Journal articles: 'Visual medical history'

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Endrődy-Nagy, Orsolya. "Visual History of Childhood– Medical History Aspects." Kaleidoscope history 9, no. 16 (2018): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2018.16.28-38.

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Mizota, Atsushi, Noriko Asaumi, Michihiko Takasoh, and Emiko Adachi-Usami. "Pattern visual evoked potentials in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis without history of visual pathway involvement." Documenta Ophthalmologica 115, no. 2 (June 5, 2007): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10633-007-9062-0.

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Case, Gretchen A. "X‐rays and Catholic schoolgirls: Performing medical and personal history." Contemporary Theatre Review 11, no. 3-4 (January 2001): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10486800108568644.

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Holroyd, Suzanne. "Visual Hallucinations in a Geriatric Psychiatry Clinic: Prevalence and Associated Diagnoses." Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 9, no. 4 (December 1996): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089198879600900403.

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Visual hallucinations are associated with a variety of psychiatric, medical, neurologic, and ophthalmologic disorders. One hundred forty outpatients presenting to a geriatric psychiatric clinic were screened for visual hallucinations and assessed on a number of descriptive variables, medical history, ophthalmologic history, psychiatric diagnosis, and cognitive score. The data revealed that 14 patients (10%) experienced visual hallucinations. Presence of visual hallucinations was significantly associated with diagnoses of dementia or delirium, living in a nursing home, lower cognitive score, and presence of auditory hallucinations and delusions. There was no association to number of medications, age, gender, or presence of eye disease. No patient had ‘insight’ into their visual hallucinations. Despite the numerous disorders that are associated with visual hallucinations, the most common causes in a geriatric psychiatry clinic are dementia and delirium. Clinicians assessing older patients with visual hallucinations should first carefully evaluate for these disorders.

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Lévesque, Andrée. "Visual History Review: Osler's McGill: Medical Education, 1870-1885. Redpath Museum, McGill University. December 1999." Canadian Historical Review 81, no. 3 (September 2000): 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.81.3.468.

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Jackson, Mark. "Images of deviance: visual representations of mental defectives in early twentieth-century medical texts." British Journal for the History of Science 28, no. 3 (September 1995): 319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400033185.

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In his Feeblemindedness in Children of School-Age, first published in 1911, Charles Paget Lapage, physician to the Manchester Children's Hospital, wrote that one ‘only has to watch a group of feebleminded children to see that most of them have some peculiarity’. These words appear towards the end of an extensive discussion of the physical characteristics that could be found in feeble-minded children and are accompanied by a plate comprising four photographs of ‘Feebleminded Children showing Defective Expression’ (Figure 1).

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Higdon, Emily, Jennifer D. Twilla, and Christopher Sands. "Moxifloxacin-Induced Visual Hallucinations: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190016637987.

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Fluoroquinolones are extensively used to treat a variety of common bacterial infections. Due to their extensive use in clinical practice, increases in neuropsychiatric events have been reported. We discuss the case of a young female who developed visual hallucinations after 2 doses of moxifloxacin. After discontinuation of the moxifloxacin, the patient’s symptoms completely resolved. While one other case report exists with moxifloxacin, this case is unique in comparison. Our patient was a young female with no kidney dysfunction, no drug abuse history, absence of polypharmacy, and no previous psychological history that would have put her at an increased risk of drug-induced psychosis. Due to the prevalence of medication-induced hallucinations, it is imperative that clinicians are able to recognize offending medications in an effort to prevent misdiagnosis of a psychiatric illness.

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Simpson, D. A., and J. L. Crompton. "The visual fields: An interdisciplinary history I. The evolution of knowledge." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 15, no. 2 (February 2008): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2007.09.005.

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Simpson, D. A., and J. L. Crompton. "The Visual Fields: An Interdisciplinary History II. Neurosurgeons and Quantitative Perimetry." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 15, no. 3 (March 2008): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2007.09.017.

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Turovskaya, N. G. "Mental Development of Children with Non-epileptic Paroxysmal States in Medical History." Psychological-Educational Studies 7, no. 3 (2015): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2015070309.

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The author studied mental functions disorders in children with a history of paroxysmal states of various etiologies and compared mental development disorder patterns in patients with epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysms. Study sample were 107 children, aged 6 to 10 years. The study used experimental psychological and neuropsychological techniques. According to the empirical study results, non-epileptic paroxysms unlike epileptic much less combined with a number of mental functions disorders and intelligence in general. However, non-epileptic paroxysmal states as well as epileptic seizure associated with increasing activity exhaustion and abnormal function of the motor analyzer (dynamic and kinesthetic dyspraxia). Visual memory disorders and modal-nonspecific memory disorders have more pronounced importance in the mental ontogenesis structure in children with convulsive paroxysms compared to children with cerebral pathology without paroxysms history.

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Vosoughi, Amir, Andrew Micieli, and Jonathan A. Micieli. "Migraine-Like Positive Visual Phenomena Related to Focal Cortical Lesions with Undetectable Visual Field Defects." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 12, no. 2 (July 19, 2021): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000517792.

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Migraines are commonly associated with a visual aura that has a characteristic clinical presentation. Cortical lesions within or in close proximity to the retrochiasmal visual pathways may also present in a manner that mimics migrainous visual phenomena and, in some cases, may be too small to manifest with a visual field defect on formal testing. We present 4 patients (3 females and 1 male) with an average age of 48.5 (range 28–67) years who had migraine-like visual disturbances related to a right temporal meningioma, occipital cavernoma, occipital lobe infarction, and demyelination in the optic radiations, which was the presenting sign of multiple sclerosis. No patient underwent neurosurgical intervention, and 1 patient (occipital lobe infarct) had complete resolution of the symptom after initial presentation. All patients had normal visual fields at follow-up and no thinning evident on optical coherence tomography. Our cases emphasize the importance of a history in assessing patients with transient positive visual phenomena and identify pathology that may present without visual field defects. Clinical features that should raise a doubt about a diagnosis of migraine visual aura include the absence of headache, brief visual disturbance lasting <5 min or those lasting >60 min, and age >40, especially with no past medical history of migraine.

