Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Virus siv'
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Valli, Peter John Spencer. "SIV envelope evolution and virus virulence." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/83987.
Full textKitikoon, Pravina. "Strategy to improve swine influenza virus (SIV) vaccination." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
Find full textLaurén, Anna. "Virus tropism and neutralization response in SIV infection." Lund : Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 2006. http://theses.lub.lu.se/scripta-archive/2006/04/05/med_1289/Anna_L._kappa.pdf.
Full textLambrecht, Bénédicte. "Etude fonctionnelle du peptide de fusion du virus siv (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212616.
Full textMoreau, Marina. "Le tractus génital mâle : un réservoir le VIH/SIV ?" Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S148.
Full textHighly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) significantly improved the clinical outcome among HIV+ patients. However, viral eradication is not achieved as HIV continues to replicate at low level in viral reservoirs. The male genital tract (MGT) is suspected to constitute such a viral reservoir as persistent HIV shedding is found in the semen of a subset of HIV+ men under effective HAART. To analyze the impact of HAART on MGT organs infection, we used an in vivo approach in a macaque model infected with SIVmac251. The work performed during my thesis helped us: - To demonstrate that the established infection of MGT organs is not greatly impacted by short term HAART, whereas the same treatment during pre-acute phase of infection efficiently impairs viral dissemination to the MGT without preventing the infection. - To demonstrate that a four month HAART initiated during the chronic stage and intensified with Raltegravir reduces blood and seminal viral loads. Our first results show that this treatment has no impact on the frequency of detection of viral DNA in the male genital tract organs. However it seems to lead to a decrease in the number of SIV RNA positive cells within the prostate. Our results add to the indirect elements of the literature suggesting that the male genital tract may constitutes a reservoir for HIV/SIV which could be responsible for persistent virus shedding in semen despite highly active antiretroviral therapy. It is therefore essential to determine the contribution of each MGT organs to the seminal viral load in order to develop new therapeutic approaches to limit transmission of the virus via semen
Deleage, Claire. "Origine du VIH/SIV dans le sperme." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S065.
Full textAlthough semen represents the main vector for HIV dissemination worldwide, the origin of the virus in this body fluid remains unknown. Viral strains in semen are partly different from viral strains in the blood, indicating local viral production within the male genital tract. In addition, the in situ detection of viral elements within testicular germ cells suggests an infection of these spermatozoa progenitors. In this context, my thesis was articulated around 2 axes: 1 The study of the origin of HIV in semen: We demonstrated that the resident immune cells of the human seminal vesicles can support productive HIV infection in vitro and in vivo, and therefore have the potential to contribute virus to semen. Furthermore, we began a phylogenic comparison of SIV strains amplified from the organs of the male genital tract, semen and blood, to unravel the sources of seminal SIV/HIV. 2 Study of testicular germ cells and HIV interactions: We showed that testicular germ cells express potential receptors for HIV and that the virus can bind to these cells isolated from healthy men. Preliminary results suggest that testicular germ cells can support HIV entry. Based on the literature and on our results, it clearly appears that the male genital tract organs are infected by the HIV and thus susceptible to contribute to the seminal viral load. Furthermore, our results indicate the existence of interactions between human testicular germ cells and HIV-1, which pave the way for further investigations
Silvera, Peter. "Immunity to Simian Imunodeficiency Virus infection." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242518.
Full textSONGO, PIERRE. "Sida : analyse genomique des retrovirus hiv 1 et 2, siv, visna et mpmv." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077157.
Full textReeves, R. Keith. "Pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in SIV/SHIV-infected macaques." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008r/reeves.pdf.
Full textDUNN, COLIN. "Une etude de la virulence des lentivirus de primates : le lapin transgenique exprimant le cd4 humain infecte par le virus de l'immunodeficience humaine type 1 et les macaques infectes par un lentivirus de primate chimere." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR1M403.
Full textBergmeier, Lesley Ann. "Induction and characterisation of antibody responses in macaques immunised with recombinant SIV antigens." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249423.
Full textLim, Gaik Wee Heidi Clinical School St Vincent's Hospital Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Promoter targeted siRNAs induce transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Clinical School - St Vincent's Hospital, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44889.
Full textPrétet, Jean-Luc. "Entree cellulaire et muqueuse des virus de l'immunodeficience des primates (vip)." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05N077.
Full textLe, Tortorec Anna. "Étude de l‘infection du tractus génital mâle par le VIH et le SIV." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S021.
Full textThe main goal of my thesis work dealed with the ability of HIV-1 to infect the male genital tract organs, as it represent a potential viral reservoir. Through in vivo and in vitro approaches, we showed that: - In macaques infected by SIV in vivo, all genital organs contributing to the elaboration of semen were infected during the acute stage of the infection. We confirmed the existence of interactions between germinal testicular cells and SIV. -Using an organotypic culture system, we showed that human chronic inflamed prostate is preferentially infected in vitro by HIV-1 strains using the CCR5 coreceptor. - In the macaque model, an early initiated treatment diminishes but does not prevent the viral spread in the male genital organs. Thus, male genital organs are strongly susceptible to represent an early viral reservoir and constitute a productive source of virus in semen
Mangeot, Philippe Emmanuel. "Ingénierie de vecteurs de transgenèse dérivés du virus siv : application aux cellules dendritiques humaines." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENSL0193.
Full textBourry, Olivier. "Impact d'un traitement antirétroviral conventionnel sur la transmission, la dissémination et la réplication virale dans le modèle du macaque infecté par SIV." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T016.
Full textDiNapoli, Sarah R., Alexandra M. Ortiz, Fan Wu, Kenta Matsuda, Homer L. Twigg, Vanessa M. Hirsch, Kenneth Knox, and Jason M. Brenchley. "Tissue-resident macrophages can contain replication-competent virus in antiretroviral-naive, SIV-infected Asian macaques." AMER SOC CLINICAL INVESTIGATION INC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623383.
Full textCouëdel-Courteille, Anne. "Etudes virologiques et immunologiques des phases precoces de l'infection rectale de macaques par siv." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05N096.
Full textMartin, Isabelle. "Contribution à l'étude du domaine fusogène de la protéïne d'enveloppe (gp32) du SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212833.
