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Journal articles on the topic 'Virus induced gene silencing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Brigneti, Gianinna, Ana M. Martín-Hernández, Hailing Jin, Judy Chen, David C. Baulcombe, Barbara Baker, and Jonathan D. G. Jones. "Virus-induced gene silencing inSolanumspecies." Plant Journal 39, no. 2 (July 2004): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02122.x.

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2

Unver, Turgay, and Hikmet Budak. "Virus-Induced Gene Silencing, a Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing Method." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2009 (June 15, 2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/198680.

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Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is one of the reverse genetics tools for analysis of gene function that uses viral vectors carrying a target gene fragment to produce dsRNA which trigger RNA-mediated gene silencing. There are a number of viruses which have been modified to silence the gene of interest effectively with a sequence-specific manner. Therefore, different types of methodologies have been advanced and modified for VIGS approach. Virus-derived inoculations are performed on host plants using different methods such as agro-infiltration and in vitro transcriptions. VIGS has many advantages compared to other loss-of-gene function approaches. The approach provides the generation of rapid phenotype and no need for plant transformation. The cost of VIGS experiment is relatively low, and large-scale analysis of screening studies can be achieved by the VIGS. However, there are still limitations of VIGS to be overcome. Nowadays, many virus-derived vectors are optimized to silence more than one host plant such as TRV-derived viral vectors which are used for Arabidopsis and Nicothiana benthamiana. By development of viral silencing systems monocot plants can also be targeted as silencing host in addition to dicotyledonous plants. For instance, Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-mediated VIGS allows silencing of barley and wheat genes. Here we summarize current protocols and recent modified viral systems to lead silencing of genes in different host species.

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3

Lu, R. "Virus-induced gene silencing in plants." Methods 30, no. 4 (August 2003): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1046-2023(03)00037-9.

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4

Liu, Yule, Michael Schiff, and S. P. Dinesh-Kumar. "Virus-induced gene silencing in tomato." Plant Journal 31, no. 6 (September 2002): 777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01394.x.

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5

Gammelgård, Elin, Maradumane Mohan, and Jari P. T. Valkonen. "Potyvirus-induced gene silencing: the dynamic process of systemic silencing and silencing suppression." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 2337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82928-0.

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Potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus) was used for virus-induced gene silencing in a model system that included transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana (line 16c) expressing the gfp transgene for green fluorescent protein (GFP) and chimeric PVA (PVA–GFP) carrying gfp in the P1-encoding region. Infection of the 16c plants with PVA–GFP in five experiments resulted in a reproducible pattern of systemic gfp transgene silencing, despite the presence of the strong silencing-suppressor protein, HC-Pro, produced by the virus. PVA–GFP was also targeted by silencing, and virus-specific short interfering RNA accumulated from the length of the viral genome. Viral deletion mutants lacking the gfp insert appeared in systemically infected leaves and reversed silencing of the gfp transgene in limited areas. However, systemic gfp silencing continued in newly emerging leaves in the absence of the gfp-carrying virus, which implicated a systemic silencing signal that moved from lower leaves without interference by HC-Pro. Use of GFP as a visual marker revealed a novel, mosaic-like recovery phenotype in the top leaves. The leaf areas appearing red or purple under UV light (no GFP expression) contained little PVA and gfp mRNA, and corresponded to the dark-green islands observed under visible light. The surrounding green fluorescent tissues contained actively replicating viral deletion mutants that suppressed GFP silencing. Taken together, systemic progression of gene silencing and antiviral defence (RNA silencing) and circumvention of the silencing by the virus could be visualized and analysed in a novel manner.

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6

Corbin, Cyrielle, Florent Lafontaine, Liuda Johana Sepúlveda, Ines Carqueijeiro, Martine Courtois, Arnaud Lanoue, Thomas Dugé de Bernonville, et al. "Virus-induced gene silencing in Rauwolfia species." Protoplasma 254, no. 4 (January 24, 2017): 1813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1079-y.

