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Journal articles on the topic 'Virus Retroviridae'
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1
Shikova-Lekova, Evelina, Dirk Lindemann, Thomas Pietschmann, et al. "Replication-Competent Hybrids between Murine Leukemia Virus and Foamy Virus." Journal of Virology 77, no. 13 (2003): 7677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.13.7677-7681.2003.
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ABSTRACT Replication-competent chimeric retroviruses constructed of members of the two subfamilies of Retroviridae, orthoretroviruses and spumaretroviruses, specifically murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) bearing hybrid MuLV-foamy virus (FV) envelope (env) genes, were characterized. All viruses had the cytoplasmic tail of the MuLV transmembrane protein. In ESL-1, a truncated MuLV leader peptide (LP) was fused to the complete extracellular portion of FV Env, and ESL-2 to -4 contained the complete MuLV-LP followed by N-terminally truncated FV Env decreasing in size. ESL-1 to -4 had an extended host cell range compared to MuLV, induced a cytopathology reminiscent of FVs, and exhibited an ultrastructure that combined the features of the condensed core of MuLV with the prominent surface knobs of FVs. Replication of ESL-2 to -4 resulted in the acquisition of a stop codon at the N terminus of the chimeric Env proteins. This mutation rendered the MuLV-LP nonfunctional and indicated that the truncated FV-LP was sufficient to direct Env synthesis into the secretory pathway. Compared to the parental viruses, the chimeras replicated with only moderate cell-free titers.
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Bande, Faruku, Siti Suri Arshad, and Abdul Rahman Omar. "Isolation and Metagenomic Identification of Avian Leukosis Virus Associated with Mortality in Broiler Chicken." Advances in Virology 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9058403.
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Avian leukosis virus (ALV) belongs to the family Retroviridae and causes considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. Following an outbreak associated with high mortality in a broiler flock in northern part of Malaysia, kidney tissues from affected chickens were submitted for virus isolation and identification in chicken embryonated egg and MDCK cells. Evidence of virus growth was indicated by haemorrhage and embryo mortality in egg culture. While viral growth in cell culture was evidenced by the development of cytopathic effects. The isolated virus was purified by sucrose gradient and identified using negative staining transmission electron microscopy. Further confirmation was achieved through next-generation sequencing and nucleotide sequence homology search. Analysis of the viral sequences using the NCBI BLAST tool revealed 99-100% sequence homology with exogenous ALV viral envelope protein. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial envelope sequences showed the Malaysian isolate clustered with Taiwanese and Japanese ALV strains, which were closer to ALV subgroup J, ALV subgroup E, and recombinant A/E isolates. Based on these findings, ALV was concluded to be associated with the present outbreak. It was recommended that further studies should be conducted on the molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of the identified virus isolate.
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Silveira, Júlia Meireles da Silva, Sheila de Oliveira Medeiros, Renata Fernandes Ferreira de Moraes, et al. "Cytomorphological similarities between feline viral leukemia, bovine enzootic leukosis and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: A review." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (2021): e13010917900. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.17900.
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Leukemias are malignant neoplasms of hematological origin and originating from bone marrow cells. Innumerable species can be affected by this disease, which can be originated by several causes, including infection by viruses belonging to the Retroviridae family. In felines, humans and cattle, the leukemia-inducing retroviruses are Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV), respectively. In Brazil, the number of domestic cats infected with FeLV grows progressively, when compared to the incidence of infected animals in developed countries, such as the United States. In cattle, viral leukemia or enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), caused by BLV, although asymptomatic, leads to decreased production and economic losses. In humans, HTLV-1 was the first human retrovirus described in the 1980s. In this work, the similarities between cytomorphological changes in felines, cattle and humans affected by FeLV, BLV and HTLV-1, respectively, were analyzed. The bibliographic findings showed that the affected species addressed share the presence of atypical and/or reactive lymphocytes, smudge cells, immature cells and nuclear cell atypias in peripheral blood.
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Pietschmann, Thomas, Martin Heinkelein, Martina Heldmann, Hanswalter Zentgraf, Axel Rethwilm, and Dirk Lindemann. "Foamy Virus Capsids Require the Cognate Envelope Protein for Particle Export." Journal of Virology 73, no. 4 (1999): 2613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.4.2613-2621.1999.
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ABSTRACT Unlike other subclasses of the Retroviridae theSpumavirinae, its prototype member being the so-called human foamy virus (HFV), require the expression of the envelope (Env) glycoprotein for viral particle egress. Both the murine leukemia virus (MuLV) Env and the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein, which efficiently pseudotype other retrovirus capsids, were not able to support export of HFV particles. Analysis of deletion and point mutants of the HFV Env protein revealed that the HFV Env cytoplasmic domain (CyD) is dispensable for HFV particle envelopment, release, and infectivity, whereas deletion of the membrane-spanning-domain (MSD) led to an accumulation of naked capsids in the cytoplasm. Neither alternative membrane association of HFV Env deletion mutants lacking the MSD and CyD via phosphoglycolipid anchor nor domain swapping mutants, with the MSD or CyD of MuLV Env and VSV-G exchanged against the corresponding HFV domains, could restore particle envelopment and the release defect of pseudotypes. However, replacement of the HFV MSD with that of MuLV led to budding of HFV capsids at the intracellular membranes. These virions were of apparently wild-type morphology but were not naturally released into the supernatant and they were noninfectious.
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Geiselhart, Verena, Patrizia Bastone, Tore Kempf, Martina Schnölzer, and Martin Löchelt. "Furin-Mediated Cleavage of the Feline Foamy Virus Env Leader Protein." Journal of Virology 78, no. 24 (2004): 13573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.24.13573-13581.2004.
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ABSTRACT The molecular biology of spuma or foamy retroviruses is different from that of the other members of the Retroviridae. Among the distinguishing features, the N-terminal domain of the foamy virus Env glycoprotein, the 16-kDa Env leader protein Elp, is a component of released, infectious virions and is required for particle budding. The transmembrane protein Elp specifically interacts with N-terminal Gag sequences during morphogenesis. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of Elp release from the Env precursor protein. By a combination of genetic, biochemical, and biophysical methods, we show that the feline foamy virus (FFV) Elp is released by a cellular furin-like protease, most likely furin itself, generating an Elp protein consisting of 127 amino acid residues. The cleavage site fully conforms to the rules for an optimal furin site. Proteolytic processing at the furin cleavage site is required for full infectivity of FFV. However, utilization of other furin proteases and/or cleavage at a suboptimal signal peptidase cleavage site can partially rescue virus viability. In addition, we show that FFV Elp carries an N-linked oligosaccharide that is not conserved among the known foamy viruses.
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Harper, D. R., R. L. Gilbert, T. J. O'Connor, et al. "Antiviral Activity of 2-Hydroxy Fatty Acids." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 7, no. 3 (1996): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632029600700303.
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Following an earlier demonstration of an antiviral effect against varicella-zoster virus (VZV, human herpesvirus 3) using 2-hydroxymyristic acid (2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid; 2-HM), an inhibitor of protein myristoylation, both 2-HM and 2-hydroxypalmitic acid (2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid; 2-HP) have been tested against a range of viruses. Although both compounds inhibit the replication of varicella-zoster virus (VZV; human herpesvirus 3) they do not inhibit the replication of closely related herpesviruses. They do, however, inhibit the replication of both poliovirus (a member of the Picornaviridae) and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1; a member of the Retroviridae). Neither compound is toxic to adherent cells by dye uptake assay, although limited toxicity is apparent to non-adherent cell lines at high concentrations. The mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed. A diminished effect of 2-hydroxymyristic acid when the compound is dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) rather than ethanol is reported, and the implications for the use of DMSO as a ‘universal solvent’ for compound screening noted. Finally, it is suggested that targeting of ‘virus-essential’ cellular functions may provide an alternative route for inhibiting viral replication.
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Telwatte, Sushama, and Steven A. Yukl. "Exploring HIV latency using transcription profiling." Microbiology Australia 38, no. 3 (2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma17050.
