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Journal articles on the topic 'Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) elimination'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Chakravarty, Jaya, Amartya Seth, and Shyam Sundar. "Visceral leishmaniasis: Recent updates." Annals of Medical Science & Research 4, Suppl 1 (2025): S53—S59. https://doi.org/10.4103/amsr.amsr_57_24.

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Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a severe neglected tropical disease, presents a substantial global health burden, with an estimated 1 million new cases annually. Although cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is more prevalent, VL is the deadliest form, particularly in regions such as the Indian subcontinent, East Africa, and Brazil. The disease is caused by Leishmania donovani and transmitted through infected sandflies. Advances in VL management have significantly reduced the number of cases, particularly in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. However, challenges persist due to human immunodeficiency

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Deepak, Kuldeep Singh, Monal Trisal, Jyoti Mishra, and Ashish Sinha. "Community-based active case detection of hidden visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis cases to support the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India." MGM Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 2 (2025): 259–66. https://doi.org/10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_65_25.

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Abstract Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), commonly known as kala azar, remains a serious parasitic disease and a critical public health concern in India. Bihar alone accounts for nearly 70% of the global VL burden. Despite sustained elimination efforts, the disease persists, primarily due to underreporting and undiagnosed cases, particularly post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), which serves as a concealed reservoir for continued transmission. Methods: Between February 2016 and February 2019, the Government of Bihar, in collaboration with multiple partners, implemented a proactiv

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Singh, Om Prakash, and Shyam Sundar. "Developments in Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Elimination Era." Journal of Parasitology Research 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/239469.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most devastating parasitic infection worldwide causing high morbidity and mortality. Clinical presentation of VL ranges from asymptomatic or subclinical infection to severe and complicated symptomatic disease. A major challenge in the clinical management of VL is the weakness of health systems in disease endemic regions. People affected by VL mostly present to primary health care centers (PHCs), often late in their therapeutic itinerary. PHC physicians face a major challenge: they do not deal with a single disease issue but with patients presenting with compl

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SUNDAR, SHYAM, and ANUP SINGH. "Chemotherapeutics of visceral leishmaniasis: present and future developments." Parasitology 145, no. 4 (2017): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017002116.

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SUMMARYTreatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), a neglected tropical disease, is very challenging with few treatment options. Long duration of treatment and drug toxicity further limit the target of achieving VL elimination. Chemotherapy remains the treatment of choice. Single dose of liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) and multidrug therapy (LAmB + miltefosine, LAmB + paromomycin (PM), or miltefosine + PM) are recommended treatment regimen for treatment of VL in Indian sub-continent. Combination therapy of pentavalent antimonials (Sbv) and PM in East Africa and LAmB in the Mediterranean region/S

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Martschew, Eva, Ahmed Asa’ad Al-Aghbari, Anand Ballabh Joshi, et al. "Visceral leishmaniasis in new foci areas of Nepal: Sources and extent of infection." Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 60, no. 4 (2023): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.383637.

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Background & objectives: The successful elimination program of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Nepal decreased the incidence to less than 1 per 10,000 population leading to the consolidation phase. However, new VL cases have been recorded from new districts, threatening the elimination goal. This study monitors the geographical spread of VL and identifies potential risk factors. Methods: VL data of 2017–2020 were obtained from the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) of Nepal and mapped. Telephonic interviews with 13 VL patients were conducted. Results: The incidence maps indica

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Deb, Rinki M., Michelle C. Stanton, Geraldine M. Foster, et al. "Visceral leishmaniasis cyclical trends in Bihar, India – implications for the elimination programme." Gates Open Research 2 (February 21, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12793.1.

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Background:Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease of public health importance in India, with the highest burden of disease in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. The disease is currently targeted for elimination (annual incidence to less than one per 10,000 population) using indoor residual spraying, active case detection and treatment. Historically the disease trend in India has been regarded as cyclical with case resurgence characteristically occurring every 15 years. Understanding this pattern is essential if the VL elimination gains are to be susta

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Uranw, Surendra, Narayan Raj Bhattarai, Kristien Cloots, et al. "Visceral leishmaniasis in the hills of western Nepal: A transmission assessment." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (2024): e0289578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289578.