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Teicher, Amir. "Medical Bacteriology and Medical Genetics, 1880–1940: A Call for Synthesis." Medical History 64, no. 3 (June 24, 2020): 325–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2020.18.

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Between 1880 and 1920 the medical quest to unearth the causes of disease saw two pathbreaking discoveries. One was the bacteriological revolution – the identification of specific germs as causal agents of specific diseases (anthrax, tuberculosis, diphtheria, cholera and so on), and the simultaneous effort to develop disinfection techniques and immunisation measures to combat these diseases. The other was the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws of heredity and the resulting emergence of medical genetics, where an entire set of medical maladies (deafness, blindness, bodily deformities, haemophilia, Huntington’s chorea, feeble-mindedness and many mental diseases) were identified – rightly or wrongly – as genetically determined. The ‘germ theory of disease’ and the ‘gene theory of disease’ shared striking, all-too-often overlooked similarities. Both theories built on shared epistemological assumptions that influenced their explanatory mechanisms and their overall conceptual frameworks; both mobilised similar visual and linguistic vocabulary; both appropriated – and enforced – prevailing cultural and gender norms; and both enshrined broadly parallel hygienic practices. Reflecting similar social concerns, medical bacteriology and medical genetics acquired kindred scientific and societal configurations, which this paper highlights and scrutinises.

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Salava, Alexander. "Eye with Ears – A Symbol-Based Aid in Medical Teaching." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 5 (September 21, 2021): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.5.977.

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Visual clinical examination forms the diagnostic basis in skin-related conditions and is an essential element in medical teaching. The author describes a symbol-based aid to explain the dichotomy of factual observed findings with the information based on medical history: The Eye with Ears. It represents the two most relevant aspects in clinical examination of skin-related conditions and helps to clarify the contrast between the actual observation with information based on the context or past medical history. With the described aid, the author believes to have improved the quality of the teaching in clinical examination and that it has functioned as a practical help for medical students’ and residents’ professional development.

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Dalia, Yoseph, Emily C. Milam, and Evan A. Rieder. "Art in Medical Education: A Review." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 12, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 686–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-20-00093.1.

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ABSTRACT Background The use of fine art in medical education has a long history. Numerous studies have investigated the potential benefits of incorporating art in medical education; however, there are gaps in knowledge regarding the efficacy, methodology, and clinical significance of these studies. Objective This scoping review of the literature aims to describe the available literature on the incorporation of art education in medical school and residency. Methods PubMed, Google Scholar, and MedEDPortal were queried from their inception dates through December 2019. English-language studies providing a detailed methodology and detailed analysis were included. A total of 37 studies were identified. Upon further screening of the studies' methodologies and results, 16 studies describing art education implemented with medical students and 12 studies describing art education implemented with residents were included for final review. Results Various methods of art education exist, including Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS), rigorous curricula, and unstructured roundtable discussions with art curators or artistically minded clinicians. Studies range in duration, art media, and type of analysis. Conclusions There has been an increasing effort to incorporate fine art education into medical training, primarily to enhance visual perception skills and empathy. Although there is limited research on its efficacy, and wide variations in study methodologies exist, results consistently indicate that participants find the incorporation of art into curricula beneficial. Further research analyzing which methodologies are most likely to yield statistically and clinically significant improvements in visual perception and empathy may lead to increased utilization of this teaching method.

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Brown, Nathaniel, Aboozar Eghdam, and Sabine Koch. "Usability Evaluation of Visual Representation Formats for Emergency Department Records." Applied Clinical Informatics 10, no. 03 (May 2019): 454–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692400.

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Background Integration of electronic information is a challenge for multitasking emergency providers, with implications for patient safety. Visual representations can assist sense-making of complex data sets; however, benefit and acceptability in emergency care is unproven. Objectives This article evaluates visually focused alternatives to lists or tabular formats, to better understand possible usability in Emergency Department Information System (EDIS). Methods A counterbalanced, repeated-measures experiment, satisfaction surveys, and narrative content analysis was conducted remotely by Web platform. Participants were 37 American emergency physicians; they completed 16 clinical cases comparing 4 visual designs to the control formats from a commercially available EDIS. They then evaluated two additional chart overview representations without controls. Results Visual designs provided benefit in several areas compared to controls. Task correctness (90% to 76%; p = 0.003) and completion time (median: 49–74 seconds; p < 0.001) were superior for a medication history timeline with class and schedule highlighting. Completion time (median: 45–60 seconds; p = 0.03) was superior for a past medical history design, using pertinent diagnosis codes in highlighting rules. Less mental effort was reported for visual allergy (p = 0.04), past medical history (p < 0.001), and medication timeline (p < 0.001) designs. Most of the participants agreed with statements of likeability, preference, and benefit for visual designs; nonetheless, contrary opinions were seen, and more complex designs were viewed less favorably. Conclusion Physician performance with visual representations of clinical data can in some cases exceed standard formats, even in absence of training. Highlighting of priority clinical categories was rated easier-to-use on average than unhighlighted controls. Perceived complexity of timeline representations can limit desirability for a subset of users, despite potential benefit.

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McHugh, Elaine, and Lauren Lieberman. "The Impact of Developmental Factors on Stereotypic Rocking of Children with Visual Impairments." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 97, no. 8 (August 2003): 453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0309700802.

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Of 52 children who attended a sports camp for children with visual impairments, 15 demonstrated stereotypic rocking currently or in the past. Three factors were associated with rocking: etiology of visual impairment, visual status, and early medical history. Children who were the most likely to exhibit rocking were those with retinopathy of prematurity who underwent lengthy hospital stays and multiple surgeries early in their lives and who were totally blind from birth.

