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1
Haraguchi, Yulia, Gokce Busra Cakir, Aasef Shaikh, and Fatema Ghasia. "Binocular and Fellow Eye Acuity Deficits in Amblyopia: Impact of Fixation Instability and Sensory Factors." Journal of Eye Movement Research 18, no. 3 (2025): 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18030020.
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Amblyopia, a neurodevelopmental disorder, is commonly assessed through amblyopic eye visual acuity (VA) deficits, but recent studies also highlight abnormalities in the fellow eye. This study quantified binocular and fellow/dominant eye VA in individuals with amblyopia and strabismus without amblyopia and examined factors influencing these measures, including fixation eye movement (FEM) abnormalities. Identifying which subsets of patients—such as those with nystagmus, concurrent strabismus, or greater fixation instability—exhibit more pronounced deficits in binocular visual acuity and binocular summation can enhance clinical decision-making by enabling tailored interventions and aiding patient counseling. Sixty-eight amblyopic, seventeen strabismic without amblyopia, and twenty-four control subjects were assessed using an adaptive psychophysical staircase procedure and high-resolution video-oculography to evaluate FEMs and fixation instability (FI). Binocular and fellow eye VA were significantly lower in amblyopia, regardless of type or nystagmus presence, whereas binocular and dominant eye VA in strabismus without amblyopia did not differ from the controls. Despite reduced binocular acuity, amblyopic and strabismic subjects exhibited binocular summation, with binocular VA exceeding fellow/dominant eye VA. Reduced binocular VA correlated with greater fellow eye VA deficits, diminished binocular summation, and increased FI in the amblyopic eye. Fellow eye VA deficits were linked to greater amblyopic eye VA deficits, an increased degree of anisometropia, higher FI, and stronger nystagmus correlation. These findings suggest amblyopia affects both visual sensory and motor systems, impacting binocular function and fixation stability, with potential consequences for everyday visuomotor tasks like reading.
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Al-Salem, Khalil M., Ismat Ereifej, Hamzeh M. Alrawashdeh, et al. "Amblyopia screening for first and second-grade children in Jordan." International Journal of Ophthalmology 15, no. 2 (2022): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2022.02.24.
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AIM: To share the results of a national screening program for amblyopia in school children in the north of Jordan. METHODS: This is a prospective national screening study for amblyopia. The program rolls first and second-grade children (6 to 7 years old) in the north of Jordan. The eye examination included: best-corrected visual acuity, cover-uncover test, and cycloplegic retinoscopy. Monocular visual acuity was tested using an ETDRS visual acuity chart without correction. Moreover, children were tested with full cycloplegic refraction when the test criteria were met. Unilateral amblyopia was defined as a best-corrected visual acuity difference of 2 or more lines. In comparison, bilateral amblyopia was defined as a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the best eye. RESULTS: The prevalence of amblyopia for the total sample tested (n=17 203) was 2.78% (n=479). The most common cause of amblyopia was hypermetropia (64.45%), followed by previous ocular surgeries (15.1%), myopia (10.43%), strabismus (9.39%), and congenital cataract (0.63%). CONCLUSION: This is the first and only study, identi?ng modifiable risk factors in Jordanian children with amblyopia. In their first couple of years of elementary education, many Jordanian children are affected by amblyopia and pass unnoticed. A more governmental effort is needed into screening programs to improve vision in the Jordanian population.
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Makino, Shinji, Junko Yoshida, Yuki Moro, Tomomi Fukuda, Miho Isohi, and Ayame Takao. "Unilateral Myelinated Retinal Nerve Fibers Associated with Ipsilateral Myopia, Amblyopia and Exotropia." Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports 12, no. 01 (2024): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjmcr.2024.v12i01.013.
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This report describes a case of unilateral myelinated retinal nerve fibers associated with ipsilateral myopia, amblyopia and exotropia. A 3-year-old boy presented with the complaint of diminished vision in his right eye. Visual acuity testing with a picture at a distance of 2.5 m revealed 1.5 in the left eye, but right visual acuity was not available. Near visual acuity with dot cards was 0.2 in the right eye and 0.6 in the left eye. The refractive error was -7.25D and +1.50D in the right and left eyes, respectively. Fundus examination revealed extensive myelinated retinal nerve fibers in the right eye, but no abnormal findings in the left eye. The axial length was 24.10 mm and 22.90 mm in the right and left eyes, respectively. Cycloplegic retinoscopy revealed a refractive error of a −7.00D in the right eye and plane in the left eye. Glasses with full optical correction were prescribed, and the patient was evaluated one month later, presenting a best-corrected visual acuity of 0.6 in the right eye and 2.0 in the left eye with a picture at a distance of 2.5 m. Three months later, his visual acuity was 0.7 in the right eye. At this point, amblyopia treatment was started with two hours daily of left eye occlusion. One year following the initial presentation, his visual acuity improved 0.8 in the right eye. The type of fixation, the initial visual acuity, the high myopia and the high anisometropia indicated a most likely bad prognosis. However, the age of diagnosis and wearing status of glasses were advantage for treatment effect in this case. Even though this condition is associated with poor visual prognosis, intensive occlusion therapy should always be attempted, along with the prescription of a cycloplegic refraction, due to unexpected and variable responses to treatment.
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Khorrami-Nejad, Masoud, and Alaa khammas Hussein. "Visual and Structural Differences Between Amblyopic and Non-Amblyopic Eyes in Patients with Unilateral Amblyopia." Iraqi Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (2025): 31–37. https://doi.org/10.51173/ijmhs.v2i1.27.
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Background: Amblyopia, define as "lazy eye, a neurodevelopmental disorder, manifests as reduced visual acuity not attributable to structural eye abnormalities. Objective of study: This study investigated visual and structural differences between amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes in children with unilateral amblyopia, focusing on visual acuity, axial length, and lens thickness. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six pediatric patients (5–10 years old) with untreated unilateral functional amblyopia were recruited. Amblyopia was classified as anisometropic, strabismic, or combined. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was measured in logMAR units. Axial length, anterior chamber depth, and lens thickness were assessed using non-contact optical biometry. Spherical equivalent refractive error was determined via cycloplegic autorefraction. Paired t-tests were used to compare interocular differences. Results: Amblyopic eyes exhibited significantly reduced CDVA. However, no statistically significant interocular differences were found for spherical equivalent, axial length, anterior chamber depth, or lens thickness (all p > 0.05). Amblyopic eyes showed a trend towards shorter axial lengths (mean difference: -0.27 mm, SD: 0.72), particularly in anisometropic amblyopia (-0.21 mm, SD: 0.85). Anterior chamber depth and lens thickness showed minimal interocular variations across amblyopia types. Conclusion: While amblyopic eyes demonstrated reduced visual acuity, interocular differences in biometric parameters were not statistically significant in this small sample. Trends suggest a potential association between amblyopia and shorter axial length, warranting further investigation with larger, longitudinal studies. This research contributes to understanding the ocular and cortical changes in amblyopia, aiming to refine treatment strategies and improve visual outcomes.
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Thakur, Ajit, Nabin Raj Joshi, and Anita Gupta. "Visual Functional Limitation in Amblyopia: A Review." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (2022): 6945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.6945ecst.
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Amblyopia is a unilateral or bilateral reduction in visual acuity in absence of any pathological causes. It results in limitations of various visual functions including visual acuity that are essential for performing daily living activities. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of affected visual functions in amblyopia through a Pubmed search with an extensive search strategy. Seventeen research articles were selected out of 420 possible research articles and included in the study. Besides visual acuity, other visual functions such as contrast sensitivity, fixation stability, accommodative functions, visuomotor behavior, binocularity, stereopsis, and visual attention were found to be significantly affected in amblyopia. Interestingly, the visual functions corresponding to the "normal eye" of the amblyopic patients were also found to be significantly affected in all forms of amblyopia.
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Hou, Chuan, Zhangziyi Zhou, Ismet Joan Uner, and Spero C. Nicholas. "Visual Cortical Function Changes After Perceptual Learning with Dichoptic Attention Tasks in Adults with Amblyopia: A Case Study Evaluated Using fMRI." Brain Sciences 14, no. 11 (2024): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111148.
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Background: Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of vision, commonly caused by strabismus or anisometropia during early childhood. While studies demonstrated that perceptual learning improves visual acuity and stereopsis in adults with amblyopia, accompanying changes in visual cortical function remain unclear. Methods: We measured functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses before and after perceptual learning in seven adults with amblyopia. Our learning tasks involved dichoptic high-attention-demand tasks that avoided V1 function-related tasks and required high-level cortical functions (e.g., intraparietal sulcus) to train the amblyopic eye. Results: Perceptual learning induced low-level visual cortical function changes, which were strongly associated with the etiology of amblyopia and visual function improvements. Anisometropic amblyopes showed functional improvements across all regions of interest (ROIs: V1, V2, V3, V3A, and hV4), along with improvements in visual acuity and stereoacuity. In contrast, strabismic amblyopes showed robust improvements in visual cortical functions only in individuals who experienced significant gains in visual acuity and stereoacuity. Notably, improvements in V1 functions were significantly correlated with the magnitude of visual acuity and stereoacuity improvements when combining both anisometropic and strabismic amblyopes. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that learning occurs in both high-level and low-level cortical processes. Our study suggests that early intervention to correct eye alignment (e.g., strabismus surgery) is critical for restoring both visual and cortical functions in strabismic amblyopia.