Full textNEILDEZ, OLIVIER. "Etude de la transmission sexuelle du vih dans le modele du macaque infecte experimentalement par le siv ou un virus chimere shiv." Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA077182.
Full textLakritz, Jessica Robyn. "Monocyte / Macrophage Activation and Traffic Mediates HIV and SIV – Associated Peripheral Neuropathy." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107213.
Full textHuman immunodeficiency virus-associated peripheral neuropathy (HIVPN) continues to be a prevalent comorbidity of HIV infection, despite virologic control due to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Symptoms include bilateral tingling, numbness, and pain in distal extremities. Severity of symptoms is associated with a loss of intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) in the feet. Damage to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) has also been observed in postmortem tissue analysis from patients with HIV-PN. Treatment options are limited due to a lack of understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Chronic monocyte activation and accumulation of macrophages in peripheral nervous system (PNS) tissues has been reported but few studies have directly demonstrated the role of monocyte/macrophage activation and traffic in the pathogenesis of HIV-PN. The central hypothesis of this thesis is that monocyte activation and traffic mediates PNS neuronal damage. We addressed this hypothesis in several ways. In chapter 2, we describe pathology seen in a rapid disease progression animal model of HIV-PN. We found that an early loss of IENFD preceded a loss of small diameter DRG neurons. In chapter 3, we associated DRG pathology with an accumulation of inflammatory macrophages surrounding DRG neurons. Increased monocyte traffic to the DRG was associated with severity of DRG pathology and with a loss of IENFD. In chapter 4, we directly tested the impact of monocyte traffic on DRG pathology by blocking leukocyte traffic with an anti-VLA-4 antibody, natalizumab. Blocking cell traffic reduced accumulation of macrophages in the DRG and improved pathology. Next we treated animals with methylglyoxal-bisguanylhydrazone (MGBG) to specifically target myeloid cells and reduce their activation. MGBG treatment improved DRG pathology and reduced accumulation of macrophages in tissues. Having demonstrated the role of monocyte traffic and activation, we aimed to identify signaling proteins and inflammatory proteins associated with PNS pathology. We found elevated monocyte chemoattractants in DRG tissue and elevated markers of monocyte activation in plasma that were associated with a loss of IENFD. Together, these studies demonstrate that systemic monocyte activation, macrophage accumulation in DRG tissue, and monocyte traffic plays a major role in SIV-PN pathogenesis. These studies provide novel insight into immune mechanisms that impact neuronal loss during SIV infection. Thus, modulating macrophage activation and reducing monocyte traffic may have therapeutic benefits to patients suffering from or at risk of developing HIV-PN
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Biology
Vingert, Benoit. "Etude de la réponse T antivirale périphérique et muqueuse au cours de la primo-infection dans le modèle SIV/macaque : histoire naturelle et vaccination par adénovirus recombiné." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05N042.
Full textThe induction of a rapid immune response is essential to control a viral infection at the initial site of replication and the principal goal of the vaccination is to increase this immune response. During HIV infection, and in all monkey models of this infection, the CD8 T lymphocytes are the aim cells of the partial control of the HIV. In addition, as of the HIV primo-infection, the mucosal tissues are the major sites of the viral replication. That's why, specific functional CD8 T lymphocytes in mucosal tissues are essential to control the initial replication of the HIV. We show, during the primo-infection of SIV in macaque model, that the frequencies of mucosal functional SIV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes are low. This may be of importance with regard to the intense viral replication observed in the mucosa at this stage
Néel, Cécile. "Epidémiologie du virus de l'immunodéficience simienne chez les gorilles : prévalence et transmission du SIVgor chez les gorilles en milieu naturel au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20095/document.
Full textSIV infecting chimpanzees and gorillas are the precursors of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1. The four groups of HIV-1 are the results of four different viral transmissions from apes to humans. Using non invasive methods we discovered the reservoir of HIV-1 M and N in two communities of chimpanzees (Ptt) in Cameroon and found that Gorillas (Ggg) are infected by a SIV close to HIV-1 O and P. While SIVgor has not yet been detected in chimpanzees, phylogeny shows that Ptt transmitted this virus to Ggg. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we studied the characteristics of the infection in wild living gorillas. We prospected 13 sites in Cameroon and 3 in CAR. 2120 fecal samples of gorillas and 442 of chimpanzees were collected. SIVgor infection was detected in 3 sites in Cameroon and the prevalence ranges from 3.2% to 4.6%, lower than in chimpanzees. Several social groups of gorillas with overlapping home-ranges were infected and the prevalence within group could exceed 25%. Viruses of the same group are genetically close, showing epidemiologic links. In a follow up study between 2004 and 2009 on one site, we discovered a focus of infection with 2 cases of seroconvertion and we re-sampled one infected female 5 years after. In this site, the prevalence of SIVgor is stable and the number of infected females is higher than the males. The social structure of gorillas and their behavior can partly explain for the repartition and prevalence of SIVgor, as well as the differences with the infection in chimpanzees. This multidisciplinary study proves the feasibility of a follow up study in wild living gorillas. If SIVgor turns out to be pathogenic, a follow up will be essential for this endangered species
Alegria-Hartman, Michelle. "Patterns of cytokine gene expression in lymphoid tissues of normal and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Full textZou, Weiping. "Production et role des cytokines au cours de l'infection par les virus de l'immunodeficience des primates (vih/siv)." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA11T022.
Full textD'Arc, Ferreira da Costa Mirela. "Analyse des aspects génétiques des lentivirus et de leurs hôtes par l’étude non invasive des primates non humains." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT018.