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Sarafianos, Aris. "The Natural History of Man and the Politics of Medical Portraiture in Manchester." Art Bulletin 88, no. 1 (March 2006): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00043079.2006.10786280.

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Warts, Cybèle Elaine. "Interview with Tamara Moats, Speaker on Visual Thinking and Use of Art Data." Education Libraries 31, no. 2 (September 5, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/el.v31i2.249.

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Tamara Moats was curator of education at the University of Washington's Henry Art Gallery for nineteen years where she organized programs for all ages, developed the museum’s teaching methods, and wrote extensive curricula. She now teaches art history at the Bush School Upper School and the Cornish College of the Arts, and visual thinking at the University of Washington Medical School. Moats holds a BA degree in art history from the University of Puget Sound and an MA in Asian Studies from the Claremont Graduate School.

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Feldman, Kyle, Misty Householder, Sheri Hale, Aaron Jackson, Donnie McKinney, and Lisa McVey. "Physical Therapistsʼ Ability to Predict Hypertensive Status Based on Visual Observation With and Without Past Medical History." Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal 27, no. 2 (April 2016): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cpt.0000000000000029.

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HUCKANS, MARILYN, ADRIANA SEELYE, TIFFANY PARCEL, LISA MULL, JONATHAN WOODHOUSE, DANELL BJORNSON, BRET E. FULLER, et al. "The cognitive effects of hepatitis C in the presence and absence of a history of substance use disorder." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 15, no. 1 (January 2009): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708090085.

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AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine whether infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with cognitive impairment beyond the effects of prevalent comorbidities and a history of substance use disorder (SUD). Adult veterans were recruited from the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center into three groups: (1) HCV+/SUD+ (n = 39), (2) HCV+/SUD− (n = 24), and (3) HCV−/SUD− (n = 56). SUD+ participants were in remission for ≥90 days, while SUD− participants had no history of SUD. Groups did not significantly differ in terms of rates of psychiatric or medical comorbidities. Procedures included clinical interviews, medical record reviews, and neuropsychological testing. Significant group differences were found in the domains of Verbal Memory, Auditory Attention, Speeded Visual Information Processing, and Reasoning/Mental Flexibility (p ≤ .05). Post hoc comparisons indicated that HCV+/SUD− patients performed significantly worse than HCV−/SUD− controls on tests measuring verbal learning, auditory attention, and reasoning/mental flexibility, but only HCV+/SUD+ patients did worse than HCV−/SUD− controls on tests of speeded visual information processing. Results indicate that chronic HCV is associated with cognitive impairment in the absence of a history of SUD. The most robust deficits appear to be in verbal learning and reasoning/mental flexibility. (JINS, 2009, 15, 69–82.)

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Tybjerg, Karin. "Sharp and telling." Journal of the History of Collections 31, no. 3 (October 22, 2018): 547–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhy036.

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Abstract Surgical instrument collections have been used in a multitude of ways – as tools, taxonomies, teaching aids, representation, historical highlights and public displays – and they provide a key to understanding the shifting relations between surgery, medical museums and medical history. Tracing the uses of the surgical instrument collections from the Royal Danish Academy of Surgery and the Medical Historical Museum at the University of Copenhagen reveals a network of disciplinary and institutional changes from the late nineteenth to early twenty-first century. The history of the collections maps relations between scientific and cultural historical collections and between medicine and history. In the same way as surgical instruments have connected the surgeon’s hand to the patients’ body, the surgical instrument collections connect together the public, medical practice and history.

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Duarte Mangas, M., Y. Martins, L. Bravo, and A. Matos Pires. "Misdiagnoses of Epilepsy as Ekbom Syndrome, Mood Instability, and Nocturnal Visual Hallucinations." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2017 (2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3968751.

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Epileptic seizures may be misdiagnosed if they manifest as psychiatric symptoms. We report three female patients with no preexisting history of epilepsy that were unsuccessfully treated as primary psychiatric disorder: one patient was initially diagnosed with somatization and Ekbom syndrome; the second was referred to psychiatrist due to mood instability and visual hallucinations; and the third one was referred for anxiety and hallucinations related to sleep. A carefully taken medical history clarified diagnoses of epilepsy. None of the patients responded to medications aimed at treating psychiatric symptoms, and all the patients had favorable response to antiepileptic treatment. These cases illustrate that epileptic patients may experience nonconvulsive seizures that might be misdiagnosed as primary psychiatric disorder.

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Bhattacharjee, Partha, and Priyanka Tripathi. "Interview with Argha Manna." Studies in Comics 11, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/stic_00038_7.

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Argha Manna is a cancer-researcher-turned cartoonist. He worked as a research fellow at Bose Institute, India. After leaving academic research, he joined a media-house and started operating as an independent comics artist. He loves to tell stories from the history of science, social history and lab-based science through visual narratives. His blog, Drawing History of Science (<uri xlink:href="https://drawinghistoryofscience.wordpress.com">https://drawinghistoryofscience.wordpress.com</uri>), has been featured by Nature India. Argha has been collaborating with various scientific institutes and science communicator groups from India and abroad. His collaborators are from National Centre for Biological Science (NCBS, Bangalore), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB, Hyderabad), Jadavpur University (Kolkata), Heidelberg Center for Transcultural Studies (University of Heidelberg, Germany) and a few others. Last year, he received STEMPeers Fellowship for creating comics on the history of vaccination and other aspects of medical histories, published in Club SciWri, a digital publication wing of STEMPeers Group. Currently, Argha is collaborating in a project, ‘Famine Tales from India and Britain’ as a graphic artist. This is a UK-based project, funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, led by Dr Ayesha Mukherjee, University of Exeter. In this interview, Partha Bhattacharjee and Priyanka Tripathi speak with Indian ‘alternative’ cartoonist Argha Manna to trace his journey from a cancer researcher to a cartoonist. Manna is a storyteller of history of science, in visuals. Recently, his works reflect social problems under the light of historical and scientific theories. Bhattacharjee and Tripathi trace Manna’s shift from a science-storyteller in a visual medium to a medical-cartoonist who is working on issues related to a global pandemic, its impact on life and literature vis-à-vis social intervention. They also focus on Manna’s latest comics on COVID-19.