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Majied Hamied, Furkaan. "Amblyopia Therapy in Older Children." AL-QADISIYAH MEDICAL JOURNAL 8, no. 14 (2017): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28922/qmj.2012.8.14.26-31.
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Amblyopia (lazy eye) is a common problem affecting 1-5% of children, it is a unilateral or bilateral reduction of best corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed directly to any structural abnormality of the eye or the posterior visual pathway. A prospective study of tow years done on thirty child all of them older than seven years age presented with uni or bilateral amlyopia; visual acuity, ocular motility, Hurshberg taste, slit lump biomicroscopy, fundoscopy, and cycloplegic refraction, treatment with correction of the refractive error, full time occlusion, part time occlusion, and penalization according to the severity. Most of children gets an improvement in there visual acuity Most of new studies in amblyopia in agreement with our results, while the old opinion limiting the critical period at 6-7 years old. So we should try for treatment of amblyopia in older children while giving a full explanation to the child's family about the poorer results of treatment, for medico legal purposes.
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Iwata, Yo, Tomoya Handa, and Hitoshi Ishikawa. "Comparison of Amblyopia Treatment Effect with Dichoptic Method Using Polarizing Film and Occlusion Therapy Using an Eye Patch." Children 9, no. 9 (2022): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9091285.
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We developed a novel, low-cost, easily administered method that uses a polarizing film to enable dichoptic treatment for amblyopia. In this study, we compared its effects with occlusion therapy using an eye patch. Fifty-eight patients (aged 4.7 ± 1.0 years) diagnosed with anisometric amblyopia were included and instructed to wear complete refractive correction glasses with either occlusion therapy using an eye patch (eye patch group) or dichoptic treatment using polarizing film (polarizing film group) for 2 h per day. We examined the improvement in the visual acuity and compliance rate of the patients 2 months after treatment initiation. After treatment, the polarizing film group showed significant improvement in visual acuity compared with the eye patch group. Moreover, the compliance rate was significantly better in the polarizing film group than in the eye patch group. In both groups, there was a significant correlation between the improvement in visual acuity and compliance rate. This new dichoptic treatment using a polarizing film was shown to be effective for anisometropic amblyopia.
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Estu Yulia, Dian, and Ferdinand Inno Luminta. "A Case Report of Unilateral Pediatric Cataract Surgery: Posterior Capsule Opacification and Visual Rehabilitation." Ophthalmologica Indonesiana 47, no. 2 (2021): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35749/journal.v47i2.100289.
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Objective: To report a case of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and severe deprivation amblyopia following unilateral pediatric cataract surgery Case Presentation: A 4-year-old girl presented with PCO of the right eye with a history of unilateral congenital cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation without optimal visual rehabilitation two years ago at another hospital in Jakarta. Her uncorrected right eye visual acuity was 3/60 and corrected left eye visual acuity 6/7.5. We performed secondary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy of the right eye. Following the procedure, the patient did not regain her vision despite normal posterior segment; thus, a diagnosis of deprivation amblyopia was made. She was prescribed occlusion therapy for 6 hours a day on the left eye to decrease the degree of amblyopia of her right eye. Conclusion: Early identification and management of pediatric cataract surgery complications combined with optimal visual rehabilitation may benefit the patient in the long run. If not treated properly, especially in unilateral cataract cases, it may be too late to regain visual function.
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Magramm, Irene. "Amblyopia: Etiology, Detection, and Treatment." Pediatrics In Review 13, no. 1 (1992): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.13.1.7.
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Amblyopia is a preventable cause of visual loss in children that may be permanent unless it is detected and treated early. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or cataracts. Primary strabismus may lead to loss of vision from amblyopia and the loss of binocularity. Secondary strabismus may be a sign of primary visual loss in one or both eyes. The most serious disorder that may present as secondary strabismus is retinoblastoma. It is imperative to detect retinoblastoma early because of its morbidity and mortality. Amblyopia is detected by assessing the visual acuity of each eye. Strabismus is detected by using the corneal light reflex test and the cover test. Focusing problems are detected by assessing the visual acuity and the red reflex. Cataracts and retinoblastoma may be detected by examining the red reflex of the eye. Treatment of amblyopia consists of correcting the amblyogenic factor with appropriate glasses and surgery. The preferred eye is patched with an adhesive patch to stimulate visual development in the amblyopie eye. The pediatrician plays a crucial role in the early detection of amblyopia, strabismus, and cataracts. The key to successful visual outcome is early recognition by the pediatrician, referral to the pediatric opthalmologist, and prompt treatment.
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Chen, Yao, Jiafeng Wang, Hongmei Shi, Xiaoxiao Wang, and Lixia Feng. "Sensory Eye Dominance in Treated Anisometropic Amblyopia." Neural Plasticity 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9438072.
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Amblyopia results from inadequate visual experience during the critical period of visual development. Abnormal binocular interactions are believed to play a critical role in amblyopia. These binocular deficits can often be resolved, owing to the residual visual plasticity in amblyopes. In this study, we quantitatively measured the sensory eye dominance in treated anisometropic amblyopes to determine whether they had fully recovered. Fourteen treated anisometropic amblyopes with normal or corrected to normal visual acuity participated, and their sensory eye dominance was assessed by using a binocular phase combination paradigm. We found that the two eyes were unequal in binocular combination in most (11 out of 14) of our treated anisometropic amblyopes, but none of the controls. We concluded that the treated anisometropic amblyopes, even those with a normal range of visual acuity, exhibited abnormal binocular processing. Our results thus suggest that there is potential for improvement in treated anisometropic amblyopes that may further enhance their binocular visual functioning.
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Trief, E., and A. R. Morse. "Strabismus and Amblyopia." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 82, no. 8 (1988): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8808200810.
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Strabismus is a misalignment of the eye which can cause a permanent visual problem if not corrected early in life. Amblyopia, lazy eye, occurs when one eye is weaker than the other and the child shows preference for the stronger eye. Several screening devices including external examination of the eye, ability to track, a cover test, acuity tests, and stereoscopic tests can detect strabismus and amblyopia at an early age. Treatment for strabismus and amblyopia include patching therapy, use of glasses, surgery, orthoptics, CAM vision stimulator, or a combination of these techniques.
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Totsuka, Satoru, Tomoya Handa, Hitoshi Ishikawa, and Nobuyuki Shoji. "Improvement of Adherence with Occlu-Pad Therapy for Pediatric Patients with Amblyopia." BioMed Research International 2018 (November 22, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2394562.
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We aimed to examine visual acuity improvement effect and adherence in amblyopia training using tablet type vision training equipment (Occlu-pad). The subjects were 138 patients with amblyopia (average age of 5.5 ± 1.6 years old); their amblyopic visual acuity at the start of training was logMAR 0.15 to 1.3. Occlu-pad is a device that processes images such that amblyopic eyes can only view the image as it passes through polarized glasses; this is achieved by peeling off the polarizing film layer in the liquid crystal display of an iPad (Apple). Amblyopia training comprised either the instructional training with Occlu-pad or the eye patch (Patching) as a family training, after wearing perfectly corrected glasses. Visual acuity improvement following amblyopia training by Occlu-pad and Patching was significantly different after 6 months in patients with anisometropic amblyopia (p <0.05). In patients with strabismic amblyopia, a significant difference between training methods was observed after 9 months (p <0.05). Use of the Occlu-pad resulted in better adherence for patients with either anisometropic amblyopia or strabismic amblyopia; a significant difference in adherence was observed after 3 months, compared with Patching (p <0.05). Amblyopia training with Occlu-pad supports greater visual acuity improvement and adherence than Patching.
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Abbas, Lamyaa Jasim, and Ahmed Ismail Abdulgani. "Prevalence of Amblyopia in Hawler Eye Teaching Hospital." Advanced medical journal 10, no. 2 (2025): 16–23. https://doi.org/10.56056/amj.2025.338.
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Background and objectives: Amblyopia is defined as impairment of vision in the absence of ocular pathology that could be unilateral the most common or bilateral less common. This study aimed to settle the prevalence and causes of amblyopia in Hawler Eye Teaching Hospital in Erbil City, Iraq. For the age between 6-12 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 300 students are included in this study, in Hawler Eye Teaching Hospital from the 1stof October 2022 to 1st of April 2023. History and Clinical examination of anterior and posterior segment for all children are done. Autorefraction and visual acuity with E-letter LED smart visual system with monocular unaided trial and then aided trial for best corrected visual acuity children with less than 6/6 cyclopentolate eye drop 1% used for cycloplegic refraction. Results: The prevalence of amblyopia was (25.3%) of the total sample (n=300). The most prevalent causes of amblyopia were refractive error (96.05%), and strabismus (23.7%). Males were more affected by amblyopia with (60.53%) while females affected with amblyopia were (39.5%) with no statistically significant difference in gender with amblyopia (P 0.916).The age more frequently had amblyopia was seven and eight (18.4%), (18.4%) respectively, the different age groups had no statistically significant difference in amblyopic patients (P 0.377). Conclusion: The prevalence of amblyopia among children between 6-12 years in Hawler Eye Teaching Hospital was high. This needs school screening tests with a qualified medical team, and increase parents' awareness about the necessity of regular vision checking for children with amblyopia for better results.
