Relevant bibliographies by topics / Virus siv

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Virus siv'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Virus siv"

1

Cole, Kelly Stefano, Michael Murphey-Corb, Opendra Narayan, Sanjay V. Joag, George M. Shaw, and Ronald C. Montelaro. "Common Themes of Antibody Maturation to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infections." Journal of Virology 72, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 7852–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.10.7852-7859.1998.

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ABSTRACT Characterization of virus-specific immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is important to understanding the early virus-host interactions that may determine the course of virus infection and disease. Using a comprehensive panel of serological assays, we have previously demonstrated a complex and lengthy maturation of virus-specific antibody responses elicited by attenuated strains of SIV that was closely associated with the development of protective immunity. In the present study, we expand these analyses to address several questions regarding the nature of the virus-specific antibody responses to pathogenic SIV, SIV/HIV-1 (SHIV), and HIV-1 infections. The results demonstrate for the first time a common theme of antibody maturation to SIV, SHIV, and HIV-1 infections that is characterized by ongoing changes in antibody titer, conformational dependence, and antibody avidity during the first 6 to 10 months following virus infection. We demonstrate that this gradual evolution of virus-specific antibody responses is independent of the levels of virus replication and the pathogenicity of the infection viral strain. While the serological assays used in these studies were useful in discriminating between protective and nonprotective antibody responses during evaluation of vaccine efficacy with attenuated SIV, these same assays do not distinguish the clinical outcome of infection in pathogenic SIV, SHIV, or HIV-1 infections. These results likely reflect differences in the immune mechanisms involved in mediating protection from virus challenge compared to those that control an established viral infection, and they suggest that additional characteristics of both humoral and cellular responses evolve during this early immune maturation.
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Tsukamoto, Tetsuo, Mitsuhiro Yuasa, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Miki Kawada, Akiko Takeda, Hiroko Igarashi, and Tetsuro Matano. "Induction of CD8+ Cells Able To Suppress CCR5-Tropic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Replication by Controlled Infection of CXCR4-Tropic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Vaccinated Rhesus Macaques." Journal of Virology 81, no. 21 (August 29, 2007): 11640–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01475-07.

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ABSTRACT Recent recombinant viral vector-based AIDS vaccine trials inducing cellular immune responses have shown control of CXCR4-tropic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) replication but difficulty in containment of pathogenic CCR5-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in rhesus macaques. In contrast, controlled infection of live attenuated SIV/SHIV can confer the ability to contain SIV superchallenge in macaques. The specific immune responses responsible for this control may be induced by live virus infection but not consistently by viral vector vaccination, although those responses have not been determined. Here, we have examined in vitro anti-SIV efficacy of CD8+ cells in rhesus macaques that showed prophylactic viral vector vaccine-based control of CXCR4-tropic SHIV89.6PD replication. Analysis of the effect of CD8+ cells obtained at several time points from these macaques on CCR5-tropic SIVmac239 replication in vitro revealed that CD8+ cells in the chronic phase after SHIV challenge suppressed SIV replication more efficiently than those before challenge. SIVmac239 superchallenge of two of these macaques at 3 or 4 years post-SHIV challenge was contained, and the following anti-CD8 antibody administration resulted in transient CD8+ T-cell depletion and appearance of plasma SIVmac239 viremia in both of them. Our results indicate that CD8+ cells acquired the ability to efficiently suppress SIV replication by controlled SHIV infection, suggesting the contribution of CD8+ cell responses induced by controlled live virus infection to containment of HIV/SIV superinfection.
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Genescà, Meritxell, Pamela J. Skinner, Jung Joo Hong, Jun Li, Ding Lu, Michael B. McChesney, and Christopher J. Miller. "With Minimal Systemic T-Cell Expansion, CD8+ T Cells Mediate Protection of Rhesus Macaques Immunized with Attenuated Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV89.6 from Vaginal Challenge with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus." Journal of Virology 82, no. 22 (September 10, 2008): 11181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01433-08.

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ABSTRACT The presence, at the time of challenge, of antiviral effector T cells in the vaginal mucosa of female rhesus macaques immunized with live-attenuated simian-human immunodeficiency virus 89.6 (SHIV89.6) is associated with consistent and reproducible protection from pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaginal challenge (18). Here, we definitively demonstrate the protective role of the SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in SHIV-immunized monkeys by CD8+ lymphocyte depletion, an intervention that abrogated SHIV-mediated control of challenge virus replication and largely eliminated the SIV-specific T-cell responses in blood, lymph nodes, and genital mucosa. While in the T-cell-intact SHIV-immunized animals, polyfunctional and degranulating SIV-specific CD8+ T cells were present in the genital tract and lymphoid tissues from the day of challenge until day 14 postchallenge, strikingly, expansion of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in the immunized monkeys was minimal and limited to the vagina. Thus, protection from uncontrolled SIV replication in animals immunized with attenuated SHIV89.6 is primarily mediated by CD8+ T cells that do not undergo dramatic systemic expansion after SIV challenge. These findings demonstrate that despite, and perhaps because of, minimal systemic expansion of T cells at the time of challenge, a stable population of effector-cytotoxic CD8+ T cells can provide significant protection from vaginal SIV challenge.
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Sexton, Amy, Robert De Rose, Jeanette C. Reece, Sheilajen Alcantara, Liyen Loh, Jessica M. Moffat, Karen Laurie, et al. "Evaluation of Recombinant Influenza Virus-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines in Macaques." Journal of Virology 83, no. 15 (May 13, 2009): 7619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00470-09.

