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1
Goto, Hiro, and Maria das Graças Prianti. "Immunoactivation and immunopathogeny during active visceral leishmaniasis." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 51, no. 5 (2009): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652009000500002.
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Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex. During active disease in humans, high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α detected in blood serum, and high expression of IFN-γ mRNA in samples of the lymphoid organs suggest that the immune system is highly activated. However, studies using peripheral blood mononuclear cells have found immunosuppression specific to Leishmania antigens; this poor immune response probably results from Leishmania antigen-engaged lymphocytes being trapped in the lymphoid organs. To allow the parasites to multiply, deactivating cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β may be acting on macrophages as well as anti-Leishmania antibodies that opsonize amastigotes and induce IL-10 production in macrophages. These high activation and deactivation processes are likely to occur mainly in the spleen and liver and can be confirmed through the examination of organ samples. However, an analysis of sequential data from studies of visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters suggests that factors outside of the immune system are responsible for the early inactivation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, which occurs before the expression of deactivating cytokines. In active visceral leishmaniasis, the immune system actively participates in non-lymphoid organ lesioning. While current views only consider immunocomplex deposition, macrophages, T cells, cytokines, and immunoglobulins by diverse mechanism also play important roles in the pathogenesis.
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Spalevic, Ljiljana, Danka Maslic-Strizak, Branislav Kureljusic, Vesna Milicevic, Oliver Radanovic, and Nemanja Jezdimirovic. "Marek’s disease in the holland white crested chickens." Veterinarski glasnik 70, no. 5-6 (2016): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1606225s.
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Marek?s disease is a viral lymphoproliferative disease of poultry characterized by the creation of lymphoma in muscle, skin, eye or internal organs. Virus maturing into infective forms in follicular epithelium from where enters in the external environment where long time remains infectious. Poultry are infected by dust and remains the holder of the virus throughout their lives. The virus is transmitted vertically. The disease can occur in three forms: nervous, visceral and skin. Affected poultry may have any shape or combination of these. The aim of this study was to determine the cause of the disorder the health status in the flock of holland white crested chickens. Flock had 25 chickens whose ages ranged from 4-16 weeks. Observation, we noticed that the chickens are cachectic, showing signs of sporadic diarrhea and died 3 hens and 2 roosters. Pathoanatomical examination is ascertained changes in certain internal organs. The liver was enlarged with lymphoid proliferate on the surface and in the parenchyma, spleen increased several times and marbled, glandular stomach (proventriculus) dilated with petechial hemorrhages on mucose. Changed organs was examination histopathological. In the liver were observed multifocal lymphoid infiltration with subsequent atrophy of the parenchyma, in addition to spleen lymphoid proliferation heterophyllus and histiocytic infiltrates, in proventriculus lymphoblastic infiltration with congestion of capillaries and small haemorrhages. In samples pathologically altered organs PCR method proved the genome of Marek?s disease virus serotype 1 . Based on these results we concluded that the livestock were sick from Marek?s disease, which is expressed in visceral form.
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Yadala, Ravikumar1 Valluru Ravikanth1 Sriram Divya1 Gadige Ambica2 &. Thippani Chandrawathi3. "Big liver disease in Birds." Veterinary Today 4, no. 5 (2025): 700–703. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15484032.
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Big liver disease is a synonym to Avian Lymphoid Leucosis which is also known as Visceral leucosis. Avian leucosis is a group of diseases of chicken comprises of lymphoid, erythroid, myeloid leucosis, Other tumours such as fibroma, haemangioma, nephroblastoma and Osteopetrosis. Avian leucosis is prevalent throughout the world. Lymphoid leucosis (LL) is the commonest neoplastic condition in chicken caused by avian leucosis virus (ALV) usually occurs between 14th to 30th week of age. Incidence is highest at about sexual maturity (Vegad and Katiyar, 2001) which induces lymphoma in chicken called Lymphoid leucosis (LL) (Pizer and Humpheries, 1989). Avian neoplastic diseases are responsible for economic loss due to both mortality and depressed performance (Panda, 1983). Transmission of ALV occurs both horizontally and vertically (Payne and Venugopal, 2000). It is a lymphocytic lymphoma arising from malignant lymphocytes of bursal origin and later the malignant lymphocytes migrate and proliferate in other visceral organs to form tumors (Purchase and Burmester, 1972). ALV are classified into five subgroups (A, B, C, D and J) based on their host range, viral envelope interference and cross-neutralization patterns. ALV subgroups A and B are more commonly associated with lymphoid leucosis (Payne and Fadly, 2003). It is called big liver disease, because the liver is usually enlarged with nodular tumours. Commonly found in broiler breeders around 1994-1999. Nowadays, hardly seen due to severe eradication programs on pedigree level of the top commercial breeds in the world. Local breeds may still harbor the viruses.
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Oliveira, Vinícius Vasconcelos Gomes de, Leucio Câmara Alves, and Valdemiro Amaro da Silva Junior. "Transmission routes of visceral leishmaniasis in mammals." Ciência Rural 45, no. 9 (2015): 1622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141368.
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<p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic disease caused by<bold> Leishmania infantum</bold>. The major sites of parasite localization in infected animals are the secondary lymphoid organs, bone marrow and cutaneous tissue. However, reports exist on the detection of the parasite in the organs of the male and female genital system. The main route of transmission is related to the hematophagous sandfly vectors of the genus <bold>Lutzomyia</bold>(New World) and<bold> Phlebotomus</bold>(Old World). However, other routes of transmission may be mentioned, such as sexual, vertical, hematogenic without vector and others involved in VL epidemiology. Thus, the current article reviews the main forms of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in mammals</p>
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Arciuli, Marcella, Daniela Fiocco, Rosina Cicero, et al. "Melanogenesis in visceral tissues ofSalmo salar. A link between immunity and pigment production?" Biochemistry and Cell Biology 90, no. 6 (2012): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o2012-033.
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Melanogenesis is mostly studied in melanocytes and melanoma cells, but much less is known about other pigment cell systems. Liver, spleen, kidney, and other organs of lower vertebrates harbour a visceral pigment cell system with an embryonic origin that differs from that of melanocytes. In teleosts, melanin-containing cells occur in the reticulo-endothelial system and are mainly in the kidney and spleen. The Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) is an ichthyic breeding species of considerable economic importance. The accumulation of pigments in salmon visceral organs and musculature adversely affects the quality of fish products and is a problem for the aquaculture industry. With the aim to reveal novel functions and behaviour of the salmonid extracutaneous pigment system, we investigated aspects of the melanogenic systems in the tissues of Atlantic salmon, as well as in SHK-1 cells, which is a long-term cell line derived from macrophages of the Atlantic salmon head-kidney. We demonstrate that a melanogenic system is present in SHK-1 cells, head-kidney, and spleen tissues. As teleosts lack lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches, the head-kidney and spleen are regarded as the most important secondary lymphoid organs. The detection of tyrosinase activity in lymphoid organs indicates that a link exists between the extracutaneous pigmentary system and the immune system in salmon.
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STARR, LISA M., MAURICE R. ODIERE, KRISTINE G. KOSKI, and MARILYN E. SCOTT. "Protein deficiency alters impact of intestinal nematode infection on intestinal, visceral and lymphoid organ histopathology in lactating mice." Parasitology 141, no. 6 (2014): 801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002308.
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SUMMARYProtein deficiency impairs local and systemic immune responses toHeligmosomoides bakeriinfection but little is known about their individual and interactive impacts on tissue architecture of maternal lymphoid (thymus, spleen) and visceral (small intestine, kidney, liver, pancreas) organs during the demanding period of lactation. Using a 2×2 factorial design, pregnant CD1 mice were fed a 24% protein sufficient (PS) or a 6% protein deficient (PD) isoenergetic diet beginning on day 14 of pregnancy and were infected with 100H. bakerilarvae four times or exposed to four sham infections. On day 20 of lactation, maternal organs were examined histologically and serum analytes were assayed as indicators of organ function. The absence of villus atrophy in response to infection was associated with increased crypt depth and infiltration of mast cells and eosinophils but only in lactating dams fed adequate protein. Infection-induced lobular liver inflammation was reduced in PD dams, however, abnormalities in the kidney caused by protein deficiency were absent in infected dams. Bilirubin and creatinine were highest in PD infected mice. Infection-induced splenomegaly was not due to an increase in the lymphoid compartment of the spleen. During lactation, infection and protein deficiency have interactive effects on extra-intestinal pathologies.