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The major barrier to a cure for HIV is the existence of reservoirs consisting predominantly of latently infected CD4+ T cells, which do not produce virus constitutively but can be induced to produce infectious virus on activation. HIV latency research has largely focused on peripheral blood, yet most HIV-infected cells reside in tissues, especially the gut, where differences in drug penetration, cell types, and immune responses may impact mechanisms of persistence. Exploring the differences between the gut and the blood in transcriptional blocks may reveal fundamental insights into mechanisms that contribute to HIV latency. Our novel transcriptional profiling assays enable us to determine where blocks to HIV transcription occur in various tissues and the magnitude of their contribution. These assays could also be adapted to investigate latency established by other retroviridae or even DNA viruses such as herpesviridae with a view to pinpointing mechanisms underlying latency in vivo and ultimately contribute to designing a cure.
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Cartellieri, Marc, Ottmar Herchenröder, Wolfram Rudolph, et al. "N-Terminal Gag Domain Required for Foamy Virus Particle Assembly and Export." Journal of Virology 79, no. 19 (2005): 12464–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.19.12464-12476.2005.
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ABSTRACT Among the Retroviridae, foamy viruses (FVs) exhibit an unusual way of particle assembly and a highly specific incorporation of envelope protein into progeny virions. We have analyzed deletions and point mutants of the prototypic FV gag gene for capsid assembly and egress, envelope protein incorporation, infectivity, and ultrastructure. Deletions introduced at the 3′ end of gag revealed the first 297 amino acids (aa) to be sufficient for specific Env incorporation and export of particulate material. Deletions introduced at the 5′ end showed the region between aa 6 and 200 to be dispensable for virus capsid assembly but required for the incorporation of Env and particle egress. Point mutations were introduced in the 5′ region of gag to target residues conserved among FVs from different species. Alanine substitutions of residues in a region between aa 40 and 60 resulted in severe alterations in particle morphology. Furthermore, at position 50, this region harbors the conserved arginine that is presumably at the center of a signal sequence directing FV Gag proteins to a cytoplasmic assembly site.
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Kumar, Ramesh, Divya Mehta, Nimisha Mishra, Debasis Nayak, and Sujatha Sunil. "Role of Host-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) in RNA Virus Pathogenesis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010323.
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Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins’ functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.
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Álvarez, Enrique, Luis Menéndez-Arias, and Luis Carrasco. "The Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4GI Is Cleaved by Different Retroviral Proteases." Journal of Virology 77, no. 23 (2003): 12392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.23.12392-12400.2003.
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ABSTRACT The initiation factor eIF4G plays a central role in the regulation of translation. In picornaviruses, as well as in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), cleavage of eIF4G by the viral protease leads to inhibition of protein synthesis directed by capped cellular mRNAs. In the present work, cleavage of both eIF4GI and eIF4GII has been analyzed by employing the proteases encoded within the genomes of several members of the family Retroviridae, e.g., Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), mouse mammary tumor virus, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. All of the retroviral proteases examined were able to cleave the initiation factor eIF4GI both in intact cells and in cell-free systems, albeit with different efficiencies. The eIF4GI hydrolysis patterns obtained with HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases were very similar to each other but rather different from those obtained with MoMLV protease. Both eIF4GI and eIF4GII were cleaved very efficiently by the MoMLV protease. However, eIF4GII was a poor substrate for HIV proteases. Proteolytic cleavage of eIF4G led to a profound inhibition of cap-dependent translation, while protein synthesis driven by mRNAs containing internal ribosome entry site elements remained unaffected or was even stimulated in transfected cells.
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Álvarez, Enrique, Alfredo Castelló, Luis Menéndez-Arias, and Luis Carrasco. "HIV protease cleaves poly(A)-binding protein." Biochemical Journal 396, no. 2 (2006): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20060108.
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The PABP [poly(A)-binding protein] is able to interact with the 3′ poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNA, promoting its translation. Cleavage of PABP by viral proteases encoded by several picornaviruses and caliciviruses plays a role in the abrogation of cellular protein synthesis. We report that infection of MT-2 cells with HIV-1 leads to efficient proteolysis of PABP. Analysis of PABP integrity was carried out in BHK-21 (baby-hamster kidney) and COS-7 cells upon individual expression of the protease from several members of the Retroviridae family, e.g. MoMLV (Moloney murine leukaemia virus), MMTV (mouse mammary tumour virus), HTLV-I (human T-cell leukaemia virus type I), SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), HIV-1 and HIV-2. Moreover, protease activity against PABP was tested in a HeLa-cell-free system. Only MMTV, HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases were able to cleave PABP in the absence of other viral proteins. Purified HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases cleave PABP1 directly at positions 237 and 477, separating the two first RNA-recognition motifs from the C-terminal domain of PABP. An additional cleavage site located at position 410 was detected for HIV-2 protease. These findings indicate that some retroviruses may share with picornaviruses and caliciviruses the capacity to proteolyse PABP.
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Meza-Barreto, Giovanna, Danny Wilson Sanjuanelo-Corredor, and Manuel Isaac Gallego-Marín. "Detección molecular del virus de la leucosis bovina: un estudio por conglomerados en Colombia." Ciencia y Agricultura 13, no. 2 (2016): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01228420.v13.n2.2016.5552.
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La leucosis bovina enzoótica (LBE) es ocasionada por un virus de la familia Retroviridae, el virus de la leucosis bovina (VLB), que afecta bovinos de cualquier edad, sexo y raza y genera importantes pérdidas económicas. En Colombia, los pocos estudios moleculares se concentran en ganado de leche; por ello, el presente trabajo se dirigió a detectar el VLB mediante una prueba molecular de PCR en animales destinados a diferentes tipos de explotación ganadera y de diferentes regiones del país, con el propósito de evaluar la relación entre la presencia del VLB en los animales, la ubicación geográfica y el tipo de explotación bovina. De un total de 230 animales, organizados por conglomerados según la región de origen, el 22.6 % se detectó con el VLB; de estos la región Centro presentó el mayor número de animales infectados (50.7 %). En cuanto al tipo de producción, el ganado de leche fue el más susceptible a ser infectado por el VLB (50.7 %). Los resultados indican que existe una significativa relación entre la presencia molecular del virus, la ubicación geográfica de los animales y el tipo de explotación bovina, datos importantes para la planeación de programas de prevención y control de la LBE por los organismos gubernamentales de salud animal.
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Cavalcante, Liliane, Cláudia Muniz, Hongwei Jia, et al. "Clinical and Molecular Features of Feline Foamy Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus Co-Infection in Naturally-Infected Cats." Viruses 10, no. 12 (2018): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120702.
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Feline foamy virus (FFV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) belong to the Retroviridae family. While disease has not been reported for FFV infection, FeLV infection can cause anemia and immunosuppression (progressive infection). Co-infection with FFV/FeLV allows evaluation of the pathogenic potential and epidemiology of FFV infection in cats with FeLV pathology. Blood and buccal swab samples from 81 cats were collected in Rio de Janeiro. Plasma was serologically tested for FeLV. DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and buccal swabs was used to PCR detect FFV and FeLV. A qPCR was developed to detect and measure FFV proviral loads (pVLs) in cats. FeLV qPCR was performed using previous methods. The median log10 pVL of FFV mono-infected individuals was lower than found in FFV/FeLV co-infected cats in buccal swabs (p = 0.003). We found 78% of cats had detectable buccal FFV DNA in FFV mono-infected and FFV co-infected FeLV-progressive cats, while in FeLV-regressive cats (those without signs of disease) 22% of cats had detectable buccal FFV DNA (p = 0.004). Our results suggest that regressive FeLV infection may reduce FFV saliva transmission, the main mode of FV transmission. We did not find evidence of differences in pathogenicity in FFV mono- and -dually infected cats. In summary, we show that FVs may interact with FeLV within the same host. Our study supports the utility of cats naturally co-infected with retroviruses as a model to investigate the impact of FV on immunocompromised mammalian hosts.
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Obr, Martin, Florian K. M. Schur, and Robert A. Dick. "A Structural Perspective of the Role of IP6 in Immature and Mature Retroviral Assembly." Viruses 13, no. 9 (2021): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091853.