Full textHuman Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) are the result of numerous interspecies transmissions of different SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus) from Non-Human Primates (NHP) to humans. SIVcpz and SIVgor from chimpanzees and gorillas are most closely related to HIV-1, and SIVsmm from sooty mangabeys in West Africa to HIV-2. At least 13 cross-species transmissions from NHP to humans have been reported, 4 leading to the 4 HIV-1 group (M, N, O and P) and 9 for the 9 HIV-2 groups (A-I). Today the origin of HIV-1 group M and N is elucidated and their simian ancestors, have been identified in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) populations in southeast and south-central Cameroon, respectively. HIV-1 group O and P are most closely related to SIVgor from gorillas but their direct ancestors have not been identified yet. More studies are thus needed to clarify the origin of HIV-1 group O and P in humans as well as on the origin of SIVgor in gorillas. These studies will also elucidate whether HIV-1 group O and P have been transmitted by chimpanzees or gorillas and whether simian ancestors of these HIV groups and the ancestor of SIVgor still circulates in today's chimpanzee populations. More studies are also needed to understand viral and host factors related adaptation in the new host and the impact of SIV infection in general in apes. As such, α4β7 integrin has been recently described as a new HIV-1 receptor that facilitates virus migration to the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT). In a recent study, amino acid substitutions were observed in the α4 binding site in New World Primates (NWP), that can reduce the activity of this receptor. The impact of the genetic diversity of this integrin in Old World Primates (OWP) and its role in SIV infection is still unknown. Therefore, characterizing the polymorphisms profiles in OWP could bring new insights into progression of the pathogenic and non pathogenic SIV infections. The main objective of this thesis was to better characterize and understand SIV infection in wild gorillas in Central Africa. On more than 6,000 fecal samples from gorillas collected across Central Africa, we showed that only gorillas from southern Cameroon are infected with SIVgor and we identified the ancestors of HIV1 group P in gorilla populations from southwest Cameroon. We also provided evidence that gorillas are at the origin of HIV-1 group O in humans. Functional analysis of the restriction factor APOBEC3G showed that its protects gorillas from SIVcpz infections and can explain the low prevalence in gorillas. We evaluated a new antibody detection approach in faecal samples, based on Luminex® technology that use SIVgor specific antigens, comparing with the actual serological test INNO-LIATM HIV confirmatory assay, based on cross-reactive SIV antibodies with HIV antigens. We also evaluated the feasibility of virus sequencing in faecal samples with the Illumina® technology to study viromes of gorillas. We studied two samples, one of a SIVgor infected individual and one from an uninfected gorilla. Although the SIVgor sequence was not retrieved from the infected individual, we observed a tendency to enteric virus replication disorder in the infected animal that has not been seen in the uninfected one. Finally, we also documented here the genetic diversity of the α4 subunit from OWP. In this thesis we documented more in detail different aspects of SIV infection in gorillas and contributed to elucidate the origin of all HIV-1 groups
Mauclere, Philippe. "Séroépidémiologie, diversité génétique et transmissions interespèces des infections rétrovirales HTLV/STLV et VIH/SIV au Cameroun." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N098.
Full textThe sub region of Central Africa is currently considered as the cradle of the retroviral genetic diversity for primates. In Cameroon in the year 1991, the awareness of the HTLV-1 endemic was based on preliminary seroprevalences, and no case of HTLV-2 was still identified. As HIV/AIDS epidemics started out its starling growth, the major variants of HIV-1 were not known as circulating strains in the country, and no research on SIV were conducted on primates. The aim of the study, which was carried out in Cameroon between 1991 and 1997, and in Pasteur Institut in Paris in 1997 and 1998, is to introduce a technical process for the genetic diversity human retroviruses exploration, to characterize retroviral human and simian variant strains
Liégeois, Florian. "Diversité génétique et histoire naturelle des virus de l'immunodéficience simienne." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20035.
Full textSimian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are found in an extensive number of African primates. It is now well established that SIVs from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in West central Africa and from sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in West Africa are the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2, respectively. To date humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling primate bushmeat. In this thesis, we aimed to identify and characterize full-length genome of new SIVs in three different primate species: Miopithecus talapoin (SIVtal) from Cameroon and captive animals, Western red colobus (SIVwrcPbb and SIVwrcPbt) from West Africa (Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire) and olive colobus from the Taï forest national park in Côte d'Ivoire, in order to further document the natural history of primate lentiviruses and to evaluate the SIV prevalence within the Western red colobus from the Taï forest in Côte d'Ivoire. Phylogenetic analyses of full-length genomes of these viruses confirmed that each of them represents a new SIV lineage. We observed a significant clustering of the SIVtal lineage with the Cercopithecus-specific SIVs and SIVtal and Cercopithecus-specific SIVs share functional motifs specific of these viruses. We also showed that western red colobus are the natural hosts of SIVwrc and that SIVolc, isolated from an olive colobus, is related to SIVwrc. Overall, SIVwrc and SIVolc are related to the SIV from Lhoest lineage and are related to the divergent SIVcol isolated from mantled guereza in Cameroon, in the 5'part of the pol gene. We also present the first molecular epidemiological survey of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVwrc) in wild-living western red colobus monkeys which are frequently hunted by the human population and represent a favourite prey of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). We showed a minimal prevalence of 26% among the individuals sampled. Overall, these results highlight once more the complexity of the natural history and evolution of primate lentiviruses. We showed that wild-living red colobus represent a substantial reservoir of SIVwrc. Moreover, because of their frequent association with other monkey species, the predation pressure exerted by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and by poachers around and inside the park, simian to simian and simian to human SIVwrc cross-species transmission cannot be excluded illustrating the need for surveillance of primate pathogens and their cross-species transmissions in this part of Africa and elsewhere
Bouzar, Baya Amel. "Étude du rôle des gènes accessoires nef, vpr et vpx du virus de l'immunodéficience simienne (SIV) dans le modèle du virus de l'arthrite et de l'encéphalite caprine (CAEV)." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T218.
Full textLiovat, Anne-Sophie. "Régulation de l'inflammation au cours des phases précoces des infections VIH-1/SIV chez les progresseurs lents ou non progresseurs." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077076.
