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Journal articles on the topic 'Visible and infrared photoinitiators'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Noirbent, Guillaume, Yangyang Xu, Aude-Héloise Bonardi, et al. "New Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts as Visible and Near Infrared Light Polymerization Photoinitiators." Molecules 25, no. 10 (2020): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102317.

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Polymerization photoinitiators that can be activated under low light intensity and in the visible range are being pursued by both the academic and industrial communities. To efficiently harvest light and initiate a polymerization process, dyes with high molar extinction coefficients in the visible range are ideal candidates. In this field, Donor-acceptor Stenhouse Adducts (DASA) which belong to a class of recently discovered organic photochromic molecules still lack practical applications. In this work, a series of DASA-based dyes are proposed as photoinitiators for the free radical polymeriza

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2

Bouchikhi, Nouria, Manel Bouazza, Salah Hamri, et al. "Photo-curing kinetics of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA): synergetic effect of dye/amine photoinitiator systems." International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 11, no. 1 (2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40090-019-00197-7.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine and evaluate several dye/amine systems as photoinitiators for photopolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) monomer under visible light conditions. For this purpose, a series of dye/amine photoinitiators were formed using methylene blue (MB) or acridine orange (AO) as photosensitizers, and triethanolamine (TEOA), ethyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDMAB), trioctylamine (TOA), and N,N-diméthylallylamine (DMAA) as co-initiators. The photopolymerization kinetic of the HEA monomer in the presence of proposed dye/amine systems was performed using Fo

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3

Hola, Emilia, Maciej Pilch, and Joanna Ortyl. "Thioxanthone Derivatives as a New Class of Organic Photocatalysts for Photopolymerisation Processes and the 3D Printing of Photocurable Resins under Visible Light." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (2020): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080903.

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In the present paper, novel thioxanthone-based compounds were synthesised and evaluated as a component of photoredox catalysts/photoinitiating systems for the free-radical polymerisation (FRP) of acrylates and the ring-opening cationic polymerisation (CP) of epoxy monomers. The performance of the obtained thioxanthones in two- and three-component photoinitiating systems, in combination with amines, iodonium or sulphonium salt, as well as with alkyl halide, for photopolymerisation processes upon exposure to light emitting diodes (LEDs) with a maximum emission of 405 nm and 420 nm, was investiga

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4

Rahal, Mahmoud, Haifaa Mokbel, Bernadette Graff, et al. "Mono vs. Difunctional Coumarin as Photoinitiators in Photocomposite Synthesis and 3D Printing." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (2020): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101202.

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This work is devoted to investigate three coumarin derivatives (Coum1, Coum2, and Coum3), proposed as new photoinitiators of polymerization when combined with an additive, i.e., an iodonium salt, and used for the free radical polymerization (FRP) of acrylate monomers under mild irradiation conditions. The different coumarin derivatives can also be employed in three component photoinitiating systems with a Iod/amine (ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDB) or N-phenylglycine (NPG)) couple for FRP upon irradiation with an LED @ 405 nm. These compounds showed excellent photoinitiating abilities, and

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5

Fan, Shuheng, Xun Sun, Xianglong He, et al. "Coumarin Ketoxime Ester with Electron-Donating Substituents as Photoinitiators and Photosensitizers for Photopolymerization upon UV-Vis LED Irradiation." Polymers 14, no. 21 (2022): 4588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214588.

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High-performance photoinitiators (PIs) are essential for ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) light emitting diode (LED) photopolymerization. In this study, a series of coumarin ketoxime esters (COXEs) with electron-donating substituents (tert-butyl, methoxy, dimethylamino and methylthio) were synthesized to study the structure/reactivity/efficiency relationships for substituents for the photoinitiation performance of PIs. The introduction of heteroatom electron-donating substituents leads to a redshift in the COXE absorption of more than 60 nm, which matches the UV-Vis LED emission spectra. The PIs a

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6

Fu, Chang Qing, Zheng Yang, Zong Xiang Lu, and Liang Shen. "Synthesis and Properties of a Castor Oil-Based UV-Oligomer Comprising of Side-Chain Benzophenone." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1628.