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In Nepal, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2026. Recently, increasing numbers of VL cases have been reported from districts of doubtful endemicity including hills and mountains, threatening the ongoing VL elimination program in Nepal. We conducted a multi-disciplinary, descriptive cross-sectional survey to assess the local transmission of Leishmania donovani in seven such districts situated at altitudes of up to 1,764 meters in western Nepal from March to December 2019. House-to-house surveys were performed for socio-demographic data a

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Le Rutte, Epke A., Luc E. Coffeng, Johanna Muñoz, and Sake J. de Vlas. "Modelling the impact of COVID-19-related programme interruptions on visceral leishmaniasis in India." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, no. 3 (2021): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab012.

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Abstract Background In March 2020, India declared a nationwide lockdown to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019. As a result, control efforts against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were interrupted. Methods Using an established age-structured deterministic VL transmission model, we predicted the impact of a 6- to 24-month programme interruption on the timeline towards achieving the VL elimination target as well as on the increase of VL cases. We also explored the potential impact of a mitigation strategy after the interruption. Results Delays towards the elimination target are estimated

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Ranasinghe, Shalindra, Deepika Fernando, Nayana Gunathilaka, Kanchana Mallawaarachchi, and Rajitha Wickremasinghe. "Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: Surmounting obstacles toward achieving elimination as a public health problem by 2028." Annals of Medical Science & Research 4, Suppl 1 (2025): S93—S102. https://doi.org/10.4103/amsr.amsr_36_24.

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Abstract In the 1990s, Sri Lanka started reporting cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which gradually increased to the current case incidence rate of over 3000/year. The causative strain of CL is Leishmania donovani MON-37, which is genetically different from the visceral leishmaniasis (VL)-causing strain in Sri Lanka. Visceral and mucosal forms are rare in Sri Lanka. The potential vector is Phlebotomus argentipes. Due to increasing CL case numbers, the Anti-Malaria Campaign was identified as the focal point in 2022 by the Ministry of Health (MoH) to control leishmaniasis and a WHO-funded

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Chapman, Lloyd A. C., Simon E. F. Spencer, Timothy M. Pollington, et al. "Inferring transmission trees to guide targeting of interventions against visceral leishmaniasis and post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 41 (2020): 25742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002731117.

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Understanding of spatiotemporal transmission of infectious diseases has improved significantly in recent years. Advances in Bayesian inference methods for individual-level geo-located epidemiological data have enabled reconstruction of transmission trees and quantification of disease spread in space and time, while accounting for uncertainty in missing data. However, these methods have rarely been applied to endemic diseases or ones in which asymptomatic infection plays a role, for which additional estimation methods are required. Here, we develop such methods to analyze longitudinal incidence

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Drumond, Karina Oliveira, and Francisco Assis Lima Costa. "Forty years of visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Piaui: a review." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 53, no. 1 (2011): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652011000100002.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been known to occur in the state of Piauí since 1934. The typically rural disease began to appear in urban areas over time, being concentrated mainly in Teresina, the capital of Piauí. Teresina was also affected by the first urban epidemic of VL in Brazil. Over 1,000 cases of the disease were reported during urbanization (1981-1986). Human population growth and migration led to land occupation on the outskirts of Teresina. These factors have contributed to vector proliferation, increasing the incidence of VL. At present, the incidence of human and canine disease

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Joshi, Anand Ballabh, Megha Raj Banjara, Sachi Chuke, et al. "Assessment of the impact of implementation research on the Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) elimination efforts in Nepal." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 11 (2023): e0011714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011714.

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Nepal, Bangladesh, and India signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2005 to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem from the Indian subcontinent by 2015. By 2021, the number of reported VL cases in these countries had declined by over 95% compared to 2007. This dramatic success was achieved through an elimination programme that implemented early case detection and effective treatment, vector control, disease surveillance, community participation, and operational research that underpinned these strategies. The experience offered an opportunity to assess the contr

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Omer, Mazin, Axel Kroeger, Anand Ballabh Joshi, et al. "Role of female community health volunteers for visceral leishmaniasisdetection and vector surveillance in Nepal." Health Promotion Perspectives 10, no. 1 (2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2020.09.