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Zhu, Wenqing, Shuneng Gu, Jian Li, Jin Lin, Chanling Hu, and Rui Liu. "Transformative Gamified Binocular Therapy for Unilateral Amblyopia in Young Children: Pilot Prospective Efficacy and Safety Study." JMIR Serious Games 13 (January 16, 2025): e63384-e63384. https://doi.org/10.2196/63384.
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Abstract Background Amblyopia is a common cause of visual impairment in children. Compliance with traditional treatments for amblyopia is challenging due to negative psychosocial impacts. Recent shifts in amblyopia treatment have moved from suppressing the dominant eye to enhancing binocular visual function. Binocular digital therapy has become a promising approach. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of binocular gamified digital therapy on visual acuity and stereoacuity (SA) in children with unilateral amblyopia. Methods This pilot prospective study enrolled 11 children aged 4-6 years with unilateral amblyopia. Following at least 8 weeks of refractive correction, participants underwent binocular gamified digital therapy for 60 minutes per day, 5 days a week. The therapy used a roguelike shooting game delivered under binocular conditions through two independent channels with a real-time artificial intelligence visual engine. Assessments of distance visual acuity (DVA), near visual acuity (NVA), and SA were conducted at baseline and again at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Results At 12 weeks, the following significant improvements were noted: amblyopic eye DVA improved by 1.0 line (P=.01; d=0.77), binocular DVA improved by 0.7 lines (P=.006; d=1.00), and SA improved by 0.3 logarithm (log) arcseconds (P=.01; d=0.97). At 8 weeks, improvements included amblyopic eye DVA by 0.9 lines (P=.046; d=1.00) and SA by 0.28 log arcseconds (P=.02; d=0.90). No significant adverse events were observed, although one participant developed progressive esotropia. Conclusions Binocular gamified digital therapy is effective and safe for improving visual outcomes in children aged 4-6 years with unilateral amblyopia.
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Asensio-Jurado, Laura, Marc Argilés, Lluïsa Quevedo-Junyent, Clara Mestre, and Dennis M. Levi. "Can viewing a 3D movie improve visual function in children with a history of amblyopia and neurotypical children?: A pilot study." PLOS ONE 19, no. 6 (2024): e0305401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305401.
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Purpose The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether viewing an immersive 3D movie with large disparities in a cinema resulted in improved visual acuity (VA), stereoscopic depth perception (ST), and improved eye alignment in residual amblyopic children and children without amblyopia. Methods A total of 24 children aged between 5 and 12 years with a history of anisometropic and/or strabismic amblyopia, that had been previously treated and who currently have residual amblyopia (N = 14), and in children with typical development without amblyopia (N = 10) viewed the movie in 3D Sing 2 in a cinema for 110 minutes. Visual acuity, stereoacuity and ocular deviation were assessed before viewing the movie, and three months later. Stereoacuity and ocular deviation were also measured immediately after viewing the movie. Results We observed an improvement in visual acuity in the non-dominant (amblyopic) eye 3 months after viewing the movie in the amblyopic group (P<0.001). Stereopsis improved immediately after viewing the movie (P = 0.02), and after 3 months by ≈ 40% (P = 0.01). Moreover, improvements in stereopsis were also observed in children without amblyopia (P = 0.04). No significant changes in ocular deviation were observed in either group. Conclusions These pilot results suggest that brief exposure to large disparities by viewing a 3D movie in a cinema can help to improve stereopsis and visual acuity in children aged 5‒12 years with previously treated amblyopia, and provide a rationale for a randomized clinical trial.
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Yuliana, Jeni. "Aspek Klinis Ambliopia." Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 49, no. 1 (2022): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v49i1.182.
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Ambliopia didefinisikan sebagai kondisi penurunan tajam penglihatan pada satu atau kedua mata walaupun dengan koreksi tajam penglihatan terbaik (best corrected visual acuity), yang tidak berhubungan dengan kelainan struktural anatomi mata ataupun jaras penglihatan. Ambliopia merupakan penyebab penurunan tajam penglihatan paling sering pada anak dan dewasa. Sebagian besar kasus dapat dicegah dan reversibel apabila terdeteksi dini dan mendapat terapi yang tepat. Terapi ambliopia mencakup menghilangkan penyebab terhalangnya aksis penglihatan, koreksi kelainan refraksi yang ada, dilanjutkan terapi untuk merangsang penggunaan mata yang mengalami ambliopia.
 Amblyopia is defined as reduction of best-corrected visual acuity in one eye or both that cannot be attributed to any structural abnormality of the eye or visual pathways. Amblyopia is the most common cause of decreased visual acuity in children and adults. Most cases are preventable and reversible if detected early and with appropriate therapy. Treatment includes removal of any obstruction of the visual axis, correction of any significant refractive errors, followed by treatment designed to encourage utilization of the amblyopic eye.
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Niechwiej-Szwedo, Ewa, Linda Colpa, and Agnes M. F. Wong. "Visuomotor Behaviour in Amblyopia: Deficits and Compensatory Adaptations." Neural Plasticity 2019 (June 9, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6817839.
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Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental visual disorder arising from decorrelated binocular experience during the critical periods of development. The hallmark of amblyopia is reduced visual acuity and impairment in binocular vision. The consequences of amblyopia on various sensory and perceptual functions have been studied extensively over the past 50 years. Historically, relatively fewer studies examined the impact of amblyopia on visuomotor behaviours; however, research in this area has flourished over the past 10 years. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive review of current knowledge about the effects of amblyopia on eye movements, upper limb reaching and grasping movements, as well as balance and gait. Accumulating evidence indicates that amblyopia is associated with considerable deficits in visuomotor behaviour during amblyopic eye viewing, as well as adaptations in behaviour during binocular and fellow eye viewing in adults and children. Importantly, due to amblyopia heterogeneity, visuomotor development in children and motor skill performance in adults may be significantly influenced by the etiology and clinical features, such as visual acuity and stereoacuity. Studies with larger cohorts of children and adults are needed to disentangle the unique contribution of these clinical characteristics to the development and performance of visuomotor behaviours.
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Shetty, Niharika K., and Indireddy Prathyusha. "Factors influencing occlusion therapy in refractive amblyopia." Journal of Medical Research 5, no. 1 (2019): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2019.5105.
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Introduction: Amblyopia is an of important cause of preventable blindness and early detection with timely rehabilitation can prevent blindness in childhood age. It also carries a higher risk of vision loss in fellow eye. The most common method of treatment to recover the monocular function involves patching the good eye in an effort to reinforce the amblyopic eye to improve. In our study we evaluated the factors affecting occlusion therapy in amblyopia patients in terms of age, gender, amount of refractive error and the time period of occlusion as the influential factor in rehabilitation of amblyopia. Methods: In this observational study, all patients between 3 years to 25 years who attended the ophthalmic OPD at Sri Siddhartha Medical College, a tertiary health care centre for ocular evaluation and diagnosed with amblyopia were included in the study. The patients were evaluated for Visual acuity on Snellens visual acuity chart and then subjected to Refractive error evaluation on Unique RK 800 Autorefractometer. Anterior segment was evaluated on Slit lamp and Fundus examination was done on Direct and indirect ophthalmoscope. Post refraction and Post treatment visual acuity was evaluated for the patients on Snellens visual acuity chart. Results: Total of 42 patients were studied out of which 16 were males and 26 were females. All patients were between 3- 35 years of age, with maximum patients 20 (47. 6%) in the age group of 6 to 15 years. 21 patients (50%) were having a baseline visual acuity in the range of 3 meter finger counting to 6/36. The commonest refractive error was astigmatism 23(54.8%) amongst whom compound myopic astigmatism was commonest in 9 patients (21.4%). In our study the post correction visual acuity improvement was 6/24 to 6/6 which was found in maximum patients 31 (73.8%), which further improved in the post occlusion visual acuity in 35 patients (83.3%) from 6/24 to 6/6. Conclusion: In this study we found myopic astigmatism as the commonest refractive error in anisometropic amblyopias. Though we found a female preponderance, the gender association was not found significant in the visual recovery or the treatment response. A good improvement following occlusion treatment as well as refractive adaptation period
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Wang, Hao, Sheila Gillard Crewther, and Zheng Qin Yin. "The Role of Eye Movement Driven Attention in Functional Strabismic Amblyopia." Journal of Ophthalmology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/534719.
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Strabismic amblyopia “blunt vision” is a developmental anomaly that affects binocular vision and results in lowered visual acuity. Strabismus is a term for a misalignment of the visual axes and is usually characterized by impaired ability of the strabismic eye to take up fixation. Such impaired fixation is usually a function of the temporally and spatially impaired binocular eye movements that normally underlie binocular shifts in visual attention. In this review, we discuss how abnormal eye movement function in children with misaligned eyes influences the development of normal binocular visual attention and results in deficits in visual function such as depth perception. We also discuss how eye movement function deficits in adult amblyopia patients can also lead to other abnormalities in visual perception. Finally, we examine how the nonamblyopic eye of an amblyope is also affected in strabismic amblyopia.
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Sauvan, Lauren, Natacha Stolowy, Danièle Denis, et al. "Contribution of Short-Time Occlusion of the Amblyopic Eye to a Passive Dichoptic Video Treatment for Amblyopia beyond the Critical Period." Neural Plasticity 2019 (August 28, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6208414.
