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Journal articles on the topic 'Visceral'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Gebhart, GF. "Peripheral Contributions to Visceral Hyperalgesia." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 13, suppl a (1999): 37A—41A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/730765.

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Hyperalgesia has long been recognized clinically as a consequence of tissue injury. Primary hyperalgesia (arising from the site of injury) is generally considered to be due to sensitization of sensory receptors (eg, nociceptors) and perhaps activation of so-called ‘silent nociceptors’ by mediators released, synthesized or attracted to the site of tissue injury. Key questions associated with understanding visceral hyperalgesia relate to whether the viscera are innervated by nociceptors (ie, sensory receptors that respond selectively to noxious intensities of stimulation), whether visceral receptors and/or afferent fibres sensitize after tissue injury and whether silent nociceptors exist in the viscera. Studies in nonhuman animals have revealed that hollow organs such as the esophagus, gall bladder, stomach, urinary bladder, colon and uterus are innervated by mechanically sensitive receptors with low or high thresholds for response. Accordingly, it appears that the viscera are innervated by nociceptors, although the issue is far from settled. One characteristic of cutaneous nociceptors is their ability to be sensitized when tissue is injured. Mechanosensitive visceral receptors also sensitize when the viscera are experimentally inflamed, but both visceral receptors with low thresholds and those with high thresholds for response are sensitized. Moreover, it is often not appreciated that visceral receptors are likely polymodal rather than unimodal – that is, mechanically sensitive visceral receptors typically are also sensitive to chemical and/or thermal stimuli. In this sense, visceral receptors may be considered evolutionarily older than more highly developed, specialized cutaneous receptors. Finally, there are mechanically insensitive receptors that innervate the viscera and, when tissue is injured, develop spontaneous activity and acquire sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. In the aggregrate, visceral receptors change their behaviour in the presence of tissue injury and, along with activated mechanically insensitive receptors, increase the afferent barrage into the spinal cord, contributing to the development of visceral hyperalgesia.

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2

Cabioglu, Mehmet Tugrul, and Gülnaz Arslan. "Neurophysiologic Basis of Back-Shu and Huatuo-Jiaji Points." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 36, no. 03 (January 2008): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x08005916.

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Acupuncture, a method of traditional Chinese medicine that uses Back-Shu and Huatuo-Jiaji points, is especially effective for treating diseases of the visceral organs. Applying acupuncture on Back-Shu points affects visceral organs in many ways. For example, it dilates the bronchus, affects the heartbeat, stomach motility, urinary bladder contractions and so on. Acupuncture's effects can be explained as viscero-cutaneous, cutaneo-visceral, cutaneo-muscular, and viscero-muscular reflexes. Segmental dispersion of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems is related to the location of Back-Shu points. Changes in visceral organs caused by application of acupuncture can be explained as modulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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3

Tao, Zhuo-Ying, Yang Xue, Jin-Feng Li, Richard J. Traub, and Dong-Yuan Cao. "Do MicroRNAs Modulate Visceral Pain?" BioMed Research International 2018 (October 10, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5406973.

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Visceral pain, a common characteristic of multiple diseases relative to viscera, impacts millions of people worldwide. Although hundreds of studies have explored mechanisms underlying visceral pain, it is still poorly managed. Over the past decade, strong evidence emerged suggesting that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in visceral nociception through altering neurotransmitters, receptors and other genes at the posttranscriptional level. Under pathological conditions, one kind of miRNA may have several target mRNAs and several kinds of miRNAs may act on one target, suggesting complex interactions and mechanisms between miRNAs and target genes lead to pathological states. In this review we report on recent progress in examining miRNAs responsible for visceral sensitization and provide miRNA-based therapeutic targets for the management of visceral pain.

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4

Jouet, D., H. Ferté, C. Hologne, M. L. Kaltenbach, and J. Depaquit. "Avian schistosomes in French aquatic birds: a molecular approach." Journal of Helminthology 83, no. 2 (June 2009): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x09311712.

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AbstractThe prevalence of human cercarial dermatitis (HCD) caused by bird schistosomes appears to be increasing in France, in light of the impact of tourism combined with high densities of wild aquatic hosts in freshwater areas. The present work expands our knowledge of schistosome systematics by including samples of bird schistosomes collected from their natural hosts in France. Heads (318) and viscera (81) of aquatic birds belonging to 16 species from five orders, collecting during the hunting seasons or found dead, were autopsied for nasal and visceral schistosomes. Eggs and/or adults were analysed by molecular methods using the D2 domain and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) region of rDNA to determine species. Even if nasal eggs were polymorphic according to the host, all haplotypes were similar to that of Trichobilharzia regenti. Marked diversity of visceral species was observed. Final hosts under natural conditions were reported. For the first time, Trichobilharzia franki is reported in its natural bird hosts, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas crecca, Aythya fuligula and Cygnus olor. We also identified T. szidati in A. crecca and Anas clypeata. Bilharziella polonica was found in six species of aquatic birds, including Grus grus. This finding is the first record of bird schistosomes in this aquatic bird. Three new taxa of visceral schistosomes in Anser anser are strongly suspected according to their haplotypes. Futhermore, a new haplotype of visceral schistosomes isolated in Cygnus olor and similar to Allobilharzia visceralis was identified.