Full textProgression towards AIDS is driven by chronic immune activation. Pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in macaques and non pathogenic infection in African green monkeys (AGM) are simian models for HIV pathogenesis. During acute phase, we previously described a moderate inflammation in AGM compared to macaques. We hypothesized that inflammation levels during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) are predictive of progression profiles towards AIDS. We thus studied: (i) inflammation levels during PHI according to the progression profiles of the patients, (ii) TGF-(31 capacity to modulate inflammation during PHI, (iii) viral and host determinants implicated in cytokine production in AGM. Quantification of 29 plasma soluble factors in 46 patients showed that MCP-1 and IP-10 levels during PHI predicted respectively slow and rapid disease progression. Patient blood T cells responded normally to TGF-pl anti-proliferative effects. Acute plasma TGF-pl level was predictive of sustained immune activation in patients. In AGM, we also detected plasma increases of IP-10 and MCP-1 during acute infection. However, this induction was only transient and TGF-pl was not increased. Stimulation of healthy or chronically infected AGM and Macaque blood cells with autologous SIV induced similar IFN-a production. There is no intrinsic default in AGM for IFN-a production. Our results highlight new acute biomarkers for HIV disease progression and suggest that a control of inflammation occurs in AGM in vivo
ELIANE, JEAN-PIERRE. "Etude de l'effet de l'infection par les mycoplasmes sur la pathogenese du virus de l'immunodeficience simienne (siv) chez le singe macaque." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112145.
Full textOsuna-Gutierrez, Christa Elyse. "Characterization of the Mamu-A*01-Restricted CD8-Positive T Lymphocyte Immunodominance Hierarchy in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Monkeys." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10600.
Full textGarcía, Téllez Thalia Alejandra. "Study of inflammasome activation in monocytes, macrophages and epithelial cells during SIV infection in a pathogenic and a non-pathogenic model." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC300.
Full textChronic immune activation drives progression toward AIDS in HIV infection and still remains in low levels in antiretroviral-treated patients increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases. Such non-AIDS co-mobility and mortality is associated with markers of monocyte/macrophage (Mφ ) activation and microbial translocation, but the molecular bases of this phenomenon remain unknown. In contrast to humans and pathogenic animal models of HIV (i.e. macaques, MAC), natural hosts of SIV (i.e. African Green Monkeys, AGM) quickly resolve SIV-induced inflammation and display lower levels of IL-1β and IL-18. IL-1β and IL-18 can be produced by Mφ or intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) upon inflammasome activation with potential multiple roles. Therefore, we studied whether the inflammasome activation upon SIV-infection occurs in natural hosts, in which tissues it might take place and if it differs between models. To do so, we measured plasmatic IL-1β and IL-18 levels along SIV-infection; we performed microscopy staining of Mφ , IEC and IL-18 in tissues, we set-up functional assays for inflammasome activation in-vitro and we developed tools for phenotyping and isolating Mφ and IEC from blood, lung, BAL, LN and gut. We showed inflammasome activation in vivo during pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infection evaluated by IL-18 in the gut of MAC and AGM, particularly in the small intestine, as well as by the levels of IL-18 and IL-1β in plasma. Our study indicated higher IL-18 production in the jejunum of SIV-infected MAC as compared to SIV-infected AGM. We showed that signals that might be in the environment during pathogenic SIVmac infection, in particular LPS and ATP as a result of microbial translocation and stress activate the inflammasome of MAC and AGM macrophages. We revealed differences at the level of the regulation between both models, observed by higher levels of IL-18BP and IL-1RA in AGM compared to MAC and correlations between IL-18, IL-1β and their respective antagonists only in AGM but not in MAC
Millet, Antoine. "Caractérisation quantitative et génétique de la dynamique sanguine et tissulaire du virus de l'immunodéficience simienne chez le macaque cynomolgus en histoire naturelle The extensive widespread of SIV distribution in macaques suggests that secondary lymphoid tissues are the main drivers of viral dynamics Optimal maturation of the SIV‐specific CD8+ T cell response after primary infection is associated with natural SIV control. ANRS SIC study Modeling acute SIV infection suggests that early establishment of cytotoxic response drives the virological control, and unravels heterogeneous infected cells populations." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2119&f=17058.
Full textSimian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection persists in the body with infected cells containing the integrated viral genome. These cells called "reservoirs" constitute the major barrier to viral eradication and are focus of interest of new therapeutic challenges. The simian model enables the exploration of tissue reservoirs and viral evolution throughout the whole body. In a first part, the aim of our work was to characterize the dynamics of SIV in the blood and tissues in the absence of treatment. In the P-Visconti program, six macaques were infected by SIVmac251 and were followed 6 months before euthanasia. We developed ultrasensitive assays for the SIV DNA quantification (cell infection level) and cell-associated SIV RNA (caSIV RNA), expressing the transcriptional ability of infected cells. In addition, we developed a high throughput sequencing method and bioinformatics tools for in-depth analysis of more than 60 million reads, describing the evolution and number of viral variants in blood and tissues. We showed that the kinetics of the number of infected blood cells and their transcriptional level reflected the kinetics of plasma viremia. Moreover, the evolution of genetic diversity (number of variants and genetic distance) mimicked the evolution of the two markers. The variants constituting the inoculum tended to disappear as soon as day (D)28 in the plasma but persisted longer in the blood cells. The proportion of major variants evolved over time and, despite identical inoculum, a great heterogeneity of infection levels and genetic diversity could be observed among the monkeys. At 6 months post infection, many tissues were collected at euthanasia. We showed a disseminated and replicative infection over 26 anatomical sites, including skin and adipose tissues. Secondary lymphoid organs exhibited the highest levels of infection and transcriptional activity, which were associated with the most divergent viral quasi-species profiles from the inoculum, highlighting the major role of lymph nodes in the viral evolution. Infection level of many tissues was correlated with that observed in blood at the peak of replication. The different lymphoid tissues and several non-lymphoid tissues shared some major variants, indicating high exchanges of virions and/or infected cells between tissues (Manuscript 1). In a second part, we examined a model of SIVmac infected macaques, and 12 out of 16 animals exhibited spontaneous viral control (Simian "controllers": SIC). No difference of viral level was observed in blood at the peak (D15) between SIC and non-controller macaques. In contrast, SIC had a significantly lower level of infection in the lymph nodes since D15. Moreover, after 18 months, SIV DNA loads appeared lower in all SIC tissues. In addition, immunological studies (C. Pereira et al., I. Pasteur) showed that suppressive activity of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells has been developed over time and was related to lower viral reservoir levels (Manuscript 2). Mathematical modeling combining these immuno-virological data (V. Madelain et al., Univ Paris 7) showed a biphasic decay of SIV DNA after the peak of viremia in SIC, that could be related to 2 cell populations (one with short half-life and the other with a long half-life). These results indicate which cells have to been targeted in the context of remission and/or cure studies (Manuscript 3). All of these data demonstrate the key role of lymphoid tissues in the infection dynamics and in viral variants diffusion and diversification. The strong viral spread highlights the need to use molecules that penetrate throughout the whole body
Chougui, Ghina. "Antagonism of HUSH restriction by lentiviral Vpx and Vpr proteins HIV-2/SIV viral protein X counteracts HUSH repressor complex." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB080.