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Wijeyesinghe, Sathi, Lalit K. Beura, Mark J. Pierson, J. Michael Stolley, Pamela C. Rosato, and David Masopust. "Quantifying the durability, expansibility, and tissue-autonomous nature of the immune system uncovers a resident reservoir for circulating immunity." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (2020): 235.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.235.5.
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Abstract Immune cells develop in specialized lymphoid organs, but the mature immune system is integrated throughout the body and regulates tissue homeostasis and defense. This study examines how immunity persists within adult murine tissues while addressing issues of tissue autonomy, resistance to perturbations, and numerical contribution to the cellularity of visceral organs. Using quantitative immunofluorescent microscopy, we report that the immune system is expansible in nonlymphoid tissues following microbial experience, and hematopoietic cells comprise up to 30% of cells in visceral organs of laboratory mice housed in non-SPF conditions. Most hematopoietic cells in nonlymphoid tissues were autonomously maintained for &gt;30 days, without contribution from circulation or primary lymphoid organs. Focusing on antiviral T cell immunity, we demonstrate tissue-autonomous maintenance of resident memory T cells for &gt;200 days. Resident T cell memory was largely durable following significant environmental perturbations and de novo immune responses. Once established, resident T cells did not require the T cell receptor for survival, longevity, or retention of a poised effector-like phenotype. Ultimately, T cell memory did decay in some organs, not others, and gradually increased in circulation. Surgical separation of parabiotic mice unexpectedly revealed a tissue-resident provenance for memory T cells in peripheral blood. We propose a model whereby circulating memory T cells do not replenish resident populations, but instead a tissue-resident reservoir supports long-term maintenance of the bloodborne pool. Collectively, these data demonstrate the durability and autonomous nature of the tissue-integrated immune system.
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Chauriya, B., S. Sajitha, K. S. Prasanna, et al. "Pathological alterations and molecular identification of Marek’s disease in chicken." Journal of Veterinary and animal sciences 55, no. 4 (2024): 688–92. https://doi.org/10.51966/jvas.2024.55.4.688-692.
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Marek’s Disease (MD) in chickens, caused by the oncogenic avian herpesvirus known as Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV), poses significant challenges to the poultry industry. This study was aimed at the molecular detection of MDV in afflicted chickens focussing on the gross and histopathological changes. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytological analysis of touch impression smear of the visceral organs with tumour like lesions. Employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, the presence of the virus was detected in various tissues. Pathological examination revealed characteristic lesions such as lymphoproliferative tumours in various organs including the spleen, liver, kidney, proventriculus, heart and ovary. On microscopic examination, visceral organs revealed densely populated parenchyma with infiltration of pleomorphic lymphoid cells. Out of 70 samples, 17 cases tested positive for MD. The findings provide valuable insights into the occurrence, pathology and diagnosis of MD in chickens, contributing to better disease management strategies and control measures of this economically important poultry disease. Keywords: Marek`s disease, cytology, lymphocytes, methyl green-pyronine
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Ikezawa, Mitsutaka, Jun Sasaki, and Masanobu Goryo. "Pathology of spontaneous tumour lesions in pullets and adult chickens in commercial farms — Short communication." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 60, no. 3 (2012): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2012.027.
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Twenty pullets and adult chickens, aged 100 to 403 days, from several commercial chicken farms were examined by gross and histopathology. Grossly, all chickens had white-greyish masses in the visceral organs with or without enlargement of the peripheral nerves. Histopathological examination revealed Marek’s disease (MD) lymphoma, lymphoid leukosis (LL) and myeloid leukosis (ML) in 14/20, 5/20 and 1/20 of the chickens, respectively. Lesions of the sciatic nerves in chickens diagnosed as having MD lymphoma were various. No neoplastic and/or inflammatory cells were noted in the peripheral nerves of chickens diagnosed as having LL and ML. These results indicated that MD lymphoma could also develop in older chickens; thus, microscopic examination is needed to identify MD in older chickens showing lymphocyte-derived tumours.
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Chiu, Kuo-Chao, Chia-Yu Hsieh, Tsung-Chou Chang, Yi-Chien Lin, Shu-Chia Hu, and Fun-In Wang. "FREQUENT PRESENCE OF PORCINE TESCHOVIRUS ANTIGENS IN VISCERAL AND LYMPHOID ORGANS OF NONSUPPURATIVE ENCEPHALITIC PIGS IN THE ENDEMIC FIELD SITUATION." Taiwan Veterinary Journal 40, no. 01 (2014): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1682648514500061.
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This study characterized how porcine teschovirus (PTV) contributed to causing nonsuppurative encephalitis in the endemic field situation which was mostly subacute to chronic. Tissues from 57 encephalitic pigs, in the years 2005–2008, were randomly selected for detection of PTV antigens by immunohistochemistry. In only 3/57 (5.3%) pigs PTV signal was detected in brain cells of noninflammatory sites. On the other hand, PTV signals were present at significant rates in visceral and lymphoid organs. Spleen (33.3%), lung (24.6%) and kidney (14%) were among the higher, while those of lymphoid organs were 17.5%–26.3%, and intestines were 21.1%–24.6%. Nursery pigs not only comprised a bulk of the samples (n = 26), but also had a higher signal detection rate of 53.8% (by head) and average numbers of 2.65 positive organs per animal. Cellular tropism and antigen localization of PTVs are closely related to viremia, fecal and urinal sheddings, reinfection and recirculation of PTV within the herd.
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Powers, Barbara E., Robert W. Norrdin, Stanley P. Snyder, and Ralph E. Smith. "Sequential study of visceral lesions caused by isolates of an avian osteopetrosis virus (myeloblastosis-associated virus)." American Journal of Veterinary Research 49, no. 9 (1988): 1589–97. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1988.49.09.1589.
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SUMMARY Ten-day-old chicken embryos were inoculated with isolates of myeloblastosis-associated virus that induced osteopetrosis of slow or rapid onset. Bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, kidney, liver, and lung were examined at 15, 17, and 19 days in ovo and at 7 and 25 days after hatching by histologic and immunoperoxidase techniques. Tissues from 19-day-old in ovo embryos also were examined by electron microscopy. The lymphoid organs of embryos inoculated with all isolates manifested changes suggesting inhibited development. Virus was most often associated with macrophages, heterophils, and non-lymphoid stromal cells in these organs. Viral particles and antigen were abundant in tissues from embryos inoculated with slow-onset isolates, but cell necrosis was infrequent. The kidney and bursa had especially abundant viral particles and antigen. Conversely, viral particles and antigen were minimal in tissues from embryos inoculated with the rapid-onset isolate, yet intravascular cellular thrombi, substantial cell necrosis, and increased heterophils and hemocytoblasts were found.
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Anggraini, Apriliana Devi, Tri Utari, Wahyu Widodo, Adi Susanto, and Imbang D. Rahayu. "PATOGEN BACTERIA AND VISCERAL ORGAN WEIGHT OF NATIVE CHICKEN IN FEED HERBAL SUPPLEMENTATION." Jambura Journal of Animal Science 7, no. 1 (2024): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.35900/jjas.v7i1.19962.
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This study aims to determine the effect of herbal supplementation as a feed additive, through feeding, on the relative weight of visceral organs and the number of pathogenic bacteria in the small intestine and IOFC of ayam kampung. The method used was the experimental method, which consisted of 2 treatment groups, namely group T0 (chickens were only given basal feed, without the addition of herbs) and group T1 (chickens were given basal feed and additional of 1% herbs). Each group consisted of 50 cross-breeding ayam kampung, namely Joper and KUB. The variables measured were the relative weight of the visceral organs (heart, pancreas, liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius) and the number of pathogenic bacteria in the small intestine (Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Pasteurella). The results showed that the administration of 1% herbs to Joper and KUB did not affect the relative weight of the visceral organs tested and no pathogenic bacteria were found in the small intestine in both Joper and KUB chickens. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that 1% herbal supplementation as a feed additive has a positive effect on the health of the heart, digestive glands, lymphoid glands, and no pathogenic bacteria are found in the small intestine of ayam kampung, both Joper and KUB
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Kellermayer, Zoltán, Haruko Hayasaka, Béla Kajtár, et al. "Divergence of Vascular Specification in Visceral Lymphoid Organs—Genetic Determinants and Differentiation Checkpoints." International Reviews of Immunology 35, no. 6 (2015): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08830185.2015.1059427.