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A castor oil-based UV-oligomer bearing benzophenone side chains (LU-5)was synthesis through two-step partial esterification reaction of polyacrylic acid with 4-hydroxy benzophenone and castor oil in the presence of N, N-diisopropyl carbodiimide and 4-(dimethylamino) pyridinium 4-toluenesulfonate(DPTS), then LU-5 was cured by UV irradiation with trimethylolpropane triacrylate(TMPTA) without any photoinitiator. The structure of the productions of the esterification reaction was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and ultraviolet and v

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7

Tzeng, Jy-Jiunn, Yi-Ting Hsiao, Yun-Ching Wu, Hsuan Chen, Shyh-Yuan Lee, and Yuan-Min Lin. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Visible Light Curing Capacity of Polycaprolactone Acrylate." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8719624.

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Polycaprolactone (PCL) is drawing increasing attention in the field of medical 3D printing and tissue engineering because of its biodegradability. This study developed polycaprolactone prepolymers that can be cured using visible light. Three PCL acrylates were synthesized: polycaprolactone-530 diacrylate (PCL530DA), glycerol-3 caprolactone triacrylate (Glycerol-3CL-TA), and glycerol-6 caprolactone triacrylate (Glycerol-6CL-TA). PCL530DA has two acrylates, whereas Glycerol-3CL-TA and Glycerol-6CL-TA have three acrylates. The Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra sugg

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8

Zhang, Huiyuan, Hongxing Zhang, Wenchao Zhu, Hailing Xi, Bomou Ma, and Yong He. "A Sprayable and Visible Light Rapid-Cured Strippable Film for Surface Radioactive Decontamination." Polymers 14, no. 5 (2022): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051008.

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Strippable film is effective for removing radioactive contamination. However, it still has some limitations, such as the long curing time (about 30 min~24 h) and the requirement of organic solvents. To address these issues, we report a simple protocol to prepare strippable decontamination films using liquid polybutadiene (LPB) and tert-butyl acrylate (TBA) as the raw materials without solvent and using camphorquinone/ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (CQ/EDB) as a photoinitiator, where the film was formed under household LED panel light or daylight irradiation for about 540 s. After a thorough stu

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9

Chibac-Scutaru, Andreea L., Viorica Podasca, Daniel Timpu, and Violeta Melinte. "Comparative Study on the Influence of Noble Metal Nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Pd) on the Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO NPs Embedded in Renewable Castor Oil Polymer Matrices." Materials 13, no. 16 (2020): 3468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163468.

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Hybrid polymeric materials, due to the unique combination of properties that can be obtained by the convenient variation of organic and inorganic components, represent an attractive alternative for many applications, especially photocatalysis. Herein, we report the preparation of nanocomposite films containing functionalized ZnO nanoparticles, as well as in situ photogenerated noble metal nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Pd), for the achieving of materials with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. The flexible free-standing nanocomposite films were synthesized by photopolymerization of

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10

Lazauskas, Algirdas, Dalius Jucius, Valentinas Baltrušaitis, et al. "Shape-Memory Assisted Scratch-Healing of Transparent Thiol-Ene Coatings." Materials 12, no. 3 (2019): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030482.

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A photopolymerizable thiol-ene composition was prepared as a mixture of pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) and 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (TTT), with 1 wt. % of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA) photoinitiator. A systematic analytical analysis that investigated the crosslinked PETMP-TTT polymer coatings employed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, pencil hardness, thermo-mechanical cyclic tensile, scratch testing, and atomic force microscop

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11

Liu, Feng, Shaoai Xie, Yan Wang, Jianjun Yu, and Qinghua Meng. "Preparation of the polymerizable titania oriented to 3D printing and the laser-induced crystallization." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 9 (2018): 1421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2017-0041.