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ABSTRACT There is an urgent need for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines that induce robust mucosal immunity. Influenza A viruses (both H1N1 and H3N2) were engineered to express simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) CD8 T-cell epitopes and evaluated following administration to the respiratory tracts of 11 pigtail macaques. Influenza virus was readily detected from respiratory tract secretions, although the infections were asymptomatic. Animals seroconverted to influenza virus and generated CD8 and CD4 T-cell responses to influenza virus proteins. SIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses bearing the mucosal homing marker β7 integrin were induced by vaccination of naïve animals. Further, SIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses could be boosted by recombinant influenza virus-SIV vaccination of animals with already-established SIV infection. Sequential vaccination with influenza virus-SIV recombinants of different subtypes (H1N1 followed by H3N2 or vice versa) produced only a limited boost in immunity, probably reflecting T-cell immunity to conserved internal proteins of influenza A virus. SIV challenge of macaques vaccinated with an influenza virus expressing a single SIV CD8 T cell resulted in a large anamnestic recall CD8 T-cell response, but immune escape rapidly ensued and there was no impact on chronic SIV viremia. Although our results suggest that influenza virus-HIV vaccines hold promise for the induction of mucosal immunity to HIV, broader antigen cover will be needed to limit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte escape.
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Kar, Sujata, Phoebe Cummings, and Louis Alexander. "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif supports efficient primate lentivirus replication in rhesus monkey cells." Journal of General Virology 84, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 3227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19449-0.

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Vif share limited homology and display species-specific activity, leading to speculation that Vif sequences could determine the block in HIV-1 replication in rhesus monkeys. To address this issue, we engineered a novel SIV recombinant in which HIV-1 vif replaced SIV vif in a SIVmac239 background. Insertion of HIV-1 vif into the SIV vif locus did not produce a replication-competent virus. Therefore, we inserted HIV-1 vif sequences into the SIV nef locus, which produced a recombinant that, in the absence of SIV vif sequences, replicated similarly to wild-type SIVmac239 in rhesus monkey PBMC. From these studies we conclude that the HIV-1 replication block in rhesus monkeys is almost certainly not Vif determined. These studies also suggest that SHIV/NVif or derivative sequences could be utilized for structure/function studies of HIV-1 Vif in experimentally infected rhesus monkeys.
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Yeh, Wendy W., Evan M. Cale, Pimkwan Jaru-Ampornpan, Carol I. Lord, Fred W. Peyerl, and Norman L. Letvin. "Compensatory Substitutions Restore Normal Core Assembly in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Isolates with Gag Epitope Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Escape Mutations." Journal of Virology 80, no. 16 (August 15, 2006): 8168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00068-06.

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ABSTRACT The evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as they replicate in infected individuals reflects a balance between the pressure on the virus to mutate away from recognition by dominant epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and the structural constraints on the virus' ability to mutate. To gain a further understanding of the strategies employed by these viruses to maintain replication competency in the face of the intense selection pressure exerted by CTL, we have examined the replication fitness and morphological ramifications of a dominant epitope mutation and associated flanking amino acid substitutions on the capsid protein (CA) of SIV/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). We show that a residue 2 mutation in the immunodominant p11C, C-M epitope (T47I) of SIV/SHIV not only decreased CA protein expression and viral replication, but it also blocked CA assembly in vitro and virion core condensation in vivo. However, these defects were restored by the introduction of upstream I26V and/or downstream I71V substitutions in CA. These findings demonstrate how flanking compensatory amino acid substitutions can facilitate viral escape from a dominant epitope-specific CTL response through the effects of these associated mutations on the structural integrity of SIV/SHIV.
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Fernandez, Caroline S., Angela C. Chan, Konstantinos Kyparissoudis, Robert De Rose, Dale I. Godfrey, and Stephen J. Kent. "Peripheral NKT Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques." Journal of Virology 83, no. 4 (December 3, 2008): 1617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02138-08.

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ABSTRACT NKT cells are a specialized population of T lymphocytes that have an increasingly recognized role in immunoregulation, including controlling the response to viral infections. The characteristics of NKT cells in the peripheral blood of macaques during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (SHIV) infection were assessed. NKT cells comprised a mean of 0.19% of peripheral blood lymphocytes across the 64 uninfected macaques studied. Although the range in the percentages of NKT cells was large (0 to 2.2%), levels were stable over time within individual macaques without SIV/SHIV infection. The majority of NKT cells in macaques were CD4+ (on average 67%) with smaller populations being CD8+ (21%) and CD4/CD8 double positive (13%). A precipitous decline in CD4+ NKT cells occurred in all six macaques infected with CXCR4-tropic SHIVmn229 early after infection, with a concomitant rise in CD8+ NKT cells in some animals. The depletion of CD4+ NKT cells was tightly correlated with the depletion of total CD4+ T cells. R5-tropic SIVmac251 infection of macaques resulted in a slower and more variable decline in CD4+ NKT cells, with animals that were able to control SIV virus levels maintaining higher levels of CD4+ NKT cells. An inverse correlation between the depletion of total and CD4+ NKT cells and SIV viral load during chronic infection was observed. Our results demonstrate the infection-driven depletion of peripheral CD4+ NKT cells during both SHIV and SIV infection of macaques. Further studies of the implications of the loss of NKT cell subsets in the pathogenesis of HIV disease are needed.
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Amara, Rama Rao, Kalpana Patel, Genevieve Niedziela, Pragati Nigam, Sunita Sharma, Silvija I. Staprans, David C. Montefiori, et al. "A Combination DNA and Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Strategy Provides Enhanced Protection from Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Disease." Journal of Virology 79, no. 24 (December 15, 2005): 15356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.24.15356-15367.2005.