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AW, Lakkawar. "Study on Effect of Diatomaceous Earth (DAE) on Afl atoxin-Induced DNA Damage in Visceral and Lymphoid Organs in Broiler Chicken." International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research 3, no. 2 (2017): 062–68. https://doi.org/10.17352/ijvsr.000023.
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<strong>Background:</strong> Limited information exists concerning on the effect of diatomaceous earth (DAE) on aflatoxin-induced DNA damage in visceral and lymphoid organs. <strong>Objectives:</strong> The present investigation is an attempt to detect the effect ability of Diatomaceous earth (DAE) in reducing the detrimental effects of aflatoxin (AF) in broiler diet was evaluated based on structural characteristic of DNA in liver, kidneys, heart, pancreas, thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius.
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DiSpirito, Joanna R., David Zemmour, Deepshika Ramanan, et al. "Molecular diversification of regulatory T cells in nonlymphoid tissues." Science Immunology 3, no. 27 (2018): eaat5861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aat5861.
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Foxp3+CD4+regulatory T cells (Tregs) accumulate in certain nonlymphoid tissues, where they control diverse aspects of organ homeostasis. Populations of tissue Tregs, as they have been termed, have transcriptomes distinct from those of their counterparts in lymphoid organs and other nonlymphoid tissues. We examined the diversification of Tregsin visceral adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the colon vis-à-vis lymphoid organs from the same individuals. The unique transcriptomes of the various tissue Tregpopulations resulted from layering of tissue-restricted open chromatin regions over regions already open in the spleen, the latter tagged by super-enhancers and particular histone marks. The binding motifs for a small number of transcription factor (TF) families were repeatedly enriched within the accessible chromatin stretches of Tregsin the three nonlymphoid tissues. However, a bioinformatically and experimentally validated transcriptional network, constructed by integrating chromatin accessibility and single-cell transcriptomic data, predicted reliance on different TF families in the different tissues. The network analysis also revealed that tissue-restricted and broadly acting TFs were integrated into feed-forward loops to enforce tissue-specific gene expression in nonlymphoid-tissue Tregs. Overall, this study provides a framework for understanding the epigenetic dynamics of T cells operating in nonlymphoid tissues, which should inform strategies for specifically targeting them.
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KALITA, JAHNABI J., RAHUL S. ARYA, TRIDIB K. RAJKHOWA, JAGAN M. GALI, and ARUP K. SAMANTA. "Pathology of co-contamination of mycotoxins in poultry farms of Aizawl district of Mizoram." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 94, no. 5 (2024): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v94i5.147840.
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The study was conducted to investigate the naturally occurring pathology of co-contamination of mycotoxins in poultry farms in Aizawl, Mizoram. During the investigation, different chicken farms (n=73) were surveyed for occurrence of disease and mortality. The feed samples collected from affected farms were tested for the presence of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and zearalenone by ELISA kits. The dead birds were subjected to necropsy. Visceral organs from the dead birds were processed for histopathological studies. Fourteen feed samples, out of 49 tested (28.5%) were found affected by co-contamination with aflatoxin, ochratoxin and zearalenone. In this study, the mean level of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and zearalenone was 13.49693 ppb, 4.296286 ppb and 81.74543 ppb, respectively. Clinical signs were ruffled feathers, depression, dullness, huddling, poor growth, anorexia. Necropsy revealed pathological lesions in visceral and lymphoid organs. Histopathological findings were inflammations, degenerative, and necrotic lesions in liver and kidneys. A perusal of available literature did not reveal any study on the presence of co-contamination of Mycotoxicosis in poultry and poultry feed in Aizawl.
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Martínez, Yordan, Edison Altamirano, Victoria Ortega, Patricio Paz, and Manuel Valdivié. "Effect of Age on the Immune and Visceral Organ Weights and Cecal Traits in Modern Broilers." Animals 11, no. 3 (2021): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845.
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This study aimed to determine the effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. 200 male Ross® 308 broilers were randomly selected, then 20 broilers were slaughtered every day (up to 10 days old) after six hours of fasting. All the organs measured had a progressive increase in absolute weight as the days progressed, apart from the spleen, which decreased its absolute weight on day 5, even though on day 10 it showed the highest values. Moreover, the small intestine relative weight increased from the fourth to the ninth day and was correlated (p ≤ 0.05) with the relative weight of the proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, and cecum, although without statistical association with the of the heart. There was a correlation between the cecum relative weight and the cecal lactic acid bacteria, and between the primary lymphoid organs. The pH (from 5.74 to 7.40) and cecal lactic acid bacteria (from 6.11 to 8.79 log 10 CFU/g) changed according to the age of the broilers. The results could contribute to the understanding of the physiology and intestinal microbiology of the first 10 days old of modern broilers, which is crucial to improve the genetic expression of these animals.
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Valadares, Diogo Garcia, Breanna Scorza, Richard Davis, Christine Petersen, and Mary E. Wilson. "Myeloid and lymphoid cell immune exhaustion profiles during murine visceral leishmaniasis." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (2020): 82.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.82.8.
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Abstract Leishmaniasis is a chronic disease of reticuloendothelial organs that is usually controlled by TH1-type CD4 T cells. Anti-microbicidal responses are ineffective during disease progression, and it is reported that T cells in humans and dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) express markers of cell exhaustion. We hypothesized that myeloid cells provide counter-receptors for inhibitory receptors on T cells at the local sites of Leishmania infantum infection, inhibiting T cell effector functions. We examined inhibitory receptors PD1, LAG3, CTLA4 and TIM3 on lymphoid cells, and ligands PDL1, MHCII, CD80 and Galectin 9 on myeloid cells using flow cytometry, throughout 10 weeks of infection. In livers of infected mice, an increased population of neutrophils with DC features (CD11c+MHCII+) expressing PD-L1 and IL-10 was also observed. In all infected samples an increased DC subset with reduced expression of MHCII, CD80 and CCR7 and higher expression of Galectin 9, PD-L1 and IL-10, was also detected suggesting a pro-exhaustion profile of those cells in infected mice. Furthermore, CD4 and CD8 T cells in infected mice expressed higher levels of the exhaustion markers LAG3, CTLA4 and PD-1 than uninfected mice, with greater proportions of exhausted CD8 than CD4 T cells in livers and spleens. Majority of Ag-experienced CD8 T PD-1+ cells in liver and spleens produced IL-10, whereas most Ag-experienced CD4 T PD-1+ cells produced IFN-γ at the time points studied, suggesting that CD8 T cells assume an exhausted phenotype earlier than CD4 T cells. Data also suggest that both DC and neutrophil subsets could represent a pro-exhaustion myeloid population that may influence the unresponsiveness of lymphocytes in infected tissues during visceral leishmaniasis.
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Rodrigues, Vasco, Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva, Mireille Laforge, Ricardo Silvestre, and Jérôme Estaquier. "Regulation of immunity during visceral Leishmania infection." Parasites & Vectors 9, no. 1 (2016): 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1412-x.
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Unicellular eukaryotes of the genus <i>Leishmania</i> are collectively responsible for a heterogeneous group of diseases known as leishmaniasis. The visceral form of leishmaniasis, caused by <i>L. donovani</i> or <i>L. infantum</i>, is a devastating condition, claiming 20,000 to 40,000 lives annually, with particular incidence in some of the poorest regions of the world. Immunity to <i>Leishmania</i> depends on the development of protective type I immune responses capable of activating infected phagocytes to kill intracellular amastigotes. However, despite the induction of protective responses, disease progresses due to a multitude of factors that impede an optimal response. These include the action of suppressive cytokines, exhaustion of specific T cells, loss of lymphoid tissue architecture and a defective humoral response. We will review how these responses are orchestrated during the course of infection, including both early and chronic stages, focusing on the spleen and the liver, which are the main target organs of visceral <i>Leishmania</i> in the host. A comprehensive understanding of the immune events that occur during visceral <i>Leishmania</i> infection is crucial for the implementation of immunotherapeutic approaches that complement the current anti-<i>Leishmania</i> chemotherapy and the development of effective vaccines to prevent disease.