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PurposeThe titania (titanium dioxide) is one of the important functional additives in the photosensitive resin and encounters the problem of stabilization in the photosensitive resin for 3D printing. This study aims to achieve enhancement in stabilization by preparation of the polymerizable titania andin situlaser-induced crystallization during 3D printing.Design/methodology/approachA type of polymerizable titania (AAEM@TiO2) was designed and prepared from tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) and 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate (AAEM) via the sol–gel process, which was characterized by Fourier-transfo

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12

JAKUBIAK, JULITA, and JAN F. RABEK. "Photoinitiators for visible light polymerization." Polimery 44, no. 07/08 (1999): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1999.447.

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13

Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent Advances in Visible Light Photoinitiating Systems Based on Flavonoids." Photochem 3, no. 4 (2023): 495–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photochem3040030.

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The design of biosourced and/or bioinspired photoinitiators is an active research field as it offers a unique opportunity to develop photoinitiating systems exhibiting better biocompatibility as well as reduced toxicity. In this field, flavonoids can be found in numerous fruits and vegetables so these structures can be of interest for developing, in the future, polymerization processes, offering a reduced environmental impact but also better biocompatibility of the polymers. In this review, the different flavonoids reported to date as photoinitiators of polymerization are presented. Over the y

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14

Valdes-Aguilera, O., C. P. Pathak, J. Shi, D. Watson, and D. C. Neckers. "Photopolymerization studies using visible light photoinitiators." Macromolecules 25, no. 2 (1992): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00028a008.

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15

Liu, Shaohui, Timur Borjigin, Michael Schmitt, Fabrice Morlet-Savary, Pu Xiao, and Jacques Lalevée. "High-Performance Photoinitiating Systems for LED-Induced Photopolymerization." Polymers 15, no. 2 (2023): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020342.

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Currently, increasing attention has been focused on light-emitting diodes (LEDs)-induced photopolymerization. The common LEDs (e.g., LED at 365 nm and LED at 405 nm) possess narrow emission bands. Due to their light absorption properties, most commercial photoinitiators are sensitive to UV light and cannot be optimally activated under visible LED irradiation. Although many photoinitiators have been designed for LED-induced free radical polymerization and cationic polymerization, there is still the issue of the mating between photoinitiators and LEDs. Therefore, the development of novel photoin

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16

Xiao, Pu, Frédéric Dumur, Jing Zhang, et al. "New role of aminothiazonaphthalimide derivatives: outstanding photoinitiators for cationic and radical photopolymerizations under visible LEDs." RSC Advances 6, no. 54 (2016): 48684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra09422h.

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Aminothiazonaphthalimide derivatives can act as photoinitiators (when combined with additives) to start the cationic polymerization or the radical polymerization upon exposure to visible LEDs or a polychromatic visible light.

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17

Liao, Wen, Can Xu, Xiang Wu, et al. "Photobleachable cinnamoyl dyes for radical visible photoinitiators." Dyes and Pigments 178 (July 2020): 108350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108350.

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18

Ahn, Dowon, Sameer S. Sathe, Brian H. Clarkson, and Timothy F. Scott. "Hexaarylbiimidazoles as visible light thiol–ene photoinitiators." Dental Materials 31, no. 9 (2015): 1075–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.06.005.

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19

Benedikt, Stephan, Jieping Wang, Marica Markovic, et al. "Highly efficient water-soluble visible light photoinitiators." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 54, no. 4 (2015): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.27903.

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20

Abdallah, Mira, Thanh-Tuân Bui, Fabrice Goubard, et al. "Phenothiazine derivatives as photoredox catalysts for cationic and radical photosensitive resins for 3D printing technology and photocomposite synthesis." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 45 (2019): 6145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01265f.

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21

Zuo, Xiaoling, Fabrice Morlet-Savary, Michael Schmitt, et al. "Novel applications of fluorescent brighteners in aqueous visible-light photopolymerization: high performance water-based coating and LED-assisted hydrogel synthesis." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 28 (2018): 3952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00584b.

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22

Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent Advances in Monocomponent Visible Light Photoinitiating Systems Based on Sulfonium Salts." Polymers 15, no. 21 (2023): 4202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15214202.