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Background: As visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has recently expanded in previously non-endemic areas of Nepal, the health system is facing new challenges. Female community health volunteers(FCHVs) are playing an important role for VL elimination in Nepal. This study aimed to analyze the actual and potential role of FCHVs for VL elimination program as well as community awareness of the disease (VL) and protective measures. Methods: We used a concurrent embedded mixed methods design. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with FCHVs of 22 VLendemic vi

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Grifferty, Grace, Hugh Shirley, Katherine O’Brien, et al. "The leishmaniases in Kenya: A scoping review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 6 (2023): e0011358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011358.

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Background The leishmaniases are a group of four vector-borne neglected tropical diseases caused by 20 species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through a bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. Endemic in over 100 countries, the four types of leishmaniasis–visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (known as kala-azar), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)–put 1.6 billion people at risk. In Kenya, the extent of leishmaniasis research has not yet been systematically described. This knowledge is ins

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Guha, Subhasish Kamal, Ashif Ali Sardar, Pabitra Saha, et al. "Challenges for maintaining post elimination phase of visceral leishmaniasis control programme in India: A field-based study." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 3 (2024): e0012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012028.

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Background India is going through the maintenance phase of VL elimination programme which may be threatened by the persistence of hidden parasite pools among asymptomatic leishmanial infection (ALI) and PKDL. The present work was designed to determine the burden of VL, PKDL, and ALI and to assess the role of treatment of ALI in maintaining post-elimination phase. Methods and finding The study was undertaken in Malda district, West Bengal, India during October 2016 to September 2021. Study areas were divided into ‘Study’ and ‘Control’ arms. VL and PKDL cases of both the arms were diagnosed by t

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Lun, Zhao-Rong, Ming-Shui Wu, Yun-Fu Chen, et al. "Visceral Leishmaniasis in China: an Endemic Disease under Control." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 28, no. 4 (2015): 987–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00080-14.

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SUMMARYVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused byLeishmaniaspp. is an important vector-borne and largely zoonotic disease. In China, three epidemiological types of VL have been described: anthroponotic VL (AVL), mountain-type zoonotic VL (MT-ZVL), and desert-type ZVL (DT-ZVL). These are transmitted by four different sand fly species:Phlebotomus chinensis,P. longiductus,P. wui, andP. alexandri.In 1951, a detailed survey of VL showed that it was rampant in the vast rural areas west, northwest, and north of the Yangtze River. Control programs were designed and implemented stringently by the government

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Banjara, Megha Raj, Siddhivinayak Hirve, Niyamat Ali Siddiqui, et al. "Visceral Leishmaniasis Clinical Management in Endemic Districts of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/126093.

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Background. National VL Elimination Programs in India, Nepal and Bangladesh face challenges as home-based Miltefosine treatment is introduced.Objectives. To study constraints of VL management in endemic districts within context of national elimination programs before and after intervention.Methods. Ninety-two and 41 newly diagnosed VL patients were interviewed for clinical and provider experience in 2009 before and in 2010 after intervention (district training and improved supply of diagnostics and drugs). Providers were assessed for adherence to treatment guidelines. Facilities and doctor-pat

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Dial, Natalie J., Simon L. Croft, Lloyd A. C. Chapman, Fern Terris-Prestholt, and Graham F. Medley. "Challenges of using modelling evidence in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme in India." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 11 (2022): e0001049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001049.

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As India comes closer to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem, surveillance efforts and elimination targets must be continuously revised and strengthened. Mathematical modelling is a compelling research discipline for informing policy and programme design in its capacity to project incidence across space and time, the likelihood of achieving benchmarks, and the impact of different interventions. To gauge the extent to which modelling informs policy in India, this qualitative analysis explores how and whether policy makers understand, value, and reference re

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Coffeng, Luc E., Epke A. Le Rutte, Johanna Munoz, Emily Adams, and Sake J. de Vlas. "Antibody and Antigen Prevalence as Indicators of Ongoing Transmission or Elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Modeling Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 72, Supplement_3 (2021): S180—S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab210.

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Abstract Background Control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) on the Indian subcontinent has been highly successful. Control efforts such as indoor residual spraying and active case detection will be scaled down or even halted over the coming years. We explored how after scale-down, potential recurrence of VL cases may be predicted based on population-based surveys of antibody or antigenemia prevalence. Methods Using a stochastic age-structured transmission model of VL, we predicted trends in case incidence and biomarker prevalence over time after scaling down control efforts when the target of 3

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Subramanian, Swaminathan, Rajendran Uma Maheswari, Gopalakrishnan Prabavathy, et al. "Modelling spatiotemporal patterns of visceral leishmaniasis incidence in two endemic states in India using environment, bioclimatic and demographic data, 2013–2022." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 2 (2024): e0011946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011946.