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Khomenko, Margaryta, and Iurii Gavrylenko. "THE LYMPH NODES IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM-1)." EUREKA: Health Sciences 2 (March 31, 2017): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5679.2017.00297.
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The aim is to study morphofunctional structure of NALT (nasal associated lymphoid tissue) and visceral lymph nodes of rats with experimental type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM-1) and to define the effectiveness of the treatment with herbal drug “Imupret”. Materials and methods: The experiment involved 20 animals, divided into 4 groups: the 1st group was the control group of healthy rats, the 2nd group was the control group subject to prophylactic treatment with “Imupret, the 3rd group included rats with experimental diabetes, and the 4th group included rats with experimental diabetes subject to treatment with “Imupret. Functional changes in immune organs were evaluated by the results of morphometric analysis; morphological pattern was evaluated by histostructural changes. Results. The research revealed that under conditions of diabetes mellitus type 1, the volume, area and density of the lymphoid tissue decreased, and only its "fine" cell was detected. The paper demonstrates the development of relative immune deficiency in immunocompetent organs in rats with diabetes mellitus type 1. The use of drug "Imupret" demonstrated its immunomodulatory function, which is especially important in terms of immunosuppression in patient with DM-1. Conclusion. The received results are of a great clinical significance, and show the necessity of early prevention and treatment of immunity disorders under conditions of diabetes mellitus type 1.
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Höpken, Uta E., Antje M. Wengner, Christoph Loddenkemper, et al. "CCR7 deficiency causes ectopic lymphoid neogenesis and disturbed mucosal tissue integrity." Blood 109, no. 3 (2006): 886–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-03-013532.
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Abstract Homeostatic trafficking of lymphocytes through extralymphoid tissues has been recently observed, and a potential role in immune surveillance and the establishment of peripheral tolerance are considered. However, the mechanisms regulating lymphocyte recirculation through peripheral tissues under noninflammatory conditions are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the chemokine receptor CCR7 controls not only lymphocyte trafficking to and within secondary lymphoid organs but also homeostatic migration of T and B lymphocytes through nonlymphoid tissues. Lack of CCR7 results in a massive accumulation of lymphocytes in epithelial tissues. In particular, the gastrointestinal mucosal tissue of CCR7−/− mice is highly permissive for the formation of lymphoid aggregates, which develop into ectopic follicular structures with major topologic characteristics of lymph nodes. Flow cytometry analysis of CD4+ T cells derived from ectopic follicles revealed that CD44hiCD62Llo effector memory T cells predominate in the gastric lymphoid aggregates. In aged mice, lack of CCR7 induced age-dependent histomorphologic changes in the stomach with profound cystic hyperplasia and an increased rate of mucosal proliferation resembling Menetrier disease. Thus, CCR7 regulates the cellular organization of visceral tissue by governing life-long recirculation of naive and memory lymphocytes under homeostatic conditions.
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Saha, Bhaskar, Heramba Nanda-Roy, Anita Pakrashi, Rohini Nandan Chakrabarti, and Syamal Roy. "Immunobiological studies on experimental visceral leishmaniasis I. Changes in lymphoid organs and their possible role in pathogenesis." European Journal of Immunology 21, no. 3 (1991): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830210307.
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Gaitán-Albarracín, Felipe, Monica Losada-Barragán, Nathalia Pinho, et al. "Malnutrition Aggravates Alterations Observed in the Gut Structure and Immune Response of Mice Infected with Leishmania infantum." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (2021): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061270.
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Malnutrition is a risk factor for developing visceral leishmaniasis and its severe forms. Our group demonstrated that malnourished animals infected with Leishmania infantum had severe atrophies in lymphoid organs and T cell subpopulations as well as altered levels of thymic and splenic chemotactic factors, all of which resulted in dysfunctional lymphoid microenvironments that promoted parasite proliferation. Here, we hypothesize that malnutrition preceding parasite infection leads to structural and immunological changes in the gut mucosae, resulting in a failure in the immune response sensed in the intestine. To evaluate this, we analyzed the immunopathological events resulting from protein malnutrition in the guts of BALB/c mice infected with L. infantum. We observed lymphocytic/lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrates and lymphoid hyperplasia in the duodenum of well-nourished-infected mice; such alterations were worsened when malnutrition preceded infection. Parasite infection induced a significant increase of duodenal immunoglobulin A (IgA) of well-nourished animals, but those levels were significantly decreased in malnourished-infected mice. In addition, increased levels of Th17-related cytokines in duodenums of malnourished animals supported local inflammation. Together, our results suggest that the gut plays a potential role in responses to L. infantum infection—and that such responses are impaired in malnourished individuals.
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Rahmoun, D. E., M. A. Lieshchova, and M. A. Fares. "Morphological and radiological study of lymph nodes in dromedaries in Algeria." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 11, no. 2 (2020): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022050.
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Despite significant progress in the study of the subtle mechanisms of interaction between cellular and molecular elements in immune responses, the general structure of the organs of the immune system, including the lymph node, has not been sufficiently studied, in particular in large farm animals. The lymph nodes of sexually mature camels have been studied anatomically and morphologically and advanced studies conducted using an X-ray system and a computer densitometer scanner with injection of a contrast medium. The topography and characteristics of the morphometric parameters (absolute and relative mass, linear measurements, volume) of certain somatic and visceral lymph nodes were determined. The mass of the lymph nodes studied varies according to the location and the interest of the organ in the satellite defense of the lymphoid system, For part of the x-ray examination of the lymph nodes, organs of large inguinal and axillary shape were selected after passing through a solution of tetraethyl-4,4-diamino-triphenylmethane oxalate, the lymph vessels were dilated and darkened, then iodine injections were made into the afferent lymphatic vessel of two lymph nodes; they were placed on the radiological cassette, a photograph taken on conventional radiography, for computer densitometer, the examination was made without preparation of the organs. A capsule encompasses the parenchyma of the lymph node, whose internal structure is composed of different zones, cortical, paracortical and medullary, on the one hand the lymphatic vessels were very clear especially with the conventional radiography with preparation of the organs, while the computer densitometer clearly revealed the deep texture of the parenchyma, basing it on the intensity of emission saturation from the use of computer densitometer.
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Rahmoun, D. E., M. A. Lieshchova, and M. A. Fares. "Morphological and radiological study of lymph nodes in dromedaries in Algeria." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 11, no. 2 (2020): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022051.
Full textAbstract:
Despite significant progress in the study of the subtle mechanisms of interaction between cellular and molecular elements in immune responses, the general structure of the organs of the immune system, including the lymph node, has not been sufficiently studied, in particular in large farm animals. The lymph nodes of sexually mature camels have been studied anatomically and morphologically and advanced studies conducted using an X-ray system and a computer densitometer scanner with injection of a contrast medium. The topography and characteristics of the morphometric parameters (absolute and relative mass, linear measurements, volume) of certain somatic and visceral lymph nodes were determined. The mass of the lymph nodes studied varies according to the location and the interest of the organ in the satellite defense of the lymphoid system, For part of the x-ray examination of the lymph nodes, organs of large inguinal and axillary shape were selected after passing through a solution of tetraethyl-4,4-diamino-triphenylmethane oxalate, the lymph vessels were dilated and darkened, then iodine injections were made into the afferent lymphatic vessel of two lymph nodes; they were placed on the radiological cassette, a photograph taken on conventional radiography, for computer densitometer, the examination was made without preparation of the organs. A capsule encompasses the parenchyma of the lymph node, whose internal structure is composed of different zones, cortical, paracortical and medullary, on the one hand the lymphatic vessels were very clear especially with the conventional radiography with preparation of the organs, while the computer densitometer clearly revealed the deep texture of the parenchyma, basing it on the intensity of emission saturation from the use of computer densitometer.
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Solanki, M., K. K. Verma, R. R. Singh, and T. K. Shankar Rao. "Dietary inclusion of feed additives in broilers: Effect on carcass characteristics, visceral and lymphoid organs and gut health." Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 38, no. 4 (2021): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-6744.2021.00060.8.