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5

Gebhart, G. F., and T. J. Ness. "Central mechanisms of visceral pain." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-093.

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Deep pain arising from muscle, joints, connective tissue, and the viscera is different in character and quality from pain arising from cutaneous structures. Deep pains, particularly visceral pain, are poorly localized, typically referred or transferred to a cutaneous site, and generally produce strong emotional and autonomic responses and tonic muscle contractions. Despite the prevalence and clinical importance of deep pains, it is only relatively recently that investigative efforts have begun to focus on the mechanisms of deep pain. The present report briefly reviews the development and use of a model of visceral pain that employs constant pressure distension of the colon and rectum as a noxious stimulus. Converging behavioral, pharmacological, and physiological evidence that colorectal distension is a valid, reliable, noxious, visceral stimulus is presented.Key words: visceral pain, colorectal distension, pain modulation, pain model, adequate visceral stimuli.

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6

Berkley, K. J., G. Guilbaud, J. M. Benoist, and M. Gautron. "Responses of neurons in and near the thalamic ventrobasal complex of the rat to stimulation of uterus, cervix, vagina, colon, and skin." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.2.557.

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1. Previous studies in the rat and other species have shown that neurons in and near the ventrobasal complex (VB) can be activated by various visceral as well as somatic stimuli. 2. This study examined the responses of 84 single neurons in and near the rostral 2/3 of VB in 19 adult female rats in estrus to mechanical stimulation of the skin (brush, pressure, noxious pinch) and 4 different visceral stimuli, as follows: distension of both uterine horns, mechanical probing of the vagina, gentle pressure against the cervix, and distension of the colon. The rats were studied while under moderate gaseous anesthesia (33% O2-67% N2O + 0.5% halothane) and paralyzed (pancuronium bromide). 3. Of 77 neurons tested with both somatic and visceral stimuli, 70 were responsive to one type and/or the other. Responses to somatic stimuli were immediate with brief afterdischarges to the pinch stimuli. In contrast, responses to visceral stimuli were delayed an average of 9 s with long afterdischarges averaging 2 min. Most viscerally responsive neurons (74%) had somatic receptive fields, often (44%) to noxious pinch. 4. Of the 70 responsive neurons, 43 (61%) responded to 1 or more of the 4 visceral stimuli, primarily with excitation. Most of these 43 neurons (71%) were responsive to uterine distension, whereas fewer responded to stimulation of the cervix (45%), vagina (29%), or colon (34%). 5. Viscerally responsive neurons were preferentially located in regions bordering or near VB. Only 6 of 22 neurons within the core of VB (27%) responded to visceral stimuli, in contrast with 37 of 48 neurons bordering or near VB (77%). 6. The six viscerally responsive neurons within VB all had somatic receptive fields located primarily on the caudal part of the body and were responsive to only one or two of the four visceral stimuli, usually the uterus. The 37 viscerally responsive neurons bordering or near VB were of 3 types. Neurons of the first type (n = 15) were scattered throughout the areas bordering VB and responded to both somatic and visceral stimuli much like VB neurons, except that they showed more visceral convergence. Neurons of the second type (n = 11) were concentrated at the rostral and dorsal borders of VB and responded only to visceral stimuli, mainly the uterus. Neurons of the third type (n = 11) were concentrated ventrally and had very complex, long-lasting and history-dependent response characteristics to both visceral and somatic stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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7

Heineman, Katherine. "An Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) Evaluation and Treatment Protocol to Improve Gastrointestinal Function." AAO Journal 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53702/2375-5717-32.2.34.

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Abstract As a hands-on approach to patient care diagnosis and management, osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) can be utilized to modulate the autonomic input to the gastrointestinal system. Palpatory findings of tissue texture changes at predictable body regions may correspond to visceral dysfunction related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system.1 Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) of the viscero-somatic segment or viscero-visceral reflex can remove the feedback related to the somatic or visceral component, thereby affecting nociceptive facilitation at the spinal or visceral level and helping to restore autonomic balance.1,2 The purpose of this thesis is to describe an evaluation and treatment protocol to address somatic and visceral dysfunction found in many patients with impaired gastrointestinal function. A retrospective analysis of 5 patients will be outlined using the evaluation and treatment protocol. The safety of an OMT evaluation and treatment protocol as applied to address gastrointestinal function and as outlined in the current literature will also be addressed.