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ABSTRACT Among the most effective vaccine candidates tested in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque system, live attenuated viruses have been shown to provide the best protection from challenge. To investigate if preimmunization would increase the level of protection afforded by live attenuated SIVmac239Δnef (Δnef), macaques were given two priming immunizations of DNA encoding SIV Gag and Pol proteins, with control macaques receiving vector DNA immunizations. In macaques receiving the SIV DNA inoculation, SIV-specific cellular but not humoral responses were readily detectable 2 weeks after the second DNA inoculation. Following boosting with live attenuated virus, control of Δnef replication was superior in SIV-DNA-primed macaques versus vector-DNA-primed macaques and was correlated with higher levels of CD8+/gamma-interferon-positive and/or interleukin-2-positive cells. Challenge with an intravenous inoculation of simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strain SHIV89.6p resulted in infection of all animals. However, macaques receiving SIV DNA as the priming immunizations had statistically lower viral loads than control animals and did not develop signs of disease, whereas three of seven macaques receiving vector DNA showed severe CD4+ T-cell decline, with development of AIDS in one of these animals. No correlation of immune responses to protection from disease could be derived from our analyses. These results demonstrate that addition of a DNA prime to a live attenuated virus provided better protection from disease following challenge than live attenuated virus alone.
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Tsukamoto, Tetsuo, Akiko Takeda, Takuya Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Miki Kawada, and Tetsuro Matano. "Impact of Cytotoxic-T-Lymphocyte Memory Induction without Virus-Specific CD4+ T-Cell Help on Control of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques." Journal of Virology 83, no. 18 (July 8, 2009): 9339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01120-09.

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ABSTRACT Despite many efforts to develop AIDS vaccines eliciting virus-specific T-cell responses, whether induction of these memory T cells by vaccination before human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure can actually contribute to effective T-cell responses postinfection remains unclear. In particular, induction of HIV-specific memory CD4+ T cells may increase the target cell pool for HIV infection because the virus preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells. However, virus-specific CD4+ helper T-cell responses are thought to be important for functional CD8+ cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) induction in HIV infection, and it has remained unknown whether HIV-specific memory CD8+ T cells induced by vaccination without HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell help can exert effective responses after virus exposure. Here we show the impact of CD8+ T-cell memory induction without virus-specific CD4+ T-cell help on the control of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge in rhesus macaques. We developed a prophylactic vaccine by using a Sendai virus (SeV) vector expressing a single SIV Gag241-249 CTL epitope fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Vaccination resulted in induction of SeV-EGFP-specific CD4+ T-cell and Gag241-249-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. After a SIV challenge, the vaccinees showed dominant Gag241-249-specific CD8+ T-cell responses with higher effector memory frequencies in the acute phase and exhibited significantly reduced viral loads. These results demonstrate that virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells induced by vaccination without virus-specific CD4+ T-cell help could indeed facilitate SIV control after virus exposure, indicating the benefit of prophylactic vaccination eliciting virus-specific CTL memory with non-virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses for HIV control.
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Patterson, L. Jean, Seraphin Kuate, Mara Daltabuit-Test, Qingsheng Li, Peng Xiao, Katherine McKinnon, Janet DiPasquale, et al. "Replicating Adenovirus-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Vectors Efficiently Prime SIV-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses by Targeting Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Persisting in Rectal Macrophages, Regardless of Immunization Route." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 5 (March 21, 2012): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00010-12.

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ABSTRACTAlthough priming with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant (Ad5hr)-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) recombinants, followed by HIV/SIV envelope boosting, has proven highly immunogenic, resulting in protection from SIV/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenges, Ad5hr recombinant distribution, replication, and persistence have not been examined comprehensively in nonhuman primates. We utilized Ad5hr-green fluorescent protein and Ad5hr-SIV recombinants to track biodistribution and immunogenicity following mucosal priming of rhesus macaques by the intranasal/intratracheal, sublingual, vaginal, or rectal route. Ad recombinants administered by all routes initially targeted macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and rectal tissue, later extending to myeloid dendritic cells in BAL fluid with persistent expression in rectal mucosa 25 weeks after the last Ad immunization. Comparable SIV-specific immunity, including cellular responses, serum binding antibody, and mucosal secretory IgA, was elicited among all groups. The ability of the vector to replicate in multiple mucosal sites irrespective of delivery route, together with the targeting of macrophages and professional antigen-presenting cells, which provide potent immunogenicity at localized sites of virus entry, warrants continued use of replicating Ad vectors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Virus siv"

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Valli, Peter John Spencer. "SIV envelope evolution and virus virulence." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/83987.

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Kitikoon, Pravina. "Strategy to improve swine influenza virus (SIV) vaccination." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Laurén, Anna. "Virus tropism and neutralization response in SIV infection." Lund : Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 2006. http://theses.lub.lu.se/scripta-archive/2006/04/05/med_1289/Anna_L._kappa.pdf.

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Lambrecht, Bénédicte. "Etude fonctionnelle du peptide de fusion du virus siv (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212616.

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Moreau, Marina. "Le tractus génital mâle : un réservoir le VIH/SIV ?" Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S148.