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Dichoptic movie viewing has been shown to significantly improve visual acuity in amblyopia in children. Moreover, short-term occlusion of the amblyopic eye can transiently increase its contribution to binocular fusion in adults. In this study, we first asked whether dichoptic movie viewing could improve the visual function of amblyopic subjects beyond the critical period. Secondly, we tested if this effect could be enhanced by short-term monocular occlusion of the amblyopic eye. 17 subjects presenting stable functional amblyopia participated in this study. 10 subjects followed 6 sessions of 1.5 hour of dichoptic movie viewing (nonpatched group), and 7 subjects, prior to each of these sessions, had to wear an occluding patch over the amblyopic eye for two hours (patched group). Best-corrected visual acuity, monocular contrast sensitivity, interocular balance, and stereoacuity were measured before and after the training. For the nonpatched group, mean amblyopic eye visual acuity significantly improved from 0.54 to 0.46 logMAR (p<0.05). For the patched group, mean amblyopic eye visual acuity significantly improved from 0.62 to 0.43 logMAR (p<0.05). Stereoacuity improved significantly when the data of both groups were combined. No significant improvement was observed for the other visual functions tested. Our training procedure combines modern video technologies and recent fundamental findings in human plasticity: (i) long-term plasticity induced by dichoptic movie viewing and (ii) short-term adaptation induced by temporary monocular occlusion. This passive dichoptic movie training approach is shown to significantly improve visual acuity of subjects beyond the critical period. The addition of a short-term monocular occlusion to the dichoptic training shows promising trends but was not significant for the sample size used here. The passive movie approach combined with interocular contrast balancing even over such a short period as 2 weeks has potential as a clinical therapy to treat amblyopia in older children and adults.
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Constantinescu, Cris S., and Irene Gottlob. "Possible Role of Corticosteroids in Nervous System Plasticity: Improvement in Amblyopia After Optic Neuritis in the Fellow Eye Treated with Steroids." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 15, no. 3 (2001): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154596830101500310.
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Objective: Amblyopia consists of reduced visual function in the absence of or ganic disease, caused by deficient visual stimulation, most commonly due to squint or refractive error. Amblyopia is thought to be reversible up until the age of ∼8 years (critical period) and is usually treated with occlusion of the fellow eye. There is re cent evidence for visual system plasticity extending beyond the critical period, sup ported by reports of improvement in visual acuity in the amblyopic eye after loss of vision in the contralateral eye. This suggests that the adult visual system exhibits suf ficient plasticity to allow such improvement. We describe here improvement in vi sual acuity in three amblyopic patients after they received high-dose intravenous glu cocorticoids for optic neuritis in the contralateral eye. Methods: Clinical and neurological evaluation added. Results: In all cases, the improvement was sustained, even after the recovery from the optic neuritis. Conclusions: Because steroids affect neural plasticity, we hypothesize that they facilitate and enhance visual improvement in amblyopia, a quality that may be tested in future controlled trials. Key Words: Am biyopia—Steroids—Plasticity—Glucocorticoids—Optic neuritis.
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Tamal, Roy, Parasurampuria Punit, Wasiullah Md., and Kumar Mishra Atul. "Frequency and Causes of Amblyopia in Children Visiting an Eye O.P.D of Tertiary Care Hospital." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 6 (2024): 1559–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12804093.
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<strong>Background:</strong> Amblyopia is a visual disorder affecting children, characterized by reduced vision in one or both eyes without detectable organic pathology. Early detection and intervention are critical to prevent irreversible visual impairment. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This retrospective study reviewed records of 100 pediatric patients diagnosed with amblyopia at a tertiary care hospital in Bhagalpur between February 2021 and July 2021. Data on demographics, etiological factors, and clinical presentations were analyzed. Amblyopia diagnosis was based on standardized criteria including visual acuity assessments and comprehensive ophthalmic evaluations. <strong>Results:</strong> Among the 100 children studied, the mean age was 8.5 years (SD ± 2.1), with a male-to-female ratio of 1.2:1. The leading causes of amblyopia were refractive errors (65%), strabismus (20%), and deprivation (15%). Visual acuity assessments revealed that 40% had mild amblyopia, 35% moderate, and 25% severe. Right eye involvement was noted in 60% of cases. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study underscores the significant prevalence of amblyopia among children attending a tertiary care hospital in Bhagalpur, primarily attributable to refractive errors, strabismus, and deprivation. Early diagnosis and appropriate interventions are crucial to mitigate visual impairment and enhance long-term visual outcomes.
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Jung, Jin Wook, and Haeng-Jin Lee. "Binocularity-stimulating Treatment Using a Stereoscopic 3D Game in Patients with Amblyopia." Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 66, no. 6 (2025): 267–74. https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2025.66.6.267.
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Purpose: We investigated the effect of binocularity-stimulating treatment using stereoscopic 3D games in patients with amblyopia.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed amblyopia patients who had at least 12 months of patch therapy from 2020 to 2023 without further improvement who then underwent binocularity-stimulating treatment using stereoscopic 3D games displayed on a 3D TV. The level of blur and focal length of the screen viewed by the fellow eye were adjusted according to the visual acuity of the amblyopic eye. Each session lasted 30 min and patients participated in 16 sessions. We compared visual acuity, stereopsis, and contrast sensitivity before and after treatment.Results: The study included 24 patients with a mean age of 11.5 years at the time of treatment. The visual acuity of the amblyopic eye improved from 0.29 ± 0.27 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) to 0.19 ± 0.24 logMAR (<i>p</i>=0.001), with that of 7 (29%) patients improving by two or more lines. Stereopsis improved from 2.89 ± 0.41 to 2.63 ± 0.35 log arcsec (<i>p</i> < 0.001), while contrast sensitivity improved from 1.69 ± 0.11 to 1.73 ± 0.08 log 1/c after treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.059).Conclusions: Additional visual function improvement was achieved through binocularity-stimulating treatment using stereoscopic 3D games in amblyopia patients whose vision did not improve despite patching for a sufficient period of time and in adult amblyopia patients who missed the timing of vision development. Individualized treatment was possible by adjusting the intensity of the stimulus presented to the fellow eye based on the visual acuity of the amblyopic eye, using separate 3D screens.
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Henč-Petrinović, L., N. Deban, N. Gabrić, and J. Petrinović. "Prognostic Value of Visual Evoked Responses in Childhood Amblyopia." European Journal of Ophthalmology 3, no. 3 (1993): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067219300300302.
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We assessed the possible clinical utility of pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in predicting the success of pleoptic treatment. Thirty amblyopic children –- 16 strabismic, 11 anisometropic and three of refractive type (in all cases the amblyopia was monocular) –- and ten children without amblyopia (control group) were examined by conventional psychometric methods. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) to pattern reversal stimulation were also recorded. The amblyopic group was treated with occlusion of the preferred eye for three to six months. Psychometric and VEP tests were repeated in 15 amblyopic children after the treatment. The pre-treatment VEP amplitude side-differences (between amblyopic and better fellow eye) were significant, with first positive wave, P1, being invariably lower on the amblyopic side. We correlated the side-differences in visual acuity with the corresponding side-differences in amplitude and latency of the P1 wave. In the former the correlation coefficient was r = 0.47 (p<0.01), and in the latter r = 0.65 (p<0.01). Latency was prolonged in the eyes with significantly reduced visual acuity in which the wave form was also typical for amblyopia. We then correlated the difference between pre- and post- treatment visual acuity of the amblyopic eye with the pre- and post-treatment difference in amplitude (correlation coeff. r-0.51 (p=0.05)) and latency of the P1 wave (correlation coeff. r=0.40 (p>0.05)). Finally, by correlating the pre- and post-treatment difference in visual acuity with the pretreatment P1 amplitude and latency (for the former, there was no regular interdependence, and for the latter r=-0.64 (p=0.01)), we tried to test our assumption that an alteration of VEP indicates poor visual rehabilitation of the amblyopic eye. Although the correlation was not unanimous, this study showed that VEP recording may still serve as an extra aid in predicting the therapeutic outcome in amblyopic children.
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Vagge, Aldo, Carol L. Shields, Jerry A. Shields, Renelle Pointdujour-Lim, and Bruce Schnall. "Visual improvement in amblyopic eye following treatment-induced vision loss in dominant eye with uveal melanoma." British Journal of Ophthalmology 104, no. 2 (2019): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313505.
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ObjectiveTo determine the frequency and amount of visual improvement in amblyopic eyes of adults following visual loss in the dominant eye resulting from treatment of uveal melanoma.Methods and analysisRetrospective case series of adult patients with amblyopia and dominant eye visual loss resulting from treatment of uveal melanoma. Review of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in each eye (amblyopia eye vs melanoma eye) at date first seen and over time following treatment of uveal melanoma. BCVA in each eye was graded as improved (>2 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) lines) or unimproved (<2 logMAR lines).ResultsTwenty-one patients that met the inclusion criteria. Mean age at presentation was 56 years (range 39–73 years). Following treatment of the uveal melanoma and decline of BCVA in the dominant, the BCVA in the amblyopic eye improved in 11/21 (52%; 95% CI 30% to 74 %) patients. The degree of visual loss in the melanoma eye was to the level of the amblyopic eye or worse in 14 patients. In this group, BCVA improved in the amblyopic eye in 9/14 (64%; 95% CI 35% to 87 %) patients. Of these nine with improved eyes, the mean starting visual acuity was logMAR 0.6 (20/80) with mean improvement of logMAR 0.4 (4 lines±0.13 (range 0.2–0.6). Eight of nine eyes achieved a BCVA of 20/25 (n=3) or 20/20 (n=5).ConclusionVisual acuity in the amblyopic eye of adults can improve following visual loss in the contralateral dominant eye associated with treatment for uveal melanoma.