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Background As of 2021, the National Kala-azar Elimination Programme (NKAEP) in India has achieved visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination (<1 case / 10,000 population/year per block) in 625 of the 633 endemic blocks (subdistricts) in four states. The programme needs to sustain this achievement and target interventions in the remaining blocks to achieve the WHO 2030 target of VL elimination as a public health problem. An effective tool to analyse programme data and predict/ forecast the spatial and temporal trends of VL incidence, elimination threshold, and risk of resurgence will be of use

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Cloots, Kristien, Om Prakash Singh, Abhishek Kumar Singh, et al. "Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Elimination Setting: A Validation Study of the Diagnostic Algorithm in India." Diagnostics 12, no. 3 (2022): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12030670.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is on the verge of elimination on the Indian subcontinent. Nonetheless, the currently low VL-incidence setting brings along new challenges, one of which is the validity of the diagnostic algorithm, based on a combination of suggestive clinical symptoms in combination with a positive rK39 Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). With this study, we aimed to assess the positive predictive value of the diagnostic algorithm in the current low-endemic setting in India by re-assessing newly diagnosed VL patients with a qPCR analysis on venous blood as the reference test. In addition,

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Topno, Roshan Kamal, Maneesh Kumar, Major Madhukar, et al. "Challenges in the Treatment of Co-infection of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Hepatitis B/C Viruses." International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health 45, no. 8 (2024): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i81578.

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There is a significant research gap in India due to incomplete investigation of seroprevalence of co-infection with visceral leishmaniasis (VL), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV). This study attempts to fill this gap by providing an in-depth analysis of the prevalence and consequences of these co-infections. The study of 32 VL patients revealed that 28 (8.88%) tested positive for HBV, 1 (0.317%) for HCV and 3 (0.95%) for both HBV and HCV. These results highlight how difficult it is to treat people with two diseases at the same time. An example of how co-infection makes treatment much mor

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Dixit, Keerti Kaumudee, Venkatesh Ramesh, Ratan Gupta, Narendra Singh Negi, Ruchi Singh, and Poonam Salotra. "Real-Time Fluorimetry Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis and as a Tool for Assessment of Cure for Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 6 (2021): 2097–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1057.

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Abstract.Despite the dwindling number of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases in India, there is an urgent need for early and unequivocal diagnostics for controlling and preventing the reemergence of VL. Post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a dermal sequela of VL, serves as a reservoir of the parasite. Diagnosis of PKDL, especially the macular variant, is challenging and poses impediment toward attainment of VL elimination. In this study, a real-time fluorimetry loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RealAmp) assay has been established for the detection of different clinical manifestation

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Wang, Michael Zhuo, Xiaohua Zhu, Anuradha Srivastava, et al. "Novel Arylimidamides for Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 6 (2010): 2507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00250-10.

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ABSTRACT Arylimidamides (AIAs) represent a new class of molecules that exhibit potent antileishmanial activity (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], <1 μM) against both Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes and intracellular Leishmania, the causative agent for human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A systematic lead discovery program was employed to characterize in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activities, pharmacokinetics, mutagenicities, and toxicities of two novel AIAs, DB745 and DB766. They were exceptionally active (IC50 ≤ 0.12 μM) against intracellular L. donovani, Leishmania amazone

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Fortunato, Anna K., Casey P. Glasser, Joy A. Watson, Yongjin Lu, Jan Rychtář, and Dewey Taylor. "Mathematical modelling of the use of insecticide-treated nets for elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 6 (2021): 201960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201960.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a deadly neglected tropical disease caused by a parasite Leishmania donovani and spread by female sand flies Phlebotomus argentipes . There is conflicting evidence regarding the role of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) on the prevention of VL. Numerous studies demonstrated the effectiveness of ITNs. However, KalaNet, a large trial in Nepal and India did not support those findings. The purpose of this paper is to gain insight into the situation by mathematical modelling. We expand a mathematical model of VL transmission based on the KalaNet trial and incorporate th

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Mollett, Guy, Bruno C. Bremer Hinckel, Tapan Bhattacharyya, et al. "Detection of Immunoglobulin G1 Against rK39 Improves Monitoring of Treatment Outcomes in Visceral Leishmaniasis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 7 (2018): 1130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1062.