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During the last decades, multicomponent photoinitiating systems have been the focus of intense research efforts, especially for the design of visible light photoinitiating systems. Although highly reactive three-component and even four-component photoinitiating systems have been designed, the complexity to elaborate such mixtures has incited researchers to design monocomponent Type II photoinitiators. Using this approach, the photosensitizer and the radical/cation generator can be combined within a unique molecule, greatly simplifying the elaboration of the photocurable resins. In this field,

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23

Mau, Alexandre, Thi Huong Le, Céline Dietlin, et al. "Donor–acceptor–donor structured thioxanthone derivatives as visible photoinitiators." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 45 (2020): 7221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01244k.

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24

Dietlin, Céline, Thanh Tam Trinh, Stéphane Schweizer, et al. "New Phosphine Oxides as High Performance Near- UV Type I Photoinitiators of Radical Polymerization." Molecules 25, no. 7 (2020): 1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071671.

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Carbazole structures are of high interest in photopolymerization due to their enhanced light absorption properties in the near-UV or even visible ranges. Therefore, type I photoinitiators combining the carbazole chromophore to the well-established phosphine-oxides were proposed and studied in this article. The aim of this article was to propose type I photoinitiators that can be more reactive than benchmark phosphine oxides, which are among the more reactive type I photoinitiators for a UV or near-UV light emitting diodes (LED) irradiation. Two molecules were synthesized and their UV-visible l

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25

Marcille, Hugo, Jean-Pierre Malval, Marc Presset, et al. "Diphenyl functional porphyrins and their metal complexes as visible-light photoinitiators for free-radical, cationic and thiol–ene polymerizations." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 26 (2020): 4237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00468e.

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26

Breloy, Louise, Raúl Losantos, Diego Sampedro, et al. "Allyl amino-thioxanthone derivatives as highly efficient visible light H-donors and co-polymerizable photoinitiators." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 26 (2020): 4297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00551g.

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27

Shao, Jianzhong, Yi Huang, and Qinguo Fan. "Visible light initiating systems for photopolymerization: status, development and challenges." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 14 (2014): 4195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py00072b.

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28

Hammoud, Fatima, Nicolas Giacoletto, Guillaume Noirbent, et al. "Substituent effects on the photoinitiation ability of coumarin-based oxime-ester photoinitiators for free radical photopolymerization." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 24 (2021): 8361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm01310f.

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29

Bonardi, Aude-Héloïse, Soraya Zahouily, Céline Dietlin, et al. "New 1,8-Naphthalimide Derivatives as Photoinitiators for Free-Radical Polymerization Upon Visible Light." Catalysts 9, no. 8 (2019): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9080637.

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Photopolymerization processes, and especially those carried out under visible light, are more and more widespread for their multiple advantages compared to thermal processes. In the present paper, new 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives are proposed as photoinitiators for free-radical polymerization upon visible light exposure using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at 395, 405, and 470 nm. These photoinitiators are used in combination with both iodonium salts and phosphine. The synthesis of these compounds as well as their excellent polymerization initiation ability for methacrylate monomers are present

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30

Wu, Qingqing, Ying Xiong, Qiuhong Liang, and Hongding Tang. "Developing thioxanthone based visible photoinitiators for radical polymerization." RSC Adv. 4, no. 94 (2014): 52324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07614a.

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31

Wu, Qingqing, Ying Xiong, Jianjing Yang, Hongding Tang, and Si Chen. "Thioxanthone-Based Hydrophilic Visible Photoinitiators for Radical Polymerization." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 217, no. 14 (2016): 1569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201600052.

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32

Lee, Zhong-Han, Fatima Hammoud, Akram Hijazi, Bernadette Graff, Jacques Lalevée, and Yung-Chung Chen. "Synthesis and free radical photopolymerization of triphenylamine-based oxime ester photoinitiators." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 9 (2021): 1286–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01768j.

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33

Nitti, Andrea, Angelo Martinelli, Fabrice Batteux, Stefano Protti, Maurizio Fagnoni, and Dario Pasini. "Blue light driven free-radical polymerization using arylazo sulfones as initiators." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 40 (2021): 5747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00928a.

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34

Meng, Xiaoyan, Huaqiao Lu, Zhiquan Li, et al. "Near-infrared light induced cationic polymerization based on upconversion and ferrocenium photochemistry." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 41 (2019): 5574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01262a.