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Lagas, Alice K., Joanna M. Black, Bruce R. Russell, Robert R. Kydd, and Benjamin Thompson. "The Effect of Combined Patching and Citalopram on Visual Acuity in Adults with Amblyopia: A Randomized, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Trial." Neural Plasticity 2019 (June 9, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5857243.
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Nonhuman animal models have demonstrated that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can enhance plasticity within the mature visual cortex and enable recovery from amblyopia. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the SSRI citalopram combined with part-time patching of the fellow fixing eye would improve amblyopic eye visual acuity in adult humans. Following a crossover, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, participants completed two 2-week blocks of fellow fixing eye patching. One block combined patching with citalopram (20 mg/day) and the other with a placebo tablet. The blocks were separated by a 2-week washout period. The primary outcome was change in amblyopic eye visual acuity. Secondary outcomes included stereoacuity and electrophysiological measures of retinal and cortical function. Seven participants were randomized, fewer than our prespecified sample size of 20. There were no statistically significant differences in amblyopic eye visual acuity change between the active (mean±SD change=0.08±0.16 logMAR) and the placebo (mean change=−0.01±0.03 logMAR) blocks. No treatment effects were observed for any secondary outcomes. However, 3 of 7 participants experienced a 0.1 logMAR or greater improvement in amblyopic eye visual acuity in the active but not the placebo blocks. These results from a small sample suggest that larger-scale trials of SSRI treatment for adult amblyopia may be warranted. Considerations for future trials include drug dose, treatment duration, and recruitment challenges. This study was preregistered as a clinical trial (ACTRN12611000669998).
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Mohammad Alam, Lal Mohammad, and Shaukat Khan. "Anisometropic Amblyopia: Analysis of treatment results with patching of dominant eye and refraction with active visual therapy (AVT) in school age children." Professional Medical Journal 29, no. 03 (2022): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2022.29.03.6742.
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Objectives: To analyse the results of Active Visual Therapy with patching and refraction in anisometropic amblyopia in school age children from age 7-15 years. Study Design: Analytical study. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, DHQ KDA Teaching Hospital Kohat. Period: January 2016 to December 2018. Material & Methods: The school age children suffering from anisometropic amblyopia with age range from 7-15 years. Proper documentation proforma was designed for record and follow up of patients. Informed consents were taken from parents of patients and they were specially trained for compliance. Total 41 patients were included comprising 28(68.29%) male and 13(31.70%) female with age range of 7-15 years. Anterior and posterior segments were properly examined. Best corrected visual therapy was recorded. Difference of two or more lines on snellen chart between the two eyes was considered to be anisometropic amblyopia. Before treatment 14(34.14%) patients had BCVA of 6/24, 8(19.51%) patients had 6/36, 10(24.39%) patients had 6/60 and 9(21.95%) patients had CF. Out of 41 patients 29(70.73%) patients were hypermetropic while 12(29.26%) were myopic. The refractive error of amblyopic eyes in spherical equivalent was from + 7 to – 5 diopters. Proper refractive correction was done. Patching of the normal eye was advised for three hours per day at the dose of one week per year of age. The amblyopic eye was exposed to active visual therapy with video games with computer and smart phones. The patients were examined after each three months and improvement in visual acuity and change in refraction was addressed. Results were analysed on the basis of pretreatment and post treatment visual acuity. Finally T-test for regression and co-relation was applied on the post treatment status of visual acuity of 6/24, 6/36, 6/60 and Counting finger with pretreatment status of visual acuity of 6/24, 6/36, 6/60 and Counting finger showing P = 0.005 which is less than 0.05 and is statistically significant. Results: Cumulatively after treatment out of 41 patients 10(24.39%) had best corrected visual acuity 6/6, 6(14.63%) had 6/9, 7(17.07%) had 6/12, 7(17.07%) had 6/18, 4(9.75%) had 6/24, 5(12.19%) had 6/60 and 2(4.87%) had best corrected visual acuity of CF. Conclusion: Patching of dominant eye and refraction with Active Visual Therapy of amblyopic eye is effective in treatment of anisometropic amblyopia.
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Promelle, Veronique, Sophie Bryselbout, and Solange Milazzo. "Visual prognosis of posterior and combined persistent fetal vasculature." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 2 (2019): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119826478.
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Introduction: The persistent fetal vasculature refers to congenital anomalies of the globe resulting from the abnormal persistence of the hyaloid vascular system. It can present as anterior, posterior, or combined form. The aim of this study was to report the visual outcomes of posterior and combined forms of persistent fetal vasculature. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study included every patient referred to our outpatient clinic with a posterior or combined form of persistent fetal vasculature. The primary endpoint was the visual acuity of the impaired eye, or of the best eye if bilateral, at the end of follow-up. Results: In total, 18 eyes of 14 patients (10 males) were included. The combined form was the most prevalent (12 of 18 eyes), and 4 of 14 patients had bilateral impairment. The range of assessed visual acuity was from 20/2000 to 20/25. The best visual acuity in patients having undergone a surgical procedure was 20/63 (cataract extraction = 3, combined phacovitrectomy = 1). In patients who had been treated for amblyopia with patching, without surgery, the best visual acuity measured was 20/100 (5 patients). Among patients who had neither surgery nor patching therapy, there was one 63-year-old patient with a 20/25 visual acuity; the other ones had a low visual acuity of less than 20/200. All included eyes presented with nystagmus, amblyopia, and/or strabismus at the end of follow-up. Conclusion: The posterior and combined forms of persistent fetal vasculature are of poor visual prognosis. The severe or occulting presentations require surgery to obtain the same visual outcomes as the moderate forms treated for amblyopia with patching therapy.
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Yuliana, Jeni. "Aspek Klinis Ambliopia." Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 49, no. 1 (2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v49i1.1639.
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<p>Ambliopia didefinisikan sebagai kondisi penurunan tajam penglihatan pada satu atau kedua mata walaupun dengan koreksi tajam penglihatan terbaik (<em>best corrected visual acuity</em>), yang tidak berhubungan dengan kelainan struktural anatomi mata ataupun jaras penglihatan. Ambliopia merupakan penyebab penurunan tajam penglihatan paling sering pada anak dan dewasa. Sebagian besar kasus dapat dicegah dan reversibel apabila terdeteksi dini dan mendapat terapi yang tepat. Terapi ambliopia mencakup menghilangkan penyebab terhalangnya aksis penglihatan, koreksi kelainan refraksi yang ada, dilanjutkan terapi untuk merangsang penggunaan mata yang mengalami ambliopia.</p><p> </p><p>Amblyopia is defined as reduction of best-corrected visual acuity in one eye or both that cannot be attributed to any structural abnormality of the eye or visual pathways. Amblyopia is the most common cause of decreased visual acuity in children and adults. Most cases are preventable and reversible if detected early and with appropriate therapy. Treatment includes removal of any obstruction of the visual axis, correction of any significant refractive errors, followed by treatment designed to encourage utilization of the amblyopic eye.</p>
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Mahmood Khan, Tahir, Shahid Anwar Bhatti, Abdul Haleem, Anwar ul Haq, Syed Naveed Haide, and Muhammad Shamim Ul Hunsain. "Frequency of Amblyopia in Uncorrected an Isometropia in Children of age between 5-10 years." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 10 (2023): 64–66. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023171064.
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Background: Uncorrected anisometropia is a leading cause of amblyopia and preventable visual impairment in children. Anisometropia disrupts binocular vision, resulting in cortical suppression and reduced visual acuity in the affected eye. Early identification and treatment are crucial to prevent permanent vision loss. However, the lack of routine vision screening in Pakistan often delays diagnosis and treatment. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of amblyopia among Pakistani children aged 5–10 years with uncorrected anisometropia and to evaluate the relationship between anisometropia severity and amblyopia. Methods: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted at multiple ophthalmology centres in Pakistan from January 2020 to December 2022. A total of 150 children with uncorrected anisometropia underwent comprehensive assessments, including best-corrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, and ocular alignment tests. Amblyopia was defined as BCVA ≤ 20/40 in one eye or an interocular difference of ≥2 lines. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, and chi-square tests were applied to evaluate the association between anisometropia severity and amblyopia. Results: Amblyopia was diagnosed in 32% of the study population. The prevalence increased with anisometropia severity: 13.3% in mild cases, 29.1% in moderate cases, and 68.6% in severe cases (p<0.001). The mean age of amblyopia diagnosis was 7.5 ± 1.3 years. No significant gender difference in prevalence was found (p=0.69). Conclusion: Uncorrected anisometropia significantly increases amblyopia risk. Early detection and timely treatment are essential to prevent long-term visual impairment. Implementing school vision screenings and improving access to refractive correction services could substantially reduce childhood amblyopia in Pakistan. Keywords: Amblyopia, Anisometropia, Childhood Visual Impairment, Pediatric Ophthalmology, Vision Screening, Pakistan.
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Grigoryeva, Yulia V., Sergey Yurievich Kopaev, and Kristina G. Khliyan. "Cataract surgery in patients with extremely elongated eyeball." Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya 22, no. 2 (2022): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55531/2072-2354.2022.22.1.26-30.
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Aim to evaluate the specific features of the phacoemulsification and IOL implantation, as well as clinical and functional outcomes in patients with extremely elongated eyeball.