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Olsn, Jan Eric. "The Body Voyage as Visual Representation and Art Performance." Nuncius 26, no. 1 (2011): 222–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539111x569838.

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AbstractThis paper looks at the notion of the body as an interior landscape that is made intelligible through visual representation. It discerns the key figure of the inner corporeal voyage, identifies its main elements and examines how contemporary artists working with performances and installations deal with it. A further aim with the paper is to discuss what kind of image of the body that is conveyed through medical visual technologies, such as endoscopy, and relate it to contemporary discussions on embodiment, embodied vision and bodily presence. The paper concludes with a recent exhibition by the French artist Christian Boltanski, which gives a somewhat different meaning to the idea of the body voyage.

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Shaker, Lana, Jill Ripper, and Tiffany Murano. "55-year-old Woman with Headache, Vomiting, and Visual Disturbance." Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine 4, no. 2 (April 17, 2020): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2019.12.45546.

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Case Presentation: A 55-year-old woman with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and iron deficiency anemia presented to the emergency department with three days of headache, nausea, vomiting, and visual changes. Her vital signs were within normal limits. She was noted to have a left cranial nerve six palsy on exam. Results: Her laboratory testing revealed leukocytosis, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia. A non-contrast computed tomography scan of the head revealed an enlarged sella turcica and pituitary gland with hemorrhage and deviation of the optic chiasm. Conclusion: Her symptoms improved and she was discharged from the hospital in stable condition.

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Sciampacone, Amanda. "‘Epidemics in a Mist’: Medical Climatology and Cholera in Victorian Visual Culture." Journal of Victorian Culture 25, no. 4 (August 20, 2020): 492–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jvcult/vcaa020.

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Abstract The article explores how Victorian visual culture was a vital force in the construction and dissemination of medical theories on the connection between climate and health. During the nineteenth century, the seemingly inexplicable and deadly nature of many epidemic diseases compelled British medics to investigate all possible reasons for their spread. Focusing on cholera, the article will examine how, in an effort to understand what was seen at the time as a mysterious disease, Victorian medics increasingly concentrated on the climate of India and unusual weather in Britain as propagators of the malady. Supplementing the dominant miasma theory, medics explained how the seemingly airborne sources of cholera resulted from a state of England’s air that resembled the tropical environment of the subcontinent. In an effort to highlight the correlation between cholera and the atmosphere, they produced medical climatology reports containing diagrams that juxtaposed the data on the disease’s mortality rates with measurements of meteorological phenomena. These images, rather than serving simply as illustrations, became a crucial part of medical arguments. As the article will demonstrate, in attempting to visualize the medical climatology of cholera, the diagrams mapped the disease to certain atmospheric conditions, suggesting that cholera could be quantified and controlled. Yet, in doing so, the images also implied that cholera had a real material presence in the air of Britain, powerfully evoking visual tropes of the disease as a substance that had the potential to contaminate the very landscape of the nation.

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Doni, Widyandana, Angela Nurini Agni, and Agus Supartoto. "THE UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS’ PITFALLS IN EYE EXAMINATION STATION OF OBJECTIVE STRUCTURED CLINICAL EXAMINATION." Jurnal Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia: The Indonesian Journal of Medical Education 8, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpki.47167.

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Background: High prevalence of eye disorders in Indonesia requires medical doctors to be skillful and well trained in ophthalmologic examination. Undergraduate medical students usually start their clinical simulation practice and ophthalmology assessment in a safe learning environment. Skill laboratory as the learning facility should be evaluated and improved regularly. This study aimed to evaluate student’s pitfalls in the eyes OSCE station. Methods: Descriptive analytic study involving Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) eye examination station score from 1st - 4th year undergraduate medical students batch 2010 in Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia (n=516). All checklists’ scores were analyzed based on particular sub-scales in every examination topic to explore the most pitfalls made by students in eye examination station during OSCE. Results: The order average value of each subscale in OSCE are: Doctor patient interaction (88.42), History taking skills (82.44), Professionalism (76.43), Physical Examination (74.62), Diagnosis (60.68), Management of Pharmacotherapy (54.70). The percentage of failed-students (scores <70) in 1st-4th year OSCE based on topics skills were Year 1: Visual field (5.08%), Visual acuity (14.21%), Anterior Segment (2.54%). 2nd year: IOP by palpation (24.38%), Visual acuity (9.38%), Anterior Segment (29.38%). Year 3: visual field (4.94%), IOP by palpation (2.47%), Visual acuity (12.35%), Anterior Segment (7.41%), Posterior Segment (22.22%). Year 4: Comprehensive eye exam (17.95%). Conclusions: Students mostly challenged in the skills of diagnosis establishment and pharmacological management. The highest number of failed students in each year OSCE vary from each year. 1st year failed most at visual acuity examination, 2nd year was anterior segment examination and 3rd year was posterior segment examination. Those three skills need to be enhanced systematically. Keywords: OSCE, pitfall pattern, eye examination, undergraduate students, skill laboratory

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Okonkwo, Arthur. "Toxic Optic Neuropathy secondary to Systemic Chloramphenicol for Septic Arthritis: Case Report." Journal of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics 4, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18314/jpt.v4i1.1153.