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Kozdruń, Wojciech, Grzegorz Woźniakowski, Hanna Czekaj, Wojciech Kozaczyński, and Elżbieta Samorek–Salamonowicz. "New herpesvirus isolated from geese in Poland." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, no. 3 (2013): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0052.
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Abstract Neoplastic changes characteristic of Marek’s disease (MD) in the geese flock were described. The investigations were performed on White Italian reproductive geese kept on a farm where MD was previously diagnosed in broilers. Neither antibodies against MD virus (MDV) were detected by AGID method, nor MDV antigen was found by RID. The histopathological examination revealed the presence of lymphoid infiltrations characteristic of MD in all examined tissues. No lesions typical for avian leukosis or reticuloendotheliosis were observed. PCR products characteristic of meq, and ICP4 and pp38 genes were not observed, but real-time PCR for gB gene of MDV were positive in DNA samples from visceral organs. The realtime PCR results may indicate the presence of a new MDV variant or a new herpesviral infection among geese.
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Xavier, S. C., I. M. Chiarelli, W. G. Lima, R. Gonçalves, and W. L. Tafuri. "Canine visceral leishmaniasis: a remarkable histopathological picture of one asymptomatic animal reported from Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 58, no. 6 (2006): 944–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352006000600004.
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A remarkable histopathological picture of one asymptomatic dog naturally infected with Leishmania infantum (syn. chagasi) has been presented. Intracellular parasites were ease found in macrophages of all exanimated organs, especially in skin. Embedded paraffin tissues of liver, spleen, axillary and popliteal lymph nodes, and skin (ear, muzzle and abdomen) were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and by immunocytochemical reaction (streptoavidin-peroxidase method) to detect parasites. All organs showed an intense parasitism associated to severe pathological changes. All lymph nodes had conspicuous histological architecture alterations. Lymphocytes were replaced by macrophages stuffed with an intense number of amastigotes forms of Leishmania. The lymphoid nodules (without germinal centers) and the mantle zones in the cortex that surround the follicles were markedly attenuated. Livers showed small intralobular granulomas composed by macrophages loaded with amastigotes. Spleens had an intense depression of the white pulp whereas the lymphocytes were replaced by parasitized macrophages. All fragments of different anatomical region of skin (ear, muzzle and abdomen) showed a diffuse chronic inflammation. The cellular exudate was composed by macrophages, plasmocytes and lymphocytes. Macrophages loaded with amastigotes were ease found in all tissue fragments, but more intense in ear and muzzle. Thus, this fact enhances the importance of asymptomatic dogs in the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Breton, Marie, Michel J. Tremblay, Marc Ouellette, and Barbara Papadopoulou. "Live Nonpathogenic Parasitic Vector as a Candidate Vaccine against Visceral Leishmaniasis." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 10 (2005): 6372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.10.6372-6382.2005.
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ABSTRACT To date, there are no proven vaccines against any form of leishmaniasis. The development of live attenuated vectors shows promise in the field of Leishmania vaccination because these organisms mimic more effectively the course of real infections and can elicit potent activation of the immune system. In the present study, we investigated the potential of a parasitic protozoan that is nonpathogenic to humans, Leishmania tarentolae, as a live candidate vaccine that efficiently targets dendritic cells and lymphoid organs, thus enhancing antigen presentation and consequently influencing the magnitude and quality of T-cell immune responses. We demonstrated that L. tarentolae activates the dendritic cell maturation process and induces T-cell proliferation and the production of gamma interferon, thus skewing CD4+ T cells toward a Th1 cell phenotype. More importantly, we found that a single intraperitoneal injection of L. tarentolae could elicit a protective immune response against infectious challenge with Leishmania donovani in susceptible BALB/c mice. These results suggest that the use of L. tarentolae as a live vaccine vector may represent a promising approach for improving the effectiveness and safety of candidate live vaccines against Leishmania infections and possibly other intracellular pathogens for which T-cell mediated responses are critical for the development of protective immunity.
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Ibrahim, N., W. Wang, U. Naik, A. Abu Qubo, and H. Zhu. "CD8+ aggressive T-cell lymphoma (T-NHL) involving the liver and skin: a case study." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 160, Supplement_1 (2023): S76—S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqad150.170.
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Abstract Introduction/Objective Aggressive T-NHL involving cutaneous and visceral organs is rare. We report a case with a complex presentation that was found to have hepatic and skin lesions simultaneously. We emphasize the importance of the clinicopathological correlation and diagnostic work-up for such a rare case Methods/Case Report A 60-year-old male with alcoholic cirrhosis presented with abdominal pain, fever, and night sweats for over two weeks. Detailed physical evaluation revealed a tender, indurated, erythematous papule on the left upper back. Lab results showed leukopenia, anemia, and increased LDH. PET-CT showed multiple hypermetabolic lesions in the liver, skin, and deep soft tissue above and below the diaphragm. A liver biopsy revealed a diffuse sheath of large atypical lymphoid cells with small lymphocytes in the background. Atypical lymphoid cells stained positive for CD45, CD2, CD3, CD8, TIA-1, CD5 (partial), granzyme B (partial), βF1 (partial); and negative for ALK, BCL-2, CD4, CD7, CD10, CD30, CD56, and TCRδ. Ki-67 was 70%. The skin punch biopsy revealed epidermotropic infiltration of lymphocytes with a similar immunophenotype as the liver lesion. Bone marrow biopsy showed no involvement. The differential diagnosis includes primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-NHL with visceral dissemination, peripheral CD8+ T-NHL, lymphomatoid papulosis, CD8-positive mycosis fungoides, and hepatosplenic T-NHL. The visceral involvement excludes lymphomatoid papulosis and CD8-positive mycosis fungoides. The absence of bone marrow involvement excludes hepatosplenic T-NHL. The prominent liver involvement favors the diagnosis of peripheral CD8+ T-NHL. However CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-NHL still cannot be entirely excluded due to the epidermotropic CD8 positive T-cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Further evaluation for JAK2 mutation and TBX21 amplification can help distinguish it from Peripheral CD8- positive T-NHL. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion The subclassification of CD8+ T-NHL into distinct entities with overlapping clinical and histological characteristics is challenging without molecular tests. However, clinicopathological correlation with appropriate work-up can help narrow the differential diagnoses.
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Ramos, Fernanda Ramalho, Bethânia Almeida Gouveia, Maria Angélica Dias Amâncio, Adolorata Aparecida Bianco de Carvalho, and Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos. "Comparative study of parasite load in the spleen, lymph node, and skin of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 17, no. 2 (2024): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v17i2p84-92.
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Canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum. The lymph nodes, spleen, and skin are essential organs in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the histomorphological alterations and parasite load in the popliteal lymph node, spleen, and skin of eleven VL-positive dogs in the fine needle aspiration (FNA), Dual-path Platform chromatographic immunoassay (DPP® CVL rapid test) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological and immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the samples, and the results showed variable histopathological changes and parasite load. The popliteal lymph nodes and spleen exhibited granulomatous reaction, lymphoid atrophy, presence of plasma cells, and disorganization of the architecture was marked. The skin showed multifocal to diffuse inflammation in the superficial dermis, composed of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and granulomatous reaction. Immunodetection of the parasite Leishmania sp. was observed in all organs. The intensity of histological changes was not associated with the higher number of parasitized macrophages. The popliteal lymph node had the highest median parasite load (11.2) compared to the skin and spleen. Statistically, the Pearson correlation test revealed a highly significant correlation in the parasite load between the popliteal lymph node and spleen (r=0.89081, p=0.0002) and between the popliteal lymph node and skin (r=0.71185, p=0.0140). The study concludes that VL-positive dogs’ lymph nodes, spleen, and skin suffer histomorphological alterations that could be one of the aspects that favor the maintenance of the infection.
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Alimba, Chibuisi Gideon. "Alterations in viscera histoarchitecture and organosomatic index as biomarkers of toxicity induced by Aba-Eku and Olusosun solid waste landfill leachates in Rattus norvegicus." Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology 39, no. 2 (2024): e2024022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2024022.