 Clinical cases. Two female patients were observed. Patient 1: 67 years, diagnosed OU complicated cataract, high myopia, moderate amblyopia, primary open-angle glaucoma 3A. Visual acuity at admission vis OD = 0.001 n.c.; vis OS = 0.04 sph +2.00 D cyl -2.50 D ax 105 = 0.1. Patient 2: 68 years, diagnosed OU complicated cataract, high hyperopia, moderate amblyopia, primary open-angle glaucoma 1A, operated. Visual acuity at admission OD = 0.01 sph +11.00 D cyl +1.50 D ax 110 = 0.2; OS = 0.01 sph +11.00 D cyl +1.00 D ax 105 = 0.1. The phacoemulsification and implantation of Asphina IOL (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Germany) was performed in both patients: on the right eye of patient 1 and on the left eye of patient 2.
 Results. A month after the operation, patient 1 had the uncorrected visual acuity Vis OD = 0.15, patient 2 had visual acuity Vis OS = 0.04 sph (+) 11.0 D = 0.2. Both patients were subjectively satisfied with the obtained visual functions.
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Fadewar, Hanmant. "Effective Detection of Amblyopia Risk Factor Using Smart Phone Eye Testing Application." International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 03 (2023): 25665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v12i03.4724.
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Amblyopia also called as lazy eye. In this disease there is week communication between human eyes with human brain. Due to this reason one of the eye is not working properly compare to other eye. Amblyopia starts in early childhood, and most of the children are loss his vision. In the world 3 to 4 child’s are affected of amblyopia risk factors out of 100 children. If we give the early treatment on affected eye may be prevents long-term vision problems. This problem is focus in mind and author is doing study to accurately identify children at risk for amblyopia by using existing application from smartphone platforms. This study is not replace the advice of doctors on any condition.
 Keywords: Amblyopia Risk Factor, Visual Acuity Test,
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Waheed, Abdul, Nitika Kumari, Jamshed Ali, et al. "Cause of amblyopia in adult patients: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 10 (2021): 4955. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213801.
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Background: Amblyopia has been defined as a decrease of visual acuity for which no causes can be detected by the physical examination of the eye, caused by vision deprivation or abnormal binocular interaction. This study aims to determine the cause of amblyopia in adult patients at HAHC hospital South Delhi.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted over a period from January 2018 till March 2018 among the patients in HAHC hospital. A comprehensive eye examination was used to analyse the visual condition.Results: Amblyopia was diagnosed in 42 participants, with age-and gender-adjusted prevalence of 3.2%. Of these, 1.9% were unilateral cases, and 1.3% were bilateral cases. A major cause of amblyopia in this population was a refractive error, hence using spectacle correction and vision therapy for its initial management.Conclusions: This study has provided causes of amblyopia in an adult population. Amblyopia is a frequent cause of lifelong unilateral visual impairment.
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Ghoshal, Rituparna, Guganathan V, and Somnath Ghosh. "Management of bilateral amblyopia, abnormal eye movements and deficient visual perception in a child with autism spectrum disorder using vision therapy: A case report." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 10, no. 4 (2024): 819–24. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2024.143.
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An 8-year-old boy, diagnosed with moderate autism spectrum disorder visited Divine Myndz with his mother with complaints of reduced vision, inability to maintain eye contact and less attention span in terms of visual tasks. Assessment done at Divine Myndz showed that he had bilateral amblyopia, difficulty with eye movements, visual attention span and visual perceptual skills. A multi modal approach in vision therapy was planned for a period of 2 months to work on amblyopia, visual attention span and visual perceptual skills. At the end of 40 sessions over a period of 2 months, the boy showed significant improvement in visual acuity and eye movements. However, the visual perception remained same. After the initial reassessment after 40 sessions, the parents were advised to continue with remote vision therapy using vision therapy softwares that can be administered with parental support at home. Both pts2 and AmbP inet (home based vision therapy softwares) were prescribed. After 1 year of using the remote vision therapy softwares, a reassessment was conducted. The reassessment results showed that the boy had shown significant improvement in both visual perceptual skills and visual efficiency skills along with improvement in visual acuity and stereopsis. His parents reported a significant improvement in his visual task and improved attention span and eye contact.
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Mohammad Mostafizur Rahman. "Visual Outcome of Occlusion Therapy in Anisometropic Amblyopia." SSB Global Journal of Medical Science 5, no. 02 (2024): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.61561/ssbgjms.v5i02.2.
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Background: Amblyopia is a common visual disorder in children, often treated with occlusion therapy. This study aimed to assess the visual outcomes following occlusion therapy in children with anisometropic amblyopia, focusing on improvements in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) over a six-month period.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2015 to August 2015. Participants underwent occlusion therapy, where the better-seeing eye was covered for varying durations based on initial BCVA. Visual acuity was measured using the Snellen chart and converted to logMAR units at baseline, and after 1, 3, and 6 months of therapy. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation test.Results: The mean BCVA improved significantly from 0.88±0.28 at baseline to 0.55±0.21 after 1 month, 0.42±0.15 after 3 months, and 0.23±0.12 after 6 months (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Among the participants, 68% had hypermetropia, 22% had astigmatism, and 10% had myopia. The majority of participants (68%) had anisometropic amblyopia in the right eye. The age distribution was 32% aged 5-7 years, 47% aged 8-9 years, and 21% aged 10-11 years, with a mean age of 8.64 years. Gender distribution was 64% male and 36% female.Conclusion: Occlusion therapy significantly improves visual acuity in children with anisometropic amblyopia, with early and consistent treatment yielding the best results. These findings support the continued use of occlusion therapy as an effective treatment modality, even when initiated later in childhood. Future research should explore long-term outcomes and complementary treatment approaches.
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Yuan, Dong-Qing, Liu-Wei Gu, and Qing-Huai Liu. "Visual electrophysiological assessment of children with poor response to treatment for functional amblyopia." International Journal of Ophthalmology 18, no. 2 (2025): 315–22. https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2025.02.16.
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AIM: To assess the visual electrophysiological outcomes in children with functional amblyopia who exhibited poor response to conventional treatment. METHODS: Twenty-one children with functional amblyopia, aged 5.7±2.1y (range: 4-10y), underwent comprehensive ophthalmic and refractive evaluations. Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) were conducted to analyze the macular retinal thickness and the first-order response P1 ring of the mfERG in the amblyopic eye (AE) compared to the fellow good eye (GE). RESULTS: Initially, visual acuity in the AE ranged from 20/800 to 20/40, while the GE exhibited a range of 20/25 to 20/20 (P<0.01). After 6mo of treatment, 17 patients demonstrated improved visual acuity in the AE to 20/50 or better, while 4 children showed no improvement. SD-OCT revealed comparable macular and optic disc structures between the AE and GE. Prior to treatment, the mfERG P1 ring amplitude was significantly reduced in the AE compared to GE (P<0.05). The AE/GE ratio of P1 ring amplitude showed significant improvement post-treatment. However, a smaller AE/GE ratio before treatment was associated with poorer improvement post-treatment. CONCLUSION: In the management of functional amblyopia, a thorough assessment of amblyopic eye examinations is crucial. Approximately 20% of amblyopic eyes may not achieve significant improvement in visual acuity, despite the absence of detectable organic retinal abnormalities. mfERG may reveal underlying abnormalities. Integrating mfERG into initial assessments or treatment follow-ups can aid in identifying potential hidden retinal defects and predicting the prognosis of the amblyopic eye.
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Irfan, Sameera, Nausherwan Aadil, Rajendra P. Maurya, and Mohammad Saqib. "Is amblyopia of any severity fully treatable, irrespective of a patient’s age?" Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 10, no. 1 (2024): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2024.005.
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: : To find out the level of visual improvement and the time it takes in amblyopia of any severity. : To find out whether the level of visual improvement is influenced by a patient's age at presentation. : To note whether the level of visual recovery is influenced by previous amblyopia therapy. To note any regression of visual acuity with time after initial improvement by therapy. To note complications of full-time occlusion therapy, especially occlusion amblyopia.: In a prospective interventional study, 1701 consecutive cases with poor vision were included irrespective of a patient’s age. After wearing refractive correction for 8-12 weeks and no further improvement in the BCVA, amblyopia therapy was started comprising of full-time patching of the good eye along with active use of the amblyopic eye by reading and writing at least 6 hours daily. Regular two weekly follow-ups were conducted. The endpoint of therapy was achieving a BCVA equal to that of the good eye. A regular post-patching follow-up was conducted for 1-3 years. Statistical analysis comparing the visual acuity at the start and the end of therapy was performed by a paired t-test for each group. : There were 896 male and 805 female cases. 1383 cases (81.3%) had previously failed amblyopia therapy. 49 cases (2.9%) dropped out of the study due to poor compliance with therapy or an incomplete follow-up. For a simplified analysis of results, the 1701 cases were divided into three age groups: Group A: age 4-7 years (473 cases), Group B: age 8-12 years (618 cases) and Group C: age 13-46 years (610 cases). The overall success in Group A and B cases was 98% and 96.9% in Group C cases. Full visual recovery is possible in amblyopia of any severity and age. The age of a patient at presentation should not preclude therapy.
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Milla, Myriam, Ainhoa Molina-Martín, and David P. Piñero. "Long-Term Efficacy of the Combination of Active Vision Therapy and Occlusion in Children with Strabismic and Anisometropic Amblyopia." Children 9, no. 7 (2022): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9071012.