Full textHIV-1 and 2 are both responsible for AIDS, though similar, these two retroviruses harbour different sets of auxiliary proteins. Through the inactivation of cellular antiviral factors, these auxiliary proteins allow the establishment of a favourable environment for viral replication. Vpx, an HIV-2 only auxiliary protein, is known for its ability to increase viral infection, which was long linked to its sole capacity to counteract SAMHD1, a restriction factor active at the reverse transcription step. However, several lines of evidence suggested a SAMHD1-independent advantage of Vpx. We therefore investigated the possibility of an additional Vpx target and through a proteomic screen, we identified the HUman Silencing Hub (HUSH) complex. HUSH complex, including: TASOR, MPP8 and Periphelin, was reported to epigenetically silence integrated transgenes and recently Line-1 transposable elements. Here, we show that Vpx binds the HUSH complex and induces its proteasomal degradation through the hijacking of the DCAF-1 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, independently from SAMHD1-antagonism. As a consequence, Vpx is able to reactivate HIV latent proviruses, unlike Vpx mutants unable to induce HUSH degradation. Although antagonism of human HUSH complex is not conserved among all lentiviral lineages including HIV-1, it is a feature of Vpr from SIVs of African green monkeys and from the divergent SIV of l'Hoest's monkey, arguing in favor of an ancient lentiviral species-specific vpx/vpr gene function. Altogether, our results highlight an unexpected post-integration activity of Vpx and suggest HUSH complex as a restriction factor. They also support the idea of epigenetic control as an intrinsic immunity barrier maintaining the integrity of the cellular genome
Vödrös, Dalma. "Receptor use of primate lentiviruses /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-497-6/.
Full textLemaitre, Julien. "Heterogeneity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in HIV-1 infection. Study of SIV-infected cynomolgus macaque model." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS267.
Full textEven under combinational antiretroviral treatments (cART), HIV-1 persistence is associated with chronic inflammation in infected patients, leading to an increased risk of non-AIDS-related comorbidities. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), have been less studied in HIV infection whereas they were associated with chronic inflammation diseases. To evaluate PMN heterogeneity in SIVmac251 nonhuman primate infection model, we first performed multiparameter single-cell phenotyping by mass cytometry giving a global vision of the immune system. This analysis demonstrated circulation of immature PMN with impaired during chronic infection. Then, we characterized neutrophils heterogeneity in the course of SIV infection. In primary infection, there was an increased frequency of CD10- immature and CD62L-low primed PMNs in peripheral blood. In chronic phase, CD10- immature PMNs were significantly higher in bone marrow and blood, maintaining a primed profile. During SIV infection, PMNs demonstrated variable immunomodulatory function against T cells proliferation and cytokine production. Early cART allowed to restore PMN phenotype. In this study, we provide unprecedented insight into PMN heterogeneity in the course of SIV infection. Since PMN represent 40-70% of circulating leukocytes and primed PMN are more potent to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and to transmigrate, they should be considered as a new player in HIV-1 chronic inflammation
Bernard-Stoecklin, Sibylle. "Role of semen infected leukocytes in HIV mucosal transmission : Experimental model of SIVmac251 infection in Macaca fascicularis." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114818/document.
Full textHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection mostly spreads by the mucosal route: sexual transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, responsible for between 85% and 90% of cases of infection worldwide. These epidemiological data indicate that semen is one of the major sources of HIV-1 transmission. Semen, like other bodily secretions involved in HIV sexual transmission, contains the virus as two forms: cell-free viral particles and cell-associated virus, mostly in infected leukocytes. Although cell-to-cell HIV transmission has been extensively described as more efficient, rapid and resistant to host immune responses, very few studies have investigated the role in vivo of infected leukocytes in virus mucosal transmission. One such study has been recently conducted in our lab, and demonstrated that SIV-infected splenocytes are able to transmit infection to female macaques after vaginal exposure. However, all these studies used immune cells from peripheral blood or lymphoid tissues, such as spleen, and none have investigated the capacity of infected leukocytes in semen to transmit the infection in vivo. Indeed, nature, phenotype and infectivity of HIV associated with semen leukocytes may be different from that of HIV from other sources.Therefore, the objectives of this work are, first, to study of semen leukocytes and their dynamics during SIVmac251 infection in detail, then to investigate seminal factors that may influence semen infectiousness, and finally to test semen leukocyte infectivity in vitro and in vivo, using a model of mucosal exposure in cynomolgus macaques.Macaque semen contains all the target cells for HIV/SIV: CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in lower proportions. Semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages display an activation, differenciation and expression of migration markers profile which is typical of mucosal leucocytes. SIV infection induces significant changes in their phenotype and dynamics. Both cell types can be productively infected and are found in the semen at all stages of infection. These observations suggest that semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages may be able to transmit infection after mucosal exposure.If the role of semen infected leukocytes in HIV/SIV mucosal transmission is confirmed in vivo, this mechanism will be important to consider for further preventive strategies design, like microbicides
Alaoui, Lamine. "Etude de la dynamique de l’axe inhibiteur LILRB2/CMH-I et de sa régulation au cours de l’infection par le VIH/SIV." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS374/document.