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8

Blackshaw, L. Ashley, Stuart M. Brierley, Andrea M. Harrington, and Patrick A. Hughes. "TRP Channels in Visceral Pain." Open Pain Journal 6, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876386301306010023.

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Visceral pain is both different and similar to somatic pain - different in being poorly localized and usually referred elsewhere to the body wall, but similar in many of the molecular mechanisms it employs (like TRP channels) and the specialization of afferent endings to detect painful stimuli. TRPV1 is sensitive to low pH. pH is lowest in gastric juice, which may cause severe pain when exposed to the oesophageal mucosa, and probably works via TRPV1. TRPV1 is found in afferent fibres throughout the viscera, and the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin can recapitulate symptoms experienced in disease. TRPV1 is also involved in normal mechanosensory function in the gut. Roles for TRPV4 and TRPA1 have also been described in visceral afferents, and TRPV4 is highly enriched in them, where it plays a major role in both mechanonociception and chemonociception. It may provide a visceral-specific nociceptor target for drug development. TRPA1 is also involved in mechano-and chemosensory function, but not as selectively as TRPV4. TRPA1 is colocalized with TRPV1 in visceral afferents, where they influence each other's function. Another modulator of TRPV1 is the cool/mint receptor TRPM8, which, when activated can abrogate responses mediated via TRPV1, suggesting that TRPM8 agonists may provide analgesia via this pathway. In all, the viscera are rich in TRP channel targets on nociceptive neurones which we hope will provide opportunities for therapeutic analgesia.

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9

Fankboner, Peter V., and J. Lane Cameron. "Seasonal atrophy of the visceral organs in a sea cucumber." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-432.

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The gut, gonad, respiratory trees, and circulatory system of the commercial sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus are annually lost as a result of atrophy of these organs and not, as originally supposed, through spontaneous, seasonal evisceration. Visceral loss is preceded by cessation of feeding–locomotory behaviour. Torpor ensues, and the visceral tissues are absorbed through a progressive process which includes phagocytosis by the sea cucumber's coelomocytes and, in some instances, the scavenging activities of endosymbionts. Regeneration of the viscera occurs within several weeks. Similar seasonal atrophy of the visceral organs has not been reported to occur in other coelomate organisms. We hypothesize that visceral atrophy in P. californicus is an expression of seasonal diapause induced by reduced food availability.

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10

Lim, Robert K. S. "VISCERAL RECEPTORS AND VISCERAL PAIN." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 86, no. 1 (December 15, 2006): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb42791.x.

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11

Conci, F., F. Procaccio, M. Arosio, and L. Boselli. "Viscero-somatic and viscero-visceral reflexes in brain death." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 49, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.49.6.695.

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12

Radominski, Rosana B., Denise P. Vezozzo, Giovanni G. Cerri, and Alfredo Halpern. "O uso da ultra-sonografia na avaliação da distribuição de gordura abdominal." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 44, no. 1 (February 2000): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302000000100003.

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A quantificação da adiposidade visceral é de suma importância, pois a gordura visceral é a grande responsável pelas complicações metabólicas da população obesa. O método de escolha para tal quantificação é a Tomografia Computadorizada. No entanto, este exame tem alto custo, é pouco prático e submete os indivíduos aos riscos da irradiação. A medida de cintura, a relação cintura-quadril e o diâmetro sagital são métodos que determinam indiretamente a gordura visceral. A ultra-sonografia tem sido proposta como uma técnica não invasiva para a avaliação de gordura intra-abdominal. No presente estudo foram determinadas, através da ultra-sonografia, as espessuras subcutâneas e intra-abdominais em 29 mulheres obesas em pré-menopausa. Estes valores foram comparados com os parâmetros antropométricos e com as áreas subcutâneas e viscerais medidas pela tomografia computadorizada. A espessura intra-abdominal foi a variável que obteve maior coeficiente de correlação com as áreas adiposas viscerais. Para a equação preditiva de área visceral, além da espessura intra-abdominal, foram incluídas as variáveis espessura subcutânea e medida de cintura. A espessura intra-abdominal mostrou correlação significativa com os níveis tensionais e com os valores de triglicerídeos. A correlação entre a ultra-sonografia e a tomografia computadorizada foi maior no grupo onde as áreas viscerais eram maiores. A ultra-sonografia é um método útil para a determinação do tecido adiposo visceral.