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Les traitements antirétroviraux (ART) sont de plus en plus efficaces. Cependant ils ne permettent pas l'éradication de l'infection par le VIH car le virus continue de se répliquer dans les réservoirs viraux. Le tractus génital mâle (TGM) constituerait un tel réservoir, du virus ayant été retrouvé dans le sperme d'hommes VIH+ sous ART efficace. Afin d'analyser l'impact des ART sur l'infection des organes du TGM, nous avons utilisé un modèle macaque infecté par le SIVmac251. Les travaux réalisés au cours de ma thèse nous ont permis de : - Démontrer qu'un ART de courte durée n'a que très peu d'impact sur l'infection établie des organes du TGM de macaques SIV+. Cependant, ce même ART initié post-exposition altère efficacement la dissémination du virus au sein des organes du TGM sans pour autant en prévenir l'infection. - Démontrer qu'un ART de 4 mois initié au cours de la phase chronique de l'infection et intensifié par du Ralégravir, permet de réduire les charges virales sanguines et séminales. Nos premiers résultats démontrent qu'au niveau des organes du TGM, ce ART n'impacte pas la fréquence de détection d'ADN viral mais semble entrainer une diminution du nombre de cellules ARN SIV+ au sein de la prostate. Sur la base de la littérature et de nos résultats, de plus en plus d'arguments confortent l'idée que le TGM constituerait un réservoir pour le VIH/SIV, susceptible de contribuer à la charge virale séminale en dépit d'un ART efficace. Il est donc indispensable de déterminer la contribution de chacun des organes du tractus génital mâle à la charge virale séminale afin d'élaborer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques visant à limiter la transmission du virus via le sperme
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) significantly improved the clinical outcome among HIV+ patients. However, viral eradication is not achieved as HIV continues to replicate at low level in viral reservoirs. The male genital tract (MGT) is suspected to constitute such a viral reservoir as persistent HIV shedding is found in the semen of a subset of HIV+ men under effective HAART. To analyze the impact of HAART on MGT organs infection, we used an in vivo approach in a macaque model infected with SIVmac251. The work performed during my thesis helped us: - To demonstrate that the established infection of MGT organs is not greatly impacted by short term HAART, whereas the same treatment during pre-acute phase of infection efficiently impairs viral dissemination to the MGT without preventing the infection. - To demonstrate that a four month HAART initiated during the chronic stage and intensified with Raltegravir reduces blood and seminal viral loads. Our first results show that this treatment has no impact on the frequency of detection of viral DNA in the male genital tract organs. However it seems to lead to a decrease in the number of SIV RNA positive cells within the prostate. Our results add to the indirect elements of the literature suggesting that the male genital tract may constitutes a reservoir for HIV/SIV which could be responsible for persistent virus shedding in semen despite highly active antiretroviral therapy. It is therefore essential to determine the contribution of each MGT organs to the seminal viral load in order to develop new therapeutic approaches to limit transmission of the virus via semen
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Deleage, Claire. "Origine du VIH/SIV dans le sperme." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S065.

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Alors que le sperme représente le principal vecteur de dissémination du VIH, paradoxalement l'origine du virus dans ce fluide demeure mal connue. Les virus du sperme diffèrent en partie de ceux du sang, ce qui indique une production locale du VIH au sein du tractus génital mâle. De plus, la détection in situ d'éléments viraux au niveau des progéniteurs des spermatozoïdes (cellules germinales testiculaires) suggère une infection de ces cellules. Dans ce contexte, mes travaux de thèse se sont articulés autour de 2 axes : 1 L'étude de l'origine du VIH dans le sperme: Nous avons montré une infection productive des cellules immunitaires résidentes de la vésicule séminale humaine par le VIH-1 à la fois in vitro et in vivo. De plus, nous avons entrepris chez le macaque cynomolgus une comparaison phylogénique des souches de SIV amplifiées à partir des tissus du tractus génital mâle, du sperme et du sang, afin de déterminer les sources du VIH/SIV séminal. 2 L'étude des interactions entre les cellules germinales testiculaires humaines et le VIH: Nous avons montré que ces cellules expriment plusieurs récepteurs potentiels pour le VIH, et que le virus se fixe à ces cellules in vitro. Nos résultats préliminaires suggèrent la possibilité d'une entrée du virus dans les cellules germinales isolées. Sur la base de la littérature et de nos résultats, il apparaît clairement que les différents organes constituant le tractus génital masculin sont infectés par le VIH et donc susceptibles de contribuer à la charge virale séminale. De plus, nos travaux indiquent l'existence d'interactions entre les cellules germinales testiculaires et le VIH-1, ce qui ouvre de nombreuses perspectives d'études
Although semen represents the main vector for HIV dissemination worldwide, the origin of the virus in this body fluid remains unknown. Viral strains in semen are partly different from viral strains in the blood, indicating local viral production within the male genital tract. In addition, the in situ detection of viral elements within testicular germ cells suggests an infection of these spermatozoa progenitors. In this context, my thesis was articulated around 2 axes: 1 The study of the origin of HIV in semen: We demonstrated that the resident immune cells of the human seminal vesicles can support productive HIV infection in vitro and in vivo, and therefore have the potential to contribute virus to semen. Furthermore, we began a phylogenic comparison of SIV strains amplified from the organs of the male genital tract, semen and blood, to unravel the sources of seminal SIV/HIV. 2 Study of testicular germ cells and HIV interactions: We showed that testicular germ cells express potential receptors for HIV and that the virus can bind to these cells isolated from healthy men. Preliminary results suggest that testicular germ cells can support HIV entry. Based on the literature and on our results, it clearly appears that the male genital tract organs are infected by the HIV and thus susceptible to contribute to the seminal viral load. Furthermore, our results indicate the existence of interactions between human testicular germ cells and HIV-1, which pave the way for further investigations
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Silvera, Peter. "Immunity to Simian Imunodeficiency Virus infection." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242518.

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SONGO, PIERRE. "Sida : analyse genomique des retrovirus hiv 1 et 2, siv, visna et mpmv." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077157.

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Reeves, R. Keith. "Pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in SIV/SHIV-infected macaques." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008r/reeves.pdf.

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DUNN, COLIN. "Une etude de la virulence des lentivirus de primates : le lapin transgenique exprimant le cd4 humain infecte par le virus de l'immunodeficience humaine type 1 et les macaques infectes par un lentivirus de primate chimere." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR1M403.

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Books on the topic "Virus siv"

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Models of protection against HIV/SIV: Avoiding AIDS in humans and monkeys. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2012.