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This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the combined treatment of occlusion and active vision therapy in a total of 27 amblyopic children, including 14 strabismic and 13 anisometropic cases. For such purpose, changes in distance and near visual acuity as well as in the binocular function was evaluated during a two-year follow-up. In both amblyopia groups, significant improvements were found in distance and near visual acuity in the non-dominant eye (p < 0.001). In the strabismic amblyopia group, the percentage of patients with binocular function score (BF) > 3.3 decreased significantly from a baseline value of 64.3% to a two-year follow-up value of 7.1% (p < 0.001). In the anisometropic amblyopia group, this percentage also decreased significantly from a baseline value of 15.4% to a two-year follow-up value of 0.0% (p < 0.001). No recurrences were observed in the anisometropic amblyopia group, whereas recurrence occurred in two cases of the strabismic amblyopia group after finishing the vision rehabilitation process. In conclusion, the combined approach of the treatment evaluated is efficacious for providing an improvement in visual acuity and binocular function in both anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia, which was maintained over time.
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Safa, Ben Aoun1* Takwa Sammouda2 Wafa Walha1 Mariem Sahli1 Amira Trigui1. "Role of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Visual Prognosis After Open Globe Trauma in Children." Alq J Med App Sci 6, no. 1 (2023): 127–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761597.
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<strong>Background and aims.</strong> Open globe eye injuries are a frequent cause of morbidity, amblyopia, and monocular blindness in children. In our study, we propose to establish deep learning models to predict the final visual acuity (VA) prognosis and the risk of amblyopia after an open globe injury in children. <strong>Methods</strong>. This study involves deep learning models based on a dataset containing 146 variables of 87 patients aged ≤16 years (87 eyes) who had an open globe injury between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2021. We used the Knime software for predicting the final visual acuity prognosis and the risk of amblyopia. The methods used were the neural network system, the support vector machine (SVM), and the decision tree. <strong>Results</strong>. The deep learning system was able to predict the risk of having a poor final visual acuity prognosis with good accuracy for both the neural network system and SVM (76.9% and 88.9%, respectively). The identified prognostic factors for poor VA prognosis in the decision tree were low initial visual acuity, wound size >6mm and its shape, the presence of anterior chamber inflammation or abnormal ultrasound. Our study also accurately predicted the risk of amblyopia with good specificity (80.8% and 100%, respectively, for the neural network system and 78.4% and 74.1%, respectively, for SVM). Similarly, the decision tree identified children at high risk of subsequent amblyopia, namely initial visual acuity, presence of a limbal wound, absence of isolated corneal involvement, and presence of postoperative complications. <strong>Conclusion</strong>. Predicting VA prognosis and the risk of amblyopia after an open globe injury in children could play a major role in identifying high-risk groups to adjust the postoperative surveillance rate and reduce the optical disturbances caused by open globe injuries.
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Mohammad Mostafizur Rahman. "Visual Outcome of Occlusion Therapy in Anisometropic Amblyopia." SSB Global Journal of Medical Science 5, no. 2 (2024): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.61561/ssbj.v5i2.53.
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Background: Amblyopia is a common visual disorder in children, often treated with occlusion therapy. This study aimed to assess the visual outcomes following occlusion therapy in children with anisometropic amblyopia, focusing on improvements in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) over a six-month period. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2015 to August 2015. Participants underwent occlusion therapy, where the better-seeing eye was covered for varying durations based on initial BCVA. Visual acuity was measured using the Snellen chart and converted to logMAR units at baseline, and after 1, 3, and 6 months of therapy. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation test. Results: The mean BCVA improved significantly from 0.88±0.28 at baseline to 0.55±0.21 after 1 month, 0.42±0.15 after 3 months, and 0.23±0.12 after 6 months (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Among the participants, 68% had hypermetropia, 22% had astigmatism, and 10% had myopia. The majority of participants (68%) had anisometropic amblyopia in the right eye. The age distribution was 32% aged 5-7 years, 47% aged 8-9 years, and 21% aged 10-11 years, with a mean age of 8.64 years. Gender distribution was 64% male and 36% female. Conclusion: Occlusion therapy significantly improves visual acuity in children with anisometropic amblyopia, with early and consistent treatment yielding the best results. These findings support the continued use of occlusion therapy as an effective treatment modality, even when initiated later in childhood. Future research should explore long-term outcomes and complementary treatment approaches.
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Kozeis, N., K. T. Tsaousis, and D. Gidaris. "Surgical Treatment of Persistent Fetal Vasculature and Visual Rehabilitation: One-Year Followup." Case Reports in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/687081.
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We present the management and postoperative course of a persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) case. A four-year-old girl visited the Eye Department of Hippokration, General Hospital of Thessaloniki due to reduced visual acuity of her left eye. She was diagnosed with PFV and underwent surgery (lensectomy, capsulorhexis of the posterior capsule, insertion of an intraocular lens in the posterior chamber, and posterior vitrectomy) in order to dissect the PFV. Along with the postoperative medical care, she underwent intensive treatment for amblyopia. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and the visual acuity of her left eye improved from hand movement to 20/25 with proper correction. Patients with unilateral PFV and gradually deteriorating visual acuity could be good candidates for a combined surgical procedure, as the one described above, with a good prognosis.
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Loebis, Rozalina, Bambang Subakti Zulkarnain, and Fitri Amalia Siswanto. "Effectiveness of citicoline in pediatric patients with refractive amblyopia in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia." Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 32, no. 4 (2021): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0480.
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Abstract Objectives Amblyopia is a decrease of visual acuity that cannot be attributed to any structural abnormality of the eye or visual system, causing a partial or complete loss of vision due to inadequate stimulation in early life. Citicoline has been reported to improve visual acuity in amblyopic eyes as adjuvant treatment. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of citicoline in pediatric patients with refractive amblyopia in ophthalmology daily practices. Methods This was a retrospective–descriptive study with a time limited sampling method. This study was conducted at Surabaya Eye Clinic, East Java, Indonesia, by reviewing medical records for the period of January 2018 to December 2019. Results A total of 34 eyes were included in the study with the majority aged five years (41.2%) and six years (35.3%). The severity of amblyopia varied among patients, 21 eyes (61.76%) had mild amblyopia, seven eyes (20.59%) had moderate amblyopia, and two eyes (5.88%) had severe amblyopia. The duration of given therapy also varied, 18 eyes (52.94%) were given 3 months therapy, two eyes were given 4 months therapy, 12 eyes were given 6 months therapy, and two eyes were given 8 months therapy. Citicoline was found effective in mild and moderate amblyopia and for the duration of 3 and 6 months (p<0.05). In others group who did not showed statistically significant improvement was due to inadequate samples but clinically significant improvement was noted. Conclusions Citicoline therapy resulted in a clinically and statistically improvement in refractive amblyopia patients.
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Irsch, Kristina, David L. Guyton, Robert B. Geary, Jing Tian, Boris I. Gramatikov, and Howard S. Ying. "Disconjugacy of Eye Movements during Attempted Fixation: A Sufficient Marker for Amblyopia?" Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 239, no. 10 (2022): 1206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1933-3150.
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Abstract Background To investigate whether detection of disconjugacy of eye movements during attempted fixation, or interocular position instability, may serve as a single sensitive test for amblyopia. Patients/Methods and Material Binocular eye movements were recorded at 500 Hz using the EyeLink 1000 eye tracker (SR Research Ltd., Kanata, Ontario, Canada) and analyzed using EyeLink software and Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). Eight subjects (four amblyopes, one successfully treated amblyope, and three non-amblyopes: 7 – 44 years) were asked to fixate on a stationary cross subtending 0.5° at 57 cm. Interocular position instability was quantified by calculating the minimum area bivariate contour ellipse (BCEA) encompassing 68% of the difference between right and left eye position points during 20-second viewing epochs. For statistical analysis, BCEA values, as well as visual acuity and stereoacuity, were normalized by base-10 logarithm transformation. Results The amblyopic subjects with persistent vision loss (one anisometropic, two strabismic, one deprivation; uncorrected visual acuity range 20/60 – 20/300, corrected stereoacuity range nil-400 arcsec) showed significantly higher interocular position instability (larger 68% BCEAs) than the non-amblyopic subjects (uncorrected visual acuity range 20/20 – 20/800, corrected stereoacuities of 20 arcsec) and the successfully treated strabismic amblyope (to the 20/20 level of visual acuity and 70 arcsec of stereoacuity) during binocular viewing trials; p < 0.01. Interocular position stability was strongly correlated with stereoacuity (in that better stereoacuity was associated with lower 68% BCEAs; r = 0.95), but not with visual acuity (r = 0.20). Conclusion Interocular position instability appears to differentiate amblyopic from non-amblyopic subjects and appears to improve after successful treatment. Interocular position instability may therefore prove to be a single sensitive test for the presence of amblyopia. As a difference measure, it is inherently less susceptible to head motion and calibration error, as well as to conjugate eye motion, and as such is expected to be somewhat immune to latent nystagmus. Interocular position instability may also be useful to guide treatment, especially in preverbal children, and to assess the efficacy of novel treatments. Further research is required to establish optimal interocular position instability thresholds and to determine how specific this measure is to amblyopia.
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Huang, Liwen, Xinghuai Sun, Gang Luo, et al. "Interocular Shift of Visual Attention Enhances Stereopsis and Visual Acuities of Anisometropic Amblyopes beyond the Critical Period of Visual Development: A Novel Approach." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/615213.