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The small cellular molecule inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) has been known for ~20 years to promote the in vitro assembly of HIV-1 into immature virus-like particles. However, the molecular details underlying this effect have been determined only recently, with the identification of the IP6 binding site in the immature Gag lattice. IP6 also promotes formation of the mature capsid protein (CA) lattice via a second IP6 binding site, and enhances core stability, creating a favorable environment for reverse transcription. IP6 also enhances assembly of other retroviruses, from both the Lentivirus and the Alpharetrovirus genera. These findings suggest that IP6 may have a conserved function throughout the family Retroviridae. Here, we discuss the different steps in the viral life cycle that are influenced by IP6, and describe in detail how IP6 interacts with the immature and mature lattices of different retroviruses.
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Mummoorthy, Kunambiga, Abd Rahaman Yasmin, Siti Suri Arshad, et al. "Molecular detection of feline leukemia virus in clinically ill cats in Klang Valley, Malaysia." Veterinary World 14, no. 2 (2021): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.405-409.
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Background and Aim: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is classified as Retroviridae gammaretrovirus. FeLV occurs worldwide, including Malaysia. Thus far, only one decade-old study on molecular characterization of Malaysian FeLV isolates exists, which resulted in a scarcity of updated information of current FeLV isolates circulating in Malaysia. This study was conducted to determine the status of FeLV in clinically ill cats and to study the molecular characterization and phylogenetic relatedness of the current isolates. Materials and Methods: Convenience sampling was performed in 20 cats from the Gasing Veterinary Hospital in Selangor. Plasma and saliva samples were collected from 15 clinically ill cats and 5 healthy cats subjected to one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers targeting a highly conserved gene of U3-LTR-gag. Results: Two clinically ill cats' plasma and saliva samples tested positive for FeLV RNA. Partial nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the current isolates were 94-99% homologous to the previous Malaysian and Japanese FeLV isolates. Conclusion: Current FeLV isolates from this study displayed higher similarity with the previous Malaysian isolates, signifying that a similar FeLV strain circulated among the cat population in Selangor.
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Wang, Huating, Kendra M. Norris, and Louis M. Mansky. "Analysis of Bovine Leukemia Virus Gag Membrane Targeting and Late Domain Function." Journal of Virology 76, no. 16 (2002): 8485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.16.8485-8493.2002.
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ABSTRACT Assembly of retrovirus-like particles only requires the expression of the Gag polyprotein precursor. We have exploited this in the development of a model system for studying the virus particle assembly pathway for bovine leukemia virus (BLV). BLV is closely related to the human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLVs), and all are members of the Deltaretrovirus genus of the Retroviridae family. Overexpression of a BLV Gag polyprotein containing a carboxy-terminal influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tag in mammalian cells led to the robust production of virus-like particles (VLPs). Site-directed mutations were introduced into HA-tagged Gag to test the usefulness of this model system for studying certain aspects of the virus assembly pathway. First, mutations that disrupted the amino-terminal glycine residue that is important for Gag myristylation led to a drastic reduction in VLP production. Predictably, the nature of the VLP production defect was correlated to Gag membrane localization. Second, mutation of the PPPY motif (located in the MA domain) greatly reduced VLP production in the absence of the viral protease. This reduction in VLP production was more severe in the presence of an active viral protease. Examination of particles by electron microscopy revealed an abundance of particles that began to pinch off from the plasma membrane but were not completely released from the cell surface, indicating that the PPPY motif functions as a late domain (L domain).
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Eizert, Helga, Pálma Bander, Péter Bagossi, et al. "Amino Acid Preferences of Retroviral Proteases for Amino-Terminal Positions in a Type 1 Cleavage Site." Journal of Virology 82, no. 20 (2008): 10111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00418-08.
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ABSTRACT The specificities of the proteases of 11 retroviruses were studied using a series of oligopeptides with amino acid substitutions in the P1, P3, and P4 positions of a naturally occurring type 1 cleavage site (Val-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr↓Pro-Ile-Val-Gln) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Previously, the substrate specificity of the P2 site was studied for the same representative set of retroviral proteases, which included at least one member from each of the seven genera of the family Retroviridae (P. Bagossi, T. Sperka, A. Fehér, J. Kádas, G. Zahuczky, G. Miklóssy, P. Boross, and J. Tözsér, J. Virol. 79:4213-4218, 2005). Our enzyme set comprised the proteases of HIV-1, HIV-2, equine infectious anemia virus, avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), Moloney murine leukemia virus, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, bovine leukemia virus, walleye dermal sarcoma virus, and human foamy virus. Molecular models were used to interpret the similarities and differences in specificity between these retroviral proteases. The results showed that the retroviral proteases had similar preferences (Phe and Tyr) for the P1 position in this sequence context, but differences were found for the P3 and P4 positions. Importantly, the sizes of the P3 and P4 residues appear to be a major contributor for specificity. The substrate specificities correlated well with the phylogenetic tree of the retroviruses. Furthermore, while the specificities of some enzymes belonging to different genera appeared to be very similar (e.g., those of AMV and MMTV), the specificities of the primate lentiviral proteases substantially differed from that observed for a nonprimate lentiviral protease.
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Bagossi, Péter, Tamás Sperka, Anita Fehér, et al. "Amino Acid Preferences for a Critical Substrate Binding Subsite of Retroviral Proteases in Type 1 Cleavage Sites." Journal of Virology 79, no. 7 (2005): 4213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.7.4213-4218.2005.
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ABSTRACT The specificities of the proteases of 11 retroviruses representing each of the seven genera of the family Retroviridae were studied using a series of oligopeptides with amino acid substitutions in the P2 position of a naturally occurring type 1 cleavage site (Val-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr↓Pro-Ile-Val-Gln; the arrow indicates the site of cleavage) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This position was previously found to be one of the most critical in determining the substrate specificity differences of retroviral proteases. Specificities at this position were compared for HIV-1, HIV-2, equine infectious anemia virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, bovine leukemia virus, human foamy virus, and walleye dermal sarcoma virus proteases. Three types of P2 preferences were observed: a subgroup of proteases preferred small hydrophobic side chains (Ala and Cys), and another subgroup preferred large hydrophobic residues (Ile and Leu), while the protease of HIV-1 preferred an Asn residue. The specificity distinctions among the proteases correlated well with the phylogenetic tree of retroviruses prepared solely based on the protease sequences. Molecular models for all of the proteases studied were built, and they were used to interpret the results. While size complementarities appear to be the main specificity-determining features of the S2 subsite of retroviral proteases, electrostatic contributions may play a role only in the case of HIV proteases. In most cases the P2 residues of naturally occurring type 1 cleavage site sequences of the studied proteases agreed well with the observed P2 preferences.
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Nowrouzi, Ali, Marcus Dittrich, Chuck Klanke, et al. "Genome-wide mapping of foamy virus vector integrations into a human cell line." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 5 (2006): 1339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81554-0.
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Integration-site selection by retroviruses and retroviral vectors has gained increased scientific interest. Foamy viruses (FVs) constitute a unique subfamily (Spumavirinae) of the family Retroviridae, for which the integration pattern into the human genome has not yet been determined. To accomplish this, 293 cells were transduced with FV vectors and the integration sites into the cellular genome were determined by a high-throughput method based on inverse PCR. For comparison, a limited number of murine leukemia virus (MLV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integration sites were analysed in parallel. Altogether, 628 FV, 87 HIV and 141 MLV distinct integration sites were mapped to the human genome. The sequences were analysed for RefSeq genes, promoter regions, CpG islands and insertions into cellular oncogenes. Compared with the integration-site preferences of HIV, which strongly favours active genes, and MLV, which favours integration near transcription-start regions, our results indicate that FV integration has neither of these preferences. However, once integration has occurred into a transcribed region of the genome, FVs tend to target promoter-close regions, albeit with less preference than MLV. Furthermore, our study revealed a palindromic consensus sequence for integration, which was centred on the virus-specific, four-base-duplicated target site. In summary, it is shown that the integration pattern of FVs appears to be unique compared with those of other retroviral genera.
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Requejo, Henry I. Z. "Worldwide molecular epidemiology of HIV." Revista de Saúde Pública 40, no. 2 (2006): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102006000200023.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the worldwide disseminated causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is a member of the Lentivirus genus of Retroviridae family and is grouped in two types named HIV-1 and HIV-2. These viruses have a notable ability to mutate and adapt to the new conditions of human environment. A large incidence of errors at the transcriptional level results in changes on the genetic bases during the reproductive cycle. The elevated genomic variability of HIV has carried important implications for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well as epidemiologic investigations. The present review describes important definitions and geographical distribution of subtypes, circulating recombinant forms and other genomic variations of HIV. The present study aimed at leading students of Biomedical Sciences and public health laboratory staff guidance to general and specific knowledge about the genomic variability of the HIV.