Full textConventional dendritic cells (cDCs) play a crucial role in setting up early immune responses leading to viral control or persistence. In this regard, it has been shown that HIV-1 infection induces cDC dysfunctions characterized by inhibitions in their ability to stimulate T-cells and associated with disease progression. In vitro studies have shown the implication of LILRB2 inhibitory receptor in cDC dysfunctions. However, the dynamic of LILRB2 expression and its role in the early stages of infection are yet to be characterized. In primary HIV-1 infected patients, we observe an increased expression of LILRB2 and its ligands, HLA-I, on the surface of cDCs. Kinetics of LILRB2 and MHC-I expressions during SIV infection of Cynomolgus macaques shows a transient increase in LILRB2 and MHC-I expressions on blood and lymph node cDCs during the first days of infection. We also show that HIV replication, activation of TLR7/8 pathways, and presence of IL-10 and IFN-I drive upregulated expression of LILRB2. Finally, this strong induced LILIRB2 expression seems specific to HIV/SIV infections. Indeed, chikungunya virus infection of cynomolgus macaques, which characterized by a robust antiviral immune response leading to viral control, is associated with decreased expression of LILRB2 on cDCs in the first days of infection. Taken together, our data suggest a major role of the LILRB2/HLA-I inhibitory axis, mediating cDC dysfunctions and thus contributing to inefficient adaptive immune responses and viral persistence
Amadori, Céline. "Caractérisation de l’effet des inhibiteurs allostériques de l’interaction IN-LEDGF/p75 (INLAIs) sur la réplication du VIH-1 et du SIV." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB100/document.
Full textNo abstract
Kök, Ayrin. "L'initiation précoce du traitement antirétroviral conserve la fonction immunitaire dans l'intestin de patients infectés par le VIH." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0062.
Full textHuman Immunodeficiency Viral (HIV) infection leads to a severe and massive CD4+T cell depletion in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) very early during the course of viral infection. This depletion, which is not reflected in peripheral blood, persists despite the initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). The loss of lamina propria CD4+T cells, changes in the lymphatic architecture and altered intestinal epithelial barrier leading to microbial translocation are the common features of HIV-1 infection and are not fully restored under cART.Microbial translocation, caused by HIV infection, establishes a chronic immune activation, and this has a severe impact on the reconstitution of CD4+T cells and their functions. However, it is not known whether gut mucosal damage can be restored to normal levels through therapeutic intervention, and the determining factors that would influence CD4+T cell restoration have not been identified.By inducing a mucosal defense against microbial pathogens in GALT and maintaining the gut epithelial integrity, newly characterized Th17 CD4+T cells orchestrate the mucosal immunity. A loss of Th17CD4+T cells has been observed in HIV and Simian Immune Deficiency Viral (SIV) infections and leads to an impaired immune defense against incoming microbial pathogens and, as a consequence, systemic dissemination of pathogens.In this study, we analyzed parameters of gut mucosal restoration in order to answer the question if their function can be restored during early initiated cART.Phenotypic and gene expression analyses have been performed from the gut of HIV-infected naïve patients or patients treated for several years. We analyzed 2 groups of treated patients, one initiated cART treatment at the early phase of the primary infection, the second during the chronic phase. These data demonstrate a depletion of mucosal Th22 and IL-17 producing cells in naive patients. These populations, except Th22 cells, were not restored under cART. The Treg/Th17 ratio was significantly increased in HIV infected patients and was inversely correlated with the restoration of CD4+T cells, but not with HIV DNA levels in the gut. Gene expression profiling analyses of gut mucosal distinguished two groups of patients, which coincided with the timing of cART initiation. The majority of early treated, but not later treated patients exhibited a conserved intestinal lymphoid structure, epithelial barrier integrity and dendritic cell maturation pathways. Overall, these results demonstrate that early initiation of cART helps to preserve and/or restore lymphoid gut mucosal homeostasis and thus provide a rationale for initiating cART during the acute phase of HIV infection
Bernard, Amandine. "Expression des formes membranaire et soluble (Delta 6) de CD127, chaîne alpha du récepteur à l’IL-7, chez le macaque rhésus sain ou infecté par le virus de l’immunodéficience simienne." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T008.
Full textInterleukin-7 (IL-7) is a crucial cytokine for T-cell development and peripheral T-cell homeostasis. The IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) is composed by the alpha chain (or CD127) shared with the TSLP receptor and the common gamma chain (or CD132) shared with several receptors of gamma cytokines. IL-7R expression was described in T lymphocytes but was not clearly demonstrated in antigen presenting cells (APC). However, CD127 chain and gamma cytokine receptors were described in these cells suggesting a functional IL-7R expression in APC. Interestingly, the CD127 chain also exists under various soluble forms (CD127s) resulting in alternative splicing of CD127 mRNA. However, the expression and the regulation of CD127 isoforms expression have been barely studied in APC. Moreover, polymorphisms in CD127 gene were identified and associated with a strong plasmatic concentration of the soluble form CD127s ∆6 in Humans and a stronger susceptibility to develop autoimmune diseases. Some of these polymorphisms are also associated with a faster evolution to the AIDS stage for HIV patients. Finally, the capacity of this soluble form to bound IL-7 suggests an important role of CD127s ∆6 to regulate IL-7 response by acting on his availability. However, the plasmatic CD127s expression is very controversial in HIV patients in chronic phase of infection. Moreover it expression was not known in infected organs and has never been described in acute phase of infection. Finally, nobody defines its origin and its function yet. The specific quantification of CD127s ∆6 by RT-qPCR revealed a minority expression of CD127s ∆6 in PBMC, weak in gut, more important in ganglions and even more in lung. More precisely, this study highlight on isolated cells from healthy monkey’s blood and spleen, a weak expression of CD127 by monocytes characterized by a majority expression of the soluble form contrary to T lymphocytes. Afterwards, we confirmed these results in vitro in two major immune populations in lung: in primary alveolar macrophages (AM) isolated from broncho-alveolar lavages (BAL) from healthy rhesus monkey and in the NCI-H226 lineage of human lung epithelial cells (LEC). In a second part, the specific quantification of CD127s Δ6 by RT-qPCR in organs (ganglions and lung) and the determination of the CD127s plasmatic protein at the acute phase of SIVmac251 infection revealed a significant up-regulation of this expression in lung in times D7, D10 and D14 post infection and its plasmatic concentration at D10 in infected monkeys. Finally, in the last part, we also quantified the viral load and IL-7 expression from infected monkeys to understand mechanisms implicated in regulation of CD127 expression during SIVmac251 infection. Surprisingly, we found none correlation between CD127s ∆6 expression and viral load or IL-7 expression from infected monkeys and healthy monkeys after injection of a pharmacological dose of IL-7. These data suggest an indirect effect of IL-7 and virus on CD127s ∆6 expression and a role of inflammation factors in regulation of his expression. In order to better define these mechanisms of regulation, the transcripts coding for the soluble form were quantified on AM and LEC in vitro after 6H of stimulation with or without IL-7 or TSLP (ligands of CD127) alone or combined with TNFα (pro inflammatory cytokine). Surprisingly, contrary to T lymphocytes, IL-7 do not induces down regulation of CD127 expression on AM and LEC. Nevertheless, CD127s ∆6 expression is upregulated upon TNFα by AM in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, the costimulation (IL-7 + TNFα) induces CD127s ∆6 expression by LEC revealing a synergic effect of IL-7 and TNFα. Finally the polarization of macrophages derived from human monocytes (hMDM) show that activated state of macrophages impact not only expression but also regulation of CD127 expression by these cytokines. (...)