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Aims.Increasing evidence shows that imbalanced suppressive drive prior to binocular combination may be the key factor in amblyopia. We described a novel binocular approach, interocular shift of visual attention (ISVA), for treatment of amblyopia in adult patients.Methods.Visual stimuli were presented anaglyphically on a computer screen. A square target resembling Landolt C had 2 openings, one in red and one in cyan color. Through blue-red goggles, each eye could only see one of the two openings. The patient was required to report the location of the opening presented to the amblyopic eye. It started at an opening size of 800 sec of arc, went up and down in 160 sec of arc step, and stopped when reaching the 5th reversals. Ten patients with anisometropic amblyopia older than age 14 (average age: 26.7) were recruited and received ISVA treatment for 6 weeks, with 2 training sessions per day.Results.Both Titmus stereopsis (z=-2.809, P=0.005) and Random-dot stereopsis(z=-2.317, P=0.018)were significantly improved. Average improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.74 line(t=5.842, P<0.001).Conclusions.The ISVA treatment may be effective in treating amblyopia and restoring stereoscopic function.
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Huang, Kristine, Angela M. Chen, and T. Rowan Candy. "The repeatability of accommodative accuracy in childhood unilateral amblyopia." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 45, no. 5 (2025): 1164–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.13526.
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AbstractPurposeUnilateral amblyopia is associated with inaccurate accommodation when viewing monocularly with the amblyopic eye, such as when performing traditional amblyopia therapies. This study investigated the repeatability of the accommodative responses over time to understand the likely pattern of defocus during these therapies.MethodsChildren with (n = 17) and without (n = 18) unilateral amblyopia between 4 and 15 years of age completed two study visits within 1 week. During each visit, monocular distance and near visual acuity, near stereoacuity, Worth Four Dot testing and ocular alignment were assessed with the habitual optical correction, if worn. Monocular accommodative responses were evaluated three times, separated by 15‐min intervals, using modified Nott dynamic retinoscopy while participants viewed broadband naturalistic images at 25, 33 and 50 cm.ResultsLinear mixed models, with accommodative response and range of values as the dependent variables, showed that accommodative lags increased with stimulus demand, particularly for the amblyopic eyes with the worse visual acuity (p < 0.0001). The range of accommodative responses across repeated measures within a visit was typically less than 0.75 D and was consistent across visits (p > 0.17), with no main effect of visual acuity (p > 0.21).ConclusionThese data suggest that the increased retinal defocus experienced by children with amblyopia during monocular viewing for amblyopia therapy is relatively stable. Whether this defocus impacts the success of amblyopia therapy remains an open question.
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Karmacharya, Srijana, Pranisha Singh, Aparna Rizyal, and Aditya Prasad Rijal. "Profile of Amblyopia and Outcome of Occlusion Therapy in Amblyopic Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospital of Kathmandu." Nepal Medical College Journal 23, no. 2 (2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v23i2.38505.
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Amblyopia is a common cause of visual impairment in children. The aim of this study was to assess the profile of amblyopia and the outcome of occlusion therapy in amblyopic children attending the eye department of a tertiary care hospital. This was a hospital based prospective interventional study. Sixty-five eyes of 47 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Occlusion therapy was started for the diagnosed amblyopic cases after refractive adaptation of 4 weeks. The mean age of presentation was 8.8 ±3.2 years. 29(61.7%) cases had unilateral amblyopia, 18(38.3%) cases had bilateral amblyopia. Ametropic amblyopia (52.3%) was the most common type of amblyopia followed by Anisometropia (23.1%). Refractive error was the most common cause of amblyopia with compound myopic astigmatism seen among 30.8% and hypermetropia among 29.2% of patients. There was no significant association between initial visual acuity with age of presentation and types of amblyopia respectively (P=0.1, P=0.5). The final visual outcome after therapy was better among patients with Ametropic amblyopia than other types (P=0.02). There was significant association between final visual outcome with age, initial visual acuity, type and severity of amblyopia respectively (P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.02, P=0.02). In conclusion, Ametropia was the most common type of amblyopia. The mean age of presentation was 8.8 years, which was beyond the critical period affecting the outcome of treatment. Uncorrected refractive error was the most common amblyogenic factor. Age of presentation, types and severity of amblyopia are the important contributing factors for the outcome of occlusion therapy. Therefore, early detection and management of amblyopia is important to reduce visual impairment among children.
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Magdalene, Damaris, Pritam Dutta, Phinrikerbha Blah, et al. "Long-term efficacy of perceptual learning therapy in amblyopia: A 5-year follow-up study." Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology 8 (March 20, 2025): 8. https://doi.org/10.25259/lajo_2_2025.
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Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of amblyopic patients treated with perceptual learning therapy (PLT) over a 5-year follow-up period, focusing on visual acuity improvements, binocular function restoration, and the sustainability of therapeutic effects. Material and Methods A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary eye care center, enrolling 89 amblyopic patients who had achieved maximum visual improvement through optical correction and patching. Participants underwent 30–40 sessions of PLT using RevitalVision software, with training conducted at home. Visual perceptual tasks were performed using Gabor patches to enhance contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution. Visual acuity was assessed at baseline and 1, 2, 3, and 5 years. Results Visual acuity showed significant improvement between baseline and 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year visits, with gradual improvement observed over time. The mean visual acuity on LogMAR chart improved from 0.56 ± 0.27 at presentation to 0.30 ± 0.24 beyond 3 years. Amblyopia types included refractive (89.87%), deprivation (2.25%), strabismic (4.49%), and combined mechanism (3.37%). Improvement was observed in 83% of participants, with significant results for both unilateral and bilateral amblyopia (p < 0.001). Notably, age did not significantly affect the visual acuity improvement. Conclusion PLT significantly improves visual acuity in amblyopic patients and provides sustained benefits over a 5-year follow-up period. The findings support the use of PLT as an effective alternative treatment for amblyopia, particularly for individuals with residual deficits after traditional interventions. Further studies are needed to explore its broader clinical applications and long-term effects.
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Rashad, Mohammad A., Khaled M. Abd Elaziz, Samah Mahmoud Fawzy, Ahmed Abdel Meguid Abdel latif, and Mahmoud Abdel Meguid Abdel latif. "Screening of Primary School Children for Amblyopia and Amblyogenic Factors in Central Cairo, Egypt." Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8425319.
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Objective. To measure the prevalence of amblyopia and amblyogenic factors among primary school children and to evaluate distance visual acuity (VA) as a screening test to detect amblyopia and define its cutoff value. Subjects and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on primary school children in two schools in Central Cairo. Children underwent assessment of visual acuity using Landolt broken ring. Comprehensive ophthalmologic examination was performed for amblyopia suspects at the Ophthalmology Department of Ain Shams University Hospitals, including reassessment of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using the same chart. Results. A total of 352 children were examined. Reduced screening VA (amblyopia suspect) was detected in 47 subjects (13.35%) proved amblyopia after comprehensive examination was 1.98% (7 cases). Refractive errors (REs) were present in all suspected and proved amblyopia cases (100%) but was only present in 11.6% of nonamblyopic students (P<0.05). The prevalence of hyperopia in the whole sample was 3.6%, and was 27.6% in subjects with RE. Thirty percent of hyperopic eyes were amblyopic. The prevalence of myopia was 9.3% of the whole sample and 70% of students with RE. Only 9% of myopic eyes were amblyopic. Mild to moderate amblyopia (VA better than 0.2log MAR) was 42.9%, while severe amblyopia represented 57.1%. Conclusion. This study emphasizes the importance of school-based eye care system targeting the detection of amblyopia by application of a fast screening distance VA test with a cutoff value of high sensitivity at log MAR 0.539 (Snellen′s VA equivalent 6/18).
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Matrosova, Y. V., and O. L. Fabrikantov. "Laser Speckles in Anisometropic Amblyopia Treatment." Ophthalmology in Russia 15, no. 2S (2018): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2018-2s-52-57.
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Purpose. To perform the comparative efficacy assessment of complex treatment for average degree anisometropic amblyopia in children using red, green laser speckles and their combination.Patients and methods. 216 children aged 5–9 years old with anisohypermetropia and anisometropic amblyopia of average degree were followed up. Cycloplegic refraction of sighting eye was from +1.5 to +3.0 D, of the amblyopic one — from +3.5 to +8.5 D. All patients underwent the basic treatment course using magnetostimulation and computer programs. Depending on the applied laser the children were divided into three groups: patients of group I underwent the basic course of pleoptics using laser in the red wavelength range, in patients of group II the basic course was supplemented with laser stimulation in the green wavelength range, group III — along with the basic treatment the alternate stimulation by red and green speckles was used, control group IV — received only basic course without any laser stimulation. The best corrected visual acuity before and after the treatment was estimated.Results. Before treatment there were no any significant differences between groups according to age, refraction and best corrected visual acuity. As a result of treatment we received the reliable increase in visual acuity in all groups. The minimum increase was noted in patients who received the basic course of treatment, 15% increase was noted in patients stimulated with green speckle, in patients who underwent red speckle stimulation visual acuity increased by 27%, the maximum increase in visual acuity was achieved in patients who received the combined stimulation by red and green speckles.Conclusion. The paper has proved the high efficacy of combined application of red and green speckles in pleoptic treatment in comparison with their separate usage and traditional basic course.