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Marlefzena, Marlefzena, Sri Murtini, and Joko Pamungkas. "KAJIAN EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA PADA KUDA IMPOR DI BANDAR UDARA INTERNASIONAL SOEKARNO-HATTA." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 36, no. 1 (2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.26916.
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Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) disease is caused by EIA Virus (EIAV) from genus Lentivirus, subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, family retroviridae. This virus causes a persistent infection and potentially fatal in Equidae. There is no scientific literature yet for this disease in Indonesia. In order to determine this disease in our country, it is necessary continuing laboratory detection in imported Equidae and conducted further surveillance in Equidae throughout Indonesia. This research is aimed (1) to detect of any antibodi titre of EIAV in imported horse, (2) To get information about the relationship between laboratory result with the secondary datas of origin country. The EIAV antibody detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA). The secondary datas were collected from Health Certificate of origin country, World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) Interface OIE and literatures. Total of 133 blood samples were collected from imported horse, ex-imported horse and lokal breed horse. The result showed that all of imported horse, ex-imported horse and lokal breed horse were negative antibody against EIAV. The initial information on Equine Infectious Anemia indicated that health requirement in imported horse has fulfilled, so that imported horse was free from EIAV.
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Arcangeli, Chiara, Daniele Lucarelli, Martina Torricelli, et al. "First Survey of SNPs in TMEM154, TLR9, MYD88 and CCR5 Genes in Sheep Reared in Italy and Their Association with Resistance to SRLVs Infection." Viruses 13, no. 7 (2021): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071290.
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Maedi-visna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), referred to as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), belong to the genus Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. SRLVs infect both sheep and goats, causing significant economic losses and animal welfare damage. Recent findings suggest an association between serological status and allelic variants of different genes such as TMEM154, TLR9, MYD88 and CCR5. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of specific polymorphisms of these genes in SRLVs infection in some sheep flocks in Italy. In addition to those already known, novel variants in the TMEM154 (P7H, I74V, I105V) gene were detected in this study. The risk of infection was determined finding an association between the serological status and polymorphisms P7H, E35K, N70I, I74V, I105V of TMEM154, R447Q, A462S and G520R in TLR9 gene, H176H* and K190K* in MYD88 genes, while no statistical association was observed for the 4-bp deletion of the CCR5 gene. Since no vaccines or treatments have been developed, a genetically based approach could be an innovative strategy to prevent and to control SRLVs infection. Our findings are an important starting point in order to define the genetic resistance profile towards SRLVs infection.
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Nosik, D. N., N. N. Nosik, T. V. Teplyakova, et al. "Antiviral activity of extracts of basidiomycetes and humic compounds substances against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Retroviridae: Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus 1) and Herpes Simplex Virus (Herpesviridae: Simplexvirus: Human alphaherpesvirus 1)." Problems of Virology 65, no. 5 (2020): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-5-4.
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Shaw, Kit L., Dirk Lindemann, Mark J. Mulligan, and Paul A. Goepfert. "Foamy Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Is Sufficient for Particle Budding and Release." Journal of Virology 77, no. 4 (2003): 2338–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.4.2338-2348.2003.
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ABSTRACT Foamy viruses (FVs) are classified in the family Retroviridae, but recent data have shown that they are not conventional retroviruses. Notably, several characteristics of their particle replication strategies are more similar to those of hepatitis B virus (HBV) than those of typical retroviruses. Compared to conventional retroviruses, which require only Gag proteins for budding and release of virus-like particles (VLPs), both FV and HBV require Env proteins. In the case of HBV, Env (S protein) alone is sufficient to form subviral particles (SVPs). Because FVs also depend on Env for budding, we tested whether FV Env alone could produce SVPs. The Env proteins of FV and murine leukemia virus (MuLV) were both released into cell culture supernatants and migrated into isopycnic gradients; however, unlike MuLV Env, FV Env displayed characteristics of SVPs. FV Env particles were of greater density than those of MuLV (1.11 versus 1.07 g/ml, respectively), which strongly suggested that the released proteins of FV Env were particulate. When we examined FV SVPs by immunoelectron microscopy, we found particles that were consistent in morphology, size, and staining with gold beads, similar to FV VLPs and unlike the particle-like structures of MuLV Env, which were more consistent with vesicles produced from nonspecific membrane “blebbing.” Taken together, our results demonstrated that FV Env alone is sufficient for particle budding. This finding is unique among retroviruses and further demonstrated the similarities between FV and HBV.
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Mufarika, Mufarika. "Kualitas Hidup, Dukungan Sebaya, HUBUNGAN PERAN KELOMPOK DUKUNGAN SEBAYA DENGAN KUALITAS HIDUP ORANG HIV/AIDS (ODHA) DI POLI VCT RSUD SYARIFAH AMBAMI RATO EBU BANGKALAN." Jurnal Keperawatan Malang 3, no. 2 (2019): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36916/jkm.v3i2.68.
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AIDS dapat diartikan sebagai kumpulan gejala atau penyakit yang disebabkan oleh menurunnya kekebalan tubuh akibat infeksi virus HIV yang termasuk famili retroviridae. Kualitas hidup ODHA menjadi sangat rentan mengalami penurunan akibat masalah baik fisik, psikologis, maupun sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan peran kelompok dukungan sebaya dengan kualitas hidup pada orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA). Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 61 responden. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan Simple random sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik Spearman Rank. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hampir seluruhnya mendapatkan peran kelompok dukungan sebaya kurang yaitu 46 (75%) ODHA. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan nilai p value (0,000) < ? (0,05), artinya ada hubungan peran kelompok dukungan sebaya dengan kualitas hidup pada orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) di Poli VCT RSUD Syarifah Ambami Rato Ebu Bangkalan.
Kata Kunci: Kualitas Hidup, Peran Kelompok Dukungan Sebaya, AIDS
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Stanley Lesmana, Riyadh Ikhsan, and Azriya Azka. "Knowledge Level of Grade XII Senior High School Students Regarding HIV/AIDS." Journal of Endocrinology, Tropical Medicine, and Infectiouse Disease (JETROMI) 3, no. 1 (2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jetromi.v3i1.5528.
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Background: AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a collection of symptoms or diseases caused by a decrease in the immune system from the body due to infection from the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) which belongs to the retroviridae family. Teenagers themselves are vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. The right and precise knowledge of HIV and AIDS is important in HIV prevention efforts in adolescents. Method: This research is a descriptive research with cross-sectional design. The sample population of this study was grade XII senior high school students of the 2020/2021 at Methodist – 2 Medan by sampling total sampling. This study was analyzed univariately to look at the descriptive images. Result: From the results of this study, it has obtained that the knowledge level of students grade XII Methodist - 2 Medan had good knowledge about HIV / AIDS with the number of 144 people (70.6%). Conclusion: From this study, it was found that the level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS was mostly in a good category.
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Gromov, K. B., E. V. Kazennova, D. E. Kireev, A. V. Murzakova, A. E. Lopatukhin, and M. R. Bobkova. "Analysis of HIV-1 (Human immunodeficiency virus-1, Lentivirus, Orthoretrovirinae, Retroviridae) Nef protein polymorphism of variants circulating in the former USSR countries." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 64, no. 6 (2019): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-6-281-290.
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Daous, Hala El, Shuya Mitoma, Eslam Elhanafy, et al. "Relationship between Allelic Heterozygosity in BoLA-DRB3 and Proviral Loads in Bovine Leukemia Virus-Infected Cattle." Animals 11, no. 3 (2021): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030647.