Ponte, Rosalie. "Perturbations de l'homéostasie lymphocytaire T chez le macaque rhésus chinois en phase aiguë d'infection par le SIVmac251." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T030/document.
Full textAs a model to study type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) pathogenesis, rhesus macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are under extensive investigation. Two subspecies of rhesus macaques have been defined, based on a different geographic origin. Indian rhesus macaques exhibit a rapid disease progression and acute infection is characterized by a massive CD4 T-cell loss in the intestinal mucosa. This was associated to the translocation of bacterial products through the gut epithelium during the chronic stage. Contrary to the animals of Indian origin, the pathogenesis of Chinese rhesus macaques infected with SIV is similar to HIV-1 infected patients. Viral and immunological settings in periphery are also closer to what is described in infected humans. However, the kinetics of mucosal disruption is poorly documented in this model. As a first step, I confirmed the rapid SIV dissemination in the gastro-intestinal tract of Chinese rhesus macaques. The small intestine, in particular the ileum, undergoes an early and high viral replication. Despite this high viral load, the numbers of CD4+ T cells in the ileum mucosa remains unchanged during the first two weeks following infection in this model. On the other hand, we noticed a substantial augmentation of cytotoxic T-cell numbers and macrophages, suggesting the establishment in situ of a strong immune response. We demonstrated that this augmentation of CD8+ T cells and macrophages together with the maintenance of helper T-cell numbers in the ileum mucosa are most probably related, at least in part, to the recruitment of circulating cells. Indeed, we describe for the first time a significant augmentation of numerous chemokine expressions by this mucosa the first days post-infection. At the same time, we described a transient diminution of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers in the blood. Finally, we detected a significant upregulation of interleukine 7 (IL-7) expression after SIV infection. This increase, specifically observed in the small intestine mucosa, is correlated to chemokine expressions. These results highlight new evidences on IL-7 contribution in the regulation of chemokines expression following SIV infection. All together, our results revealed the preservation of CD4+ T cell population in the small intestine mucosa during the acute phase of SIV infection in Chinese rhesus macaques. Furthermore, the exacerbation of local chemokine expressions let us think that immune cells are relocated to the intestinal mucosa the first days after infection. These migrations could have deleterious effects to the host, bringing new targets for viral replication. On the other side, this localized recruitment of immune cells that are key players in intestinal immunity could restrict the replication of the virus. Consequently, it is of major importance to better define the impact of immune cells trafficking on intestinal mucosa integrity and disease progression. Our findings bring new arguments in favor of Chinese rhesus macaque as a suitable model to study HIV-1 pathogenesis
Bose, Deepanwita. "Tat-independent lentivirus genomes for vaccination and host/pathogen interaction studies." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV009/document.
Full textOur lab has previously described the generation of a unique vaccine prototype against HIV-1/AIDS. It is a non-integrative DNA lentivector vaccine tested in pilot studies in animal models of HIV vaccine. The non-human primate study showed protection of all 6/6 macaques and immune response correlates were composed of a variety of effector (EM) and central memory (CM) T cells. More importantly, they also contained high proliferating antigen specific cells containing a type of stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM). In this thesis the vaccine was enhanced further by switching the CXCR4 envelope of the vaccine to CCR5 tropic envelopes such as the clade B WARO obtained from a chronically infected patient and a series of three transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV Clade C strains from Zambia. To improve further the vaccine we developed new strategies to incorporate molecular adjuvants able to enhance and sustain the newly elicited immune responses.Since the human lentivirus HIV-1 has developed multiple complex strategies to persist, the focus of the next part of my thesis was to develop a tool to ease and better understand the underlying mechanisms of latency in infected memory CD4+ T cells. Latently-infected cells have non-expressed integrated viral DNA genomes. One of the main mechanisms of this latency is absence of Tat transactivation of the LTR promoter. The recent focus post development of efficient highly active antiviral therapy (HAART), is the cure of the reservoir of latently infected cells. One of the obstacles for this type of studies is the lack of proper primate lentivirus prototypes incapable of undergoing latency as extreme infection model in the evaluation. We hypothesized that a replication-competent SHIV genome driven by the Tat-independent constitutive-expression LTRs of CAEV will be a valuable tool for such studies. We designed chimeric CAEV LTRs bearing the attachment sequences of SIV at their extremities and used them to drive the complete genome of SHIV-KU2. The resulting construct is SHIV-YCC which is expected to generate virus that will not undergo latency due to absence of Tat. We found that cells transfected with SHIV-YCC genome produce SHIV proteins that are assembled into infectious particles released out of the cells. Virions are able to infect target CD4+ T cells both in primary PBMCs and cell lines. Passaged virus in macaques PBMCs increased virus replication and infectivity. SHIV-YCC is the first chimeric primate replication-competent lentivirus that constitutively expresses all viral proteins. This new model offers the possibility of studying the early events by which provirus undergoes latency particularly when the envelop gene will be replaced with that of the T/F CCR5 tropic HIV-1
Ahuka, Mundeke Steve. "Identification et caractérisation moléculaires des rétrovirus simiens et évaluation du risque de transmission à l'homme en Afrique Centrale." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON1T002.