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Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the Leishmania donovani complex, is a fatal, neglected tropical disease that is targeted for elimination in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Improved diagnostic tests are required for early case detection and for monitoring the outcomes of treatments. Previous investigations using Leishmania lysate antigen demonstrated that the immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 response is a potential indicator of a patient’s clinical status after chemotherapy. Methods IgG1 or IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with rK39 or lysate antigens and novel IgG

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Sagaki, Patrick, Jeremiah Mutwalante Twa-Twa, Posiano Mulalu, Benon Wanume, and Peter Olupot-Olupot. "Baseline infection prevalence, risk factors and treatment outcomes of visceral leishmaniasis in Northeastern Uganda: A cross-sectional study." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 19, no. 1 (2025): e0012783. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012783.

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Introduction Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) also known as Kala-azar is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) of public health importance. Despite being a disease of a long history, the condition remains poorly studied especially in East Africa. For instance, whereas, the geographical location of the disease is known, there is a stark paucity of data on the burden, risk factors and clinical outcomes of this contribution in Northeastern Uganda. Therefore, the disease picture in these settings is incomplete. The overarching aim for this study was to describe pre-elimination prevalence, associ

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Topno, Vidushi, and Vikas Oraon. "Assessment of Kala-Azar in Dumka District of Jharkhand, India." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 1 (2022): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220136.

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Kala-azar is a vector-borne disease and a serious public health problem in India. Highly affected states in India are Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. In 2010, 14.87% cases were contributed from Jharkhand. The study was done to know the trend of disease in five year duration (2016-2020) in Dumka District, Jharkhand. Method – This was a cross-sectional study. It was executed in 10 Blocks of District Dumka Jharkhand. Convenience sampling technique was used in this study. Data analysis was done from the line-list of District Vector Borne Disease Control Office, Dumka. Result – Dur

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Mondal, Dinesh, Caryn Bern, Debashis Ghosh, et al. "Quantifying the Infectiousness of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Toward Sand Flies." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 2 (2018): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy891.

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Abstract Background On the Indian subcontinent, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) incidence is on track to reach elimination goals by 2020 in nearly all endemic districts. Although not included in official targets, previous data suggest post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients can act as an infection reservoir. Methods We conducted xenodiagnosis on 47 PKDL patients and 15 VL patients using laboratory-reared Phlebotomus argentipes. In direct xenodiagnosis, flies were allowed to feed on the patient’s skin for 15 minutes. For indirect xenodiagnosis, flies were fed through a membrane on the p

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Coleman, Michael, Geraldine M. Foster, Rinki Deb, et al. "DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 28 (2015): 8573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507782112.

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Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is used to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India, but it is poorly quality assured. Quality assurance was performed in eight VL endemic districts in Bihar State, India, in 2014. Residual dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was sampled from walls using Bostik tape discs, and DDT concentrations [grams of active ingredient per square meter (g ai/m2)] were determined using HPLC. Pre-IRS surveys were performed in three districts, and post-IRS surveys were performed in eight districts. A 20% threshold above and below the target spray of 1.0 g ai/m2 was defined

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Basnyat, Shaila, Megha Raj Banjara, Prakash Ghimire, Greg Matlashewski, and Anjana Singh. "Investigation of Visceral LeishmaniasisTransmission in Selected Districts of Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 20, no. 01 (2022): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v20i01.4161.

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Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is transmitted to humans by Leishmania donovani infected Phlebotomus argentipes sandflies. Nepal has successfully met the elimination target of less than 1 case per 10,000, although recently this threshold has been surpassed demonstrating ongoing transmission. The main objective of the present study was to investigate transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in 4 visceral leishmaniasis endemic districts of Nepal including Palpa, Morang, Saptari and Sarlahi.Methods: Human blood samples (331), domestic animals blood samples [goats (n =67), dogs (n =1), cows (n =

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Boshara, Salah. "PO 8425 THE DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF NEW URINE-BASED LEISHMANIA ANTIGEN DETECTION TESTS." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (2019): A36.1—A36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.93.