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Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases (6th 1991 Vienna, Austria). XVth International Symposium on Virus Diseases of Temperature [sic] Fruit Crops: VIth International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases, Vienna, Austria, July 8-13, 1991. Edited by Russ Kurt, Jones A. T, International Society for Horticultural Science. Commission on Plant Protection., ISHS Working Group on Virus Diseases of Small Fruit Crops., and International Symposium on Virus Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops (15th : 1991 : Vienna, Austria). Wageningen, Netherlands: [International Society for Horticultural Science, 1992.

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Gilbert, Françoise. Le théâtre tragique au Siècle d'or: Cristóbal de Virués, La gran Semíramis, Lope de Vega, El castigo sin verganza, Calderón de la Barca, El médico de su honra. Neuilly: Atlande, 2012.

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World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific. SARS: How a global epidemic was stopped. [Geneva, Switzerland]: World Health Organization, Western Pacific Region, 2006.

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Natural Hosts of SIV: Implication in AIDS. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.

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Influenza and it's [sic] global public health significance. West Orange, NJ: Thajema Publishers, 2006.

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Kahan, Dan M., Dietram A. Scheufele, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Introduction. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.1.

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The introductory chapter defines a science of science communication, examines efforts to advance scholarship in this area, provides an overview of the contents within the six parts of the handbook, and indicates ways in which communication about the Zika virus relates to each of those parts and to chapters within them.
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Heidingsfelder, Markus, and Maren Lehmann, eds. Corona. Velbrück Wissenschaft, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748911326.

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Ein Virus dominiert weltweit die Kommunikationsströme. »Corona« ist von gesamtgesellschaftlicher Relevanz, das Kennzeichen jeder Krise. Nicht nur die Körper sind infiziert, auch die Gesellschaft ist es. Ein Zwang zum Urteilen und Handeln unter Zeitnot, eine unbestimmte Verpflichtung zur Aktion setzt Politik, Wirtschaft, Massenmedien und nicht zuletzt die Wissenschaft unter Druck. Man könnte von einer sozialen Immunantwort der Gesellschaft sprechen, einem Krisenmanagement, das unterschiedliche kommunikative Anschlüsse organisiert; Anschlüsse, die zum Virus ein Verhältnis suchen. Da es in der modernen Gesellschaft keine Zentralinstanz mehr gibt, die grundlegende Direktiven festlegt, bildet jeder der gesellschaftlichen Teilbereiche andere Antikörper aus. »Corona« ist für die Politik etwas anderes als für die Wirtschaft, für die Religion etwas anderes als für die Wissenschaft. Allerdings ist die Corona-Krise nicht nur ein Ausnahmezustand, der zwei unterschiedliche Strukturen miteinander konfrontiert: die gewohnten, die wir alltäglich als ›normal‹ empfinden, und jene des Lockdowns und der Kontaktbeschränkungen, die diese unterbrechen. Die Corona-Krise ist auch ein Anlass, jenseits globaler Lieferketten über die eigene Identität nachzudenken. Wir können sie als Übung begreifen, denn ähnliche und vielleicht tödlichere Infektionskrankheiten können jederzeit neu auftreten. Sie finden in der Struktur der Weltgesellschaft beste Bedingungen vor. Hat Corona sie womöglich für immer verändert? Vorliegender Sammelband ist der Versuch, dem öffentlichen Interesse an wissenschaftlichen Resultaten ohne Verlust an Komplexität und Sinngenauigkeit gerecht zu werden. Er bringt das Nachdenken über die Pandemie in Form eines interdisziplinären Projekts auf die Höhe der gesellschaftlichen Praxis: Soziologie, Philosophie, Psychologie, Theologie, Rechtswissenschaft, Medizin und andere wissenschaftliche Programme leuchten die unterschiedlichen Dimensionen des »Gegenstands« aus, um der übergreifenden Fragestellung gerecht zu werden, die das Virus für unsere Gesellschaft darstellt. Mit Beiträgen von Dirk Baecker, Elena Esposito, Ying Fang, Heiner Fangerau, Peter Fuchs, Alexandra Grund-Wittenberg, Durs Grünbein, Hans-Ulrich Gumbrecht, Gorm Harste, Thomas Heberer, Jörg Heiser, Michael King, Alfons Labisch, Joachim Landkammer, Ding Liu, Qingshuo Liu, Carol Yinghua Lu, Marius Meinhof, Alka Menon, Hans-Georg Moeller, Arist von Schlippe, Fritz B. Simon, Werner Stegmaier, Günter Thomas und Barbara Vinken.
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Pulgarín Suárez, Sandra Milena. La vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano en Colombia: prácticas y discursos de una tecnología de género. Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.9789587815771.

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Este libro analiza las trayectorias que condujeron a la creación de la política pública para la vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en Colombia. Al trazar la interacción entre corporaciones, filantropía corporativa y organismos multilaterales de salud, se devela el conflicto de intereses subyacente a la implementación de esta política pública dirigida a la salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres en países en desarrollo. La intervención en Colombia reprodujo discursos coloniales sobre la conformación del saber en relación con los cuerpos de las mujeres. Esto lleva al concepto malignum uteri, que cristaliza la patologización de estos cuerpos y que se actualiza según la episteme de la época. El virus no se adquiere ni se desarrolla en la infancia. Su contagio y progreso se puede prevenir o controlar en etapas tempranas. A pesar de no ser las mujeres las portadoras del virus, la vacuna contra el VPH fue pensada para mujeres: son ellas la población rebaño de inmunización, sin que se les haya reconocido cuando esta afecta gravemente su salud. Tampoco se ha reconocido a las mujeres racializadas y empobrecidas con quienes experimentaron las primeras píldoras anticonceptivas ni a las hermanas peruanas a las que el Estado les quitó su útero.
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Oldstone, Michael B. A. Viruses, Plagues, and History. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190056780.001.0001.