Full textSIVs and SLTVs infecting apes and monkeys in Africa are the progenitors of HIV and HTLV. Numerous African non-human primates are infected with SIV and STLV and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling of primate bushmeat. Therefore the risk of cross-species transmissions from primates to humans is still persistent. We showed that SIVagi infecting captive agile mangabey is most closely related to SIVrcm from a wild-caught red capped mangabey from Cameroon. We observed also phylogeographic clustering among SIVdeb strains from Cameroon, DRC and Uganda, but also among distinct areas in Cameroon. We adapted and evaluated a novel high troughput immune assay that included 34 different HIV and SIV antigens in a single well. Using this tool and others, we found a high SIV and STLV prevalence especially among the most hunted monkeys in DRC. We identified also new SIV and STLV lineages. On the other hand, we did not find any evidence of SIV infection in bonobos. However, we showed, for the first time, that fecal samples could be used to detect STLV infection in bonobos that are naturally infected with STLV-2 and 3. The results obtained during this thesis contribute to the improvement of our knowledge on retroviral infections in nonhuman primates from Central Africa, complete information on HIV and HTLV reservoirs and provide background information on human transmission risk of these infections in central Africa especially in DRC
Loosen, Stephanie van [Verfasser]. "Die Immunschwäche der Katze Eine zeitgeschichtlich-vergleichende Literaturstudie zur Infektion mit dem FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) der Katzen, der HIV-Infektion des Menschen und der SIV-Infektion der Affen / Stephanie van Loosen." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1004172729/34.
Full textMatheux, Franck. "Thérapie génique de l'infection à VIH via l'expression constitutive de l'IFN-β : approche expérimentale dans le modèle du macaque infecté par le SIV." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD07.
Full textLourenco, Sofia. "Etude de la modulation de la traduction du virus de l'hépatite C par des facteurs viraux en cis et en trans et développement de nouveaux outils via le système lentiviral." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066333.
Full textHepatitis C virus (HCV) is responsible of a major health problem, infecting 3% of world population. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) possesses a positive single-stranded RNA genome with highly structured non coding (NC) regions at its extremities: 5’NC and 3’NC. Translation initiation of HCV RNA occurs via an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) located at its 5’end. Our aim was to clarify the role of cis (3’NCR) and trans (C, NS5A, NS5B) viral factors on the regulation of IRES activity. By the use of a dual RNA reporter system, targeting the translation step and avoiding the cryptic IRES promoter activity, relative IRES activities measured in luminometry (= RLuc/FLuc activities ratio) revealed the following features : 1) all the HCV 3’ non coding (NC) sequences tested highly stimulate in cis the IRES efficiency; 2) a dose and genotype dependent modulation of the translation in trans was shown with the capsid and NS5B ; and 3) not any cooperative effect could be obtained either between viral proteins, or in the presence of both cis and trans factors. Taking together these results encouraged us to propose a model in which the viral factors tested act sequentially to modulate viral translation and the switch to replication. We then focus on the development of novel tools for evaluating the IRES activity analysis. We established a bicistronic lentiviral system, which revealed efficient for drugs screening, however not adequate for a precise IRES activity analysis. Experiments actually in progress aim the precise analysis of IRES activity, drugs screening and in addition the study of other viruses, replacing the vaccine system currently used
Suphaphiphat, Karunasinee. "Anti-viral immune response in the semen of cynomolgus macaques and inhibition of cell to cell transmission by broadly neutralizing antibodies in an SIV/SHIV model of infection SHIV162P3 transmission by semen 1 leukocytes is efficiently 2 inhibited by broadly neutralizing antibodies." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS599.
Full textHIV-1 sexual transmission occurs mostly through contaminated semen, which contains both free virions and infected leukocytes. Moreover, factors in seminal plasma (SP) can influence both semen infectivity and host’s response. Therefore, we used the experimental model of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection of macaques, to investigate semen cells infectivity and the antiviral immune responses and to evaluate the potency of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to block cell-to-cell virus transmission.In SIVmac251 infected cynomolgus macaques, we investigated SIV-specific innate and adaptive responses in semen, including CD8+ T cell response, humoral response and levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. SIV infection induced pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in semen and a concomitant upregulation of activated CD69+ CD8+ T cells and CCR5+ CXCR3+ CD8+ T cells. Neither SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses nor humoral responses controlled seminal viral shedding. Failure to control viral replication in SIV-infected semen is related to a general inflammation and immune activation, which possibly mirrors what happen in the male genital tract and which could lead to enhanced HIV/SIV transmission.Moreover, we developed cell-to-cell transmission assays, using either TZM-bl or human PBMC as target cells and SHIV162P3-infected splenocytes and CD45+ semen leukocytes as donor cells, and evaluated bNAbs-mediated inhibition. The bNAb panel included four 1st generation bNAbs and eight 2nd generation bNAbs. A combination of 1st generation bNAbs (2F5+2G12+4E10) was able to efficiently inhibit CAV transmission, while double combination or single bNAbs showed reduced potency. Of note, individual 2nd generation bNAbs inhibited transmission as efficiently as bNAbs combinations. An anti-V3 bNAb has been selected to evaluate its potential to block cell-to-cell transmission in vivo
Ho, Tsong Fang Raphaël. "Contribution des modèles du macaque rhésus infecté par un SIV sauvage ou atténué à la compréhension de la dynamique lymphocytaire lors de l'infection de l'homme par le VIH : importance de l'apport thymique." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077238.
Full textWe studied in the animal model of the rhesus macaque, the infection with a pathogenic SIV and with an attenuated SIV. Pathogenesis of these infections is still poorly understood. Our data show that activated CD8 T cell numbers progressively increase during the infection with a wild-type SIV in the blood and the lymph nodes. This increase is correlated with the viral replication and the progression to AIDS. We didn't observe any increase in CD4 activation. So these data show distinct profiles between CD4 and CD8 T cells. During a long-term attenuated infection, in spite of weak viral loads, the SIVAnef induced pathological CD4 T cell depletion. Virus replication and CD8 T cell activation positively correlated with the rate of disease progression. The frequency of TRECs within CD8+CD45RA+ increased in SIVAnef-infected animals compared to age-matched non-infected controls. Moreover, in the cohort of the attenuated SlV-infected animals TREC+CD45RA+CD4+ T cell counts inversely and highly correlated with the rate of disease progression. Altogether, our results suggest that the thymus plays a main role in the pathogenesis of the SIV and that a sustained thymic output could maintain CD4 T cell homeostasis in the context of low viral loads