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13

LEUNG, CHEONG-KIT, YAO-WEN HUANG, and OSCAR C. PANCORBO. "Bacterial Pathogens and Indicators in Catfish and Pond Environments." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.6.424.

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Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed a diet containing 26 or 38% protein with restricted and satiety feeding methods were examined for microorganisms on the fish surface and viscera. Water, sediment, and fish samples from the ponds were tested for fecal streptococci, fecal coliforms, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while fish samples were also analyzed for presumptive Listeria spp. (count on m-VJ agar) and psychrotrophic bacteria. There were no significant differences (P<0.05) in the fecal streptococci and fecal coliform counts for the water, sediment, and fish visceral samples. However, the aeromonad count for the visceral samples (4.20 log CFU/g wet weight) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the water and sediments (2.40 log CFU/ml and 3.78 log CFU/g wet weight, respectively). Similarly, the P. aeruginosa count for the fish visceral samples was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the water and sediments. The mean presumptive Listeria spp. count for the fish visceral samples was 1.99 log CFU/g wet weight. Because of the higher bacterial concentrations in the fish viscera, it was concluded that cross-contamination of fish samples could occur during evisceration. Finally, the feed protein level and feeding method used in the ponds influenced the bacterial concentrations in selected sample types (i.e., water, sediment, fish surface rinse, or fish viscera).

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Giamberardino, M. A. "58 CLINICAL ASPECTS OF VISCERO-VISCERAL HYPERALGESIA." European Journal of Pain 10, S1 (September 2006): S16b—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3801(06)60061-x.

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Renne, Salvatore Lorenzo, Marta Tagliabue, Sandro Pasquali, Paola Collini, Marta Barisella, Dario Callegaro, Chiara Colombo, Alessandro Gronchi, and Marco Fiore. "Prognostic value of microscopic evaluation of organ infiltration and visceral resection margins (VRM) in patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 11074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.11074.

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11074 Background: Surgery with gross margin clearance (R0 and R1) is the standard treatment for RPS and visceral resection has been proposed even in the absence of macroscopic visceral infiltration. Formal definition and margin sampling procedures for pathological evaluation are lacking for RPS. This study investigated VRM as well as viscera infiltration and their association with patient survival. Methods: Consecutive patients operated on for primary RPS (2009-2014) were extracted from a prospectively maintained database. VRM were sampled for each resected organ and classified as negative and positive. Also, tumor infiltration of resected organs was classified as follow: absence of infiltration, infiltration of perivisceral fat, early infiltration (i.e., renal/adrenal capsule, muscular fascia, contact with muscular tunica of hollow viscera), and infiltration of the viscera. Results: In 207 patients VRM were negative in 182 (88%) and positive 25 (12%). Organ infiltration was absent, perivisceral, early, and visceral in 37 (18%), 13 (6%), 17 (8%), and 140 (68%), respectively. Overall survival analysis showed that patients with negative VRM plus organ infiltration (HR = 3.56; 95%CI 1.15-11.00, P = 0.028) and those with positive VRM irrespective of organ infiltration (HR = 7.76; 95%CI 2.18-27.65, P = 0.002) did worse that patients with negative VRM plus no organ infiltration, after adjustment from known prognostic features. Conclusions: After liberal multivisceral resection for primary RPS, up to 80% of patients have infiltrated organs at some extent, while VRM are positive in up to 10% of cases. Visceral resection is justified even in the absence of macroscopic infiltration. Systematic evaluation of microscopic involvement of adjacent viscera may stratify prognosis.

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Strigo, Irina A., Gary H. Duncan, Michel Boivin, and M. Catherine Bushnell. "Differentiation of Visceral and Cutaneous Pain in the Human Brain." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 6 (June 2003): 3294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01048.2002.

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The widespread convergence of information from visceral, cutaneous, and muscle tissues onto CNS neurons invites the question of how to identify pain as being from the viscera. Despite referral of visceral pain to cutaneous areas, individuals regularly distinguish cutaneous and visceral pain and commonly have contrasting behavioral reactions to each. Our study addresses this dilemma by directly comparing human neural processing of intensity-equated visceral and cutaneous pain. Seven subjects underwent fMRI scanning during visceral and cutaneous pain produced by balloon distention of the distal esophagus and contact heat on the midline chest. Stimulus intensities producing nonpainful and painful sensations, interleaved with rest periods, were presented in each functional run. Analyses compared painful to nonpainful conditions. A similar neural network, including secondary somatosensory and parietal cortices, thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, was activated by visceral and cutaneous painful stimuli. However, cutaneous pain evoked higher activation bilaterally in the anterior insular cortex. Further, cutaneous but not esophageal pain activated ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, despite higher affective scores for visceral pain. Visceral but not cutaneous pain activated bilateral inferior primary somatosensory cortex, bilateral primary motor cortex, and a more anterior locus within anterior cingulate cortex. Our results reveal a common cortical network subserving cutaneous and visceral pain that could underlie similarities in the pain experience. However, we also observed differential activation patterns within insular, primary somatosensory, motor, and prefrontal cortices that may account for the ability to distinguish visceral and cutaneous pain as well as the differential emotional, autonomic and motor responses associated with these different sensations.