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7

Burch-Smith, Tessa M., Michael Schiff, Yule Liu, and S. P. Dinesh-Kumar. "Efficient Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Arabidopsis." Plant Physiology 142, no. 1 (June 30, 2006): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.084624.

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8

Shao, Y., H. L. Zhu, H. Q. Tian, X. G. Wang, X. J. Lin, B. Z. Zhu, Y. H. Xie, and Y. B. Luo. "Virus-induced gene silencing in plant species." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 55, no. 2 (March 2008): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443708020027.

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9

Fu, Da-Qi, Ben-Zhong Zhu, Hong-Liang Zhu, Wei-Bo Jiang, and Yun-Bo Luo. "Virus-induced gene silencing in tomato fruit." Plant Journal 43, no. 2 (June 10, 2005): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02441.x.

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10

Martin, Ruth C., Kira Glover-Cutter, Robert R. Martin, and James E. Dombrowski. "Virus induced gene silencing in Lolium temulentum." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 113, no. 2 (November 29, 2012): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0257-z.

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11

Li, Hui-Liang, Dong Guo, Ying Wang, Jia-Hong Zhu, Long Qu, and Shi-Qing Peng. "Tobacco rattle virus–induced gene silencing in Hevea brasiliensis." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 3 (February 3, 2021): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbaa085.

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ABSTRACT Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful gene-silencing tool that has been intensively applied in plants. To data, the application of VIGS in rubber tree has not yet been reported. In this study, we described the efficient gene silencing in rubber tree by VIGS. The gene encoding Hevea brasiliensis phytoene desaturase (HbPDS) was identified in rubber tree genome. Small interfering RNAs from HbPDS and the silencing gene fragment were predicted and a length of 399 bp was selected to be tested. We showed that the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-VIGS could induce effective HbPDS silencing in rubber tree. This study was the first to report VIGS in rubber tree. The present TRV-VIGS method could be used to perform reverse genetic approaches to identify unknown gene functions and might be further applied to produce gene silenced rubber tree plants, to advance functional gene of rubber tree.

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12

Ruiz, M. Teresa, Olivier Voinnet, and David C. Baulcombe. "Initiation and Maintenance of Virus-Induced Gene Silencing." Plant Cell 10, no. 6 (June 1998): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870680.

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13

Sung, Y. C., C. P. Lin, and J. C. Chen. "Optimization of virus-induced gene silencing inCatharanthus roseus." Plant Pathology 63, no. 5 (January 15, 2014): 1159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12186.

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14

Liu, Haiping, Daqi Fu, Benzhong Zhu, Huaxue Yan, Xiaoying Shen, Jinhua Zuo, Yi Zhu, and Yunbo Luo. "Virus-induced Gene Silencing in Eggplant (Solanum melongena)." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 54, no. 6 (June 2012): 422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01102.x.

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15

Meng, Lan-Huan, Rui-Heng Wang, Ben-Zhong Zhu, Hong-Liang Zhu, Yun-Bo Luo, and Da-Qi Fu. "Efficient Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Solanum rostratum." PLOS ONE 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2016): e0156228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156228.

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16

Ruiz, M. Teresa, Olivier Voinnet, and David C. Baulcombe. "Initiation and Maintenance of Virus-Induced Gene Silencing." Plant Cell 10, no. 6 (June 1998): 937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.10.6.937.

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17

Nishii, Kanae, Yue Fei, Andrew Hudson, Michael Möller, and Attila Molnar. "Virus-induced Gene Silencing in Streptocarpus rexii (Gesneriaceae)." Molecular Biotechnology 62, no. 6-7 (March 7, 2020): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12033-020-00248-w.

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18

Jaberolansar, N., J. Hayati, H. Rajabi-Memari, SA Hosseini-Tafreshi, and D. Nabati-Ahmadi. "Tomato and Tobacco Phytoene Desaturase Gene Silencing by Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) Technique." Iranian Journal of Virology 4, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21859/isv.4.1.7.

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19

Ko, Na Yeon, Hyoun Sub Lim, Yong Man Yu, and Young Nam Youn. "Construction of cDNA Library for Using Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) Vector with the Sweetpotato Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)." Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 54, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5656/ksae.2015.04.0.004.