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“Viruses, Plagues, & History” focuses on the effects of viral diseases on human history. Written by an eminent internationally respected virologist, it couples the fabric of history with major concepts developed in virology, immunology, vaccination, and accounts by people who first had, saw and acted at the times these events occurred. Much of the preventive and therapeutic progress (vaccines, antiviral drugs) has been made in the last 60 years. Many of those who played commanding roles in the fight to understand, control and eradicate viruses and viral diseases are (were) personally known to the author and several episodes described in this book reflect their input. The book records the amazing accomplishments that led to the control of lethal and disabling viral diseases caused by Smallpox, Yellow Fever, Measles, Polio, Hepatitis A, B and C, and HIV. These six success stories are contrasted with viral infections currently out of control—COVID-19, Ebola virus, Lassa Fever virus, Hantavirus, West Nile virus, and Zika. Influenza, under reasonable containment at present, but with the potential to revert to a world-wide pandemic similar to 1918–1919 where over 50 million people were killed. The new platforms to develop inhibitory and prophylactic vaccines to limit these and other viral diseases is contrasted to the anti-vaccine movement and the false prophets of autism.
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Book chapters on the topic "Virus siv"

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Krenn, V., J. Müller, W. Mosgöller, S. Czub, C. Schindler, C. Stahl-Hennig, C. Coulibaly, G. Hunsmann, and HK Müller- Hermelink. "Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Induced Alterations of Thymus IDCs." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 527–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2930-9_88.

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Persidsky, Yury, Anne-Marie Steffan, Jean-Louis Gendrault, Cathy Royer, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Andre Kirn. "Morpho-Functional Changes of Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDC) and Lymph Node Structure in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Infection." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 329–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1971-3_73.

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Iida, Akihiro, and Makoto Inoue. "Concept and Technology Underlying Sendai Virus (SeV) Vector Development." In Sendai Virus Vector, 69–89. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54556-9_3.

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Seki, Sayuri, and Tetsuro Matano. "Development of Vaccines Using SeV Vectors Against AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases." In Sendai Virus Vector, 127–49. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54556-9_5.

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Schulz, Eva-Cathrin. "Was wissen Sie zum Hepatitis B-Virus?" In Mikrobiologie für die mündliche Prüfung, 107. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80349-9_107.

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Seitz, H., J. Blümel, H. Scheiblauer, A. Scheidler, I. Schmidt, J. Löwer, and H. Willkommen. "Comparison of BVDV and SFV Used as Models for Hepatitis C Virus in Virus Validation Studies." In 30th Hemophilia Symposium Hamburg 1999, 408–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18240-2_67.

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Tang, Shensheng, and Chenghua Tang. "A Dual SIS Epidemic Model for Virus Spread Analysis in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks." In Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 652–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00557-3_65.

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Koblet, H., A. Omar, U. Kohler, and Ch Kempf. "Investigation of Cell-Cell Fusion in Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) Infected C6/36 (Mosquito) Cells." In Invertebrate and Fish Tissue Culture, 140–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73626-1_34.

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Lee, Lloyd W. F., and Mohd Hafiz Mohd. "Modelling the Dilution and Amplification Effects on Sin Nombre Virus (SNV) in Deer Mouse in GAMA 1.8." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 27–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2629-6_3.

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Pawlak, Anna. "Haec Batava est Kennow quam armat sic mascula virtus. Kenau Simonsdr. Hasselaer in der niederländischen Bildpropaganda des Achtzigjährigen Krieges." In Gender interkonfessionell gedacht, 33–58. Göttingen: V&R unipress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737011785.33.

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Conference papers on the topic "Virus siv"

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Lee, Dongjin, Yogesh Chander, Sagar M. Goyal, and Tianhong Cui. "Carbon Nanotubes Swine Influenza (H1N1) Virus Sensors." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40735.

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We present a label-free detection of swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1 by means of the excellent electrical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The electrical resistance of SWCNT resistor tends to increase upon the surface adsorption of macromolecules such as poly-L-lysine, anti-SIV antibodies, and SIVs in the process of immunoassay. The SWCNT network resistor was successfully able to detect as low as 180 TCID50/ml of SIV using the resistance shifts upon immunobinding of SIVs. The sensor specificity was demonstrated against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and feline calicivirus (FCV). This facile CNT-based immnoassay has potential applications as a rapid point-of-care detection or a sensing platform for lab-on-a-chip systems.
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Font San Ambrosio, María Isabel. "VIROSIS EN TOMATE TRANSMITIDAS POR SEMILLA Y SU CONTROL." In I CONGRÉS DE LA TOMACA VALENCIANA: LA TOMACA VALENCIANA DEL PERELLÓ. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/tomaval2017.2017.6524.

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Las virosis transmitidas por semilla en el cultivo del tomate crean gran preocupación entre los productores, y son de especial atención en aquellos que se dedican al cultivo de variedades locales donde las semillas se extraen durante la campaña y son empleadas para cultivos posteriores con lo que la infección y dispersión de estos virus es mucho más frecuente. Entre los virus transmitidos por semilla en tomate destacan el virus del mosaico del tomate (ToMV) y el virus del mosaico del pepino dulce (PepMV). Ambos virus se caracterizan por transmitirse, además de por semilla, de manera mecánica fácilmente y son muy estables manteniéndose en los restos del cultivo anterior y en las infraestructuras empleadas durante el manejo del cultivo. Sin embargo, la localización de estos virus en las semillas contaminadas difiere, mientras que PepMV se localiza únicamente de manera superficial, ToMV puede encontrarse además en zonas más internas como en el endospermo. Esto hace que los tratamientos empleados para la desinfección de semillas infectadas con cada uno de estos virus sea distinto: mientras que PepMV puede ser inactivado con tratamientos químicos superficiales, el tratamiento para descontaminar semillas con ToMV debe ser térmico a elevadas temperaturas.
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Guo, Ben-Hua, and Shao-Hong Cai. "The SIS-BD Model of Computer Virus Spreading on Internet." In 2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2007.549.