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BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) also known as kala-azar, is a protozoan infection caused by the L. donovani complex and transmitted by sandflies. Early detection of leishmaniasis is critical in management of patients and for successful control and elimination of the disease. Definitive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is by parasitological demonstration of parasites in splenic, lymph node or bone marrow aspirates, which are collected using invasive methods that are unsuitable in the field. This study aimed to evaluate new less invasive urine-based ELISA and rapid diagnostic test (RDT)

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Davis, Cameron, Elizabeth R. Javor, Sonja I. Rebarber, Jan Rychtář, and Dewey Taylor. "A mathematical model of visceral leishmaniasis transmission and control: Impact of ITNs on VL prevention and elimination in the Indian subcontinent." PLOS ONE 19, no. 10 (2024): e0311314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311314.

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Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a deadly, vector-borne, parasitic, neglected tropical disease, particularly prevalent on the Indian subcontinent. Sleeping under the long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) was considered an effective VL prevention and control measures, until KalaNet, a large trial in Nepal and India, did not show enough supporting evidence. In this paper, we adapt a biologically accurate, yet relatively simple compartmental ordinary differential equations (ODE) model of VL transmission and explicitly model the use of ITNs and their role in VL prevention and elimination. We

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Dahal, Prabin, Sauman Singh-Phulgenda, Dawit Getachew Assefa, and Philippe J. Guerin. "Addressing research questions in visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: Potential of reusing data from the Infectious Diseases Data Observatory platform." Annals of Medical Science & Research 4, Suppl 1 (2025): S24—S34. https://doi.org/10.4103/amsr.amsr_45_24.

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Abstract The Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO) data platform was launched in 2016 with the aim of harmonizing individual participant data (IPD) from clinical trials on infectious diseases, with a specific focus on neglected tropical diseases, including visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The VL data platform hosted by IDDO was developed in collaboration with researchers at the frontline of disease combat. This platform currently hosts IPD from more than 50 studies on VL and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). The platform remains a controlled open-access repository to the scientific

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Dial, Natalie J., Graham F. Medley, Simon L. Croft, et al. "Costs and outcomes of active and passive case detection for visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) to inform elimination strategies in Bihar, India." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (2021): e0009129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009129.

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Background Effective case identification strategies are fundamental to capturing the remaining visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases in India. To inform government strategies to reach and sustain elimination benchmarks, this study presents costs of active- and passive- case detection (ACD and PCD) strategies used in India’s most VL-endemic state, Bihar, with a focus on programme outcomes stratified by district-level incidence. Methods Expenditure analysis was complemented by onsite micro-costing to compare the cost of PCD in hospitals alongside index case-based ACD and a combination of blanket (ho

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Deb, Rinki, Rudra Pratap Singh, Prabhas Kumar Mishra, et al. "Impact of IRS: Four-years of entomological surveillance of the Indian Visceral Leishmaniases elimination programme." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (2021): e0009101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009101.

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Background In 2005, Bangladesh, India and Nepal agreed to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem. The approach to this was through improved case detection and treatment, and controlling transmission by the sand fly vector Phlebotomus argentipes, with indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticide. Initially, India applied DDT with stirrup pumps for IRS, however, this did not reduce transmission. After 2015 onwards, the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin was applied with compression pumps, and entomological surveillance was initiated in 2016. Methods Eight sentinel sites wer

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Kennedy, Grace C., Katherine O’Brien, Hellen Nyakundi, Mwatela Kitondo, Wilson Biwott, and Richard G. Wamai. "Visceral leishmaniasis follow-up and treatment outcomes in Tiaty East and West sub-counties, Kenya: Cure, relapse, and Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis." PLOS ONE 19, no. 6 (2024): e0306067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306067.

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Background Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) with the highest regional burden in East Africa. Relapse and Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) contribute to the spread of VL in endemic areas, making their surveillance imperative for control and elimination. Little is known about long-term patient outcomes in Kenya through follow-up after VL treatment, despite its requirement for control and elimination by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Kenya Ministry of Health (KMOH). Methodology/Principal findings 36 follow-up patients in Tiaty East and West,

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Roy, Madhurima, Ritika Sengupta, and Mitali Chatterjee. "Mapping the immune landscape in South Asian post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis." Annals of Medical Science & Research 4, Suppl 1 (2025): S65—S73. https://doi.org/10.4103/amsr.amsr_48_24.