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20

Bruun-Rasmussen, Marianne, Christian Toft Madsen, Stine Jessing, and Merete Albrechtsen. "Stability of Barley stripe mosaic virus–Induced Gene Silencing in Barley." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 20, no. 11 (November 2007): 1323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-20-11-1323.

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Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) can be used as a powerful tool for functional genomics studies in plants. With this approach, it is possible to target most genes and downregulate the messenger (m)RNA in a sequence-specific manner. Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) is an established VIGS vector for barley and wheat; however, silencing using this vector is generally transient, with efficient silencing often being confined to the first two or three systemically infected leaves. To investigate this further, part of the barley Phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene was inserted into BSMV and the resulting photobleaching in infected barley plants was used as a reporter for silencing. In addition, downregulation of PDS mRNA was measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Using fragments of PDS ranging from 128 to 584 nucleotides in BSMV, we observed that insert length influenced stability but not efficiency of VIGS. Silencing was transient in most cases; however, the decrease in PDS mRNA levels measured by qRT-PCR began earlier and lasted longer than the photobleaching. Occasionally, silencing persisted and could be transmitted through seed as well as via mechanical inoculation, although large parts of the insert had been lost from the virus vector. The instability of the insert, observed consistently throughout our experiments, offers an explanation for the transient nature of silencing when using BSMV as a VIGS vector.

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21

Romero, Irene, Yury Tikunov, and Arnaud Bovy. "Virus-induced gene silencing in detached tomatoes and biochemical effects of phytoene desaturase gene silencing." Journal of Plant Physiology 168, no. 10 (July 2011): 1129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2010.12.020.

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22

Senthil-Kumar, Muthappa, and Kirankumar S. Mysore. "Tobacco rattle virus–based virus-induced gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana." Nature Protocols 9, no. 7 (June 5, 2014): 1549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2014.092.

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23

Wu, Zetang, Yali Zhu, David M. Bisaro, and Deborah S. Parris. "Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Suppresses RNA-Induced Gene Silencing in Mammalian Cells." Journal of Virology 83, no. 13 (April 15, 2009): 6652–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00260-09.

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ABSTRACT RNA-induced silencing is a potent innate antiviral defense strategy in plants, and suppression of silencing is a hallmark of pathogenic plant viruses. However, the impact of silencing as a mammalian antiviral defense mechanism and the ability of mammalian viruses to suppress silencing in natural host cells have remained controversial. The ability of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to suppress silencing was examined in a transient expression system that employed an imperfect hairpin to target degradation of transcripts encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). HSV-1 infection suppressed EGFP-specific silencing as demonstrated by increased EGFP mRNA levels and an increase in the EGFP mRNA half-life. The increase in EGFP mRNA stability occurred despite the well-characterized host macromolecular shutoff functions of HSV-1 that globally destabilize mRNAs. Moreover, mutant viruses defective in these functions increased the stability of EGFP mRNA even more than did the wild-type virus in silenced cells compared to results in control cells. The importance of RNA silencing to HSV-1 replication was confirmed by a significantly enhanced virus burst size in cells in which silencing was knocked down with small inhibitory RNAs directed to Argonaute 2, an integral component of the silencing complex. Given that HSV-1 encodes several microRNAs, it is possible that a dynamic equilibrium exists between silencing and silencing suppression that is capable of modulating viral gene expression to promote replication, to evade host defenses, and/or to promote latency.

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24

Wang, Zhiquan, Xiaoyang Xu, Longjie Ni, Jinbo Guo, and Chunsun Gu. "Efficient virus-induced gene silencing in Hibiscus hamabo Sieb. et Zucc. using tobacco rattle virus." PeerJ 7 (August 12, 2019): e7505. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7505.