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Rong, Pei-Jing, Jing-Jun Zhao, Ling-Ling Yu, Liang Li, Hui Ben, Shao-Yuan Li, and Bing Zhu. "Function of Nucleus Ventralis Posterior Lateralis Thalami in Acupoint Sensitization Phenomena." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/516851.

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To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis (VPL) thalami activated by visceral noxious stimulation and to explore the impact of EA on the mechanism of acupoint sensitization under a pathological state of the viscera, EA was applied at bilateral “Zusanli-Shangjuxu” acupoints. The discharge of VPL neurons was response to EA increased after colorectal distension (CRD). The stimulation at “Zusanli-Shangjuxu” acupoints enhanced discharge activity of VPL neurons under CRD-induced visceral pain. The frequency of neuronal discharge was associated with the pressure gradient of CRD which showed that visceral noxious stimulation may intensify the body’s functional response to stimulation at acupoints.

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Ladabaum, Uri, Satoshi Minoshima, and Chung Owyang. "Pathobiology of Visceral Pain: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications V. Central nervous system processing of somatic and visceral sensory signals." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, no. 1 (July 1, 2000): G1—G6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.1.g1.

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Somatic and visceral sensation, including pain perception, can be studied noninvasively in humans with functional brain imaging techniques. Positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging have identified a series of cerebral regions involved in the processing of somatic pain, including the anterior cingulate, insular, prefrontal, inferior parietal, primary and secondary somatosensory, and primary motor and premotor cortices, the thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Experimental evidence supports possible specific roles for individual structures in processing the various dimensions of pain, such as encoding of affect in the anterior cingulate cortex. Visceral sensation has been examined in the setting of myocardial ischemia, distension of hollow viscera, and esophageal acidification. Although knowledge regarding somatic sensation is more extensive than the information available for visceral sensation, important similarities have emerged between cerebral representations of somatic and visceral pain.

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Saper, Clifford B. "VISCERAL SENSATION AND VISCERAL SENSORY DISORDERS." CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 13 (December 2007): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.con.0000299972.43513.28.

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Vona-Davis, Linda, David P. Rose, Vijaya Gadiyaram, Barbara Ducatman, Gerald Hobbs, Hannah Hazard, Sobha Kurian, and Jame Abraham. "Breast Cancer Pathology, Receptor Status, and Patterns of Metastasis in a Rural Appalachian Population." Journal of Cancer Epidemiology 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/170634.

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Breast cancer patients in rural Appalachia have a high prevalence of obesity and poverty, together with more triple-negative phenotypes. We reviewed clinical records for tumor receptor status and time to distant metastasis. Body mass index, tumor size, grade, nodal status, and receptor status were related to metastatic patterns. For 687 patients, 13.8% developed metastases to bone (n=42) or visceral sites (n=53). Metastases to viscera occurred within five years, a latent period which was shorter than that for bone (P=0.042). More women with visceral metastasis presented with grade 3 tumors compared with the bone and nonmetastatic groups (P=0.0002). There were 135/574 women (23.5%) with triple-negative breast cancer, who presented with lymph node involvement and visceral metastases (68.2% versus 24.3%;P=0.033). Triple-negative tumors that metastasized to visceral sites were larger (P=0.007). Developing a visceral metastasis within 10 years was higher among women with triple-negative tumors. Across all breast cancer receptor subtypes, the probability of remaining distant metastasis-free was greater for brain and liver than for lung. The excess risk of metastatic spread to visceral organs in triple-negative breast cancers, even in the absence of positive nodes, was combined with the burden of larger and more advanced tumors.

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Shin, Sang-Wook, and James C. Eisenach. "Peripheral Nerve Injury Sensitizes the Response to Visceral Distension but Not Its Inhibition by the Antidepressant Milnacipran." Anesthesiology 100, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200403000-00030.