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Abstract Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting the world’s poorest populations in over 90 countries, of which visceral leishmaniasis (VL)/kala-azar is the most fatal. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a chronic dermal sequela that occurs in patients who have undergone treatment for VL caused by Leishmania donovani. The geographical distribution of PKDL involves East Africa, where it presents as papular or nodular lesions, and South Asia, where it presents with widespread polymorphic and macular lesions. Patients with PKDL represent an important but largely neglect

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Kumar, Vijay. "An Opinion based on a Retrospective Study on Vector Management for the Elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis and its Sustenance." Journal of Communicable Diseases 52, no. 02 (2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202264.

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Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar, VL) is a vector-borne illness that affects people all over the world. Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) has been recognised as a tool for eliminating the illness. In the context of Kala-azar elimination, it is critical to address evidence-based studies on IRS success and failure. Methodology: For the literature search, the Internet was used. The following websites were visited: PubMed, Google Search Engine, ResearchGate, NVBDCP sites, and WHO/TDR sites. We utilised keywords like leishmaniasis vector, indoor residual spray, eradication of visceral leishm

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Montenegro-Quiñonez, Carlos Alberto, Claudia Buhler, Olaf Horstick, Silvia Runge-Ranzinger, and Kazi Mizanur Rahman. "Efficacy and community-effectiveness of insecticide treated nets for the control of visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 3 (2022): e0010196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010196.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been targeted for elimination from Southeast Asia (SEA). The disease has been endemic in SEA, and in other parts of the world involving both humans and animals. One of the key strategies for combating VL is controlling for the vector sandfly. There are a few vector control strategies that are currently in practice. We sought to assess the efficacy and community effectiveness of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) in controlling the burden of sandfly and the occurrence of VL among humans. We conducted a systematic review following a study protocol and the Preferred R

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Faber, Claudia, Carlos Montenegro Quiñonez, Olaf Horstick, Kazi Mizanur Rahman, and Silvia Runge-Ranzinger. "Indoor residual spraying for the control of visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 5 (2022): e0010391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010391.

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Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) is one of the interventions to control the vectors of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Different insecticides are used in affected countries, also in the Regional Initiative for the Elimination of VL in South-East Asia. This systematic review assesses all available studies analysing the effectiveness of IRS on the key vectors of VL. The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines, with a broad search strategy, applied to seven key databases. Inclusion criteria were studies focusing on 1) Visceral leishmaniasis 2) Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) or synonyms, and 3) al

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KARUNAWEERA, NADIRA D., and MARCELO U. FERREIRA. "Leishmaniasis: current challenges and prospects for elimination with special focus on the South Asian region." Parasitology 145, no. 4 (2018): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000471.

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SUMMARYLeishmania donovani, the most virulent species of Leishmania, is found in the South Asian region that harbours the majority of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases in the world. The traditionally accepted relationships between the causative species of Leishmania and the resultant disease phenotype have been challenged during recent years and have underscored the importance of revisiting the previously established taxonomy with revisions to its classification. The weak voice of the afflicted with decades of neglect by scientists and policy makers have led to the miserably inadequate and slo

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Joshi, Anand Ballabh, Megha Raj Banjara, Murari Lal Das, et al. "Prevalence of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and treatment seeking behavior of PKDL patients in Nepal." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 2 (2023): e0011138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011138.

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Background In Nepal, the burden of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is not known since there is no active case detection of PKDL by the national programme. PKDL patients could pose a challenge to sustain visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of PKDL and assess PKDL patients’ knowledge on VL and PKDL, and stigma associated with PKDL. Methodology/Principal findings Household surveys were conducted in 98 VL endemic villages of five districts that reported the highest number of VL cases within 2018–2021. A total of 6,821 hous

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Khan, Md Gulam Musawwir, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Abu Toha Bhuiyan, et al. "Short Communication: Evaluation of a New Rapid Diagnostic Test for Quality Assurance by Kala Azar Elimination Programme in Bangladesh." Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/862475.