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Background Hibiscus hamabo Sieb. et Zucc. is a semi-mangrove plant used for the ecological restoration of saline-alkali land, coastal afforestation and urban landscaping. The genetic transformation H. hamabo is currently inefficient and laborious, restricting gene functional studies on this species. In plants, virus-induced gene silencing provides a pathway to rapidly and effectively create targeted gene knockouts for gene functional studies. Methods In this study, we tested the efficiency of a tobacco rattle virus vector in silencing the cloroplastos alterados 1 (CLA1) gene through agroinfiltration. Results The leaves of H. hamabo showed white streaks typical of CLA1 gene silencing three weeks after agroinfiltration. In agroinfiltrated H. hamabo plants, the CLA1 expression levels in leaves with white streaks were all significantly lower than those in leaves from mock-infected and control plants. Conclusions The system presented here can efficiently silence genes in H. hamabo and may be a powerful tool for large-scale reverse-genetic analyses of gene functions in H. hamabo.

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25

Hongzhi, Wang, Ma Rongcai, Li Ruifen, Wang Guoying, and Wei Jianhua. "Virus-induced silencing of a tobacco deoxyhypusine synthase gene." Chinese Science Bulletin 50, no. 23 (December 2005): 2707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02899640.

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26

Burton, Rachel A., David M. Gibeaut, Antony Bacic, Kim Findlay, Keith Roberts, Andrew Hamilton, David C. Baulcombe, and Geoffrey B. Fincher. "Virus-Induced Silencing of a Plant Cellulose Synthase Gene." Plant Cell 12, no. 5 (May 2000): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870995.

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27

van Kammen, A. "Virus-induced gene silencing in infected and transgenic plants." Trends in Plant Science 2, no. 11 (November 1997): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(97)01128-x.

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28

Baulcombe, David C. "Fast forward genetics based on virus-induced gene silencing." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2, no. 2 (April 1999): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5266(99)80022-3.

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29

Scofield, Steven R., and Richard S. Nelson. "Resources for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in the Grasses." Plant Physiology 149, no. 1 (January 2009): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.128702.

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30

Vaistij, Fabián E., and Louise Jones. "Compromised Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in RDR6-Deficient Plants." Plant Physiology 149, no. 3 (January 7, 2009): 1399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.132688.

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31

Burton, Rachel A., David M. Gibeaut, Antony Bacic, Kim Findlay, Keith Roberts, Andrew Hamilton, David C. Baulcombe, and Geoffrey B. Fincher. "Virus-Induced Silencing of a Plant Cellulose Synthase Gene." Plant Cell 12, no. 5 (May 2000): 691–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.12.5.691.

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32

Liu, Na, Ke Xie, Qi Jia, Jinping Zhao, Tianyuan Chen, Huangai Li, Xiang Wei, Xianmin Diao, Yiguo Hong, and Yule Liu. "Foxtail Mosaic Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Monocot Plants." Plant Physiology 171, no. 3 (May 25, 2016): 1801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00010.

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33

Ido, Yukari, Kenji S. Nakahara, and Ichiro Uyeda. "White clover mosaic virus-induced gene silencing in pea." Journal of General Plant Pathology 78, no. 2 (January 26, 2012): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-012-0360-3.

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34

Zhu, Feng, Yanping Che, Fei Xu, Yangkai Zhou, Kun Qian, Yonghui Liao, and Zhaolin Ji. "Simultaneous silencing of two target genes using virus-induced gene silencing technology in Nicotiana benthamiana." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 74, no. 5-6 (May 27, 2019): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2018-0071.

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Abstract Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an effective strategy for rapid gene function analysis. It is well established that the NAC transcription factor and salicylic acid (SA) signal pathway play essential roles in response to biotic stresses. However, simultaneous silencing of two target genes using VIGS in plants has been rarely reported. Therefore, in this report, we performed VIGS to silence simultaneously the SA-binding protein 2 (NbSABP2) and NbNAC1 in Nicotiana benthamiana to investigate the gene silencing efficiency of simultaneous silencing of two genes. We first cloned the full-length NbNAC1 gene, and the characterization of NbNAC1 was also analysed. Overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the combination of NbSABP2 and NbNAC1 was successfully amplified. Bacteria liquid PCR confirmed that the combination of NbSABP2 and NbNAC1 was successfully inserted into the tobacco rattle virus vector. The results showed that the leaves from the NbSABP2 and NbNAC1 gene-silenced plants collapsed slightly, with browning at the base of petiole or veina. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that the expression of NbSABP2 and NbNAC1 were significantly reduced in 12 days post silenced plants after tobacco rattle virus infiltration compared with the control plants. Overall, our results suggest that VIGS can be used to silence simultaneously two target genes.