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Chen, Wenzhi. "A Mathematical Model of Ebola Virus Based on SIR Model." In 2015 International Conference on Industrial Informatics - Computing Technology, Intelligent Technology, Industrial Information Integration (ICIICII). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciicii.2015.135.

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Horowtz, M. S., M. W. Hilgartner, R. A. Lipton, C. Rooks, and B. Horowitz. "VIRAL SAFETY OF SOLVENT/DETERGENT-TREATED AHF IN PATIENTS WITH HEMOPHILIA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644151.

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The safety of an Antihemophilic Factor concentrate (Factor VIII-SD) treated with the organic solvent tri(n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and sodium cholate is being assessed with respect to transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis virus (NANBHV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). TNBP/cholate treatment has been previously shown to inactivate at least 10,000 infectious doses each of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and NANBHV using a chimpanzee model, and 30,000 tissue culture infectious doses of HIV.Patients enrolled in the study have had no previous exposure to blood products made from plasma pools, although some have received small quantities of single-donor products. They have normal alanine amino transferase (ALT) levels and no markers of prior HIV infection and have all been vaccinated against HBV. Each has been treated, as required, with an individual lot of Factor VIII-SD prepared at the New York Blood Center by an FDA-licensed procedure. ALT levels and HIV antibody have been monitored bi-weekly for two months and monthly until the end of six months. Seven patients who have received 475 -20,000 units of AHF(total units 38,255, median dose ∽3400 units) have been followed for at least three months. There has been no indication in these patients ofinfection with either NANBHV or HIV. An eighth patient who had an elevatedALT level prior to enrollment was followed for HIV antibody only. He remains HIV antibody negative through fivemonths of follow-up. Six additional patients have entered the study, but have not yet required treatment or have been followed for only a short time. These results suggest that the risk of virus infection associated with the use of AHF concentrates is significantly diminished by solvent/detergenttreatment.
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Liu, Lang, Youfang Huang, and Yunzhu Wang. "Research on epidemic critical threshold of risk of correctional SIS virus style." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2009.5408193.

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Lee, L. W. F., and M. H. Mohd. "Stochastic modelling of the biodiversity effect on sin nombre virus (SNV) prevalence." In PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH (ICAMR - 2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0018102.

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Benslimane, Fatiha M., Ola Al-Jamal, Sonia Boughattas, Asmaa A. Al Than, and Hadi M. Yassine. "Evaluation of Reverse Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RTLAMP) for detecting SARS-Cov-2 in Clinical, Environmental and Animal Samples." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0288.

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Background: First described 20 years ago by Notomi et al. (1999), the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay is robust, rapid and straightforward, yet retains high sensitivity and specificity. These features have seen the LAMP assay and the inclusion of a reverse transcriptase (RT-LAMP) implemented for a broad range of molecular diagnostic applications extending from infectious diseases, including detection of the original SARS-CoV-1 virus. The advantages of RTLAMP include using different reagents than RT-qPCR, the potential for direct processing of samples without the need for prior RNA extraction and an extremely rapid turn-around time. Several groups have now described different RT-LAMP assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the feasibility, sensitivity and effectiveness of LAMP technique in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in different type of samples. Method: New England Biolabs (NEB) LAMP master mixes were used. Six set of primers specific to SARS-CoV-2 were obtained from IDT. The reaction mix consisting of LAMP master mix, primer working solution and a sample was incubated at 65⁰C and results were collected after 30 mins. Results: In just 30 mins, we were able to detect the virus without any prior sample processing. Our primers were able to detect up to 100 copies of the viruses, which is comparable to the RT-PCR that we currently use in our lab. The primers were tested against all other coronavirus and they have shown 100% specificity to the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. Both the florescent and calorimetric master mixes were able to detect the virus in all tested samples: clinical, animal and environmental. Conclusion: LAMP is a fast reliable technique that could be used as a quick screening method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different settings and using different collection medium.
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Aik, Lim Eng, Lam Chee Kiang, Tan Wei Hong, and Mohd Syafarudy Abu. "The SIR model of Zika virus disease outbreak in Brazil at year 2015." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION, MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE 2016 (ICEMS2016) IN CONJUNCTION WITH 4TH INTERNATIONAL POSTGRADUATE CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS 2016 (IPCSM2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4983859.

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Lazfi, Souad, Siham Lamzabi, Abdelljalil Rachadi, and Hamid Ez-Zahraouy. "Dynamic model SIR of the spread of virus inside computers in scale free network." In 2017 International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies (ICEIT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eitech.2017.8255254.

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Reports on the topic "Virus siv"

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Marx, Preston. Utilization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Infection for Subhuman Primates to Evaluate Experimental Chemotherapy and Vaccines. Determination of the ID50 of Frozen Stock of Two Strains of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Macaca Mulatta. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada263396.

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Forero-Alvarado, Santiago, Nicolás Moreno-Arias, and Juan J. Ospina-Tejeiro. Humans Against Virus or Humans Against Humans: A Game Theory Approach to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Banco de la República, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1160.