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Introduction – Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with excellent tissue penetration. Systemic use was popularised in the 1950s due to its affordability andease of preparation. It is now rarely used in developed countries due to its significant side effect profile including toxic optic neuropathy. Case Description – A 68-year-old female presented to a neighbouring eye department with a 2-month history of bilateral visual deterioration, initially thought to be due to cataracts. However, due to the moderate cataract density and visual acuities of 6/60 and hand movements a medical history revealed that she had been taking systemic chloramphenicol for 6 months for chronic septic arthritis following a complicated total knee replacement. Following a normal ophthalmic examination besides reduced colour vision and constricted visual fields a diagnosis of toxic optic neuropathy secondary to chloramphenicol was made. Once systemic Chloramphenicol was stopped, her vision improved to 6/24 bilaterally although subjectively did not return to baseline. Conclusion – Cataracts are a common cause of visual reduction, however, if the amount of cataract does not correlate with the extent of loss of visual acuity then an alternative cause must be considered. Early recognition of toxic neuropathy is key, as withdrawal of Chloramphenicol often results in improvement of visual symptoms.

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Crozier, Ivan. "William Acton and the history of sexuality: the medical and professional context." Journal of Victorian Culture 5, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jvc.2000.5.1.1.

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Carroll, Katherine L. "Creating the Modern Physician: The Architecture of American Medical Schools in the Era of Medical Education Reform." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 75, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 48–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2016.75.1.48.

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In the late nineteenth century, the American system of medical education underwent a complete transformation. Medical colleges shifted from commercial schools where instruction was based almost exclusively on classroom lectures to university-affiliated programs providing hands-on training in both laboratory and clinical work. Medical educators recognized that successfully enacting the new pedagogy required new buildings. By the 1930s, almost every medical college in the United States had rebuilt or significantly renovated its facilities. In Creating the Modern Physician: The Architecture of American Medical Schools in the Era of Medical Education Reform, Katherine L. Carroll analyzes the first wave of schools constructed to house the new medical training. She examines the three dominant types of American medical school buildings, which she argues did more than supply spaces for teaching and research—they defined specific conceptions of modern medicine and helped to shape the modern physician.

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Siraisi, Nancy. "Anatomizing the Past: Physicians and History in Renaissance Culture*." Renaissance Quarterly 53, no. 1 (2000): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2901531.

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In many different ways Renaissance physicians concerned themselves with the reading and writing of history. This article examines the role of historical interests in learned medical culture and the participation of physicians in the broader historical culture of the period.

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Burri, Regula Valérie. "Visual Power in Action: Digital Images and the Shaping of Medical Practices." Science as Culture 22, no. 3 (September 2013): 367–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2013.768223.

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Voldman, Alexander, Breanna Durbin, John Nguyen, Brian Ellis, and Monique Leys. "Fulminant Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Venous Stasis Retinopathy Resulting in Severe Bilateral Visual Impairment." European Journal of Ophthalmology 27, no. 2 (March 2017): e25-e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5000918.

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Purpose To report a complicated case of fulminant idiopathic intracranial hypertension and concomitant venous stasis retinopathy leading to postpapilledema optic atrophy. Methods Case report. Results A 34-year-old morbidly obese woman with a history of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) presented with a 1-month history of bilateral vision loss, diplopia, and left eye pain after being lost to follow-up for 6 years. Fundus examination revealed florid papilledema with venous tortuosity bilaterally. Brain and orbit magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral globe flattening, intraocular optic nerve swelling in both eyes, and no abnormality on magnetic resonance venography. After additional workup including lumbar puncture with an opening pressure of 55 cm H2O, a diagnosis of IIH was confirmed. Medical treatment with oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors was initiated, followed by same-day bilateral optic nerve sheath decompression and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement the following week. Fundus examination 2 months later revealed a persistent blood and thunder fundus suggestive of bilateral central retinal vein occlusions. Over the course of 6 months, both eyes displayed postpapilledema optic atrophy with light perception and hand motion vision in the right and left eyes, respectively. On Goldmann perimetry, the patient had vague limited isolated responses in both eyes to the largest target. Conclusions Fulminant IIH can present with profoundly blinding complications recalcitrant to aggressive medical and surgical intervention. Central retinal vein occlusion is an uncommon blinding complication of IIH.

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Umeya, Reiko, and Toshimitsu Kasuga. "Visual acuity after intravitreal ranibizumab with and without laser therapy in the treatment of macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion: a 12-month retrospective analysis." International Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 1565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2021.10.14.

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AIM: To identify factors contributing to visual improvement after treatment of macular edema (ME) secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), and to assess the interaction between laser therapy and intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who had been treated for BRVO-related ME at our hospital. Records were traceable for at least 12mo, and evaluated factors included age, sex, medical history, smoking history, treatment methods, foveal hemorrhage, and change in visual acuity. Treatments included laser therapy, IVR, sub-Tenon’s capsule injection of triamcinolone (STTA), a combination, or no intervention. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and interaction terms were used to assess the clinical efficacy of the treatments, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Seventy-three patients (34 men, 39 women; 73 eyes) with a mean age of 69.4±12.1y were included. Patients who underwent IVR monotherapy, laser monotherapy, and STTA+laser had significantly higher best corrected visual acuity at 12mo compared to baseline (P<0.001, <0.001, and 0.019, respectively). Logistic regression analysis without interaction terms found that IVR was a significant visual acuity recovery factor (adjusted OR: 3.89, 95%CI: 1.25-12.1, P=0.019). Adjusted OR using an interaction model by logistic regression was 16.6 (95%CI: 2.54-108.47, P=0.003) with IVR treatment, and 8.25 (95%CI: 1.34-50.57, P=0.023) with laser treatment. No interaction was observed (adjusted OR: 0.07, 95%CI: 0.01-0.75, P=0.029). CONCLUSION: IVR contributes to improvements in visual acuity at 12mo in ME secondary to BRVO. No interaction is observed between laser therapy and IVR treatments.