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Solid waste disposal generates leachate, a mixture of deleterious chemical, physical and microbial contaminants, which poses risk to human and wildlife health. Leachate toxicity on relative organ weight and histopathology of important viscera in mammalian body is scarce. Leachate induced toxic effects on organosomatic indices and histopathology of vital mammalian organs were investigated. Wister rats were orally exposed to 1 – 25 % of raw and simulated leachates from Aba-Eku and Olusosun landfills for 30 days. At post-exposure, organosomatic index and histoarchitectural assessment of major viscera (heart, spleen, thymus and lungs) were conducted. The physico-chemical and organic compositions of the leachates were analysed using standard protocol. The tested leachates decreased weekly and terminal body weights, and altered organosomatic index of examined viscera in rats. The histoarchitecture of the investigated viscera revealed pathologies that ranged from mild to severe degeneration, cellular infiltration, haemorrhage, congestion, necrosis, disorganization of tissues and vacuolations. Others include increased histiocytes within the bronchial associated lymphoid, lymphoid depletions, haemosiderin deposits and apoptosis were observed in the examined viscera. Physico-chemical analysis of the leachates showed different concentrations of toxic metals, PAHs and PCBs that were higher than national and international permissible limits allowed in wastewaters. The physico-chemical compositions of the leachates are capable of eliciting the observed alterations in organosomatic indices and histopathological lesions in mammalian viscera. Xenobiotic components of the leachates possibly generated free radicals and/or directly disrupted the organ architectures. These findings suggest health risk to wildlife and human population exposed to emissions from waste landfills.
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Igwe, AO, EI Akpan, EY Tchokote, et al. "Pathology of experimental <i>Salmonella gallinarum</i> infection in turkeys (<i>Meleagris gallopavo</i>)." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 22, no. 1 (2024): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v22i1.6.
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The present study investigated the pathology of a local Nigerian Salmonella gallinarum strain in turkeys. Fifty white Nicholas day-old poults were randomly assigned into two groups of 25 each: A/SGI – Salmonella gallinarum infected and B/SGU – Salmonella gallinarum uninfected. At fourteen-week-old, each bird in group A/SGI turkeys was inoculated with 0.2mL of 1×108 cfu of the Salmonella gallinarum orally into the crop by oral gavage, while each bird in group B/SGU received 0.2 mL of phosphate buffered saline through the same route as placebo. They were examined at different days post-challenge. A/SGI turkeys showed inappetence, depression, and yellow-green diarrhoea. The body weights were significantly (P <0.05) lower than those of B/SGU turkeys. Mortality in A/SGI was 60%. A/SGI turkeys initially had swollen and congested visceral organs with mahogany and bronze sheen liver and spleen, followed by atrophy of the pancreas and heart with thickened pericardium. The histopathological changes were fibrinoheterophilic exudate in the hepatic parenchyma with necrosis of the hepatocytes and epithelium of the bile duct, followed at the later stage by fibrosis and vacuolar degeneration. Severe lymphoid depletion was observed in the spleen. There was marked necrosis followed by pancreatic fibrosis. The heart showed marked congestion, inflammatory oedema with fibrinoheterophilic exudate, myocardial necrosis and myocardial fibrosis. These findings suggest that initial swelling, congestion of visceral organs and distinctive coppery bronze sheen of the liver and spleen, atrophy of the heart and pancreas, and fibrinoheterophilic exudates in the liver, spleen, heart and pancreas, hepatic and pancreatic fibrosis and hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration were lesions of Fowl typhoid in turkeys observed in this study.
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Kabiraj, Congriev Kumar, Tanjin Tamanna Mumu, Emdadul Haque Chowdhury, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, and Mohammed Nooruzzaman. "Sequential Pathology of a Genotype XIII Newcastle Disease Virus from Bangladesh in Chickens on Experimental Infection." Pathogens 9, no. 7 (2020): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070539.
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The sequential pathology of a genotype XIII Bangladeshi strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was studied in 5-weeks old chickens. Layer chickens of ISA Brown breed were inoculated through the intranasal and intraocular routes with the BD-C161/2010 strain of NDV and examined at different times post-infection (pi). NDV-infected chickens showed depression at 3 days pi (dpi) followed by dropped wings, paralysis and death starting at 4 dpi. Lungs of infected chickens showed hemorrhagic lesions starting at 24 hours pi (hpi) that was followed by pallor and slight contraction by 2 to 3 dpi and subsequently developed into severe hemorrhagic pneumonia with mononuclear cell infiltration. Hemorrhagic and necrotizing lesions were found in different visceral organs including proventriculus, intestine, gut-associated lymphoid tissues, liver and kidneys starting at 3 dpi that progressed rapidly. Severe lymphoid depletion was observed in the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius starting at 1–3 dpi followed by hemorrhages, necrosis, inflammation and atrophy at 4–5 dpi. In the brain, mild neuronal lesions such as focal to diffuse encephalitis with encephalomalacia was observed at 2–3 dpi and moderate and diffuse meningoencephalitis with encephalomalacia at advanced stages. In conclusion, the BD-C161/2010 strain of NDV produced lesions typical of velogenic viscerotropic pathotype of NDV.
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Odendaal, Lieza, Sarah J. Clift, Geoffrey T. Fosgate, and A. Sally Davis. "Ovine Fetal and Placental Lesions and Cellular Tropism in Natural Rift Valley Fever Virus Infections." Veterinary Pathology 57, no. 6 (2020): 791–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985820954549.
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Infection with Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) causes abortion storms and a wide variety of outcomes for both ewes and fetuses. Sheep fetuses and placenta specimens were examined during the 2010–2011 River Valley fever (RVF) outbreak in South Africa. A total of 72 fetuses were studied of which 58 were confirmed positive for RVF. Placenta specimens were available for 35 cases. Macroscopic lesions in fetuses were nonspecific and included marked edema and occasional hemorrhages in visceral organs. Microscopically, multifocal hepatic necrosis was present in 48 of 58 cases, and apoptotic bodies, foci of liquefactive hepatic necrosis (primary foci), and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in hepatocytes were useful diagnostic features. Lymphocytolysis was present in all lymphoid organs examined with the exception of thymus and Peyer’s patches, and pyknosis or karyorrhexis was often present in renal glomeruli. The most significant histologic lesion in the placenta was necrosis of trophoblasts and endothelial cells in the cotyledonary and intercotyledonary chorioallantois. Immunolabeling for RVFV was most consistent in trophoblasts of the cotyledon or caruncle. Other antigen-positive cells included hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelial, juxtaglomerular and extraglomerular mesangial cells, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial and adrenocortical cells, cardiomyocytes, Purkinje fibers, and macrophages. Fetal organ samples for diagnosis must minimally include liver, kidney, and spleen. From the placenta, the minimum recommended specimens for histopathology include the cotyledonary units and caruncles from the endometrium, if available. The diagnostic investigation of abortion in endemic areas should always include routine testing for RVFV, and a diagnosis during interepidemic periods might be missed if only limited specimens are available for examination.
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Bulava, G. V. "Immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of acute peritonitis G.V. Bulava." Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation 15, no. 1 (2023): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2023-15-1-89-97.
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Acute inflammation of the peritoneum – peritonitis – often develops after injury to hollow visceral organs, intestinal necrosis, failure of anastomosis, or tumor processes. Subsequent microbial contamination of the abdominal cavity leads to infection, in response to which immune mechanisms are activated. The pathogenesis of inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity and their features are largely determined by the structure and function of the peritoneum, as well as its close connection with the omentum. An important point in resolving peritonitis is to maintain the balance of cytokines, the activity of immunocytes and complement functioning in the immune lymphoid clusters of the peritoneum and omentum, and their collaborative action during inflammation. The review presents data on the structure and function of the peritoneum and omentum, the role of neutrophil, macrophage, lymphocytic links of the immune system, as well as those of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and complement in the development and cessation of acute inflammation in the abdominal cavity.
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Nooruzzaman, Mohammed, Ismail Hossain, Jahan Ara Begum, et al. "The First Report of a Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus of Genotype VII.2 Causing Outbreaks in Chickens in Bangladesh." Viruses 14, no. 12 (2022): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122627.