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Enzootic bovine leukosis is a lethal neoplastic disease caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV), belongs to family Retroviridae. The BLV proviral load (PVL) represents the quantity of BLV genome that has integrated into the host’s genome in BLV-infected cells. Bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) class II allelic polymorphisms are associated with PVLs in BLV-infected cattle. We sought to identify relationships between BoLA-DRB3 allelic heterozygosity and BLV PVLs among different cattle breeds. Blood samples from 598 BLV-infected cattle were quantified to determine their PVLs by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results were confirmed by a BLV-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction identified 22 BoLA-DRB3 alleles. Multivariate negative binomial regression modeling was used to test for associations between BLV PVLs and BoLA-DRB3 alleles. BoLA-DRB3.2*3, *7, *8, *11, *22, *24, and *28 alleles were significantly associated with low PVLs. BoLA-DRB3.2*10 was significantly associated with high PVLs. Some heterozygous allele combinations were associated with low PVLs (*3/*28, *7/*8, *8/*11, *10/*11, and *11/*16); others were associated with high PVLs (*1/*41, *10/*16, *10/*41, *16/*27, and *22/*27). Interestingly, the BoLA-DRB3.2*11 heterozygous allele was always strongly and independently associated with low PVLs. This is the first reported evidence of an association between heterozygous allelic combinations and BLV PVLs.
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Vallinoto, Antonio Carlos Rosário, Izaura Cayres-Vallinoto, Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz, Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak, and Ricardo Ishak. "Influence of Immunogenetic Biomarkers in the Clinical Outcome of HTLV-1 Infected Persons." Viruses 11, no. 11 (2019): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11110974.
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, a member of the Retroviridae family, causes a neglected, silent, persistent infection affecting circa 5 to 10 million people around the world, with biology, immune pathology, clinical diseases, epidemiology, and laboratory issues still unsolved. Most of the infected subjects are asymptomatic, but severe clinical disorders appear as a neurodegenerative disease (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy—HAM) or a lymphoprolipherative disorder (Adult T Leukemia/Lymphoma—ATLL) and in other target organs of the human body. HTLV-1 infections are frequently asymptomatic, but there is a large spectrum of diseases that have been described along the years. The mechanisms by which the virus interacts with the host, the different modes of response of the host to the infection, and the immunogenic characteristics of the host are some of the interesting and unanswered questions that may direct the outcome of the disease. The most relevant published results dealing with the genetic variations of the host, the immune response to HTLV-1 infection, and the outcome of the infection are presented herein, including Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA), Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR), interleukin 6, 10, 28, Fas and Fas ligand, IFN-gamma, TNF-A, and Mannose-binding lectin. In summary, there are still several unmet research needs in the field of useful biomarkers on HTLV-1 pathogenesis.
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Asshiddiq, M. Rafli Febri. "Pengaruh Pemberian Asiklovir dalam Menurunkan Progresifitas dan Transmisi HIV." Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Sandi Husada 12, no. 2 (2020): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35816/jiskh.v12i2.357.
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Latar belakang : Epidemi HIV/AIDS memberikan tantangan berat bagi pembangunan dan kemajuan sosial. HIV merupakan virus yang ditularkan terutama melalui hubungan seksual, jalur intravena yang digunakan secara bersamaan, dan transmisi ibu ke anak yang dapat terjadi saat proses kelahiran ataupun menyusui. HIV terutama disebabkan karena infeksi HIV-1 atau HIV-2, retrovirus yang tergolong dalam famili retroviridae, genus Lentivirus. Pengobatan dengan terapi anti-retroviral memberikan hasil efektif dan telah membantu menjaga kesehatan bagi mereka dengan infeksi HIV namun angka mortalitas terkait HIV tetap tinggi. Upaya pencegahan dilakukan untuk menurunkan angka mortalitas maupun morbiditas terkait HIV. Salah satu upaya pencegahan yang dapat dilakukan adalah pemberian asiklovir namun hal ini masih kontroversial. Asiklovir adalah agen yang digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus herpes simpleks (HSV). Tujuan : Mengetahui peran dari asiklovir dalam menurunkan transmisi penularan HIV. Metode : Menggunakan studi letarute dari junal baik nasional maupun internasional dengan meringkas topik pembahasan dan membandingkan hasil yang disajikan dalam artikel. Hasil : Koinfeksi HIV dengan HSV dapat meningkatkan laju transmisi dan progresifitas penyakit. Pengobatan utama untuk herpes simpleks adalah dengan asiklovir. Asiklovir dengan dosis 2x400 mg dan valasiklovir dengan dosis 2 x 500 mg berperan dalam mengurangi progresifitas penyakit. Asiklovir mempunyai efek anti-HIV secara langsung. Namun asiklovir tidak menurunkan laju transmisi dari HIV itu sendiri. Kesimpulan : Asiklovir berperan dalam menurunkan angka kematian dan progresifitas HIV menjadi AIDS dengan adanya efek anti-HIV secara langsung.
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Úsuga-Monroy, C., J. Echeverri, and H. López-Herrera. "Diagnóstico molecular del virus de Leucosis Bovina en una población de vacas Holstein, Colombia." Archivos de Zootecnia 64, no. 247 (2015): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/az.v64i248.424.
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El virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV) posee un genoma RNA de cadena sencilla, pertenece a la familia Retroviridae y presenta ocho genotipos diferentes. Los linfocitos B son la célula blanco del BLV, lo cual tiene un impacto negativo sobre el sistema inmune de los bovinos ya que los hace más susceptibles a otras enfermedades de origen infeccioso además las vacas lecheras presentan una menor producción respecto al hato (2,5 a 5 %). Esta enfermedad se transmite a través del consumo de leche y principalmente de forma iatrogénica. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue diagnosticar BLV por medio de la técnica PCR anidada, para lo cual se tomaron 500 muestras de sangre de vacas Holstein pertenecientes a varios hatos ubicados en los principales municipios con carácter lechero en el departamento de Antioquía, durante los meses de febrero a junio de 2013. Se realizó una PCR anidada para detectar el provirus amplificando una región del gen env viral. Se obtuvo un fragmento de 444 pb y se comprobó la identidad de la secuencia a través de la aplicación BLAST ®. La prevalencia para el departamento de Antioquía fue del 44 % (219/500). Uno de los productos de PCR fue secuenciado y clasificado como genotipo 1; se encontró un 99 % de identidad con la secuencia FJ808575.1. Se evaluaron tres subregiones lecheras Oriente, Norte y Valle de Aburra. La presencia del virus fue de 70 %, 45 %, 31 % respectivamente. La prevalencia molecular de BLV varió entre 16 y 88 % por municipio. Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p
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Weynberg, Karen D., Patrick W. Laffy, Elisha M. Wood-Charlson, et al. "Coral-associated viral communities show high levels of diversity and host auxiliary functions." PeerJ 5 (November 17, 2017): e4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4054.
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Stony corals (Scleractinia) are marine invertebrates that form the foundation and framework upon which tropical reefs are built. The coral animal associates with a diverse microbiome comprised of dinoflagellate algae and other protists, bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses. Using a metagenomics approach, we analysed the DNA and RNA viral assemblages of seven coral species from the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR), demonstrating that tailed bacteriophages of the Caudovirales dominate across all species examined, and ssDNA viruses, notably the Microviridae, are also prevalent. Most sequences with matches to eukaryotic viruses were assigned to six viral families, including four Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDVs) families: Iridoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Mimiviridae, and Poxviridae, as well as Retroviridae and Polydnaviridae. Contrary to previous findings, Herpesvirales were rare in these GBR corals. Sequences of a ssRNA virus with similarities to the dinornavirus, Heterocapsa circularisquama ssRNA virus of the Alvernaviridae that infects free-living dinoflagellates, were observed in three coral species. We also detected viruses previously undescribed from the coral holobiont, including a virus that targets fungi associated with the coral species Acropora tenuis. Functional analysis of the assembled contigs indicated a high prevalence of latency-associated genes in the coral-associated viral assemblages, several host-derived auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) for photosynthesis (psbA, psbD genes encoding the photosystem II D1 and D2 proteins respectively), as well as potential nematocyst toxins and antioxidants (genes encoding green fluorescent-like chromoprotein). This study expands the currently limited knowledge on coral-associated viruses by characterising viral composition and function across seven GBR coral species.
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OSTI, Neusa Maria, Antonio Fernando PESTANA DE CASTRO, and Lucila COSTALLAT RICCI. "RESEARCH OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES FROM RETROVIRUSES, CMV AND HBV AMONG PRISONERS OF THE PENITENTIARY COMPLEX OF THE REGION OF CAMPINAS, SP, BRAZIL." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 40, no. 4 (1998): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651998000400001.