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35

Li, Zhiquan, Weizhen Shen, Xiaoya Liu, and Ren Liu. "Efficient unimolecular photoinitiators for simultaneous hybrid thiol–yne–epoxy photopolymerization under visible LED light irradiation." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 9 (2017): 1579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00159b.

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Several unimolecular photoinitiators, which generate free radicals and super bases in one step under visible LED light irradiation, can efficiently induce simultaneous hybrid thiol–yne–epoxy photopolymerization.

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36

Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent Advances on Furan-Based Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization." Catalysts 13, no. 3 (2023): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13030493.

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Photopolymerization is an active research field enabling to polymerize in greener conditions than that performed with traditional thermal polymerization. At present, a great deal of effort is devoted to developing visible light photoinitiating systems. Indeed, the traditional UV photoinitiating systems are currently the focus of numerous safety concerns so alternatives to UV light are being actively researched. However, visible light photons are less energetic than UV photons so the reactivity of the photoinitiating systems should be improved to address this issue. In this field, furane consti

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37

Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent Advances on Quinoxaline-Based Photoinitiators of Polymerization." Catalysts 13, no. 4 (2023): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13040718.

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Photopolymerization offers a unique opportunity to convert liquid monomers to polymers using light as the activation source. Recently, major efforts have been devoted to developing visible light photo-initiating systems, and the search for new dyes that can be incorporated into photocurable resins and polymerize a resin within a few seconds is still ongoing. With the aim of exploring a maximum of structures to reach this goal, quinoxaline has been identified to be a promising scaffold for the design of UV-centered and visible light photo-initiating systems. In this review, an overview of the d

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38

Ma, Xiaoyu, Renquan Gu, Liujian Yu, et al. "Conjugated phenothiazine oxime esters as free radical photoinitiators." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 39 (2017): 6134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00797c.

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39

Bao, Binghui, Jian You, Dongxiao Li, et al. "Double benzylidene ketones as photoinitiators for visible light photopolymerization." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 429 (August 2022): 113938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113938.

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Rahal, Mahmoud, Mira Abdallah, Thanh-Tuân Bui, et al. "Design of new phenothiazine derivatives as visible light photoinitiators." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 19 (2020): 3349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00497a.

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41

Ma, Le, Yang Hou, Jun Nie, and Xiaoqun Zhu. "1-Naphthylamine thioxanthone-based one-component visible-light photoinitiators." Progress in Organic Coatings 205 (August 2025): 109305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2025.109305.

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42

Pachfule, Pradip, Amitava Acharjya, Jérôme Roeser, et al. "Donor–acceptor covalent organic frameworks for visible light induced free radical polymerization." Chemical Science 10, no. 36 (2019): 8316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc02601k.

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Crystalline and porous covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with donor-acceptor moieties in their backbone are utilized as initiators for visible light induced radical polymerization. The COFs are efficient photoinitiators, maintaining their structural integrity for several cycles.

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43

Rieger, Paul, Sabrina Pueschmann, Michael Haas, Max Schmallegger, Gema Guedes de la Cruz, and Thomas Griesser. "Exploring Aromatic S-Thioformates as Photoinitiators." Polymers 15, no. 7 (2023): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15071647.

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Thiyl radicals were generated from aromatic S-thioformates by photolysis. The corresponding photo-initiated decarbonylation allows initiating polymerization reactions in both acrylate- and thiol-acrylate-based resin systems. Compared to aromatic thiols, the introduction of the photolabile formyl group prevents undesired reactions with acrylate monomers allowing photoinitiators (PIs) with constant reactivity over storage. To demonstrate the potential of S-thioformates as PIs, the bifunctional molecule S,S′-(thiobis(4,1-phenylene))dimethanethioate (2b) was synthesized, providing reactivity under

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44

Sun, Ke, Xiaotong Peng, Zengkang Gan, et al. "3D Printing/Vat Photopolymerization of Photopolymers Activated by Novel Organic Dyes as Photoinitiators." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (2022): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101272.