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Background Manipulations that cause hypersensitivity to visceral stimuli have been shown to also result in hypersensitivity to somatic stimuli coming from convergent dermatomes, but the converse has not been examined. The authors tested whether lumbar spinal nerve ligation in rats, a common model of neuropathic pain that results in hypersensitivity to somatic stimuli, also leads to hypersensitivity to visceral stimuli coming from convergent dermatomes and whether pharmacology of inhibition differed between these two sensory modalities. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, and the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves were ligated. Animals received either intrathecal saline or milnacipran (0.1-3 microg), and withdrawal thresholds to mechanical testing in the left hind paw, using von Frey filaments, and visceral testing, using balloon colorectal distension, were determined. Results Nerve ligation resulted in decreases in threshold to withdrawal to somatic mechanical stimulation (from 13 +/- 1.8 g to 2.7 +/- 0.7 g) and also in decreases in threshold to reflex response to visceral stimulation (from 60 mmHg to 40 mmHg). Intrathecal milnacipran increased withdrawal threshold to somatic stimulation in a dose-dependent manner but failed to alter the response to noxious visceral stimulation. Conclusions Injury of nerves innervating somatic structures enhances nociception from stimulation of viscera with convergent input from nearby dermatomes, suggesting that somatic neuropathic pain could be accompanied by an increased likelihood of visceral pain. Lack of efficacy of the antidepressant milnacipran against visceral stimuli suggests that visceral hypersensitivity may not share the same pharmacology of inhibition as somatic hypersensitivity after nerve injury.

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Azam, MG, N. Begum, and MH Ali. "Status of amphistomiasis in cattle at Joypurhat district of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 40, no. 1-2 (May 28, 2012): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v40i1-2.10788.

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In Bangladesh, livestock are affected by different types of helminth parasites of which amphistomiasis in cattle is known to be widespread and death may occur in some cases. An experiment was conducted to investigate the status of amphistomiasis in cattle, 64 visceral and 360 faecal samples were collected from different areas of Joypurhat district during May 2009 to April 2010. Faecal and visceral sample examinations showed 70.8% and 90.6% infection with amphistomiasis, respectively. It was observed that age had a significant influence on the prevalence of amphistomiasis. In faecal samples, higher prevalence was observed in adult cattle (84.9%) followed by the young (77.3%) and lowest in calf (16.7%). On the basis of examination of visceral sample, females (93.8%) were found to be significantly more infected than male (89.9%) with the amphistome. The prevalence of amphistomiasis in crossbred cattle (90.9% in faeces and 93.9% in viscera) was significantly higher than indigenous cattle (62.2% in faeces and 89.8% in viscera). The calculated odds ratio implied that the crossbred cattle were 1.6 times (viscera) and 4.2 times (faeces) more affected than indigenous cattle. Prevalence rate was higher in rainy season (79.2% in faeces and 95.5% in viscera) followed by winter (68.3% in faeces and 90% in viscera) and summer (65% in faeces and 86.4% in viscera) season, but with no significant effect on the prevalence of amphistomiasis. Feeding habit had significant effect on the prevalence of amphistomiasis. Pasture grazing cattle (82.5%) were more (2.9 times) affected than stall feeding cattle (59%).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v40i1-2.10788Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2011. 40 (1-2): 34-39

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Giamberardino, Maria Adele, Raffaele Costantini, Giannapia Affaitati, Alessandra Fabrizio, Domenico Lapenna, Emmanuele Tafuri, and Andrea Mezzetti. "Viscero-visceral hyperalgesia: Characterization in different clinical models." Pain 151, no. 2 (November 2010): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.023.

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24

Crescione, John. "S.O.T.’S Visceral Organ Adjusting." Revista Brasileira de Quiropraxia - Brazilian Journal of Chiropractic 5, no. 1 (2014): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15768/2179-7676.2014v5n1p.

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Codas, Manuel Esteban, and Jesús Marcelo Benítez Rios. "Visceral leishmaniasis with massive hemorrhage." Revista Virtual de la Sociedad Paraguaya de Medicina Interna 9, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/rvspmi/2312-3893/2022.09.02.131.

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26

McMahon, Stephen B. "Are there fundamental differences in the peripheral mechanisms of visceral and somatic pain?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 3 (September 1997): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97231481.