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Some viruses of the families Retroviridae, such as Human T Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV); Herpesviridae as the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Hepadnaviridae such as the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) are liable to be co-transmitted with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Since prisoners are exposed to several and important risk factors involved in the transmission of HIV and the above mentioned viruses, male inmates from the penitentiary complex of Campinas, SP, Brazil, including HIV + and HIV - ones, were examined for the presence of HTLV-I and/or II antibodies; IgG and IgM anti-CMV antibodies, and the research of the superficial hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg). The presence of anti-HTLV-I and/or II was determined by the Western Blot (WB) technique, whereas IgG and IgM anti-CMV and the search of HBsAg were carried out by the Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay (MEIA-Abbott Lab).With regard to anti-HTLV-I and/or II, 58.3% (14/24-Number of positive reactions/number of sera examined) were reactive among the anti-HIV positive sera. Conversely, only 12.5% (3/24) among the HIV- negative sera showed positive reactions to HTLV-I and/or II antibodies. When looking for IgG anti-CMV percentages of 97.7% (43/44) and 95% (38/40) were obtained for anti-HIV positive and negative sera, respectively. As to IgM anti-CMV antibodies 11.36% (5/44) and 2.5% (1/40) of reactive sera were found for anti-HIV positive and negative, respectively. The HBsAg was found in 12.8% (5/39) of the sera which were anti-HIV positive.
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MacDonald, Margaret R., Erica S. Machlin, Owen R. Albin, and David E. Levy. "The Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein Acts Synergistically with an Interferon-Induced Factor for Maximal Activity against Alphaviruses." Journal of Virology 81, no. 24 (2007): 13509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00402-07.
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ABSTRACT Type I interferons (IFNs) signal through specific receptors to mediate expression of genes, which together confer a cellular antiviral state. Overexpression of the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) imparts a cellular antiviral state against Retroviridae, Togaviridae, and Filoviridae virus family members. Since ZAP expression is induced by IFN, we utilized Sindbis virus (SINV) to investigate the role of other IFN-induced factors in ZAP's inhibitory potential. Overexpressed ZAP did not inhibit virion production or SINV-induced cell death in BHK cells deficient in IFN production (and thus IFN signaling), suggesting a role for an IFN-induced factor in ZAP's activity. IFN pretreatment in the presence of ZAP resulted in greater inhibition than IFN alone. Using mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cells deficient in Stat1, we showed that signaling through the IFN receptor is necessary for IFN′s enhancement of ZAP activity. Unlike in BHK cells, however, overexpressed ZAP exhibited antiviral activity in the absence of IFN. In wild-type MEFs with an intact Stat1 gene, IFN pretreatment synergized with ZAP to generate a potent antiviral response. Despite failing to inhibit SINV virion production and virus-induced cell death in BHK cells, ZAP inhibited translation of the incoming viral RNA. IFN pretreatment synergized with ZAP to further block protein expression from the incoming viral genome. We further show that silencing of IFN-induced ZAP reduces IFN efficacy. Our findings demonstrate that ZAP can synergize with another IFN-induced factor(s) for maximal antiviral activity and that ZAP's intrinsic antiviral activity on virion production and cell survival can have cell-type-specific outcomes.
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Alves, Samilly Mesquita, Maria Fátima da Silva Teixeira, Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro, et al. "Seroepidemiological study of maedi-visna in sheep in Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Sergipe States." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 5 (2018): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n5p2017.
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The production performance of a livestock herd can be compromised by various diseases. In sheep, maedi-visna (MV) infections, which have a chronic nature, are caused by a virus (maedi-visna virus (MVV)) belonging to the genus Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. The infection can cause significant economic losses and has considerable health impacts on sheep breeding in production systems. Due to the importance of this disease in sheep flocks, the objective was to conduct a serosurvey of MVV in the states of Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Paraíba (PB), and Sergipe (SE). A total of, 3332 serum samples were collected in the four states, 1011 in CE, 931 in RN, 459 in PB, and 931 in SE, with the number of samples proportional to the actual herd size of each state. The samples were analyzed using the agar gel microimmunodiffusion test (AGID). Reproducers were revaluated using western blotting (WB). In addition to this serological survey, we administered an investigative questionnaire to identify possible risk factors that facilitate the introduction and spread of diseases (location, category, sex, breed type, creation system, production, herd size, and association with goats). After analysis of the sera using the AGID test, there was zero prevalence. Revaluating breeders by WB revealed a 5.5% prevalence of MV in the four states studied, with prevalences for the states of CE, RN, Paraiba, and SE of 2.3% (2/88), 10.4% (8/77), 3.6% (1/28), and 4.7% (2/42), respectively, corresponding to 13 breeders containing antibodies to the virus. These findings emphasized that the choice of diagnostic tests is extremely important for the early detection of seropositive animals and thus the prevention of the spread of the virus among herds in the region.
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Ortega, Carolina, Alida C. Valencia, July Duque-Valencia, and Julián Ruiz-Saenz. "Prevalence and Genomic Diversity of Feline Leukemia Virus in Privately Owned and Shelter Cats in Aburrá Valley, Colombia." Viruses 12, no. 4 (2020): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12040464.
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The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) belongs to the family Retroviridae; it is the first feline retrovirus discovered and one of the agents that has a great impact on cats’ health and the ecology of the feline population worldwide. It is associated with the occurrence of several syndromes of fatal diseases, including the development of lymphomas. Studies on FeLV have been reported in Colombia, and most of them have been approached from a clinical point of view. However, only a few studies have focused on the prevalence of the infection, while none have clarified which variant or FeLV viral subgroup is presently circulating in our country. Therefore, the present study investigated the prevalence of the infection associated with the molecular characterization of FeLV present in cats in Aburrá Valley, Colombia. The sampling of privately owned and shelter cats was performed in female (n = 54) and male (n = 46) felines; most of them were seemingly healthy according to the owner’s report, with nonspecific clinical history. Immunoassay confirmed that 59.44% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 49.81–69.06%) of felines were FeLV seropositive. The molecular testing of felines using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and sequencing showed that 30% (30/100) of felines were positive, and the most prevalent subgroup in the Aburrá Valley was FeLV-A. In conclusion, the frequency of leukemia virus, as revealed by molecular and serological tests, is one of the highest reported frequencies to date, and a high molecular variation is shown in the Colombian population. More studies on the behaviour of the virus in feline populations in Columbia are warranted to determine its prevalence throughout the country.
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Wuan, Adrianus Ola, Ayorince Herlinalt Gloria Banunu, and Norma Tiku Kambuno. "Total Lymfosit Count (TLC) with CD4 in HIV/AIDS Patients at Kupang." Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium 8, no. 2 (2019): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29238/teknolabjournal.v8i2.189.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus originating from the retroviridae family of the genus lentivirus that infects and damages cells that have a molecule Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4), especially T lymphocytes that have receptors with high affinity for HIV. Total lymphocyte count / TLC has been proposed as an alternative guide to CD4 in limited health facilities. This study aims to determine the correlation between Total Lymphocyte Count (TLC) and CD4 in HIV/AIDS patients in the W.Z. Johannes Kupang hospital. The type of this research was observational analytic with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted on 121 samples of patients who performed CD4 examination and Total Lymphocytic Count (TLC) in the laboratory of W.Z.Johannes Kupang Hospital. The Spearman correlation test shows a significance value of 0,000 with a Spearman correlation value of 0.799. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that there is a significant correlation between Total Lymphocyte Count and CD4 and shows the direction of positive correlation with a very strong relationship, where the increase in the number of Total Lymphocyte Count is in line with the increase in CD4 counts.
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Canto-Valdés, María Casandra, Manuel Emilio Bolio-González, Hugo Ramírez-Álvarez, and Carlos Josué Cen-Cen. "Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y de diagnóstico del ViLeF y VIF: una revisión actualizada." Ciencia y Agricultura 16, no. 2 (2019): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01228420.v16.n2.2019.9119.