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35

Wang, Changchun, Xinzhong Cai, Xuemin Wang, and Zhong Zheng. "Optimisation of tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing in Arabidopsis." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 4 (2006): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05096.

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Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. is a model plant species in which to study plant gene functions. Recently developed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) offers a rapid and high-throughput technique platform for gene function analysis. In this paper we report optimisation of tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing in Arabidopsis. The parameters potentially affecting the efficiency of VIGS in Arabidopsis were investigated. These included the concentration and pre-incubation of Agrobacterium inocula (agro-inocula), the concentration of acetosyringone included in agro-inocula, the Agrobacterium inoculation (agro-inoculation) method, the ecotypes and the growth stages of Arabidopsis plants for agro-inoculation, and the growth temperature of agro-inoculated plants. The optimised VIGS procedure involves preparing the agro-inocula with OD600 of 2.0, pre-incubating for 2 h in infiltration buffer containing 200 μm acetosyringone, agro-inoculating by vacuum infiltration, and growth of agro-inoculated plants at 22 −24°C. Following this procedure consistent and highly efficient VIGS was achieved for the genes encoding phytoene desaturase (PDS) and actin in Arabidopsis. The silencing phenotype lasts for at least 6 weeks, and is applicable in at least seven ecotypes, including Col-0, Cvi-0, Sd, Nd-1, Ws-0, Bay-0 and Ler. TRV-induced VIGS was expressed not only in leaves, but also in stems, inflorescences and siliques. However, VIGS was not transmissible through seed to the subsequent generation. The optimised procedure of the TRV-induced gene silencing should facilitate high-throughput functional analysis of genes in Arabidopsis.

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36

Shen, Zedan, Jian Sun, Jun Yao, Shaojie Wang, Mingquan Ding, Huilong Zhang, Zeyong Qian, et al. "High rates of virus-induced gene silencing by tobacco rattle virus inPopulus." Tree Physiology 35, no. 9 (July 23, 2015): 1016–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv064.

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37

Xie, Lihang, Qingyu Zhang, Daoyang Sun, Weizong Yang, Jiayuan Hu, Lixin Niu, and Yanlong Zhang. "Virus-induced gene silencing in the perennial woody Paeonia ostii." PeerJ 7 (May 29, 2019): e7001. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7001.

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Tree peony is a perennial deciduous shrub with great ornamental and medicinal value. A limitation of its current functional genomic research is the lack of effective molecular genetic tools. Here, the first application of a Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in the tree peony species Paeonia ostii is presented. Two different approaches, leaf syringe-infiltration and seedling vacuum-infiltration, were utilized for Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation. The vacuum-infiltration was shown to result in a more complete Agrobacterium penetration than syringe-infiltration, and thereby determined as an appropriate inoculation method. The silencing of reporter gene PoPDS encoding phytoene desaturase was achieved in TRV-PoPDS-infected triennial tree peony plantlets, with a typical photobleaching phenotype shown in uppermost newly-sprouted leaves. The endogenous PoPDS transcripts were remarkably down-regulated in VIGS photobleached leaves. Moreover, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence was detected in leaves and roots of plants inoculated with TRV-GFP, suggesting the capability of TRV to silence genes in various tissues. Taken together, the data demonstrated that the TRV-based VIGS technique could be adapted for high-throughput functional characterization of genes in tree peony.

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38

Courdavault, Vincent, Sébastien Besseau, Audrey Oudin, Nicolas Papon, and Sarah Ellen O’Connor. "Virus-Induced Gene Silencing: Hush Genes to Make Them Talk." Trends in Plant Science 25, no. 7 (July 2020): 714–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.013.