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There are some conspicuous differences between the sensibilities of cutaneous and visceral tissues: (1) Direct trauma, which readily produces pain when applied to the skin, is mostly without effect in healthy visceral tissue. (2) Pain that arises from visceral tissues is initially often poorly localised and diffuse. (3) With time, visceral pains are often referred to more superficial structures. (4) The site of referred pain may also show hyperalgesia. (5) In disease states, the afflicted viscera may also become hyperalgesic. In this target article, I consider to what extent differences in the physiology, anatomy, and chemistry of peripheral processing systems explain these different sensibilities. In almost every aspect, there are subtle differences in the properties of the processing mechanisms for cutaneous and visceral information. These may arise because of distinct developmental cues operating in the two domains. Many of the differences between visceral and cutaneous afferents are quantitative rather than qualitative. The quantitative differences, for example in the density of afferent innervation, can be large. The quantitative differences in the numbers of afferents alone may be a sufficient explanation for some aspects of the differential sensibility, for example, the poor localisation of sensation and the apparent insensitivity to focal yet tissue- damaging stimuli. In addition, the few clear qualitative differences apparent in the innervations of the two tissue types may be of special importance. That the encoding of visceral nociceptive events may occur by an intensity mechanism rather than a specificity mechanism could be the key difference in viscerosensory and somatosensory processing.

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Rendig, S. V., H. L. Pan, and J. C. Longhurst. "Brief mesenteric ischemia increases PGE2, but not PGI2, in intestinal lymph of cats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 266, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): R1692—R1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.5.r1692.

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Mesenteric ischemia of short duration (5-10 min) can stimulate A delta- and C-fiber afferent nerve endings in the viscera to reflexly activate the cardiovascular system. The mechanism of activation of abdominal visceral afferents is probably multifactorial and may involve prostaglandins (PGs), which have been shown to directly stimulate and/or sensitive visceral afferents when administered exogenously. We hypothesized that brief visceral ischemia is accompanied by release of PGI2 and PGE2 into the interstitium, where these cyclooxygenase products could stimulate or sensitize visceral afferent nerve endings. Accordingly, we measured immunoreactive PGE2 (iPGE2) and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (i6-keto-PGF1 alpha), the stable metabolite of PGI2, in lymph draining the ischemic viscera as well as in portal venous blood. An intestinal lymph duct distal to the lymph node was cannulated in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized cats. Lymph and plasma iPGE2 and i6-keto-PGF1 alpha concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay before, during, and immediately after a 5- to 10-min occlusion of the descending aorta. The i6-keto-PGF1 alpha concentration increased significantly (P < 0.001) in portal venous plasma (61 +/- 12 to 107 +/- 18 pg/0.1 ml; n = 14) but not in lymph (148 +/- 30 to 159 +/- 24 pg/0.1 ml; n = 16). In contrast, iPGE2 concentration was significantly (P < 0.01) elevated in both venous plasma (156 +/- 16 to 207 +/- 26 pg/0.1 ml; n = 19) and lymph (520 +/- 48 to 590 +/- 52 pg/0.1 ml; n = 20).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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28

Cervero, F. "Sensory innervation of the viscera: peripheral basis of visceral pain." Physiological Reviews 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 95–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1994.74.1.95.

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29

Joob, Beuy, and Viroj Wiwanitkit. "Visceral basidiobolomycosis." African Journal of Paediatric Surgery 13, no. 3 (2016): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0189-6725.187827.

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30

Sundar, Shyam. "Visceral leishmaniasis." Tropical Parasitology 5, no. 2 (2015): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5070.162487.

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31

Crump, James. "Visceral Photography." Afterimage 25, no. 1 (July 1997): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.1997.25.1.11.

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32

Gast Galvis, Augusto, and Santiago Rengifo. "Leishmanlosis visceral." Biomédica 16, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v16i1.1422.

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33

USMAN, MUHAMMAD, FAYYAZ HUSSAIN, and MUHAMMAD KASHIF BAIG. "VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 06 (December 15, 2013): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.06.1828.

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Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasite of genus Leishmania which is transmitted through bites ofinfected sand flies. It has been reported that Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis ofvisceral leishmaniasis than bone marrow examination. This recent study is a renewed effort to validate the role of PCR in the diagnosis ofvisceral leishmaniasis. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of PCR in the diagnosis ofth visceral leishmaniasis. Duration of study: 25 March 2009 to 24th March 2010. Setting: Armed forces institute of pathology, Rawalpindi.Study design: Cross sectional (Validation) study. Materials and Methods: A total number of 59 patients of visceral leishmanaisisdiagnosed on bone marrow examination with equal number of negative controls were studied. The subjects were tested for the presenceof visceral leishmaniasis by polymerase chain reaction. Results: All the 59 patients were also found to be positive for visceralleishmaniasis by PCR. None of the negative control was positive on PCR. Conclusions: The study validates that PCR is equally sensitiveand specific test to bone marrow examination in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.

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34

Robinson, Kit. "Visceral Reluctance." Grand Street, no. 41 (1992): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25007531.

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35

Yoo, Hyung Joon. "Visceral Obesity." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 50, no. 8 (2007): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2007.50.8.725.