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Even though numerous organic dyes which are used as photoinitiators/photocatalysts during photopolymerization have been systematically investigated and collected in previous reviews, further designs of these chromophores and the developments in high-performance photoinitiating systems have emerged in recent years, which play the crucial role in 3D printing/Vat polymerization. Here, in this mini-review, various families of organic dyes that are used as newly synthesized photoinitiators/photocatalysts which were reported in literature during 2021–2022 are specified by their photoinitiation mecha

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45

Díaz-Vázquez, E. Daniela, Silvia M. Soria-Castro, Irina Della-Cagnoletta, Sandra E. Martín, Gabriela Oksdath-Mansilla, and Paula M. Uberman. "Highly active small Pd nanocatalysts obtained by visible-light-induced photoreduction with citrate and oxalate salts under batch and flow approaches." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 4 (2022): 957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1re00524c.

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With a suitable combination of citrate and oxalate salts as photoinitiators, a visible-light induced Pd NP synthesis was conducted. Depending on the reaction conditions of the catalysis, the ligands may have a great impact on the catalytic activity.

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46

Topa, Monika, Emilia Hola, Mariusz Galek, et al. "One-component cationic photoinitiators based on coumarin scaffold iodonium salts as highly sensitive photoacid generators for 3D printing IPN photopolymers under visible LED sources." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 32 (2020): 5261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00677g.

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This paper describes the development of new coumarin chromophore-based iodonium salts as efficient one-component cationic photoinitiators upon LEDs irradiation with maximum emission under the UV-A region at 365 nm and under visible light at 405 nm.

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Ahmad, Iqbal, Kefi Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Sheraz, et al. "Solvent Effect on Photoinitiator Reactivity in the Polymerization of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate." Advances in Physical Chemistry 2013 (December 18, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/838402.

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Efficacy of photoinitiators such as riboflavin (RF), camphorquinone (CQ), and safranin T (ST) and triethanolamine as a coinitiator has been compared in carrying out the polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in aqueous and organic solvents. HEMA solutions were polymerized in the presence of RF, CQ, and ST using a low intensity visible radiation source. HEMA was assayed by a UV spectrophotometric method during the initial stages of the reactions (i.e., ~5% change). A comparison of the efficacy of photoinitiators in causing HEMA polymerization showed that RF is more efficient than

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Chen, Guangxue, Xiaoyuan Guan, Ruixin Xu, et al. "Thioxanthone dicarboxamide derivatives as one-component photoinitiators for near-UV and visible LED (365–405 nm) induced photopolymerizations." RSC Advances 6, no. 80 (2016): 77093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra13512a.

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Bednarczyk, Paulina, Karolina Mozelewska, Małgorzata Nowak, and Zbigniew Czech. "Photocurable Epoxy Acrylate Coatings Preparation by Dual Cationic and Radical Photocrosslinking." Materials 14, no. 15 (2021): 4150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154150.

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In this work, epoxy acrylate resin (EA) based on the industrial-grade bisphenol A-based epoxy resin (Ep6) and acrylic acid (AA) has been synthesized in order to develop hybrid resin comprising both epoxide group and reactive, terminal unsaturation. Obtained epoxy acrylate prepolymer was employed to formulate photocurable coating compositions containing, besides the EA binder, also cationic or radical photoinitiators. Hence, when cationic photoinitiators were applied, polyether-type polymer chains with pending acrylate groups were formed. In the case of free radical polymerization, epoxy acryla

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Tomal, Wiktoria, and Joanna Ortyl. "Water-Soluble Photoinitiators in Biomedical Applications." Polymers 12, no. 5 (2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051073.

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Light-initiated polymerization processes are currently an important tool in various industrial fields. The advancement of technology has resulted in the use of photopolymerization in various biomedical applications, such as the production of 3D hydrogel structures, the encapsulation of cells, and in drug delivery systems. The use of photopolymerization processes requires an appropriate initiating system that, in biomedical applications, must meet additional criteria such as high water solubility, non-toxicity to cells, and compatibility with visible low-power light sources. This article is a l

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