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Birtel, Johannes, Imran H. Yusuf, Claudia Priglinger, Günter Rudolph, and Peter Charbel Issa. "Diagnosis of Inherited Retinal Diseases." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 238, no. 03 (March 2021): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1388-7236.

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AbstractInherited retinal diseases are a frequent cause of severe visual impairment or blindness in children and adults of working age. Across this group of diseases, there is great variability in the degree of visual impairment, the impact on everyday life, disease progression, and the suitability to therapeutic intervention. Therefore, an early and precise diagnosis is crucial for patients and their families. Characterizing inherited retinal diseases involves a detailed medical history, clinical examination with testing of visual function, multimodal retinal imaging as well as molecular genetic testing. This may facilitate a distinction between different inherited retinal diseases, as well as a differentiation from monogenic systemic diseases with retinal involvement, and from mimicking diseases.

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Alyami, Hussain, Mohammed Alawami, Mataroria Lyndon, Mohsen Alyami, Christin Coomarasamy, Marcus Henning, Andrew Hill, and Frederick Sundram. "Impact of Using a 3D Visual Metaphor Serious Game to Teach History-Taking Content to Medical Students: Longitudinal Mixed Methods Pilot Study." JMIR Serious Games 7, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): e13748. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13748.

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Background History taking is a key component of clinical practice; however, this skill is often poorly performed by students and doctors. Objective The study aimed to determine whether Metaphoria, a 3D serious game (SG), is superior to another electronic medium (PDF text file) in learning the history-taking content of a single organ system (cardiac). Methods In 2015, a longitudinal mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) pilot study was conducted over multiple sampling time points (10 weeks) on a group of undergraduate medical students at The University of Auckland Medical School, New Zealand. Assessors involved in the study were blinded to group allocation. From an initial sample of 83, a total of 46 medical students were recruited. Participants were assigned to either a PDF group (n=19) or a game group (n=27). In total, 1 participant left the PDF group after allocation was revealed and was excluded. A total of 24 students in the game group and 14 students in the PDF group completed follow-up 7 weeks later. Using an iterative design process for over a year, with input from a variety of clinical disciplines, a cardiac history-taking game and PDF file were designed and informed by Cognitive Load Theory. Each group completed its intervention in 40 min. A total of 3 levels of Kirkpatrick training evaluation model were examined using validated questionnaires: affective (perception and satisfaction), cognitive (knowledge gains and cognitive load), and behavioral attitudes (Objective Structured Clinical Exam) as well as qualitative assessment. A priori hypotheses were formulated before data collection. Results Compared with baseline, both groups showed significant improvement in knowledge and self-efficacy longitudinally (P<.001). Apart from the game group having a statistically significant difference in terms of satisfaction (P<.001), there were no significant differences between groups in knowledge gain, self-efficacy, cognitive load, ease of use, acceptability, or objective structured clinical examination scores. However, qualitative findings indicated that the game was more engaging and enjoyable, and it served as a visual aid compared with the PDF file. Conclusions Students favored learning through utilization of an SG with regard to cardiac history taking. This may be relevant to other areas of medicine, and this highlights the importance of innovative methods of teaching the next generation of medical students.

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Sundling, Vibeke. "Visual acuity and correctable visual impairment among Norwegian 65-year olds." Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2011): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5384/sjovs.vol1i4p23-29.

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Prevalence of ocular disease and visual impairment increases with increased age. Population studies have shown that uncorrected refractive error is the main cause of visual impairment in the general population. The aim of this study was to examine visual acuity (VA) and the prevalence of correctable visual impairment among Norwegian 65-year-olds. The study had a crosssectional design. A random sample born in 1943 (n = 300) was invited to participate. The participants underwent a full eye examination including: patient history, habitual visual acuity (HVA), refraction, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and examination of ocular health. The study was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics and reported to the Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Data was analyzed by Fisher’s exact test, χ2-test, student t-test and logistic regression, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Relative risk (RR) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated for correctable visual impairment. In all 129 subjects (43%) participated in the study. Three were excluded from the analysis due to missing data. The analysis included 126 subjects, 67 males and 59 females. None of the participants had permanent visual impairment. Mean (±SD) BCVA was logMAR -0.06 (±0.10) (Snellen decimal 1.2). Six subjects (5%) had correctable visual impairment, HVA logMAR > 0.3 (Snellen < 0.5) in the better eye, which improved with best correction to logMAR ≤ 0.3 (Snellen > 0.5). Eight subjects (6%) had clinically relevant undercorrected refractive error, i.e. an undercorrection in refractive error which when corrected produced an improvement in VA of 10 letters (2 lines on the logMAR chart) or more after refraction, when HVA was logMAR < 0.2 (Snellen 0.63). Long time (> 5 years) since last eye examination was an independent risk factor for correctable visual impairment, OR 2.7, 95% CI [1.0, 7.3], p = 0.046. Subjects with correctable visual impairment had either low refractive error or hyperopia (spherical equivalent refraction (SER) > -0.50 D), but there was no statistically significant association between refractive error and correctable visual impairment. Regular eye examination and correction of low refractive error and hyperopia can prevent unnecessary visual impairment in the elderly.

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Beckers, Henny JM, Marina AW van Kooten-Noordzij, Ronald MPC de Crom, Jan SAG Schouten, and Carroll AB Webers. "Visual Complaints and Eye Problems in Orchestral Musicians." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2016.3026.