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36

Grundy, Luke, Andelain Erickson, and Stuart M. Brierley. "Visceral Pain." Annual Review of Physiology 81, no. 1 (February 10, 2019): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114525.

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Most of us live blissfully unaware of the orchestrated function that our internal organs conduct. When this peace is interrupted, it is often by routine sensations of hunger and urge. However, for >20% of the global population, chronic visceral pain is an unpleasant and often excruciating reminder of the existence of our internal organs. In many cases, there is no obvious underlying pathological cause of the pain. Accordingly, chronic visceral pain is debilitating, reduces the quality of life of sufferers, and has large concomitant socioeconomic costs. In this review, we highlight key mechanisms underlying chronic abdominal and pelvic pain associated with functional and inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. This includes how the colon and bladder are innervated by specialized subclasses of spinal afferents, how these afferents become sensitized in highly dynamic signaling environments, and the subsequent development of neuroplasticity within visceral pain pathways. We also highlight key contributing factors, including alterations in commensal bacteria, altered mucosal permeability, epithelial interactions with afferent nerves, alterations in immune or stress responses, and cross talk between these two adjacent organs.

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37

Skipper, Magdalena. "Visceral feedback." Nature Reviews Genetics 2, no. 6 (June 2001): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35076558.

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38

Klioze, Andria M., and Francisco A. Ramos-Caro. "Visceral leprosy." International Journal of Dermatology 39, no. 9 (September 2000): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00860.x.

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39

Asaro, Joseph, Christine A. Robinson, and Philip T. Levy. "Visceral Hyperalgesia." Child Neurology Open 4 (January 1, 2017): 2329048X1769312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329048x17693123.

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Visceral hyperalgesia refers to increased pain sensation in response to gastrointestinal sensory stimulus. In neonates with neurological impairments, gabapentin has been successfully used as a treatment for visceral hyperalgesia in neonates. The authors describe a preterm infant with myelomeningocele and persistent neuropathic pain that manifested as irritability, hypertonicity, poor weight gain, and feeding intolerance. After exclusion of other etiologies, the diagnosis of visceral hyperalgesia was suspected and the infant was treated with gabapentin. Following appropriate titration to effect and close monitoring of side effects of gabapentin, he subsequently demonstrated improved tone, decreased irritability with feedings, and appropriate weight gain. In addition, the authors provide a review of the available literature of gabapentin use in neonates and offer suggestions on when to consider starting gabapentin in a neonate with neurological impairment and chronic unexplained gastrointestinal manifestations.

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40

Bueno, M. J. García, and J. Herráez. "Visceral Leishmaniasis." New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 14 (October 3, 1996): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199610033351406.

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41

Pollock, C. G. "Visceral vapours." Anaesthesia 50, no. 5 (May 1995): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1995.tb06016.x.

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42

Capell, S., M. Aranda, A. Colome, R. Lopez, and R. Pujol. "Visceral leishmaniasis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 52, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.52.7.551.

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43

Portolés, Jose, Dolores Prats, Antonio Torralbo, Jose A. Herrero, Jaime Torrente, and Alberto Barrientos. "VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS." Transplantation 57, no. 11 (June 1994): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199406150-00026.

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Portolés, Jose, Dolores Prats, Antonio Torralbo, Jose A. Herrero, Jaime Torrente, and Alberto Barrientos. "VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS." Transplantation 57, no. 11 (June 1994): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199457110-00026.

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45

Sikandar, Shafaq, and Anthony H. Dickenson. "Visceral pain." Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 6, no. 1 (March 2012): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0b013e32834f6ec9.

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46

Vázquez-Piñeiro, Teresa, JoséM Fernández Álvarez, Juan C. Gonzalo Lafuente, Jorge Cano, Margarita Gimeno, and Juan Berenguer. "Visceral leishmaniasis." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 86, no. 2 (August 1998): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(98)90122-6.

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47

Mertz, H. "Visceral hypersensitivity." Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 17, no. 5 (February 28, 2003): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01447.x.

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48

Cervero, Fernando, and Jennifer MA Laird. "Visceral pain." Lancet 353, no. 9170 (June 1999): 2145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01306-9.

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Alexandropoulou, Ourania, Maria Tsolia, Lydia Kossiva, Maria Giannaki, and Kyriaki Karavanaki. "Visceral Leishmaniasis." Pediatric Emergency Care 28, no. 6 (June 2012): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pec.0b013e3182587d5d.

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50

Leslie, M. "Visceral Reaction." Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2003, no. 46 (November 19, 2003): 157nw—157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sageke.2003.46.nw157.

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