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39

Grønlund, Mette, Gabriela Constantin, Elodie Piednoir, Jordan Kovacev, I. Elisabeth Johansen, and Ole Søgaard Lund. "Virus-induced gene silencing in Medicago truncatula and Lathyrus odorata." Virus Research 135, no. 2 (August 2008): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.005.

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40

Dommes, Anna B., Thomas Gross, Denise B. Herbert, Kimmo I. Kivivirta, and Annette Becker. "Virus-induced gene silencing: empowering genetics in non-model organisms." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 3 (November 19, 2018): 757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery411.

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41

Kavakli, Şebnem, and Burçak Işçi. "Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) applications in Vitis vinifera L." New Biotechnology 29 (September 2012): S131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2012.08.365.

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42

WANG, Hongzhi. "Virus-induced silencing of a tobacco deoxyhypusine syn-thase gene." Chinese Science Bulletin 50, no. 23 (2005): 2707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/982005-990.

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43

Ye, Jian, Jing Qu, Ha Thi Ngoc Bui, and Nam-Hai Chua. "Rapid analysis ofJatropha curcasgene functions by virus-induced gene silencing." Plant Biotechnology Journal 7, no. 9 (December 2009): 964–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00457.x.

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44

Fantini, E., G. Falcone, S. Frusciante, L. Giliberto, and G. Giuliano. "Dissection of Tomato Lycopene Biosynthesis through Virus-Induced Gene Silencing." PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 163, no. 2 (September 6, 2013): 986–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.224733.

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45

Jin, Zhaoxiao, Tongshuai Yan, Chunhao Chang, Zhiwen Liu, Yanyan Wang, Zhonghua Tang, and Fang Yu. "Application of virus-induced gene silencing approach in Camptotheca acuminata." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 126, no. 3 (June 22, 2016): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-1022-5.

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46

Godge, Mandar R., Arunima Purkayastha, Indranil Dasgupta, and Prakash P. Kumar. "Virus-induced gene silencing for functional analysis of selected genes." Plant Cell Reports 28, no. 2 (December 16, 2008): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-008-0660-4.

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47

Hiriart, Jean-Baptiste, Eva-Mari Aro, and Kirsi Lehto. "Dynamics of the VIGS-Mediated Chimeric Silencing of the Nicotiana benthamiana ChlH Gene and of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Vector." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, no. 2 (February 2003): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.2.99.

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The ChlH gene, encoding for the H subunit of the magnesium chelatase enzyme, was silenced in Nicotiana bentahamiana plants by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) expression vector. Strong silencing of the ChlH target gene was initiated only in the apical tissues, in which the endogenous transcription level of the target gene and the level of TMV vector RNA were both very high. The virus vector was also targeted by VIGS, and its suppression was correlated with the silencing of the ChlH mRNA. In the apical tissues, the suppression of both the virus vector and the ChlH mRNA led to a reduction of the silencing pressure and, consequently, to partial recovery of the new growth from the silencing. As the virus vector and the target mRNA levels increased, silencing was reestablished. The feedback regulation system, caused by the transient increase and reduction in levels of the virus vector and ChlH mRNA, led to a fluctuation of the silenced and recovered phenotypes in the plant apex. This TMV-vector mediated silencing system differed from previously analyzed VIGS systems; although the TMV vector was initially targeted by the silencing system, it was not permanently suppressed, indicating that, in this system, TMV was able to effectively escape post-transcriptional gene silencing.

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Guo, Hui Shan, Juan José López-Moya, and Juan Antonio García. "Mitotic Stability of Infection-Induced Resistance to Plum Pox Potyvirus Associated with Transgene Silencing and DNA Methylation." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 2 (February 1999): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.2.103.