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Los virus de la leucemia felina (ViLeF) e inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF) están clasificados dentro de la familia Retroviridae y son patógenos que afectan a los gatos domésticos. Estos retrovirus felinos tienen alta capacidad de mutación y recombinación, lo cual favorece una amplia población de subtipos virales con capacidades patogénicas diferentes. Tienen gran relevancia en la salud felina, no solo por la severidad de las manifestaciones clínicas en los pacientes, sino también por la complejidad diagnóstica que pueden representar. El rango de prevalencias es amplio entre distintos estudios y zonas geográficas, probablemente por influencia de los factores de riesgo, las condiciones clínicas de los gatos y las pruebas diagnósticas utilizadas. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la patogenia del ViLeF son variables, dependiendo del subtipo viral y del inmunocompromiso del hospedero, ya que pueden existir linfomas, leucemias, aplasia eritrocitaria, mielosupresión e inmunodeficiencia. Por otro lado, el VIF tiene un marcado tropismo hacia los linfocitos TCD4+, lo cual desencadena una inmunodeficiencia característica, pero también se ha descrito un frecuente neurotropismo. Para ambos virus, el diagnóstico de rutina es de tipo serológico, sin embargo, en algunas situaciones no es posible identificar correctamente a los gatos infectados. En estudios recientes se ha incluido el diagnóstico de estos virus por medio de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), lo que abre una posibilidad a la disminución de errores diagnósticos para el ViLeF, pero aún se discute su efectividad para la detección del VIF. El objetivo del presente artículo es proporcionar información actualizada y precisa sobre los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y de diagnóstico del ViLeF y VIF en gatos domésticos
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Gaidai, E. A., K. L. Kryshen, E. A. Jain (Korsakova), et al. "Study of the specific toxic effects of the substance 1-[2-(2-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl]-6-methyluracil, the original non-nucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (Retroviridae; Orthoretrovirinae; Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus 1) reverse transcriptase." Problems of Virology 66, no. 4 (2021): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-59.
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Introduction. Combination antiretroviral therapy is currently the main component of treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. At the same time, the high mutational potential of the virus and the frequency of side effects of existing drugs dictate the need for the development and preclinical study of new, more effective and safer compounds.The aim of the study is to evaluate the specific types of toxicity of a new non-nucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA revertase) (NNRTI) based on the substance 1-[2-(2-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl]-6-methyluracil, a benzophenone derivative.Material and methods. The study investigated reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxic (in micronucleus test in and comet assay) and allergenic properties of the test itemcompound. It was tested on three species of animals in two doses: the estimated therapeutic dose (1 TD) and its tenfold equivalent (10 TD). Taking into account the metabolic coefficients, the doses for rats (Rattus) were 9 and 90 mg/kg, for mice (Mus musculus), 21 and 210 mg/kg, and for guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), 8 and 80 mg/kg, respectively.Results and discussion. According to the obtained results, a favorable safety profile of the tested compound was established. Negative effects on the immune system, reproductive function, the body of pregnant animals and the fetus were not observed, as well as the compound did not have genotoxic and allergenic properties.Conclusion. These data allows to consider the studied compound as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Diah Pramudianti, M. I., and Tahono Tahono. "KORELASI ANTARA HITUNG TROMBOSIT DENGAN JUMLAH CD4 PASIEN HIV/AIDS." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 17, no. 2 (2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v17i2.1023.
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The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the presence of symptoms caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)which belongs to human retroviruses (retroviridae). Thrombocytopenia is a common finding in patients with HIV infection. HIV infectionmay induce thrombocytopenia through immune and non-immune mechanisms, autoimmune combination and inhibition of plateletproduction. The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between thrombocyte and CD4 count in HIV/AIDS patients. This studyuses a cross sectional design with a total of 17 patients. The subject of this study is HIV/AIDS patients who came to and examined atVCT clinic, dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. To analyze this result the researchers used Spearman (r) correlation with p<0.05, andconfidence interval 95%. Patients’ median age was 30 (21–49) years, 11 (64.7%) men and 6 (35.3%) women. The subjects with AIDSwere 11 (64.7%), and HIV were 6 (35.3%) patients. The duration of antiretroviral (ARV) was 7.5 (4–20) months in 10 subjects.The median of thrombocyte count was 203 (143–327)×103/μL, CD4 absolute 207 (5.0–734)/μL, and CD4 (% lymphocytes) 13.0(2.0–29.0)%. The thrombocyte count was not correlated with CD4 absolute (r=0.456; p=0.066) and CD4% (r=0.218; p=0.400). InHIV patients, low platelet counts will be the result of a host of problems and complications that are associated with the progressive HIVinfection or its management.
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Lindemann, Dirk, Sylvia Hütter, Guochao Wei, and Martin Löchelt. "The Unique, the Known, and the Unknown of Spumaretrovirus Assembly." Viruses 13, no. 1 (2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010105.
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Within the family of Retroviridae, foamy viruses (FVs) are unique and unconventional with respect to many aspects in their molecular biology, including assembly and release of enveloped viral particles. Both components of the minimal assembly and release machinery, Gag and Env, display significant differences in their molecular structures and functions compared to the other retroviruses. This led to the placement of FVs into a separate subfamily, the Spumaretrovirinae. Here, we describe the molecular differences in FV Gag and Env, as well as Pol, which is translated as a separate protein and not in an orthoretroviral manner as a Gag-Pol fusion protein. This feature further complicates FV assembly since a specialized Pol encapsidation strategy via a tripartite Gag-genome–Pol complex is used. We try to relate the different features and specific interaction patterns of the FV Gag, Pol, and Env proteins in order to develop a comprehensive and dynamic picture of particle assembly and release, but also other features that are indirectly affected. Since FVs are at the root of the retrovirus tree, we aim at dissecting the unique/specialized features from those shared among the Spuma- and Orthoretrovirinae. Such analyses may shed light on the evolution and characteristics of virus envelopment since related viruses within the Ortervirales, for instance LTR retrotransposons, are characterized by different levels of envelopment, thus affecting the capacity for intercellular transmission.
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Wozniak, E., J. McBride, D. DeNardo, R. Tarara, V. Wong, and B. Osburn. "Isolation and Characterization of an Antigenically Distinct 68- kd Protein from Nonviral Intracytoplasmic Inclusions in Boa Constrictors Chronically Infected with the Inclusion Body Disease Virus (IBDV: Retroviridae)." Veterinary Pathology 37, no. 5 (2000): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.37-5-449.
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Segura, María Mercedes, Alain Garnier, Marcos Rafael Di Falco, et al. "Identification of Host Proteins Associated with Retroviral Vector Particles by Proteomic Analysis of Highly Purified Vector Preparations." Journal of Virology 82, no. 3 (2007): 1107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01909-07.
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ABSTRACT The Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) belongs to the Retroviridae family of enveloped viruses, which is known to acquire minute amounts of host cellular proteins both on the surface and inside the virion. Despite the extensive use of retroviral vectors in experimental and clinical applications, the repertoire of host proteins incorporated into MMLV vector particles remains unexplored. We report here the identification of host proteins from highly purified retroviral vector preparations obtained by rate-zonal ultracentrifugation. Viral proteins were fractionated by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in-gel tryptic digested, and subjected to liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Immunogold electron microscopy studies confirmed the presence of several host membrane proteins exposed at the vector surface. These studies led to the identification of 27 host proteins on MMLV vector particles derived from 293 HEK cells, including 5 proteins previously described as part of wild-type MMLV. Nineteen host proteins identified corresponded to intracellular proteins. A total of eight host membrane proteins were identified, including cell adhesion proteins integrin β1 (fibronectin receptor subunit beta) and HMFG-E8, tetraspanins CD81 and CD9, and late endosomal markers CD63 and Lamp-2. Identification of membrane proteins on the retroviral surface is particularly attractive, since they can serve as anchoring sites for the insertion of tags for targeting or purification purposes. The implications of our findings for retrovirus-mediated gene therapy are discussed.
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Singh, Akanksha, Deepak Chopra, Sarver Jahan, and Razia Khatoon. "Seroreactivity of HIV among patients attending a tertiary care hospital in North India: a retrospective analysis." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 1 (2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20195903.
