition. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591733.bard.

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Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects that harbor obligatory symbiotic bacteria to fulfill their dietary needs, as well as a facultative microbial community with diverse bacterial species. The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a severe agricultural pest in many parts of the world. This speciesconsists of several biotypes that have been distinguished largely on the basis of biochemical or molecular diagnostics, but whose biological significance is still unclear. The original objectives of the project were (i) to identify the specific complement of prokaryotic endosymbionts associated with select, well-studied, biologically and phylogeographically representative biotypes of B. tabaci, and (ii) to attempt to 'cure’ select biotypes of certain symbionts to permit assessment of the affect of curing on whitefly fitness, gene flow, host plant preference, and virus transmission competency.To identify the diversity of bacterial community associated with a suite of phylogeographically-diverseB. tabaci, a total of 107 populations were screened using general Bacteria primers for the 16S rRNA encoding gene in a PCR. Sequence comparisons with the available databases revealed the presence of bacteria classified in the: Proteobacteria (66%), Firmicutes (25.70%), Actinobacteria (3.7%), Chlamydiae (2.75%) and Bacteroidetes (<1%). Among previously identified bacteria, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, and the secondary symbionts Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia, a Rickettsia sp. was detected for the first time in this insect family. The distribution, transmission, and localization of the Rickettsia were studied using PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rickettsia was found in all 20 Israeli B. tabaci populations screened as well as some populations screened in the Arizona laboratory, but not in all individuals within each population. FISH analysis of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults, revealed a unique concentration of Rickettsia around the gut and follicle cells as well as its random distribution in the haemolymph, but absence from the primary symbiont housing cells, the bacteriocytes. Rickettsia vertical transmission on the one hand and its partial within-population infection on the other suggest a phenotype that is advantageous under certain conditions but may be deleterious enough to prevent fixation under others.To test for the possible involvement of Wolbachia and Cardiniumin the reproductive isolation of different B. tabacibiotypes, reciprocal crosses were preformed among populations of the Cardinium-infected, Wolbachia-infected and uninfected populations. The crosses results demonstrated that phylogeographically divergent B. tabaci are reproductively competent and that cytoplasmic incompatibility inducer-bacteria (Wolbachia and Cardinium) both interfered with, and/or rescued CI induced by one another, effectively facilitating bidirectional female offspring production in the latter scenario.This knowledge has implications to multitrophic interactions, gene flow, speciation, fitness, natural enemy interactions, and possibly, host preference and virus transmission. Although extensive and creative attempts undertaken in both laboratories to cure whiteflies of non-primary symbionts have failed, our finding of naturally uninfected individuals have permitted the establishment of Rickettsia-, Wolbachia- and Cardinium-freeB. tabaci lines, which are been employed to address various biological questions, including determining the role of these bacteria in whitefly host biology.
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Bouezmarni, Taoufik, Mohamed Doukali, and Abderrahim Taamouti. Copula-based estimation of health concentration curves with an application to COVID-19. CIRANO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mtkj3339.

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COVID-19 has created an unprecedented global health crisis that caused millions of infections and deaths worldwide. Many, however, argue that pre-existing social inequalities have led to inequalities in infection and death rates across social classes, with the most-deprived classes are worst hit. In this paper, we derive semi/non-parametric estimators of Health Concentration Curve (HC) that can quantify inequalities in COVID-19 infections and deaths and help identify the social classes that are most at risk of infection and dying from the virus. We express HC in terms of copula function that we use to build our estimators of HC. For the semi-parametric estimator, a parametric copula is used to model the dependence between health and socio-economic variables. The copula function is estimated using maximum pseudo-likelihood estimator after replacing the cumulative distribution of health variable by its empirical analogue. For the non-parametric estimator, we replace the copula function by a Bernstein copula estimator. Furthermore, we use the above estimators of HC to derive copula-based estimators of health Gini coeffcient. We establish the consistency and the asymptotic normality of HC’s estimators. Using different data-generating processes and sample sizes, a Monte-Carlo simulation exercise shows that the semiparametric estimator outperforms the smoothed nonparametric estimator, and that the latter does better than the empirical estimator in terms of Integrated Mean Squared Error. Finally, we run an extensive empirical study to illustrate the importance of HC’s estimators for investigating inequality in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the U.S. The empirical results show that the inequalities in state’s socio-economic variables like poverty, race/ethnicity, and economic prosperity are behind the observed inequalities in the U.S.’s COVID-19 infections and deaths.
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Pawlowski, Wojtek P., and Avraham A. Levy. What shapes the crossover landscape in maize and wheat and how can we modify it. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600025.bard.

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Meiotic recombination is a process in which homologous chromosomes engage in the exchange of DNA segments, creating gametes with new genetic makeup and progeny with new traits. The genetic diversity generated in this way is the main engine of crop improvement in sexually reproducing plants. Understanding regulation of this process, particularly the regulation of the rate and location of recombination events, and devising ways of modifying them, was the major motivation of this project. The project was carried out in maize and wheat, two leading crops, in which any advance in the breeder’s toolbox can have a huge impact on food production. Preliminary work done in the USA and Israeli labs had established a strong basis to address these questions. The USA lab pioneered the ability to map sites where recombination is initiated via the induction of double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA. It has a long experience in cytological analysis of meiosis. The Israeli lab has expertise in high resolution mapping of crossover sites and has done pioneering work on the importance of epigenetic modifications for crossover distribution. It has identified genes that limit the rates of recombination. Our working hypothesis was that an integrative analysis of double-strand breaks, crossovers, and epigenetic data will increase our understanding of how meiotic recombination is regulated and will enhance our ability to manipulate it. The specific objectives of the project were: To analyze the connection between double-strand breaks, crossover, and epigenetic marks in maize and wheat. Protocols developed for double-strand breaks mapping in maize were applied to wheat. A detailed analysis of existing and new data in maize was conducted to map crossovers at high resolution and search for DNA sequence motifs underlying crossover hotspots. Epigenetic modifications along maize chromosomes were analyzed as well. Finally, a computational analysis tested various hypotheses on the importance of chromatin structure and specific epigenetic modifications in determining the locations of double-strand breaks and crossovers along chromosomes. Transient knockdowns of meiotic genes that suppress homologous recombination were carried out in wheat using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing. The target genes were orthologs of FANCM, DDM1, MET1, RECQ4, and XRCC2.
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