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Externalities and private information are key characteristics of an epidemic like the Covid-19 pandemic. We study the welfare costs stemming from the incomplete information environment that these characteristics foster. We develop a framework that embeds a game theory approach into a macro SIR model to analyze the role of information in determining the extent of the health-economy trade-off of a pandemic. We apply the model to the Covid-19 epidemic in the US and find that the costs of keeping health information private are between USD $5.9$ trillion and USD $6.7$ trillion. We then find an optimal policy of disclosure and divulgation that, combined with testing and containment measures, can improve welfare. Since it is private information about individuals' health what produces the greatest welfare losses, finding ways to make such information known as precisely as possible, would result in significantly fewer deaths and significantly higher economic activity.
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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Pamela Andrea Cardozo-Ortiz, Daniel Esteban Osorio-Rodríguez, Wilmar Alexander Cabrera-Rodríguez, Nathali Cardozo-Alvarado, Jorge Cely, Felipe Clavijo, et al. Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera - II semestre 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2-2020.

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El sistema financiero colombiano no ha sufrido mayores traumatismos estructurales durante estos meses de profunda contracción económica, y ha continuado prestando con normalidad sus funciones básicas, facilitando la respuesta de la economía a condiciones extremas. Ello es el resultado de la solidez de las entidades financieras al inicio de la crisis, reflejada en elevados indicadores de liquidez y solvencia, y de la oportuna respuesta de distintas entidades. El Banco de la República redujo 250 puntos sus tasas de interés de política, hasta 1,75%, el menor nivel desde la creación del nuevo Banco independiente en 1991, y otorgó amplia liquidez transitoria y permanente, tanto en pesos como en moneda extranjera. Por su parte, la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia adoptó medidas prudenciales para facilitar cambios en las condiciones de los créditos vigentes y reglas transitorias de calificación y constitución de provisiones. Finalmente, el Gobierno Nacional expandió las transferencias y los programas de créditos garantizados a la economía. El acervo de crédito real (i.e. descontando la inflación) en la economía supera hoy en 4% el de hace 12 meses, con crecimientos especialmente marcados en la cartera de vivienda (5,6%) y comercial (4,7%) (2,3% en consumo y -0,1% en microcrédito), pero ha habido cambios importantes en el tiempo. En los meses iniciales de la cuarentena las firmas elevaron fuertemente sus demandas por liquidez, y los consumidores las redujeron, mientras que en los meses recientes la dinámica del crédito a las firmas ha tendido a desacelerarse, y la del crédito a los consumidores y a la vivienda ha crecido. El sistema financiero ha respondido satisfactoriamente a la evolución de la demanda relativa de cada grupo o sector, y el crédito posiblemente crecerá a tasas altas en 2021 si el PIB crece a tasas cercanas a 4,6% como lo espera el equipo técnico del Banco, pero los pronósticos son altamente inciertos. Luego de la fuerte cuarentena implementada por las autoridades en Colombia, las turbulencias observadas en marzo y comienzos de abril, evidentes en el enrojecimiento repentino de variables macroeconómicas en el mapa de riesgos del Gráfico A , y la caída en los precios del petróleo y el carbón (nótese las altas volatilidades registradas en la región de riesgo de mercado del Gráfico A), los mercados financieros locales se estabilizaron con relativa rapidez. En esta estabilización tuvo un papel determinante la respuesta de política creíble y sostenida del Banco de la República en lo referente a la provisión de liquidez, con una fuerte expansión de operaciones repo (y variaciones en montos, plazos, contrapartes e instrumentos admisibles), la compra definitiva de deuda pública y privada, y la reducción del encaje de los bancos. En este sentido, hoy se observa abundante liquidez agregada y mejoras importantes en la posición de liquidez de los fondos de inversión colectiva. En este contexto, el principal factor de incertidumbre para la estabilidad financiera en el corto plazo continúa siendo el alto grado de incertidumbre que rodea a la calidad de la cartera. En primer lugar, es incierta la trayectoria futura del número de contagiados y fallecidos como consecuencia del virus y la eventual necesidad de medidas sanitarias adicionales. Por tal razón, también existe incertidumbre sobre la senda de recuperación de la economía en el corto y mediano plazo. En segundo lugar, es incierto el grado en que el choque actual se reflejará en la calidad de la cartera una vez se materialice el riesgo en los estados financieros. De momento, el mapa de riesgos (Gráfico B) indica que la cartera vencida y la cartera riesgosa no han mostrado mayores deterioros, pero la experiencia histórica indica que períodos de fuerte desaceleración económica tienden a coincidir eventualmente con aumentos de la cartera vencida: los cálculos incluidos en este reporte sugieren que el impacto de la recesión sobre la calidad del crédito en el corto plazo podría ser significativo. Ello es particularmente preocupante teniendo en cuenta que la rentabilidad de los establecimientos de crédito ha venido reduciéndose en meses recientes, lo cual podría afectar su capacidad para otorgar crédito al sector real de la economía. Con el fin de adoptar un enfoque prospectivo de cara a las vulnerabilidades identificadas, este reporte presenta varios ejercicios de sensibilidad (stress tests) que evalúan la resiliencia de la liquidez y la solvencia de los establecimientos de crédito y de los fondos de inversión colectiva ante escenarios hipotéticos que buscan aproximarse a una versión extrema de las condiciones económicas actuales. Los resultados sugieren que, en tales escenarios, se observarían fuertes impactos sobre el volumen de crédito y la rentabilidad de los establecimientos de crédito, aunque los indicadores agregados de solvencia total y básica permanecerían en niveles superiores a los límites regulatorios durante el horizonte de los ejercicios. Al tiempo, los ejercicios resaltan la alta capacidad que tiene la liquidez del sistema para enfrentar escenarios adversos. En cumplimiento de sus objetivos constitucionales y en coordinación con la red de seguridad del sistema financiero, el Banco de la República continuará monitoreando de cerca el panorama de estabilidad financiera en esta coyuntura y tomará aquellas decisiones que sean necesarias para garantizar el adecuado funcionamiento de la economía, facilitar los flujos de recursos suficientes de crédito y liquidez, y promover el buen funcionamiento del sistema de pagos. Juan José Echavarría Gerente General
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