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Background: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the causative agent of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). It belongs to the lentivirus subgroup of the family Retroviridae. The HIV/AIDS is spreading worldwide at an alarming rate. India has the third largest number of estimated people living with HIV/AIDS. Most common mode of HIV transmission is through heterosexual contact, blood transfusion, percutaneous, mucosal and perinatal mode. The present study was done to evaluate the seroreactivity of HIV among patients attending Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre (ICTC) of our Tertiary care hospital. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on data of patients who had attended ICTC and undergone HIV testing from January 2017 to January 2019. A total of 4519 patients were included in the study who gave their consent followed by pre-test and post-test counseling and were screened for HIV antibody by using rapid kit Comb-Aids.Results: Out of 4519 samples tested, 23 were reactive to HIV screening test, hence sero-reactivity of HIV was found to be 0.50%. Higher seroreactivity was seen among males (56.5%, 13/23), and patients aged 31-40 years (39.1%, 9/23). Maximum seroreactivity was found among patients of rural areas (73.9%, 17/23), indoor patients (91.3%, 21/23) and married patients (73.9%, 17/23).Conclusions: In this study the seroreactivity of HIV was found to be low among patients attending ICTC but still HIV continues to be a major contributor to the global burden of disease. ICTC data can be used as an important tool for planning and improving the national HIV/AIDS intervention strategy.
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Kalinina, O. S. "Таксономічна характеристика РНК-геномних вірусів хребетних тварин і людини". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, № 78 (2017): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7807.
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The article presents a modern taxonomy and nomenclature of viruses of vertebrates animals and human based on information ICTV release 2016 (ratification 2017). Described the basic criteria for the classification of viruses: characteristics of the viral genome, the mechanism of replication and virions structure. Viruses of vertebrates (1269 species) consist of 5 orders, 38 families, including 12 – DNA-genomic and 26 – RNA-genomic, 12 subfamilies and 233 genera. RNA-genomic viruses of vertebrates (679 species) classified of 4 orders, 26 families, 6 subfamilies and 119 genera. The order Mononegavirales has united family Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Filoviridae, Bornaviridae, Nyamiviridae and Sunviridae, order Nidovirales – family Coronaviridae and Arteriviridae, order Bunyavirales –family Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Peribunyaviridae and Phenuiviridae, order Picornavirales – family Picornaviridae. Family Rhabdoviridae, Nodaviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Reoviridae and Birnaviridae, except viruses of vertebrates, contain viruses of insects, and family Rhabdoviridae, Phenuiviridae and Reoviridae – viruses of plants. There is а one of «floating» genus Deltavirus, which is not included of families. The family Reoviridae includes the Eriocheir sinensis reovirus, and the family Birnaviridae – Tellina virus. Described the taxa of viruses: family, subfamily, genera, species. Named typical species genera of viruses. Characterized the basic taxonomic features of RNA-genomic vertebrates viruses of animals and human: the shape, size and structure of virions – the presence of outer membrane lipoprotein, capsid symmetry type (spiral, icosahedral), the structure of the viral RNA (the number of threads, conformation, fragmentation, polarity). The attention to virus reproduction features. Replication of most RNA-genomic viruses occurs in cells of the cytoplasm, except for the representatives of the families Bornaviridae, Nyamiviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Retroviridae and «floating» genus Deltavirus, which are replicated in the nucleus. Output of the progeny virions in simply organized viruses is due to cell destruction, and in most of the complexly organized viruses – plasma membrane buds, as well as through the membranes of the Golgi complex or the endoplasmic net in combination with exocytosis (Peribunyaviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Phenuiviridae, Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae).
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Kalnina, L. B., L. M. Selimova, E. N. Kaplina та D. N. Nosik. "Expression of integrins β1, α4 and cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 in the presence of sodium deoxyribonucleate with ferrum complex (DNA-Na-Fe) by MT-4 cells transformed by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (Retroviridae: Orthoretrovirinae: Deltaretrovirus: Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1)". Problems of Virology 66, № 3 (2021): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-57.
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Morales-Sánchez, Abigail, Juan Manuel Mejia-Arangure, Roberto Bernáldez-Ríos, et al. "Screening for Retrovirus Genomes in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Blood 120, no. 21 (2012): 4301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.4301.4301.
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Abstract Abstract 4301 Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of childhood malignancy worldwide and Mexico has one of the highest reported incidence rates at 49.5 cases per million. Infections have been strongly suggested to be a causative factor for ALL; however, the identity of the agent involved is presently unknown. In many animal species, members of the Retroviridae family are responsible for leukemias. The murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is associated with leukemia and breast cancer in mice and has been suggested to be associated with human breast cancer. The T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV1) is the causative factor of adult T cell leukemia. In this study, we assessed whether MMTV and HTLV1/2 are also involved in childhood ALL. Materials and methods: 95 children from four Mexican states and Mexico City with untreated B cell ALL, aged 8 months to 16 years were included in the study. Bone marrow samples were screened using conventional PCR assays. Because the mutation rate is considerably high in retroviruses, false negatives due to inadequate primer recognition are likely. To avoid that, two sets of primers targeting different regions of the retroviral genomes were used and the PCR annealing temperatures were set at ≤ 55 °C. Also, the primers used in these assays had low similarity with human endogenous retroviral sequences to exclude false positives. The sensitivity of the MMTV PCR reactions was determined with plasmid DNA containing a region of the MMTV env gene and genomic DNA from CD1 mice spleens and for HTLV1/2 with DNA from the MJ cell line. Because ALL is defined by a frequency of at least 25% of leukemic blasts, the PCR sensitivities were set to detect in samples at least this frequency of infected cells. A nested PCR was also designed to confirm negative cases. Results: None of the samples were positive to any of the retroviruses. The study's statistical power to detect one or more MMTV or HTLV1/2 positive samples from our study population (N=95) for 20%, 15% or 10% hypothesized proportions of cases with genomic integration was quite high. Conclusion: Our study does not support the involvement of MMTV or HTLV1/2 in the etiology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in samples from Mexico. Acknowledgments and funding: This work was partially funded by the Mexican Institute of Social Security through its program “Apoyo Financiero para el Desarrollo de Protocolos de Investigación en Salud en el IMSS” and by the Graduate Program of Doctor Degree in Biomedical Sciences, Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Franco Filho, Luciano Chaves, Rafael Ribeiro Barata, Jedson Ferreira Cardoso, et al. "Metagenomic Analysis of Samples from Three Bat Species Collected in the Amazon Rain Forest." Microbiology Resource Announcements 8, no. 2 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mra.01422-18.
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We report here the sequencing of five microbiome samples collected from different bat species in the Amazon rain forest. All contigs matching virus sequences were assigned to members of the Retroviridae family, while the bacterial contigs matched several bacterial species mostly belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum.
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Collier, Brian, and Nicola K. Gray. "Cleavage, a real turn-off? HIV-mediated proteolysis of PABP1." Biochemical Journal 396, no. 2 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20060545.
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In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Álvarez and colleagues have identified PABP1 [poly(A)-binding protein 1] as a target of protease cleavage during HIV infection. The study shows that HIV-1, HIV-2 and mouse mammary tumour virus, but not other retroviruses, target PABP1 for cleavage and identifies cleavage sites within the RNA-recognition motifs and C-terminal region of the protein. This suggests that PABP1 cleavage may be important in the shut-off of host translation during HIV infection. This extends the viral families that are known to target PABP1 to include Retroviridae, suggesting that PABP1 may be a central target of viral infection.
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Chen, Yicong, Xiaoman Wei, Guojie Zhang, Edward C. Holmes, and Jie Cui. "Identification and evolution of avian endogenous foamy viruses." Virus Evolution 5, no. 2 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/vez049.
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Abstract A history of long-term co-divergence means that foamy viruses (family Retroviridae) provide an ideal framework to understanding virus-host evolution over extended time periods. Endogenous foamy viruses (EndFVs) are rare, and to date have only been described in a limited number of mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish genomes. By screening 414 avian genomes we identified EndFVs in two bird species: the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) and the Oriental Stork (Ciconia boyciana). Analyses of phylogenetic relationships, genome structures and flanking sequences revealed a single origin of EndFVs in Ciconia species. In addition, the marked incongruence between the virus and host phylogenies suggested that this integration event occurred independently in birds. In sum, by providing evidence that birds can be infected with foamy viruses, we fill the last major gap in the taxonomic distribution of foamy viruses and their animal hosts.