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Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) infection of transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants that expressed the PPV NIb RNA replicase carrying a Gly to Val mutation at the GDD motif (NIbV lines) induced a phenotype of virus resistance and transgene silencing, which was not transmissible to the progeny after self-fertilization (H. S. Guo and J. A. García, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10:160-170, 1997). Here, we demonstrate that the induced resistance of NIbV plants is mitotically stable after plant propagation by grafting and by in vitro regeneration. Virus replication or residual virus RNA seem not to be required to maintain transgene silencing and virus resistance. Analysis by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification after treatment with methylation-sensitive restriction nucleases indicates that DNA methylation is associated with establishment and maintenance of transgene silencing and virus resistance. Restoration of transgene activity and susceptibility to PPV in sexual progeny correlated with resetting of transgene DNA methylation. On the basis of these and other published results, we present a general model for post-transcriptional gene silencing in which RNA signals, generated either by a silenced nuclear gene or by virus replication, both activate a specific cytoplasmic RNA degradation pathway and induce changes (in particular, DNA methylation) in homologous nuclear genes that switch them from an active to a silenced status.

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Lu, Hsiang-Chia, Ming-Hsien Hsieh, Cheng-En Chen, Hong-Hwa Chen, Hsiang-Iu Wang, and Hsin-Hung Yeh. "A High-Throughput Virus-Induced Gene-Silencing Vector for Screening Transcription Factors in Virus-Induced Plant Defense Response in Orchid." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, no. 6 (June 2012): 738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-11-0266.

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The large number of species and worldwide spread of species of Orchidaceae indicates their successful adaptation to environmental stresses. Thus, orchids provide rich resources to study how plants have evolved to cope with stresses. This report describes our improvement of our previously reported orchid virus-induced gene silencing vector, pCymMV-pro60, with a modified Gateway cloning system which requires only one recombination and can be inoculated by agroinfiltration. We cloned 1,700 DNA fragments, including 187 predicted transcription factors derived from an established expression sequence tag library of orchid, into pCymMV-Gateway. Phalaenopsis aphrodite was inoculated with these vectors that contained DNA fragments of the 187 predicted transcription factors. The viral vector initially triggered the expression of the salicylic acid (SA)-related plant defense responses and later induced silencing of the endogenous target transcription factor genes. By monitoring the expression of the SA-related plant defense marker PhaPR1 (homolog of PR1), we identified a gene, PhaTF15, involved in the expression of PhaPR1. Knockdown of PhaTF15 by virus-induced gene silencing and by transient delivery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) reduced expression of the orchid homolog of the conserved positive defense regulator NPR1, PhaNPR1. Cymbidium mosaic virus also accumulated to high levels with knockdown of PhaTF15 by transient delivery of dsRNA. We demonstrated efficient cloning and screening strategies for high-throughput analysis of orchid and identify a gene, PhaTF15, involved in regulation of SA-related plant defense.

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Zeng, Hongqiu, Yanwei Xie, Guoyin Liu, Yunxie Wei, Wei Hu, and Haitao Shi. "Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transient Overexpression and Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV)-Based Gene Silencing in Cassava." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16 (August 15, 2019): 3976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20163976.

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Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) are very useful in functional genomics in plants. However, whether these methods are effective in cassava (Manihot esculenta), one of the most important tropical crops, remains elusive. In this study, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) as reporter genes in a transient expression assay. GFP or GUS could be detected in the infiltrated leaves at 2 days postinfiltration (dpi) and were evidenced by visual GFP and GUS assays, reverse-transcription PCR, and Western blot. In addition, phytoene desaturase (PDS) was used to show the silencing effect in a VIGS system. Both Agrobacterium GV3101 and AGL-1 with tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-MePDS-infiltrated distal leaves showed an albino phenotype at 20 dpi; in particular, the AGL-1-infiltrated plants showed an obvious albino area in the most distal leaves. Moreover, the silencing effect was validated by molecular identification. Notably, compared with the obvious cassava mosaic disease symptom infiltrated by African-cassava-mosaic-virus-based VIGS systems in previous studies, TRV-based VIGS-system-infiltrated cassava plants did not show obvious virus-induced disease symptoms, suggesting a significant advantage. Taken together, these methods could promote functional genomics in cassava.

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