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In Bangladesh, serological tests have been widely used for the primary screening of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Several serologic tests are available for the diagnosis of VL. Selection of the best test is important to permit diagnostic differentiation between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and to reduce cross-reactivity. We evaluated the effectiveness of a new serological test “Onsite Leishmania Ab Rapid Test” as a part of “quality assurance” activities for the kala azar elimination programme of the Government of Bangladesh. Plasma samples of 100 parasitologically confirmed cases of VL

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Palić, Semra, Anke E. Kip, Jos H. Beijnen, et al. "Characterizing the non-linear pharmacokinetics of miltefosine in paediatric visceral leishmaniasis patients from Eastern Africa." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 11 (2020): 3260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa314.

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Abstract Background Conventional miltefosine dosing (2.5 mg/kg/day) for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is less effective in children than in adults. A higher allometric dose (median 3.2 mg/kg/day) was therefore investigated in paediatric VL patients in Eastern Africa. Results of this trial showed an unforeseen, lower than dose-proportional increase in exposure. Therefore, we performed a pooled model-based analysis of the paediatric data available from both dosing regimens to characterize observed non-linearities in miltefosine pharmacokinetics (PK). Methods Fifty-one children with VL

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Macharia, Mariam, Collins Okoyo, Dawn Maranga, and Jane Mbui. "Barriers and facilitators of care among visceral leishmaniasis patients following the implementation of a decentralized model in Turkana County, Kenya." PLOS Global Public Health 5, no. 3 (2025): e0004161. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0004161.

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Turkana County is among the eleven counties in Kenya endemic for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Early diagnosis and management is crucial to improving quality of life, reducing related morbidity and mortality, and disease transmission. In Turkana County, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) has undertaken significant work in supporting the decentralization of access to VL treatment. Despite this decentralization efforts, barriers to access care for VL still exist. This study sought to investigate the barriers and facilitators to VL care during the implementation of the decentralized

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Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Tanyth de Gooyer, Om Prakash Singh, et al. "Wuchereria bancrofti infection is associated with progression to clinical visceral leishmaniasis in VL- endemic areas in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 10 (2023): e0011729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011729.

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Background Co-endemicity of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) necessitates that these diseases should be considered concomitantly to understand the relationship between pathology and to support disease management and control programs. The aims of the study were to assess the prevalence of filarial infection in asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infected individuals and the correlation of Wuchereria bancrofti infection with progression to clinical visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Bihar, India. Methodology/Principal findings Within the Muzaffarpur-TMRC Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HD

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Tadzhibaev, Murtazoev, and Pulotov. "CONDITION OF MORBIDITY AND QUESTIONS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LEISHMANIASIS IN THE SOGDIAN REGION OF TAJIKISTAN." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.616-621.

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Since 2003, visceral, and since 2009, skin leishmaniasis has been registered in the Sughd region and remains a significant problem for health care, especially the VL. The main risk group is children of 0–5 years old, whose immune system cannot with-stand leishmania. With late diagnosis and treatment can be fatal. The survey results indicate the epidemic activity of the synanthropic focal point of the VL. According to the epidemiological studies, it can be assumed that the foci of leishmaniasis in the Sogd region are anthropurgic. In many localities, Ph. sergenti is the dominant type of carrier

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Agallou, Maria, Maritsa Margaroni, Stathis D. Kotsakis, and Evdokia Karagouni. "A Canine-Directed Chimeric Multi-Epitope Vaccine Induced Protective Immune Responses in BALB/c Mice Infected with Leishmania infantum." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (2020): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030350.

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Leishmaniases are complex vector-borne diseases caused by intracellular parasites of the genus Leishmania. The visceral form of the disease affects both humans and canids in tropical, subtropical, and Mediterranean regions. One health approach has suggested that controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) could have an impact on the reduction of the human incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Despite the fact that a preventive vaccination could help with leishmaniasis elimination, effective vaccines that are able to elicit protective immune responses are currently lacking. In the pre

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Piyasiri, Sachee Bhanu, Rajika Dewasurendra, Nilakshi Samaranayake, and Nadira Karunaweera. "Diagnostic Tools for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani: A Narrative Review." Diagnostics 13, no. 18 (2023): 2989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13182989.

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Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, encompasses a spectrum of clinical conditions and poses a significant risk of infection to over one billion people worldwide. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian sub-continent (ISC), where the causative parasite is Leishmania donovani, is targeted for elimination by 2025, with some countries already reaching such targets. Other clinical phenotypes due to the same species could act as a reservoir of parasites and thus pose a challenge to successful control and elimination. Sri Lanka has consistently reported cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to

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