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Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in poultry in Bangladesh. We performed genotypic and pathotypic characterization of four ND virus (NDV) isolates from recent outbreaks in broiler chickens in Bangladesh during the period of 2020–2021. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete fusion protein gene coding sequences classified the viruses into NDV class II genotype VII.2 together with viruses from Indonesia isolated between 2014 and 2021 and a single 2020 Indian isolate. Pathogenicity testing using the intracerebral pathogenicity index in day-old chickens and mean embryo death time in embryonating chicken eggs revealed that the Bangladeshi isolates are velogenic. Inoculation of 35-day-old chickens with two NDV isolates (LT67 and N5) resulted in 100% morbidity by 3 days post inoculation (DPI), and all birds succumbed to infection by 7 DPI. Massive hemorrhages, congestion and necrotic lesions were observed in different visceral organs, which were typical for infection with a velogenic viscerotropic pathotype of NDV. At microscopic examination, tracheitis, severe pneumonia, focal proventriculitis, transmural enteritis, focal myocarditis, severe congestion and necrosis in kidneys, and lymphoid depletion in lymphoid tissues were found. Our study reports the first outbreak of the panzootic genotype VII.2 NDV in poultry in Bangladesh and documents a possible recent re-introduction of this NDV genotype from Southeast or East Asia. This study further provides viral distribution and epidemiological data that can facilitate the effective control of NDV.
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Lakkawar, AW, MI Satyanarayana, and HD Narayanaswamy. "Study on Effect of Diatomaceous Earth (DAE) on Afl atoxin-Induced DNA Damage in Visceral and Lymphoid Organs in Broiler Chicken." International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research 3, no. 2 (2017): 062–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ijvsr.000023.
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Fan, Xiying, Bruno Moltedo, Alejandra Mendoza, et al. "CD49b defines functionally mature Treg cells that survey skin and vascular tissues." Journal of Experimental Medicine 215, no. 11 (2018): 2796–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181442.
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Regulatory T (Treg) cells prevent autoimmunity by limiting immune responses and inflammation in the secondary lymphoid organs and nonlymphoid tissues. While unique subsets of Treg cells have been described in some nonlymphoid tissues, their relationship to Treg cells in secondary lymphoid organs and circulation remains unclear. Furthermore, it is possible that Treg cells from similar tissue types share largely similar properties. We have identified a short-lived effector Treg cell subset that expresses the α2 integrin, CD49b, and exhibits a unique tissue distribution, being abundant in peripheral blood, vasculature, skin, and skin-draining lymph nodes, but uncommon in the intestines and in viscera-draining lymph nodes. CD49b+ Treg cells, which display superior functionality revealed by in vitro and in vivo assays, appear to develop after multiple rounds of cell division and TCR-dependent activation. Accordingly, single-cell RNA-seq analysis placed these cells at the apex of the Treg developmental trajectory. These results shed light on the identity and development of a functionally potent subset of mature effector Treg cells that recirculate through and survey peripheral tissues.
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Melo, G. D., J. E. S. Silva, F. G. Grano, C. G. Homem, and G. F. Machado. "Compartmentalized gene expression of toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 in the brain and peripheral lymphoid organs during canine visceral leishmaniasis." Parasite Immunology 36, no. 12 (2014): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pim.12148.
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Swayne, D. E. "Pathobiology of H5N2 Mexican Avian Influenza Virus Infections of Chickens." Veterinary Pathology 34, no. 6 (1997): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589703400603.
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To determine the association between specific structural changes in the hemagglutinin gene and pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), groups of 4-week-old White Plymouth Rock chickens were inoculated intravenously or intranasally with AIVs of varying pathogenicities isolated from chickens in central Mexico during 1994-1995. Mildly pathogenic (MP) viruses had a common hemagglutinin-connecting peptide sequence of Pro-Gln-Arg-Glu-Thr-Arg↓Gly and had restricted capability for replication and production of lesions in tissues. The principle targets for virus replication or lesion production were the lungs, lymphoid organs, and visceral organs containing epithelial cells, such as kidney and pancreas. Death was associated with respiratory and/or renal failure. By contrast, highly pathogenic (HP) AIVs had one substitution and the addition of two basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin connecting peptide, for a sequence of Pro-Gln-Arg-Lys-Arg-Lys-Thr-Arg↓Gly. The HP AIVs were pantropic in virus replication and lesion production ability. However, the most severe histologic lesions were produced in the brain, heart, adrenal glands, and pancreas, and failure of multiple critical organs was responsible for disease pathogenesis and death. No differences in lesion distribution patterns or in sites of AIV replication were evident to explain the variation in mortality rates for different HP AIVs, but HP AIVs that produced the highest mortality rates had more severe necrosis in heart and pancreas. The ability of individual HP AIVs to produce low or high mortality rates could not be explained by changes in sequence of the hemagglutinin-connecting peptide alone, but probably required the addition of other undetermined genomic changes.
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Zlatnik, E. Yu, E. M. Nepomnyashchaya, O. E. Zhenilo, V. P. Nikitina, E. V. Verenikina, and I. S. Nikitin. "Immune structures of the greater omentum and their role in cancer metastasis." Kazan medical journal 100, no. 6 (2019): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2019-935.
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Omental malignant metastases are one of the challenging issues in oncology. The article provides a review of recent studies on the structure and functions of immune compartments of the greater omentum and their characteristic features that promote or inhibit tumor dissemination. The cellular composition of lymphoid nodules and milky spots is described, and functional and phenotypic properties of macrophages and lymphocytes are shown. Unique subpopulations of immunocompetent cells typical of this particular organ, as well as produced cytokines, are characterized. Particular attention is paid to the visceral adipose tissue surrounding immunocompetent cells and its effect on their functions. Analysis of the literature data has revealed a dual role, i.e. both protective and immunosuppressive one, of lymphoid structures of the greater omentum. The former is apparently associated mainly with a response to bacterial pathogens, while the latter is realized in cancer metastasis. The article focuses on immunological mechanisms that create local conditions for the growth and development of metastases, in particular, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors secreted by immune, tumor and mesothelial cells, and on the importance of the surrounding visceral adipose tissue for this process. The multidirectional prognostic significance of some local cellular and cytokine factors in cancer metastasis to the omentum and peritoneum is demonstrated. Possible approaches to treatment involving immunotherapy should be aimed at both elimination of tumor cells and overcoming the immunosuppressive environment. In this regard, reprogramming of macrophages, correction of hypoxic microenvironment, and the search for new control points seem promising.
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Yalamanchili, Madhuri, Anamika Patel, and Patrick R. Bergevin. "Systemic Mastocytosis." Guthrie Journal 70, no. 2 (2001): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/guthrie.70.2.075.
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Systemic Mastocytosis is an abnormal proliferation of mast cells in the skin and multiple other organs. Its prognosis is variable, from indolent to very aggressive. The systemic signs and symptoms of mastocytosis are diverse and related to pharmacologic manifestations of mast cell mediators. They may mimic various conditions including chronic granulomatous disorders such as tuberculosis and sarcoid, connective tissue disorders, occult visceral malignancies, and even lymphoma. We report a patient with systemic mastocytosis and review the diagnosis and management of the disorder.
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Contreras, Amanda, Darin L. Wiesner, Brock Kingstad-Bakke, et al. "BACH2 in TRegs Limits the Number of Adipose Tissue Regulatory T Cells and Restrains Type 2 Immunity to Fungal Allergens." Journal of Immunology Research 2022 (August 5, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6789055.
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FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for self-tolerance and moderating tissue-damaging inflammation. Tregs that develop and mature in the thymus are classified as central Tregs or effector Tregs based on whether Tregs predominately inhabit secondary lymphoid organs (central Tregs) or tissues (effector Tregs). By generating mice that are conditionally deficient for Bach2 in peripheral Tregs, we have examined the role of Bach2 in regulating Treg homeostasis and effector functions. Unlike global and T cell-specific Bach2-deficient mice, Treg-specific Bach2 ablation did not result in unprovoked TH2 inflammation in the lungs. However, Bach2 deficiency in Tregs led to augmented expressions of IRF4, BATF, and GATA3 and a significant increase in the accumulation of ST2 (IL-33R)+ve effector Tregs in the spleen and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) but not in the lungs. Enhanced Bach2-deficient Treg numbers in VAT was not linked to hyperresponsiveness to exogenous IL-33 in vivo. Most strikingly, Treg-specific Bach2 deficiency resulted in enhanced fungal protease-induced Type 2 allergic inflammation in the lungs, with no detectable effects on Type 1 responses to systemic or respiratory viral infections. In summary, we ascribe vital roles for Bach2 in peripheral Tregs: as a transcriptional checkpoint to limit precocious differentiation into effector Tregs in lymphoid tissues and as a regulator of the functional program that restrains Type 2 but not Type 1 inflammation in lungs. Results presented in this manuscript implicate dysregulated Tregs in the pathogenesis of airway hypersensitivities, asthma, and other allergic disorders.