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OBJECTIVE: To study visual complaints and eye diseases among professional and amateur orchestral musicians in the Netherlands. METHODS: In this observational study, members from professional and amateur symphony or wind orchestras were asked to complete a questionnaire collecting demographic data, musical, medical, and family history, and data on present visual complaints and/or eye diseases. Questions about playing in the orchestra were also asked. RESULTS: Data from 70 professionals and 48 amateurs showed that most musicians needed glasses or contact lenses for playing in the orchestra (61% of the professionals, 63% of the amateurs). A majority (66% of professionals, 71% of amateurs) had visited an ophthalmologist at least once during their lifetime, and 10% of the professionals and 23% of the amateurs were currently under treatment of an ophthalmologist. Visual complaints while playing in the orchestra were quite common and included poor lighting conditions, problems with reading small notes, blurred vision, tired eyes, and itching or burning eyes. Professional musicians especially reported adverse effects of eye complaints encountered in the orchestra for daily life; 35% got tired earlier and 33% felt that they could not adequately perform their tasks in the orchestra. CONCLUSION: The results show that visual complaints and eye problems probably are quite common among orchestral musicians and therefore warrant further interest and research.

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Yoon, Young Hoon, Sung Ha Kim, Yong Min Kim, and Ki-Sang Rha. "Organized hematoma of the sphenoid sinus causing acute visual loss." European Journal of Ophthalmology 28, no. 6 (June 5, 2018): NP7—NP9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118779484.

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Sinonasal organized hematoma, which has locally aggressive characteristics, is a non-neoplastic disease. We report a rare case of sphenoid sinus organized hematoma causing acute visual loss. A 35-year-old male presented with progressive headaches, retro-orbital pain, and frequent epistaxis. He had a medical history of aplastic anemia and of taking warfarin for a valvular heart disease. On image studies, an expansive soft tissue density lesion with bony destruction was found in his left sphenoid sinus. While waiting for elective surgery, acute visual loss occurred. Emergent endoscopic surgery was performed after correction of abnormal hematological profiles, but his visual disturbance did not improve. Although sphenoid sinus organized hematoma is a rare disease, organized hematoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis for sphenoid sinus lesion with acute visual loss. Rapid and correct diagnosis and timely treatment are essential to prevent permanent sequela.

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Jones, David S. "Leprosy and Empire: A Medical and Cultural History, by Rod Edmond." Victorian Studies 50, no. 3 (April 2008): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/vic.2008.50.3.483.

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Rizyal, Aparna, JS Sunrait, and A. Mishal. "Refractive Errors and its Associated Factors among Undergraduate Medical Students in Kathmandu." Nepal Medical College Journal 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v21i1.24844.

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Refractive error is a defect in the optical system of the eye which prevents light from being brought to a single point focus on the retina, thus reducing normal vision. This optical defect is the second most common cause of visual impairment globally as well in Nepal. At present, there are 285 million visually impaired people in the world. An estimated 4 out of 5 visual impairment (80%) can be prevented or cured, uncorrected refractive errors are the leading cause (42%) followed by cataract (33%). A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted to determine the proportion of undergraduate medical students with refractive errors in Nepal Medical College, and to identify factors associated with it. A total of 210 medical students volunteered for this study, with 100 males (47.6%) and 110 females (52.4%). The age of these students were between 18 to 26 years, with an average of 20.5 years. The proportion of medical students with refractive error was slightly more than half (51.4%), with simple myopia being the leading type (42.9%), followed by astigmatism (7.1%) and simple hypermetropia (1.4%). Parental history of refractive error was observed to be significantly associated with that of the medical students. There was also a significant association between refractive error and the daily use of mobile phones and laptops. However, years spent in medical education were not observed to be significant.

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Singye, Jigme. "An approach to Illnessess by Traditional Medicine of Bhutan: An Introduction." Bhutan Health Journal 3, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.42.

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Depending on the different ailments, various diagnostic tools like laboratory tests, X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imagery, and computerized topography scan are used in modern medicine. However, in Bhutanese traditional medicine the method of diagnosis is based on the medical text of Sowa-Rigpa, the ancient practices involving physical examination, questioning, pulsation, palpation and analysis of excretion. These enduring techniques of diagnosis use no modern technologies. The system has been practised in Bhutan for hundreds of years and has been officially establishment in 1967. Insights of this article are compiled from the Buddhist medical text and oral transmission of senior physicians. We discuss diagnosis in three categories namely, visual (Ta-Wa), touch (Reg-Pa) and questioning (Dri-Wa). Visual diagnosis mainly investigates the urine, physical appearance and the tongue. Touch, reading the pulse through which the physician diagnose illnesses. Questioning about the signs and symptoms of the illnesses and past medical history.

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Shang, Cheng Xi. "The Reflection for Multimedia Technology Application in Medical Chemistry Teaching." Advanced Materials Research 998-999 (July 2014): 1737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.1737.

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With the development of modern science and information technology, the multimedia technology has been widely used in diverse fields. Specially, it plays an important role in medical chemistry teaching. Reviewing the history of its application in medical chemistry teaching in the past twenty years, we find that multimedia teaching is proved a better choice compared to traditional approaches for its scientific, advanced, vivid and visual features. However, with the popularization of multimedia education technology, there are some opinions about its deficiencies, such as information overmuch, multimedia offside, courseware content, etc. Hence, it is crucial for us to overcome the disadvantages existing in multimedia teaching and fully utilize its benefits. Based on the previous research work, some significant discussions and suggestions on multimedia technology application in medical chemistry teaching are presented in this paper.

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John, S., M. Silva, N. Newman, and D. Loring. "AGR - 2 Diagnosis of Posterior Cortical Atrophy Through Inter-Departmental Collaboration." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz037.02.