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Dar, Uzair Khursheed, Yasmeen Jabeen Bhat, and Rohi Wani. "Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma mimicking a keloid: Dermoscopy-assisted diagnosis." Our Dermatology Online 13, no. 3 (2022): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.20223.12.
Full textAbstract:
Primary cutaneous lymphomas are lymphoproliferative disorders having multiple heterogenous subtypes with a primary cutaneous manifestation in the absence of systemic involvement of the lymph nodes, bone marrow, or visceral organs at the time of diagnosis. Herein, we report the case of a 75-year-old male who presented with a single plaque on the back mimicking a keloid. Clinical and dermoscopic examinations led to the suspicion of a cutaneous malignancy, while histopathology and IHC confirmed a primary cutaneous B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The lesion responded well to a R-CHOP chemotherapy regimen.
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Chou, T., S. Bertera, A. E. Chang, and S. Shu. "Adoptive immunotherapy of microscopic and advanced visceral metastases with in vitro sensitized lymphoid cells from mice bearing progressive tumors." Journal of Immunology 141, no. 5 (1988): 1775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.5.1775.
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Abstract Lymphocytes from mice bearing the weakly immunogenic MCA 105 sarcoma contained pre-effector cells that could be sensitized and expanded in vitro to acquire anti-tumor reactivity. The in vitro sensitization (IVS) required antigenic stimulation by tumor cells and the presence of IL-2 for cellular proliferation. Recent work has also demonstrated that IVS cells could be generated in an IL-2 concentration as low as 2 U/ml. In the present study, we have evaluated therapeutic efficacy of IVS cells generated in different concentrations of IL-2 against advanced metastases established in the lung as well as in the liver. Treatment of microscopic or grossly visible pulmonary metastases established for 3 or 10 days by systemic transfer of IVS cells resulted in significant reductions of the numbers of metastases. On a per cell basis, IVS cells generated in 2 U/ml of IL-2 exhibited at least twofold greater reactivity than cells generated in 1000 U/ml of IL-2. In survival experiments, treatment of established microscopic (day 3) and visible (day 10) pulmonary metastases with 1.5 x 10(7) and 3 x 10(7) IVS cells generated in 2 U/ml of IL-2 resulted in prolongation of survival and cure of the disease in 60 and 30% of animals, respectively. The systemic anti-tumor effect of IVS cells was further investigated in mice with hepatic metastases. Treatment of day 3 microscopic hepatic metastases revealed that as little as 1.2 X 10(7) IVS cells generated in 2 U/ml of IL-2 reduced the mean number of metastases from more than 250 in various control groups to 32. Evaluation by survival demonstrated that transfer of 1.7 x 10(7) and 3.8 x 10(7) IVS cells was capable of prolonging the survival and curing 40 and 30% of mice bearing day 3 and day 9 hepatic metastases, respectively. Again, IVS cells generated in 2 U/ml of IL-2 were more effective therapeutically than cells generated in 1000 U/ml of IL-2. In all experiments, mice were also given IL-2 to enhance the in vivo reactivity of IVS cells. However, the doses of IL-2 alone had no therapeutic benefit. Taken together, our results show that adoptive immunotherapy with IVS cells generated from tumor-bearing mice was an effective means of eliminating advanced metastases in various visceral organs.
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Liao, Yifei, Guoqing Zhuang, Aijun Sun, Owais A. Khan, Blanca Lupiani, and Sanjay M. Reddy. "Marek’s Disease Virus Cluster 3 miRNAs Restrict Virus’ Early Cytolytic Replication and Pathogenesis." Viruses 12, no. 11 (2020): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111317.
Full textAbstract:
Herpesvirus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered in infected cells; however, lack of a suitable animal model has hampered functional analyses of viral miRNAs in vivo. Marek’s disease virus (MDV) (Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2, GaHV-2) genome contains 14 miRNA precursors, which encode 26 mature miRNAs, grouped into three clusters. In this study, the role of MDV-encoded cluster 3 miRNAs, also known as mdv1-miR-M8-M10, in pathogenesis was evaluated in chickens, the natural host of MDV. Our results show that deletion of cluster 3 miRNAs did not affect virus replication and plaque size in cell culture, but increased early cytolytic replication of MDV in chickens. We also observed that deletion of cluster 3 miRNAs resulted in significantly higher virus reactivation from peripheral blood lymphocytes. In addition, pathogenesis studies showed that deletion of cluster 3 miRNAs resulted in more severe atrophy of lymphoid organs and reduced mean death time, but did not affect the incidence of MDV-associated visceral tumors. We confirmed these results by generating a cluster 3 miRNA revertant virus in which the parental MDV phenotype was restored. To the best of our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence that MDV cluster 3 miRNAs play an important role in modulating MDV pathogenesis.
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Tauc, M., F. Chatelet, P. Verroust, A. Vandewalle, P. Poujeol, and P. Ronco. "Characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for rabbit renal brush-border hydrolases: application to immunohistological localization." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 5 (1988): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.5.2895788.
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By use of immunodepletion studies, we characterized four monoclonal antibodies reactive with rabbit brush-border (BB) as specific for aminopeptidase N (AP), dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV), neutral endopeptidase (EP), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and we used these antibodies for immunohistochemical detection of these four hydrolases. Expression within the kidney was studied by light and electron microscopy. All four hydrolases are expressed on the various segments of the proximal tubule. In addition, EP and DPPIV are detectable on visceral epithelial cells of the glomerulus and AP on the cells of Bowman's capsule. Outside the kidney, the four hydrolases are expressed within the digestive and genital tracts, where AP, EP, and DPPIV predominate on epithelial structures, whereas ACE is essentially located in vascular structures. The latter localization is also characteristic of ACE in the other organs studied, where clear-cut systematic distribution of the other hydrolases was often difficult to demonstrate. In addition, AP, DPPIV, and EP were detected on lymphoid cells. As compared to reports of data obtained essentially by enzymatic or immunoradiometric assays, these observations suggest considerable interspecies variations of extrarenal expression of the major BB hydrolases. This should be taken into account in attempting to define a general physiological role for a given enzyme.
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Dzhivanyan, K. A., K. S. Ter-Oganyan, A. G. Babaeva, and E. I. Gimmel'farb. "Morphological restructuring of lymphoid organs in birds and tailless amphibians after surgical interventions on the viscera." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 126, no. 3 (1998): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02447387.
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Stuver, Robert, and Steven M. Horwitz. "Through thick and thin: confronting the aggressive cutaneous T-cell lymphomas." Hematology 2024, no. 1 (2024): 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2024000529.
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Abstract The cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) comprise a diverse set of diseases with equally diverse presentations ranging from asymptomatic solitary lesions to highly aggressive diseases with propensity for visceral spread. The more aggressive CTCLs, which herein we consider as certain cases of advanced-stage mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (MF/SS), primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma (PCAETCL), and primary cutaneous gamma delta T-cell lymphoma (PCGDTCL), require systemic therapy. Over the last 5 years, treatment options for MF/SS have expanded with biological insights leading to new therapeutic options and increasingly unique management strategies. An enhanced appreciation of the compartmental efficacy of these agents (skin, blood, lymph nodes, visceral organs) is incorporated in current management strategies in MF/SS. In addition, approaches that combine modalities in attempts to increase depth and durability of responses across multiple compartments are being trialed. In contrast to MF/SS, PCAETCL and PCGDTCL remain diseases with few prospective studies to guide treatment. However, recent genomic insights on these diseases, such as the presence of JAK2 fusions in PCAETCL and cell of origin findings in PCGDTCL, have created options for new biomarker-driven strategies.