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Abstract Objective We present a patient with rapidly progressive visual decline of 2-year duration that interfered with daily functioning. She was evaluated by neuro-ophthalmology and neurology prior to neuropsychological referral. A series of evaluations led to diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy, demonstrating the importance of inter-departmental collaboration. Method A 66-year old white female presented with a 2-year history of progressive changes to vision and memory. Medical history included hypertension, dyslipidemia, and a strong family history of optic neuropathy causing blindness. She was diagnosed with a left homonymous hemianopia. MRI revealed "significant cortical atrophy more remarkable on the right temporal, parietal, and occipital regions." She reported dressing apraxia, unsteady gait, declines in reading and writing, and difficulty recalling well-learned information. Results She was a good historian, had fluent speech and no apparent comprehension difficulty. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed relatively preserved language and verbal abilities, including confrontation naming, in the presence of otherwise impaired performances across all domains of functioning. She demonstrated agraphia, acalculia, left-right confusion, and difficulties with motor programming. Perceptual and constructional tasks revealed prominent deficits in visual integration, map orientation, form discrimination, and construction of simple geometric designs. She was perseverative and susceptible to verbal and visual stimulus pull. Conclusions The pattern on neuropsychological testing, with prominent visual spatial and perceptual difficulties, was consistent with posterior cortical atrophy. The decline in visual ability is likely exacerbated but not entirely explained by left hemianopia. Neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and visual field evidence demonstrated posterior cortical atrophy in the absence of positive biomarker evidence, leading to initiation of anti-cholinesterase therapy.

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Buscemi, Nicki. "The Case of the Case History: Detecting the Medical Report in Sherlock Holmes." Journal of Victorian Culture 19, no. 2 (April 3, 2014): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13555502.2014.919077.

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Jensenius, Alexander Refsum. "Some Video Abstraction Techniques for Displaying Body Movement in Analysis and Performance." Leonardo 46, no. 1 (February 2013): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00485.

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This paper presents an overview of techniques for creating visual displays of human body movement based on video recordings. First a review of early movement and video visualization techniques is given. Then follows an overview of techniques that the author has developed and used in the study of music-related body movements: motion history images, motion average images, motion history keyframe images and motiongrams. Finally, examples are given of how such visualization techniques have been used in empirical music research, in medical research and for creative applications.

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Taape, Tillmann. "Common Medicine for the Common Man: Picturing the “Striped Layman” in Early Vernacular Print." Renaissance Quarterly 74, no. 1 (2021): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rqx.2020.315.

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The disruptive figure of the “striped layman” appeared in printed texts and images around the year 1500 in the southern German lands. This essay shows how it came to represent a new kind of reader of vernacular medical publications. Exploring the illustrated books of the Strasbourg surgeon-apothecary Hieronymus Brunschwig, their local context of humanist discourse, and the visual practice of their publisher, Johann Grüninger, I argue that their oft-neglected woodcuts of people in striped clothes constitute powerful visual commentary of Brunschwig's (and others’) mission to impart medical agency and expertise to the “common man” at the eve of the Reformation.

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Dickson, Donald R. "Henry Vaughan's Medical Annotations." Huntington Library Quarterly 70, no. 3 (September 2007): 427–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hlq.2007.70.3.427.

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Harasymowycz, Paul, Catherine Birt, Patrick Gooi, Lisa Heckler, Cindy Hutnik, Delan Jinapriya, Lesya Shuba, David Yan, and Radmila Day. "Medical Management of Glaucoma in the 21st Century from a Canadian Perspective." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6509809.

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Glaucoma is a medical term describing a group of progressive optic neuropathies characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and retinal nerve fibre layer and resulting in changes in the optic nerve head. Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. With the aging population it is expected that the prevalence of glaucoma will continue to increase. Despite recent advances in imaging and visual field testing techniques that allow establishment of earlier diagnosis and treatment initiation, significant numbers of glaucoma patients are undiagnosed and present late in the course of their disease. This can lead to irreversible vision loss, reduced quality of life, and a higher socioeconomic burden. Selection of therapeutic approaches for glaucoma should be based on careful ocular examination, patient medical history, presence of comorbidities, and awareness of concomitant systemic therapies. Therapy should also be individualized to patients’ needs and preferences. Recent developments in this therapeutic field require revisiting treatment algorithms and integration of traditional and novel approaches in order to ensure optimal visual outcomes. This article provides an overview of recent developments and practice trends in the medical management of glaucoma in Canada. A discussion of the surgical management is beyond the scope of this paper.

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Deng, Zhihong, Lu Chen, Jia Tan, Sha Wang, Dan Liu, Jinwei Wang, Chengzhi Jiang, Jie Yang, and Bei Xu. "Combination Model of Thyrotrophin Receptor Antibody and Volumetric Orbital Apex Crowding Index as an Indicator of Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy." Disease Markers 2021 (May 18, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9964232.

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Background. Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) is one of the most serious vision-threatening complications of thyroid eye disease (TED); however, accurate and established diagnostic tools for DON are yet lacking. The present study was aimed at identifying new diagnostic factors for the accurate diagnosis of DON. Methods. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 25 TED patients (50 eyes) with enlarged extraocular muscles, no previous anti-inflammatory therapy, and the absence of other vision-affecting diseases between May 2017 and August 2019. Baseline data, such as gender, age, ophthalmological history, thyroid disease and management, TED history including clinical features, management, and long-term results, ophthalmological examinations, serology examinations, and single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) results, were extracted. The diagnostic criteria were as follows: (1) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) loss coexisting with either of the following—increased latency or reduction of amplitude on visual evoked potential (VEP), impaired color vision, visual field defects, contrast sensitivity impairment, and optic disk swelling—and (2) Barret t ’ s index ≥ 60 % in CT. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses assessed the differences in age, gender, eyes, medical history, clinical activity, thyroid hormone and antibodies, uptake ratio (UR) of extraocular muscles in SPECT/CT, and volumetric orbital apex crowding index (VACI) using the generalized estimation equation. Consequently, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of the significant factors was constructed. Results. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in the clinical activity, free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotrophin receptor antibody (TRAb) levels, the UR of superior and medial rectus, and VACI between DON and TED (without DON) groups. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that TRAb and VACI were significantly different. ROC analysis showed that the univariate models of TRAb or VACI and the multivariate model were effective indicators of DON, while the multivariate model had the highest area under the ROC curve. Conclusion. A combination of TRAb and VACI is an effective indicator for DON.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Visual medical history'

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